5152
3, JUNE 2019
Inferring User Profile Attributes From
Multidimensional Mobile Phone
Sensory Data
Zhiwen Yu , Senior Member, IEEE, En Xu, He Du, Bin Guo , Senior Member, IEEE,
and Lina Yao , Associate Member, IEEE
Abstract—User profile can be used to characterize a person and
help us better understand him/her, which further can be utilized
to provide enhanced personalized services. When using mobile
phone, some of one’s information are unavoidably and unobtru-
sively passed or stored, which makes it possible to draw the user
profile. In this paper, we propose to infer user profile, including
age, gender, and personality traits based on mobile phone sen-
sory data. Specifically, we capture data when unlocking screen,
playing games as well as some basic mobile phone information,
app usage, and screen status by using common available sensors
in commodity mobile phones. By analyzing the differences in
users’ phone usage, we extracted features for user profile infer-
ence. Random Forest regression and random forest classification
models are separately used to estimate age and gender of the user
while support vector regression algorithm is applied to identify
personality traits. In addition, we evaluate the model through
real-life experiments conducted with a total of 84 phone users.
Experimental results show that our approach effective, achieving
an RSME of 4.3696 in age estimation and precision of 91.70% in
gender detection. As for personality traits identification, the root
mean square errors of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism are 0.29, 0.3506, 0.465, 0.3022,
and 0.452, respectively.
Index Terms—Age estimation, gender detection, personality
traits identification.
I. I NTRODUCTION
SER profile characterizes a person in different aspects,
U including explicit features, such as demographic
information, and implicit features, such as hobbies and per-
sonality traits. Based on user profiles, we can label a category
of users and get their information structured. Moreover, user
profile can help to know the person more accurately, and
achieve precisely personalized services. For example, a store
Manuscript received November 19, 2018; revised January 20, 2019;
accepted January 26, 2019. Date of publication February 4, 2019; date of cur-
rent version June 19, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars under Grant 61725205, in part
by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant
2016YFB1001400, and in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant 61332005 and Grant 61772428. (Corresponding author:
Zhiwen Yu.)
Z. Yu, E. Xu, H. Du, and B. Guo are with the School of Computer Science,
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China (e-mail:
zhiweny@gmail.com; 861706249@qq.com; duhe@mail.nwpu.edu.cn;
guobin.keio@gmail.com).
L. Yao is with the School of Computer Science and Engineering,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia (e-mail:
lina.yao@unsw.edu.au).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2897334
2327-4662 c 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO.
can utilize the profile database to understand their customers.
According to certain customer’s previous purchase records, it
can provide best services for him/her [1]. Early researches
often acquired user profiles by personal files [2], question-
naires, and population surveys. These approaches may be lim-
ited by the scale of the volunteers or participants. Nowadays
smartphones are prevalent, and this can be the new mean to
record users’ behavior. In this paper, we aim to infer user
profile using mobile phone sensory data.
Based on users’ ages and genders, 360 corporation created
personalized application recommendation modes for different
users.1 Corresponding to their real life, people of different
age may have different preferences for mobile applications.
For example, children are more likely to use mobile phone to
watch videos or play games [3]; adults usually spends time
on social softwares [4] and elderly people listen more radio
musics [5]. Besides, EMarketer2 in 2014 predicted that by
2018, almost everyone aged 18 to 34 has one mobile phone
and they have different cell-phone addictions across the gen-
ders [6]. Ali [7] concluded that gender differences among
college students existed in the patterns of mobile phone usage.
Therefore, knowing people’s age and gender is helpful to
provide proper services for different users.
The Big Five, proposed by McCrae and John [8], is an
identifiable framework for personality research which use five
factors to describe the personality traits of people, such as
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and
neuroticism. Li and Chen [9] introduced that older individ-
uals had lower extraversion, while the middle-aged adults
had lower neuroticism and openness. Chittaranjan et al. [10]
proved that the Big Five was related to the mobile phone usage,
for example, introverts prefer using the Internet and extro-
verts have more calls; highly open users like to use video,
audio, music, and e-mail instead of SMS. In this paper, we
take personality traits of the users who have the most obvi-
ous differences in emphatic consideration and help to provide
more appropriate services.
In real life cases, the traces left in phones can be used to
understand the users. For example, Doddington [11] utilized
audios to determine user’s age; Jain et al. [12] classified gen-
ders from user’s facial image features; some studies consider
1 [Online]. Available: http://sj.360.cn/index.html
2 [Online]. Available: www.eMarketer.com
YU et al.: INFERRING USER PROFILE ATTRIBUTES FROM MULTIDIMENSIONAL MOBILE PHONE SENSORY DATA
phone calls and SMS details to analyze people’s personal-
ity traits [13]. However, the works on age estimation usually
group people into several rough categories. Furthermore, they
often have privacy issues because of accessing the data from
cameras and microphones. In the meanwhile, the researches
on user personality traits utilize metadata include the lengths
of SMS, the numbers of the outgoing and incoming calls, and
the calling durations. Yet they also leave privacy issues to be
addressed where the private information collected.
According to previous studies [14], the embedded sensors
in smartphones run in the background with low power con-
sumption. Experiments show that the power consumption of
the software is less than 6% across various mobilephone plat-
forms when users use mobile phones normally for 12 h.
Also, the collected data revealing users’ actual behavioral sta-
tus can be processed locally while preserving user privacy.
Therefore, by using built-in sensors, we are able to alleviate
aforementioned problems and achieve user profile inference,
including age estimation, gender detection, and personality
traits identification.
In this paper, we propose a user profile inference model
based on multidimensional sensory data. The model mainly
portrays users from the aspects of age, gender, and personal-
ity traits according to their mobile phone usage preferences.
It collects data from accelerometer, magnetic field, gyroscope,
and light sensor, as well as the information about app usage,
battery, headset, mobile mode, network, and screen status.
Compared with image [12] and audio [11] processing method,
the proposed approach is lightweight and privacy preserving.
Specifically, by analyzing the scenes of unlocking screen,
game playing, basic phone information, app usage, and screen
status, we extract usage features, preference features, and
activity features, respectively. Then Random Forest regression
algorithm is used to estimate users’ age; Random Forest clas-
sification is applied to detect their gender; and support vector
regression (SVR) algorithm is utilized to identify personal-
ity traits. Real-life experiments are conducted with 84 users,
and our approach is validated to be effective. In particular, the
estimated age strongly correlates with the unlocking screen
and answering the phone call actions with r = 0.9852 and
p < 0.001. Gender detection achieves a precision of 91.70%.
For the personality traits, the root mean square errors (RMSEs)
value of the Big Five (openness, conscientiousness, extraver-
sion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) are 0.29, 0.3506, 0.465,
0.3022, and 0.452, respectively.
II. R ELATED W ORK
A. User Activity Recognition Based on Mobile Sensor
Activity recognition aims to mine users’ current states
from their behaviors and the environments. Many existing
researches are focused on user activity recognition using sen-
sors in mobile devices [15]. For example, Yu et al. [16]
analyzed the users’ tapped button through smartphone micro-
phones. Yang et al. [17] used accelerometers to identify
users’ activities, such as walking, running, standing, and clean-
ing. Du et al. [18], [19] identified group activities based on
accelerometers and magnetic fields. Yu et al. [20] proposed
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5153
ten scientific problems in human behavior understanding.
Wang et al. [21] put forward to classify and analyze CSI-based
behavior recognition studies and applications at three granular-
ities: 1) signals; 2) actions; and 3) activities. Vrigkas et al. [22]
provided a detailed review of recent and state-of-the-art
research advances in the field of human activity classification.
Bisio et al. [23] applied activity recognition to the application
of health remote monitoring. Riboni and Bettini [24] proposed
a method based on ontology and ontology reasoning com-
bined with statistical inference to solve the scalable problem
of activity recognition. Sztyler et al. [25] developed a robust
wearable-based activity recognition system to deal with the
situations where device positioning is ad-hoc or it is hard for
the users to collect initial training data.
However, studies using the mobile phone built-in sensors to
mine users’ demographic information are rare. In this paper,
we aim to take advantages of acceleration sensors, magnetic
fields, and light and gyroscope sensors in mobile phone to
detect users’ ages and genders, and we also combine machine
learning algorithms to characterize user personalities.
B. User Attribute Identification
There exist some researches on user attribute identification.
It is explored to connect perceptual data with the users them-
selves, to mine the users’ attributes for identification purpose.
For example, based on biometric metrics, Lu and Liu [26]
utilized certain on-screen sliding movements to figure out
“who you are.” Chao et al. [27] calculated users’intention
to take taxis through multisourced urban data. Some exist-
ing approaches [28], [29] are to identify the user’s gender and
mood through the user’s voice. Staiano et al. [30] investigated
the relationships between social network structure and per-
sonality. de Montjoye et al. [31] provided the first evidence
that personality can be reliably predicted from standard cell
phone logs. Differently, this paper not only focuses on the
external characteristics of users but also analyzes their intrin-
sic features, where we use only mobile phone to infer user
profiles. We have gained the insights of the relations between
personality types and user preferences. This can be used to
achieve better understanding of individuals and recommend
more personalized services.
In addition, user portrait is also related to user attribute
identification, where a wide range of data are required.
Chittaranjan et al. [32] mined the user demographic attributes
based on mobile data, such as data from acceleration sensors
and app usages. Some researchers studied the use sequence of
apps [33], [34] to find out user interests and further investi-
gate the related attributes of the user [35]. Youyou et al. [36]
analyzed personality traits based on users’ Facebook likes.
Lane and Manner [13] studied the relationship between per-
sonality traits and the smartphones. User portraits can also be
used to provide personalized services, and an example can be
travel recommendations [37]. However, most of these stud-
ies produce only unilateral information, such as demographic
attributes or personality traits, while many aspects of the data
are required, of which some may violate users’ privacy (such
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Fig. 1. Framework of user profile inference.
as GPS coordinates and the length of the SMS). Not to men-
tion that a complete user profile should contain both extrinsic
and intrinsic characteristics. Thus, this paper utilizes a com-
bination of sensors, phone information, and perceived data,
to determine users’ ages, genders, and personality traits, for
fine-grained and multiangle user profile inferences.
III. S YSTEM OVERVIEW
Fig. 1 shows the main components of the proposed system.
A. Data Capture
The system collects data from sensors and event listeners in
mobile phones, including accelerometer, magnetic field, gyro-
scope, light sensor, app usage, battery, headset, mobile mode,
network, and screen status event listener. The sampling rate
of sensors in our system is set as SENSOR_DELAY_GAME.
Other information are recorded if the status changes. These
are supported by Android OS.
B. Feature Extraction
We extract mobile phone usage features, preference features,
and activity features for user profile inference. Specifically,
the elevation angles and slope angles from sensory data are
analyzed when users are using the phone (e.g., phone call
answering and playing games); the touch characteristics in the
stage of swiping screen are also considered; preference fea-
tures is acquired from user’s app list and phone information.
We also use different time windows to get the features of
app usage, battery, headset, mobile mode, network, and screen
status.
C. User Profile Inference
User profile in this paper includes three attributes, i.e.,
age, gender, and personality traits. We first evaluate the
extracted features from users’ phone usages. And then we
apply Random Forest regression to estimate users’ ages, and
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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
Fig. 2. Percentage of participants in all age groups about the use of various
phone functionalities.
Random Forest classification to detect users’ genders. Finally,
SVR is employed to identify personality traits.
IV. AGE E STIMATION
Since there are various interaction scenarios when using a
cellphone, we first conducted a questionnaire to find out the
experimental scenes involved. To obtain an even distribution of
respondents’ age, we sent questionnaires to people of different
ages we know, and then forwarded them to their peers. Among
them, 75 were aged 5 to 14, 106 were aged 15 to 29, 81 were
aged 30 to 44, 84 were aged 45 to 59, 68 were aged 60 to 69,
59 were aged 70 to 79, and 50 were aged over 80. There were
269 males and 254 females in 523 in total. Specifically, the
questionnaire surveyed the smartphone usage on functionality,
with 523 participants on different age groups. The results can
be found in Fig. 2. In order to keep generality of this paper,
we study phone usage scenes that are common among all age
groups. According to the survey, phone call is chosen from the
scenes. Yet in reality, touch phone screen as the basic operation
is not avoidable [38], thus unlocking screen becomes another
scene that we mostly concern.
In this section, our goal is to estimate users’ ages by utiliz-
ing the sensory data, which are captured when users interact
with their smartphones from accelerometer, gyroscope, and
light sensors.
A. Feature Extraction From Unlocking Screen Scene
In real life, people of different ages may have different
habits to unlock screens. Generally, the unlock screen scene
can be divided into two actions, which are picking up the
phone and swiping the screen.
1) Picking Up the Phone: We obtain phone’s elevation
angle and slope angle by utilizing accelerometer and mag-
netic field sensors, and explore the differences among users
in different age groups. Fig. 3 shows the average waves of
smartphone’s orientation when seven people in each age group
picking up the phone. As shown in the figure, we can observe
that the smartphone’s elevation angle is steady at the begin-
ning, indicating that the phone is horizontally placed at this
time. In different environments, the stable waves can be dif-
ferent. Once the user starts to use the phone, the elevation
angle changes accordingly. As shown in Fig. 3(a), there is a
large trend curve of children, meaning that children like to
pick up the phone with a back-and-forth raise. As for elderly,
the fluctuation is smaller than children. Adults light up the
YU et al.: INFERRING USER PROFILE ATTRIBUTES FROM MULTIDIMENSIONAL MOBILE PHONE SENSORY DATA
(a)
Fig. 3. Changes of elevation angle when the users pick up the phone. (a) Children. (b) Elderly. (c) Adults.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4. Sensor value changes during phone answering. (a) Changes of light.
(b) Changes of orientation.
phone with the smallest amplitudes as they can operate mobile
phones skillfully. Similarly, slope angle shows the differences
among people. Accordingly, for pick-up action, we extracted
eight features: the maximum, minimum, mean, and variance
value of the phone’s elevation angle and slope angle, when
users picking up phones.
2) Swiping the Screen: When the screen is lit up, the user
needs to unlock cellphone by swiping the screen. In real life,
elderly usually swipe a longer distance and unlock success-
fully. Children prefer holding the upper part of the phone
and taking shorter time to unlock. Adults spend the shortest
time among the three age groups to unlock. Prior study [26]
has proposed some features like sliding distance, sliding time,
and sliding velocity. To protect user’s privacy, we propose to
extract features including sliding start-end area, sliding angle
sa, sliding distance sd, sliding duration st, and siding velocity
sd/st.
B. Feature Extraction in Phone Call Answering Scene
We divide phone call answering into two stages: 1) the
response time of a call and 2) the process of answering.
Fig. 4 shows the average changes of sensor values for five
children answering the phone. We can observe that the value
of light sensors are zero, when users hold the phone to their
ears (light sensor in a smartphone represents light intensity
of the environment around the phone). Then we pick out
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5155
(b) (c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5. Elevation angle when phone answering.
the corresponding acceleration and gyroscope sensory data to
calculate the orientations of the phones as shown in Fig. 4(b).
1) Response Time: When there is a phone call, people need
to pick up and answer the phone. From picking up the phone to
answering the phone, there is a response time, i.e., the interval
time from phone ringing or vibrating to phone connected. By
analyzing the orientation wave of the phones, we observe that
the response time of elderly is the longest, and for adults it is
the shortest.
2) Answering Phone: When answering the phone, the user
usually puts the phone to his/her ear, and there may exist dif-
ferences in holding the phone. For example, adults may place
the phone horizontally with their ears. Elderly like to put the
phone to their ears at a certain angle, and children may be
very active in answering the phone, which means that the
phone’s elevation and slope angle can be different during the
call. Fig. 5 shows the differences of elevation angle when users
of different ages are answering phones. Overall, we extracted
12 features in this scene, i.e., the maximum, minimum, mean,
and variance value of the elevation angles, slope angles, and
the phones’ angles.
C. Age Group and Estimation
For age estimation, we divide people into children, adults,
and elderly to analyze the differences among them when they
use the mobile phones. Based on [39], we regard people whose
ages are equal or greater than 60 years old as elderly. For
children, UN convention defines that people who are under
the age of 18 can be regard as children [40]. Referring to
World Health Organization [41], age can be grouped into 0
to 4, 5 to 14, 15 to 29, 30 to 44, 45 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to
79, and more than 80 years old. Based on these two rules, we
take children as aged from 5 to 14, who can use a smartphone
individually.
5156
Estimating age can be regarded as a regression problem,
that is, obtaining an outcome variable (i.e., an age) from a
set of input variables (i.e., all the features). We apply Random
Forest in this paper, which is an ensemble learner consisting of
a group of tree-based learners. Each learner is a classification
or regression tree. For regression, each tree predicts the target
individually, while the forest uses the average of the individual
tree predictions as the target predictions.
V. G ENDER D ETECTION
Roberts et al. [6] proved us that cell-phone addiction dif-
fered across the genders. Gender detection by utilizing the
smartphone depends on the distinct usage patterns for males
and females, and there have been some observations. For
example, as we know, males have larger hands and longer
thumbs than females on average [42]. Most people have fixed
habits to touch their screens with either one hand or two
hands [43]. All these using habits require the first joint of
the thumb or index finger bending and the palmar outreach or
adducent. More importantly, it was proved that thumb length
could manipulate user’s action on the screen and generate dif-
ferent swiping gestures [44]. Therefore, we want to explore
the operations of phone using to detect the user’s gender.
Based on TalkingData 2016 college student mobile life
insight report,3 it figured out the difference among college stu-
dents in phone choosing and application using. In this paper,
we aim to mine mobile phone usage in common scenarios and
also consider the cellphone basic information (including the
brand of the phone, the screen size, and Android version), to
detect user genders. Specifically, we sampled users whose age
is between 18 and 32 [45] from 523 users, counting their most
commonly used functions. As shown in Fig. 6, the users whose
ages range from 18 to 32 are fond of using social applications,
such as Weibo and Wechat. They also spend a lot of time
on listening to music and making phone calls. And there are
68.75% users who like playing games. Accordingly, this paper
mines user’s habitual operations and personal preferences in
unlocking screen, using social applications, playing games,
installed application lists, and basic cellphone information for
user gender detection.
A. Feature Extraction
1) Unlocking Screen Scene: According to the analysis of
in Section IV, we use the similar method to analyze female
and male users’ operations in unlocking screen. Specifically,
the changes of elevation angles are different when boys and
girls picking up the phones. The corresponding curves about
females show large fluctuations, indicating that females prefer
picking up the phone with a dramatic shaking back and forth.
When it comes to swiping gestures, we extract features,
including sliding start-end area, sliding angle, sliding dis-
tance, sliding duration, and sliding velocity (similar with the
descriptions of swiping screen action in Section IV).
2) Social App Usage Scene: In this scene, we extract
eight features, including the maximum, minimum, mean, and
3 [Online]. Available: www.talkingdata.com
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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
Fig. 6. Percentage of participants in middle age about the use of various
phone functionalities.
variance value of the phone’s elevation angle and slope angle,
when the user uses the social apps.
3) Playing Game Scene: As shown in Fig. 6, more and
more adults like to spend time on mobile games. The Glory of
The King, which is the top 10 in 2016 China IP Value Game
List. According to the JiGuang Big Data,4 by September 17,
2017, the ratio of male and female players reaches to 1:1.
This makes The Glory of The King suitable as an experimental
scene. In particular, the analysis of elevation and slope angle
shows that in the average one-round game, females spend
longer time than males and their phase changes are smaller
than males.
4) Application List: 2016 college student mobile life insight
report has carried out a series of analysis on the behav-
ior of college students. It proposed that males and females
have different concerns about applications. In order to detect
user genders in a short time, we only focus on the applica-
tion installation lists and recognize the classes and quanti-
ties of apps. Specifically, based on Google Play Store5 and
WanDouJia,6 we categorize apps into 27 categories, includ-
ing communication, entertainment, lifestyle, sports, shopping,
comics, education, personality, travel, news, games, music,
video, photography, social, business, health, finance, weather,
optimization, security, tools, mail.
For the number of game apps and photography apps
installed in the phone, we made an analysis among 15 males
and 15 females. Among these 15 males, the average number
of game categories is 3 and the maximal number is 15. As for
females, there are 5 people who only install one game, two
women have 5 game apps, and the average number is 2. For
photography apps, it explains the preferences of females. That
is, women prefer to spend time using all kinds of photography
applications. Among 15 female users, one user installed ten
photographic applications. In contrast, only one male user has
six photography softwares installed and there is one does not
have any photography application at all. In general, there are
about three photography apps installed in male users’ mobile
phones, and five in female subjects’.
5) Basic Information of the Phone: From the brand of
mobile phone, Fig. 7 shows the basic information of mobile
phones of 15 males and 15 females. It is observed that VIVO
4 [Online]. Available: https://www.jiguang.cn/reports/72
5 [Online]. Available: https://play.google.com/store
6 [Online]. Available: http://www.wandoujia.com/
YU et al.: INFERRING USER PROFILE ATTRIBUTES FROM MULTIDIMENSIONAL MOBILE PHONE SENSORY DATA
Fig. 7. Statistics information of the brand.
and OPPO in China have more female customers, mostly due
to their advertisements. Males may be more concerned about
the performance of the phone and choose HUAWEI. In addi-
tion, we also collect the information about the phone screen
size. We found that males may prefer large screens (more than
5.6 In), while females are likely to choose smartphones with a
screen size between 5.2 and 5.5, as they are most comfortable
to use. In order to detect the user genders, we will get the
information of the manufacturer, model, brand, screen size,
and Android system version of the user’s cell phone.
B. Gender Detection
Detecting user’s gender is a binary classification problem.
We tested Random Forest, Naive Bayes, Multilayer Perception,
and SVM, respectively, for the classification. Meanwhile,
we employ the tenfold cross-validation policy. Finally, we
get the best classification results by using Random Forest
classification, which can reduce over-fitting.
VI. P ERSONALITY T RAITS I DENTIFICATION
User profile involves the extrinsic and intrinsic characteris-
tics. The personality of youth is more representative compared
with children and elderly, and the differences in personality
among youths are more obvious [9], [46]. Therefore, we focus
on the mobile phone usage about youth mainly. In this section,
we will identify user personality traits to describe the intrinsic
characteristics.
In general, the aforementioned “Big Five” is a poten-
tially identifiable framework for the study of personality.
Chittaranjan et al. [10] presented that introverts were fond
of using Internet, disagreeable people were more likely to use
e-mail, conscientiousness had a negative correlation with phone
calling, and high openness was associated with higher usage
of Video/Audio/Music applications and Beep/Ascending user
profiles. It is also suggested that ring tones may not effective
to appeal neurotic people to using mobile phone [47]. Based
on [48], we collect app usage, battery, headset, mobile mode,
network, and screen status data to infer user personality traits.
A. Feature Extraction
1) App Usage: Intuitively, introverts spend much more time
on social applications to contact friends. While extroverts may
like traveling applications because of their venturesome char-
acteristic. We categorized applications into the same 27 classes
as in gender detection. In this part, we mainly consider three
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5157
aspects of application usage, i.e., the number of each category,
the use time of each category, and the number of times that
applications in each category are opened. Taking the character-
istics of the data into consideration, we choose 1, 5, 10, 30, and
60 min, respectively, as time windows and extract features in
these windows. The features are represented as app_i_j_count,
app_j, and app_i_j_usetime, respectively, where i represents
the time window and j stands for application category.
2) Battery: People with different personality traits have
distinct dependence on mobile phone and they may spend dif-
ferent time on using mobile phone. That can lead to the differ-
ences of battery drains and screen status in a time window. For
example, introverts like to use the Internet [10], which is with
higher power consumption. People with high conscientious-
ness may charge their phone as soon as it is out of electricity;
high openness people have unconventional and creative qual-
ities, and they may keep their mobile phone in charging for a
long time even the level is full. In battery usage, we extract
several features, including Battery_charging/full_count (the
number of times that battery level is full or charging in a time
window), Battery_usb/ac_count (the number of times that use
USB or AC to charge in a time window), Battery_most_time
(the most common charging mode in a time window), and
Battery_level (the statistical characteristics of battery level in
a time window).
3) Screen Status: The times of screen lit up and screen
unlocked may reflect the user’s degree of obsession with the
phone. For example, extroverts like to talk and play with their
friends and do not use the phone often. Correspondingly, the
times of unlocking the screen is less than introverts. We cal-
culate the times of unlocking and locking screen to mine the
relationship between personality traits and screen status.
4) Mobile Mode and Network: Intuitively, outgoing peo-
ple may use different mobile modes depending on the
environments. While neuroticism is related to anxiety, self-
consciousness, and impulsiveness, people with high neuroti-
cism may like to use silent mode.
On the other hand, if users want to get the instant
information, they need to connect to network. Therefore,
we investigate the connection among mobile modes, network
status, and personality traits. In particular, we count the
most commonly used mobile modes (e.g., normal, silent, and
vibrate), the number of times to switch the mode in each time
window, the number of times for different network connec-
tion mode and the most commonly used mode (e.g., Wi-Fi,
4G, 3G, 2G, or Null).
5) Headset: High openness was associated with higher
usage of video and music applications [10]. For the music
and video, people usually need to wear headsets, which means
headset usage can also be helpful. We calculate some features
in a time window, including the maximal, minimal, and aver-
age times of connecting or not connecting a headset, and the
most common modes of the headset.
B. Personality Traits Identification
Based on the five factor model proposed by McCrae and
John in 1992 [8], personality traits identification can be divided
5158
into two aspects: 1) the results of user self-evaluation by doing
the questionnaire and 2) the mobile phone usage’s personality
recognition.
1) Questionnaire Results of User Self-evaluation: Users
need to complete the Big Five questionnaire, which contains
60 items and uses 1 to 5 positive and negative scoring stan-
dard. The 60 questions contain five subscales: a) the Openness
scale; b) the Conscientiousness scale; c) the Extraversion scale;
d) the Agreeableness scale; and e) the Neuroticism scale. Each
subscale contains 12 questions, and these 12 questions include
positive and negative scoring standard. As there is no conven-
tional model, the corresponding score can be used directly as
the evaluation of user’s personality traits.
2) Personality Recognition: We collected app usage, bat-
tery, headset, mobile mode, network, and screen status data
for approximately two weeks. Then we extract the features
described in Section VI-A from these data and associate them
with the user, forming a matrix about the mobile phone usage
and the habits of the user.
According to the questionnaire results, we can build the
matrix about subjects and the scores of the Big Five. And the
subjects and mobile phone usage can be represented in matrix
as well. We utilize 90% of the scores and usage data to build
five regression models, and the remaining 10% usage data is
used to predict scores of the Big Five. In order to strengthen
our identification process of regression, we adopt the SVR,
which can help to find the function that has most deviation
from the actually obtained target for the training data.
VII. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
In this section, we will introduce the data collecting, and
present the results for feature evaluation, age estimation, gen-
der detection, and personality traits identification, as well as
analysis and evaluations.
A. Data Collection
For experiments, we recruited 84 volunteers, including
12 children, 10 elderly, and 62 adults. The age of volun-
teers ranges from 5 to 78, with 43 males and 41 females.
Twelve users are primary or secondary students, 55 are under-
graduates, master, or doctorate students, 10 elderly are retired,
and the remaining volunteers include 2 individual operators,
2 workers, 1 accountant, and 2 teachers. As for incentives, we
rewarded every participants with CNY100.
In data collection, we developed an Android application,
named About_YOUR_Property, which collects accelerometer,
magnetic field, gyroscope, and light sensory data (with GAME
sampling frequency) as well as other information required. The
application runs in the background with low-power consump-
tion. Volunteers are willing to install the app on their own
mobile phone, and they can use the phone freely. Children
without smartphones can use their parents’ mobile phones to
collect data.
Specifically, in age estimation, we collect data from 35 vol-
unteers, including 12 children, 10 old people, and 13 adults
in 1 day. Totally, there are 8396 records collected in unlock-
ing screen and phone answering scenes. In gender detection,
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Feature distribution in age estimation. (a) Sliding velocity.
(b) Variance of slope angle.
30 participants aged between 18 to 32 years old are recruited.
The dataset includes 981 MB of sensing data from smart-
phones in 1 h. And for personality traits identification, we
choose 32 users whose age is between 18 and 32 [45]. An
Android application TBF was developed to collect the data,
including the change of mobile phone battery, whether or not
connecting the headset, the current mobile mode of the phone,
network situation, screen status, and the name of currently
used application. As the personality trait is a long-term accu-
mulation of many factors, we collected the data from 32 users
for 2 weeks.
B. Feature Evaluation
1) Feature Evaluation in Age Estimation: For age estima-
tion, we extract 27 features from unlocking screen and phone
answering scenes. We use the feature distribution to evaluate
the features.
We divide unlocking screen process into picking up the
phone and swiping the screen actions. A sliding window is
used to find the important point when user picks up the mobile
phone and swipes the screen. Window size is 0.2 and the step
size is 0.1. Fig. 8(a) presents the distribution of the swip-
ing velocity in unlocking screen scene. We can tell that there
are 69.45% children whose slide speed is between 1.21 and
3.74; the sliding speed of elderly ranges from 0.03 to 1.82;
and 51.50% adults have the swiping velocity from 1.99 to
3.30. From this distribution, we can see that the features are
useful to distinguish the ages of the users. Fig. 8(b) indi-
cates the variance of the slope angle during phone answering.
50.46% children have a slope angle variance of 650 to 700,
when answering calls, and the slope angle variance for adults
is between 90 and 350. This makes the slope angle of the
phone as an important feature for estimating the age of the
user at the time of answering calls. Similarly, we conclude
the effectiveness of our other 25 features for age estimation.
YU et al.: INFERRING USER PROFILE ATTRIBUTES FROM MULTIDIMENSIONAL MOBILE PHONE SENSORY DATA
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9. Feature distribution in gender estimation. (a) Slope angle.
(b) Photography apps.
2) Feature Evaluation in Gender Detection: In this part,
we present the distribution of some gender related features.
Fig. 9(a) shows the distribution histogram of slope angle
changes when males and females using social software. We
calculated that 66.67% of males have a change of variance
from 0 to 30. When females use their mobile phones, the
change varies from 0 to 45. There are little differences in
slope angle when using social software. Fig. 9(b) shows a
distribution histogram of photography app. As shown in the
figure, we observe that the number of females who install 7
to 10 photographical apps accounts for 20%. No male installs
more than 7 applications of photography in our experiments.
It indicates that women have a certain preference for various
types of photographic apps.
3) Feature Evaluation in Personality Traits Identification:
In this part, we use the Pearson correlation coefficient to
evaluate the extracted features, which can assess the rela-
tionship between mobile phone usage and personality traits.
Specifically, as models will be affected by outliers, we empir-
ically removed features with a correlation of less than 0.3.
And we present our findings on the Big-Five traits.
Openness: There is some significant correlation between
mobile phone usage and openness. Highly open people may
not often use the tool applications (r = −0.458, p = 0.004),
such as memos, Jifeng diary, etc. R represents Pearson corre-
lation coefficient, which is used to reflect the degree of linear
correlation between two variables. P value is the probability
of sample observation or more extreme results when the orig-
inal hypothesis is true. The smaller the P value is, the more
significant the result is.
Conscientiousness: To a certain extent, conscientiousness
has not much correlation with mobile modes, networks, and
headset connections. As shown in Table I, conscientiousness
is positively correlated with the number of times that phone
was charged (r = 0.400, p = 0.012) and negatively correlated
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5159
TABLE I
C ORRELATIONS B ETWEEN C ONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND F EATURES
with the number of times that the user lighting up screen in
one minute (r = −0.436, p = 0.006).
Extraversion: Extraversion is related to talkativeness and
gregariousness. Users who are more extroverted tend to less
fond of headsets for most of the time (r = −0.504, p =
0.002) and they also have shorter headset connection peri-
ods (r = −0.359, p = 0.022). Users with high extraversion
are more likely to use sport apps (r = 0.457, p = 0.004).
Applications, such as Douyu live, Zhangyu TV have posi-
tively connections with extraversion (r = 0.377, p = 0.017).
Oppositely, introverted users prefer reading applications, such
as iReader (r = −0.443, p = 0.006).
Agreeableness: People with less agreeableness may feel
uncomfortable about their surroundings [49], and they may
use headsets frequently in one-minute window (r = −0.365,
p = 0.020). Users with high agreeableness may use more com-
munication software, such as free calls, dialing, and contacts.
(r = 0.319, p = 0.038).
Neuroticism: Neuroticism is negatively correlated with the
number of communication applications (r = −0.310, p =
0.042). Users with high neuroticism may receive lower social
support [50], so they may often close themselves in a small
circle.
C. Results of User Profile Inference
1) Age Estimation: We use RMSE and decision coefficient
R as evaluation criteria. Random Forest regression algorithm
achieves the best performance for user age estimation, with an
RMSE value of 4.3696, correlation coefficient of 0.9852 and
the square of R at 0.9706.
In the real world, users may not have frequently phone call
in a short time. Therefore, we estimate the age of the user by
using the unlocking screen scene only. The results are shown
in Fig. 10(a), where the mean square error is 6.0203. We also
find that the experimental results can be improved by the com-
bination of two scenes which can acquire an RMSE with value
4.4452. This proves that the selection of experimental sce-
narios is significant for user age estimation. Using Random
Forest regression model, our age estimation can achieve a
minimum error of ± 4.44 years. In addition, considering that
4.44 year old may still make huge differences for children age
estimation, we further applied the same regression algorithm
specifically upon children, and the RMSE of children aged 5
5160
to 14 become 3.0461. In prior studies, Dong et al. [51] pre-
dicted authors’ age from text and got the mean absolute errors
between 4.1 and 6.8 years. Guo et al. [52] estimated users’ age
based on their face information and the MAEs were 5.25 and
5.30 years for females and males accordingly. In general, this
paper uses less features and produce more accurate estimations
of user ages.
2) Gender Detection: Precision and recall are used as the
evaluation criterias for gender detection here. In general, the
Random Forest classification algorithm we employed achieves
91.70% precision and 73.30% recall. In the context of classi-
fication, the samples can be divided into four cases according
to the combination of the ground-truth class and the pre-
dicted class of classifier: a) true positive; b) false positive;
c) true negative; and d) false negative. TP, FP, TN, and FN
are used to represent the corresponding samples, respectively.
The precision P and recall R are defined as
TP TP
P= R= .
TP + FP TP + FN
As the users may not play games in some experimental
scenarios, and young people prefer using fingerprint to unlock
screen, we separately calculate the precision of gender detec-
tion in each experimental scene. Fig. 10(b) shows the user
gender detection results in each scene. In specific, 27 cat-
egories of apps were used to detect the characteristics of
users’ gender, and the final result is a precision of 68.4%.
Considering the game scenario, the final detection rate is
approximately 64.30%. The basic information of mobile phone
gives a gender detection rate at 72.70%. The change of ele-
vation angle during social software usage outputs a precision
rate at 64.70%. And if take advantages of all the scenes, the
precision of our Random Forest classification model reaches
91.70%.
Erokyar [53] used speech applications and got an accuracy
of 64.20% in age and gender recognition. An encouraging 78%
accuracy rate was obtained by using swipe gesture data from
two different directions [54]. In this paper, we detect users’
gender only based on mobile phone sensory data, and achieve
the highest accuracy of 91.70%.
3) Personality Traits Identification: To evaluate the effec-
tiveness of the regression model, we use the coefficient of
determination (R square) as the criterion. R square denotes
the extent that the selected independent variable can explain
the dependent variable.
According to the analysis in the previous sections, the fea-
tures of the Big Five should all have a nonzero weight. For
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and
neuroticism, we use the SVR regression model to calculate the
RMSE, and the results are 0.29, 0.3506, 0.465, 0.3022, and
0.452, respectively. The value of r is 0.8118, 05093, 0.6159,
0.5664, and 0.615, respectively, and all p-values are less than
0.05, which further indicated that our models are reasonable
in identifying user’s personality traits. The recognition accu-
racy of personality characteristics can be further exploited for
recommendation task. For example, when an extroverted per-
sonality is detected, it makes sense that the app relevant to
sports category will be more likely recommended to the user
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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10. Results of age estimation and gender detection.
due to the higher correlation. The inferrence of personality
can also be used to facilitated the improvement of mental
health. For example, the positive and optimistic information in
terms of videos, images or articles can be carefully pushed to
the high-neurotic users to prevent them from becoming overly
anxious.
The descriptive statistics for the questionnaire are given in
Table II. It can be found that the mean value, the standard
deviation, and the skewness of neuroticism is 2.80, 0.53, and
0.84, respectively, indicating that most users get low score
on this personality trait. This means most users tend to be
emotionally stable. And openness corresponds to the char-
acteristics of imagination, aesthetics, and the desire for new
things. Conscientious people are organized and like to make
plans. Highly responsible users may use less communication
apps and social applications, indicating that responsible peo-
ple are more cautious about making friends. Extraversion is
associated with enthusiasm, social ability, and optimism. They
may install less applications like books and tools, except com-
munication platforms. Introverts are more likely to find true
self with their cellphones. Agreeableness is realted to trust and
modesty. Users with high agreeableness may use more com-
munication and game software, implying that they are friendly
and sociable. Neurotic users are characterized by anxiety and
vulnerability. Highly neurotic users may have lower social sup-
port [50], and they probably have a small social circle. Thus,
they are more likely to use the vibration mode and headsets
connected.
D. Discussion
1) User Group: In this paper, we mostly take youth into
consideration and get tremendous results for user profile infer-
ence. However, there may be differences in mobile phones
usage for elderly and children of different genders and per-
sonality traits. Therefore, in the future, we consider to infer
the profile of all users and mine the differences.
YU et al.: INFERRING USER PROFILE ATTRIBUTES FROM MULTIDIMENSIONAL MOBILE PHONE SENSORY DATA
TABLE II
Q UESTIONNAIRE R ESULT OF THE B IG F IVE
2) Type of Phone: In age estimation and gender detection,
we use unlocking screen as one of the experimental scenes.
There is an assumption that user must swipe to unlock the
device. However, this does not work for all phones. The up-
to-date devices like the iPhone 8 use fingerprint detection for
authenticating user and this is followed by a button (Home
key) press. In our experiments, Fig. 10(a) and (b) show that if
we leave out swiping screen stage for unlocking screen scene,
the RMSE of age estimation is 5.9205 and the precision of
gender detection is 78.60%, which is also acceptable.
3) Hands-Free When Phone Answering: In age estimation,
we consider that the phone is held in hand when the user is
answering the phone. While users may use hands-free and not
necessarily hold their phones. Thus, it makes the feature for
elevation angle and slope angle during phone answering not
functional. In fact, we did an evaluation for different feature
combinations, including the scenario where there is no phone
call at all. As shown in Fig. 10(b), the RMSE is 4.2175, which
can also claimed satisfactory.
4) Scene Choosing: It is obvious that phone calling and
games are not the only functionalities of cellphone. As shown
in Figs. 2 and 6, we can observe that music listening and video
watching get high rank in usage. Listen to the music and watch
the video can also trigger a lot of changes in cellphone sensor
data, because of the age difference. Therefore, we will add
video watching as a scene in our future study.
VIII. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we infer user profiles in terms of age, gen-
der, and personality trait utilizing data from mobile phones.
Specifically, we collect sensory data and event listener data in
cellphones. We use Random Forest regression to estimate the
age, apply classification models to detect the user’s gender,
and utilize SVR to identify the personality traits. We eval-
uate the system through real-life experiments conducted by
84 phone users. Experimental results show the outstanding of
our approaches, achieving the RSME of 4.3696 in age esti-
mation, the precision of 91.70% in gender detection, and the
RMSEs of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agree-
ableness, and neuroticism of 0.29, 0.3506, 0.465, 0.3022, and
0.452, respectively, in personality traits identification. In the
future, we will increase the number of volunteers and col-
lect longer term and large scale data. And we also consider
to add other experimental scenes, such as taking pictures and
watching videos.
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5161
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Zhiwen Yu (S’06–M’08–SM’14) received the
Ph.D. degree in computer science and technology
from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an,
China, in 2005.
He is currently a Professor with the School
of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical
University. He was a Visiting Researcher with
the Context-Aware Systems Department, Institute
for Infocomm Research, Singapore, from 2004 to
2005, and an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow with
Mannheim University, Mannheim, Germany, from
2009 to 2010.
Dr. Yu is an Associate Editor or an Editorial Board member of the IEEE
T RANSACTIONS ON H UMAN –M ACHINE S YSTEMS, IEEE Communications
Magazine, and ACM/Springer Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.
En Xu received the bachelor’s degree from
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an,
China, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree at the School of Computer Science.
His current research interests include ubiquitous
computing and mobile sensing.
He Du received the bachelor’s degree from
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an,
China, where she is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree at the School of Computer Science.
Her current research interests include ubiquitous
computing and mobile sensing.
Bin Guo (GS’09–M’09–SM’14) received the Ph.D.
degree in computer science from Keio University,
Tokyo, Japan, in 2009.
He is a Professor with Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Xi’an, China. He was a Post-Doctoral
Researcher with the Institut TELECOM SudParis,
Évry, France. His current research interests include
ubiquitous computing and mobile crowd sensing.
Lina Yao (A’11) received the bachelor’s degree from
Shandong University, Jinan, China, in 2010, and the
master’s and Ph.D. degree from the University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, in 2014.
She is currently a Senior Lecturer with the School
of Computer Science and Engineering, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Her
current research interests include data mining and
machine learning applications with the focuses on
Internet of Things analytics, recommender systems,
human activity recognition, and brain–computer
interface.