UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS

& COMPUTER SCIENCES

MAIN EXAMINATION

June 2019

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS STAT130 W1

DURATION: 3 Hours TOTAL MARKS:

INTERNAL EXAMINERS: Ms A. Desai, Ms S. Pitts, Mr T. Lephoto

INTERNAL MODERATOR: Professor M. Murray

THIS EXAM CONSISTS OF 23 PAGES INCLUDING THIS ONE.

PLEASE ENSURE THAT YOU HAVE ALL PAGES.

INSTRUCTIONS:
• Attempt all questions. There is no negative marking.
• Write in pencil (HP or darker).
• A formula sheet is attached to the end of the question paper. This may be
removed in order to be more easily used.
• You will be supplied with a set of statistical tables. Do not write on them. They
will be collected at the end of the exam.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 2
• Write and shade in your student number, name and initials on the top left hand
side of the MCQ answer sheet. Fill in the requested information on the bottom
left side of the MCQ answer sheet.

Question 1
Consider the following 3 variables.
(i) The number of customers at a seafood restaurant on a Saturday night.
(ii) The different food items on the menu at a seafood restaurant. (iii) The
length of time it takes to grill a serving of calamari.
Identify which of the variables are qualitative and which are quantitative and give their level of
measurement.
a) (i) quantitative, ratio (ii) qualitative, nominal (iii) quantitative, ratio
b) (i) qualitative, nominal (ii) qualitative, nominal (iii) quantitative, interval
c) (i) quantitative, ratio (ii) quantitative, ordinal (iii) quantitative, ratio
d) (i) quantitative, nominal (ii) qualitative, nominal (iii) qualitative, ordinal
e) (i) quantitative, ratio (ii) qualitative, nominal (iii) quantitative, interval

Question 2
Three hundred people attended a concert. Each person was consecutively assigned a number
when they arrived at the concert hall. The organisers of the concert want to get feedback from
the audience about the concert and so take a systematic sample of 25 people. The organisers
randomly choose the 20th person (labelled when they arrived) to be the first person in their
sample. What is the number of the 4th person that is included in the sample? a) Person 4
b) Person 56
c) Person 68
d) Person 44
e) Person 48

300/25=12
20+12+12+12=56

Question 3
A psychology student believes that singing in the shower is a sign of happiness. To investigate this
belief, he measures the singing time (in minutes per week) for a random sample of residence
students. The histogram below shows the distribution of singing times in the shower. The sample
median singing time is 3.7 minutes. What can be said about the possible value of the sample
mean?
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 3

Options for Question 3

on following page.
(Options for Question 3)

a) It will be exactly the same as the median.

b) It will be less than 3.7 .
c) It will be more than 3.7 .
d) It is equal to 2, the sample mode.
e) Without the actual data values nothing can be said about the value of the sample mean.

Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following information:

A certain village is made up of 2512 households. An agriculturalist wants to know the number of
chickens reared by each household. However, he does not have the time to visit all the
households. He decides to visit only 20 of the households that are close to the road that he uses
when going to town. He collects the information and captures the data in a Microsoft Excel
workbook, a portion of which is shown below.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 4

Question 4
Which one of the following sampling methods did the agriculturalist use?
a) Systematic sampling
b) Stratified sampling
c) Convenience sampling
d) Simple random sampling
e) Probability sampling

Question 5
If the agriculturalist uses Microsoft Excel to calculate the variance of the number of chickens
raised, which one of the following commands can he use?
a) = 𝑉𝐴𝑅. 𝑃 ( 𝐵2 ∶ 𝐾3 )
b) = 𝑉𝐴𝑅. 𝑆 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾2 ; 𝐵3: 𝐾3 )
c) = 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 ( 𝐵2 ∶ 𝐾3 )
d) = 𝑉𝐴𝑅. 𝑆 ( 𝐵2 ∶ 𝐾3 )
e) = 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸. 𝑆 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾2 ; 𝐵3: 𝐾3 )

Question 6
What is the median number of chickens raised by the households?
a) 42
b) 38.45
c) 40
d) 52.5
e) 40.5

Question 7
The agriculturalist would like to use Microsoft Excel to find the interquartile range for the data.
Which one of the following commands can the agriculturalist use?

a) = 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 3 ) − 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 1 )

University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 5

b) = 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 75 ) − 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 24 )

c) = 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 75 ) − 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 25)
d) = 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 3 ) − 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 1 )
e) = 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 3 ) − 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 ( 𝐵2: 𝐾3 ; 1 )

Questions 8, 9 and 10 are based on the following information:

The amount of snow (inches) in December was recorded for a certain region for the last 35 years.
The data is given in the frequency distribution below.

Snowfall No. of years

0–2 2
2–4 3
4–6 6
6–8 8
8 – 10 11
10 – 12 5

X=L+ (N.P-Cfb/f) x w
L=Lower boundary
N=Total observations
P=Percentile
Cfb=cum frequency before class interval containing the 80th percentile
F=frequency of the class interval which contains your 80th percentile
W=class width

0.2 x35=7
35-7=28

X= 8 + ((35x0.8-19)/11) x2=9.64
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 6

Question 8
What shape does the data appear to have?
a) negatively skew
b) bimodal
c) bell-shaped
d) uniform
e) positively skew

Question 9
In only 20% of the years was there more than 𝑥 inches of snow.
What is the value of 𝑥?
a) 𝑥 = 9.64
b) 𝑥 = 4.67
c) 𝑥 = 10
d) 𝑥 = 10.25
e) 𝑥 = 5.33

X=L+ (N.P-Cfb/f) x w
L=Lower boundary
N=Total observations
P=Percentile
Cfb=cum frequency before class interval containing the 80th percentile
F=frequency of the class interval which contains your 80th percentile
W=class width

Question 10
If the pattern shown in the frequency distribution continues, what is the approximate probability
that there will be at least 4 inches but less than 10 inches of snow in this region next year? a)
0.229
b) 0.857
c) 0.714
d) 0.800
e) This cannot be calculated with the given information.

6+8+11/35
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 7

Question 11
Forty-five (45) butcheries from Gauteng and 30 butcheries from KZN were randomly selected and
their prices (in Rands per kg) of beef mince compared. The sample statistics are given in the table
below.
Gauteng KZN
Average 72 61
Standard deviation 7,10 9.8 6,00 9.8

Which one of the following statements is true?

a) The coefficient of variation (CV) for both the Gauteng and KZN data is approximately
10.1% meaning that the prices are equally variable.
b) The variability of the prices cannot be compared because the sample sizes are not the
same.
c) The CV for both the Gauteng and KZN data is approximately 9.8% meaning that the prices
are equally variable.
d) The standard deviation for the Gauteng prices is larger than that of the KZN prices meaning
that the Gauteng prices are more variable than those of KZN.
e) The average prices for the two provinces are different so the variability of the data cannot
be compared.

Questions 14 and 15 are based on the following information:

A survey found that adult South Africans frequently suffer periods of great stress. A random
sample of 61 men and 73 women was selected and asked how many times per month they
suffered periods of great stress. The results are shown in the table below.

Men Women

0 2 4

1 or 2 17 10

3 or 4 31 28

5 or 6 9 26

7 or more 2 5
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 8

Question 14
If one person is randomly selected, what is the probability that they suffer from 1 to 4 periods of
great stress a month?
a) 0.358
b) 0.642
c) 0.284
d) 0.630
e) None of the above

P=17+10+31+28/134

Question 15
Suppose a person who suffers from stress at least 3 times a month is randomly chosen. What is
the probability that the person is a woman?
a) 0.440
b) 0.808
c) 0.754
d) 0.584
e) 0.455

31+28+9+26+2+5=101 (DEN)

28+26+5=59 (NUM)

59/101=

Questions 16 and 17 are based on the following information:

When Hannah goes shopping she buys bread 74% of the time, she buys chocolate 33% of the time
and she buys both items 16% of the time.

Question 16
If Hannah goes shopping today, what is the probability that she buys only the chocolate? a)
0.67
b) 0.58
c) 0.17
d) 0.26
e) 0.83
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 9

Question 17
If Hannah goes shopping tomorrow, what is the probability that she buys neither of the items? a)
0.23
b) 0.75
c) 0.91
d) 0.09
e) 0.77
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 10

Question

Question 20
The probability that a new oven that is not damaged during delivery will stop working within its
warranty period is 0.04. The probability that a new oven that is damaged during delivery will stop
working within its warranty period is 0.05. Ten percent of ovens are damaged during delivery. An
oven that has stopped working within its warranty period has just been returned to the store from
which it was bought. What is the probability that it had been damaged during delivery? a) 0.09
b) 0.88
c) 0.12
d) 0.23
e) None of the above

A:Oven is damaged

B:Oven stops within warranty

P(B/A’)=0.04

P(B/A)=0.05

P(A)=0.10

P(A’)=0.9

P(A/B)=P(B/A).P(A)/P(B)

P(B)=P(B/A’) X P(A’) + P(B/A).P(A)

=0.04 X 0.9 + 0.05 X 0.10

=0.041

P(A/B)=0.05 X 0.10/0.041=0.005/0.041=0.122
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 11

Question 21
Joe and Matthew plan to visit a bookstore. Based on their previous visits to this bookstore, the
probability distributions of the number of books they will buy are:

Joe Matthew
No. of books 0 1 2 No. of books 0 1 2
Probability 0.5 0.25 0.25 Probability 0.25 0.5 0.25

Assuming that Joe and Matthew make their decisions independently, what is the probability that
Joe will buy no books and Matthew will buy no books?
a) 0.125
b) 0.75
c) 0.25
d) 0.875
e) None of the above

Questions 24 and 25 are based on the following information:

It has been reported that 32% of people watch medical dramas on television. You randomly select
a sample of 17 people and ask them if they watch medical dramas.

Question 24
What is the probability that 7 of them say they do not watch medical dramas? a)
0.0147
b) 0.1413
c) 0.0127
d) 0.8954
e) None of the above \
(17C7)(0.68)7(0.32)10
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 12

Question
25
Which one of the following commands can you use if you use Microsoft Excel to calculate the
probability that at least 4 people say they do watch medical dramas?

a) = 1 − 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 3 ; 17 ; 0,32 ; 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 )

b) = 1 − 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 4 ; 17 ; 0,68 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )
c) = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 3 ; 17 ; 0,32 ; 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 )
d) = 1 − 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 4 ; 17 ; 0,32 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )
e) = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 3 ; 17 ; 0,68 ; 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 )

Questions 26 and 27 are based on the following information:

A picnic area on the side of a quiet road has an average of 10 cars passing each hour.

Question 26
What function/formula will be used in Microsoft Excel to find the probability of no cars passing
the picnic area in the first 10 minutes of a picnic?

a) = 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑁. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 0 ; 2,67 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )

b) = 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑁. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 0 ; 2,67 ; 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 )
c) = 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑁. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 0 ; 100 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )
d) = 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑁. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 0 ; 100 ; 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 )
e) = 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑁. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 0 ; 1,67 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 ) 10/6

60 MIN=10 CARS (1 CAR EVERY 6 MIN). ----- NORMAL

O CARS IN 10 MINUTES ------ DEVIATION

Question 27
What is the probability that less than 4 cars will pass the picnic area in the next half hour? a)
0.5595
b) 0.2650
c) 0.4405
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 13

d) 0.1403

e) 0.1755

30 min----5 cars (NORMAL)

0 cars ,1 cars, 2 cars and 3 cars DEVIATIONS

P(X<4)=P(0)+P(1)+P(2)+P(3)
=[(e-5)(50/0!)]+[(E-5)(51/1!).........P(3)
e-NORM(NORMDEV/DEV!)

P.T.O.

28
The English alphabet is made up of 5 vowels (A, E, I, O and U) and 21 consonants. Consider the
word “TRAPEZIUM”. It is made up of four letters that are vowels and the rest of the letters are
consonants.
Five letters are to be randomly chosen from the word TRAPEZIUM. Let 𝑋 be the number of vowels
selected. Which one of the following Excel commands can you use to find the probability that two
of the selected letters will be vowels?

9C5=126
(4C2)(5C3)=60
60/126

a) = 𝐻𝑌𝑃𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 2 ; 5 ; 4 ; 9 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )

b) = 𝐻𝑌𝑃𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀𝐸𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 2 ; 5 ; 4 ; 9 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )
c) = 𝐻𝑌𝑃𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 (2 ; 5 ; 4 ; 9 ; 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 )
d) = 𝐻𝑌𝑃𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 ( 2 ; 5 ; 4 ; 9 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )
e) = 𝐻𝑌𝑃𝐺𝐸𝑂𝑀. 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇 ( 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 9 ; 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 )
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 14

Question
Question 29
Calculate the probability that two of the five randomly chosen letters are vowels. a)
0.317
b) 0.476
c) 0.127
d) 0.111
e) None of the above

Question 34
A carpenter uses pine wood boards to make cabinets. The distribution of the length of the boards
(𝑋) has a mean of 45 cm and a standard deviation of 0.3 cm. Suppose the carpenter takes a
sample of 350 boards. What will be the standard error of the sampling distribution associated
with the sample mean, 𝑋
Options for Question 34
on following page.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 15

(Options for Question 34) SE=SD2/SQRT SAMPLE SIZE. 0.32/SQRT 350

a)

b)

c)

d)

e) none of the above

Question 37
If follows a Chi-square distribution with 12 degrees of freedom, what function/formula will be
used in Microsoft Excel to find
?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Question 45
The employee constructs the following 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of rooms
from which items are stolen:
( 0.23 ; 0.49 ). The
employee can say, with 95% confidence, that
a) items are stolen from 23 to 49 of the rooms.
b) 23% to 49% of items are stolen from the rooms.
c) 5% of the time items are stolen from 23% to 49% of the rooms.
d) items are stolen from 23% to 49% of rooms.
e) 5% of items are stolen from 23 to 49 of the rooms.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 16

Question
46
You want to construct a confidence interval for the average amount of salt (milligrams) in a can of
tuna. You take a random sample of 30 cans and get a sample variance of 13. A friend of yours takes
a separate sample of size 30. She gets the same sample average but gets a sample variance of 24.
If your friend, using the same confidence coefficient as you, uses her sample to construct a
confidence interval for the average amount of salt in a can of tuna, your friend’s confidence
interval will be
a) to the left of yours.
b) wider than yours.
c) the same as yours.
d) narrower than yours.
e) There is not enough information given to compare the confidence intervals.

Question 47
Researchers wish to determine whether a new drug will be more effective in lowering blood
glucose levels that the current (old) drug on the market. A Type II error would occur if they
conclude that
a) the new drug is less effective than the old when it is, in fact, more effective.
b) the new drug is more effective than the old, when it is indeed more effective.
c) both drugs are equally ineffective.
d) new drug is less effective than the old, when it is indeed less effective.
e) the new drug is more effective than the old when it is, in fact, less effective.

Questions 52 and 53 are based on the following information:

As part of a class project at a large university, Mthobi selected a random sample of 12 students in
her major field of study. All students in the sample were asked to report their number of hours
spent studying for the final exam and their score on the final exam. A regression analysis on the
data produced the following partial computer output.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 17

Question

52 Question
The correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination for the data are:
a) 𝑟 = 0.45 and 𝑟2 = 0.56
b) 𝑟 = 0.75 and 𝑟2 = 0.56
c) 𝑟 = 0.56 and 𝑟2 = 3.55
d) 𝑟 = 0.75 and 𝑟2 = 12
e) 𝑟 = 0.75 and 𝑟2 = 0.45

53 Question
Which one of the following is the correct regression line for this data?
a) 𝑦̂ = 3.558 + 63.97 𝑥
b) 𝑦̂ = 3.558 + 9.788 𝑥
c) 𝑦̂ = 1.571 + 8.57 𝑥
d) 𝑦̂ = 8.57 + 1.571 𝑥
e) 𝑦̂ = 63.97 + 3.558 𝑥
University of KwaZulu-Natal, June 2019 Main Exam: STAT130 W1 18

54 Question
School administrators wondered how class size affected the average class mark (%) achieved by
students. Using a random sample of classes, the following linear regression line was found: 𝑦̂
= 98.06 − 0.55 𝑥
Using this linear regression line, predict the average class mark of a class with 25 students in it.
a) 84.31
b) 91.06
c) 72.51
d) 111.81
e) None of the above