Movement in and out of cells This chapter covers: movernent of materials by diffusion rate of diffusion movement of water by osmosis a special kind of difusion) 1m how osmosis affects plant tissues. B2.01 Diffusion Atoms, molecules and ions are always moving, The higher the temperature, the faster they move. na sold substance the particies cannot move very far, because they are held togeth Ina liquid the inginto one another and rebounding, In a gas they are freer stil, with no attractive forces bet jlecules or atoms, n move more freely, kn senthe how substances move into and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane the effects of osmos'sin moving waterin and out of cells through the cell membrane how to investigate the effects of surace area, temperature, concentration gradients and difusion distance on the Molecules and ions can also move freely when they are then they can move freely, particles ‘emselves out as evenly as they can This happens with gases, solutions, and mixtures of ids. Imagine, for exampie, a rotten egg inone of a room, giving off hydrogen sulfcte gas. To begin with, ‘there wll be avery high concentration ofthe gas neaCra Cae GET " oxypeaifusesidown a concentration gradient Figure 82.02 vittusion of oxygen into a cell. The red dots Figure 82.01 Diffusion is the result of the random represent oxygen molecules. ‘movement of particles. p Oxygen, which isa waste product of photosyntnesis, difluses out in the same way, There is a higher {he egg, but none inthe restof the oom. However, concentration of oxygen nade the leaf, because'tis being tefore ong the nycrogen sulfice molecules have spread made there, Oxygen therefore difuses out through the {oll where the smell fst came from ~the whale room wil smel of hydrogen sulice Diffusion is also important in gas exchange for respiration inanimals and plants (Figure 82.02). Cell membranes are freely permeable to oxygen and carson dioxide, so these easily diffuse irto and out of cells The hydrogen sulfide molecules have spread out, or cliused, through the ar Rom Ww Remember that fusion is simply the resut of particles movingabout randomly. Cellsdon'thaveto de anything tomate thappen. . Diffusion and living organisms STE C Eon: Uning organisms obtain many ofthe equrerents tele teiectivierancenh mcasnee ie ene 182.03 Youwill needto think about your knowiedge of ‘products n this way. For example, plants need igre china arbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Tis difluses from a s. Ga Benton d eet | the irinto the leaves, through the stomata, it does this Fate crtha Rist encareh eens because there is a lower concentration of carbon dioxide Re cae ey {ngice the leaf, as the cells are usingit up. Outside the Rasen er lan how an merece er lealin the air thereisahigher concentration. Carbon temperature wil affect the rte of difusion of | dlioxide molecules therelore diffuse into the leaf, down asolute. his concentration gradient.~~ Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-or Demonstrating diffusion in a solution Skit ‘403.3 Observing, measuring and recording 11 Filla gas ar with water Leave it for several hours tolet the mater become very stil, 2 Carefully placea small crystal of potassium permanganate into the wate. 3 Make alabelies drawing of the gas jarto show how the ‘colours dstriouted atthe start of your experiment. 4 Leave the gas jar compietely undisturbed for several days 5 Make a second drawing to show how the colour isdistributed ‘You can try this with ther coloured salts as well, such as copper sulfate or potassium dichromate, Questions [Al Why wasit important oleave the water to become completely stil before the crystalwas putin? 'A2 Why hac the colour spread through the water at the end ofyour experiment? [AS Suggest three things that you could have doneto ‘make the colourspread more qucky. Investigating factors that affect the rate of diffusion on a Diffusion of substances through a membrane Skills: ‘AO3.1 Using techniques, apparatus and materials ‘803.3 Observing, measuring and recording. ‘A03.4 Interpreting and evaluating observations and data Youare goingto investigate diftusion two different substances dissolved in water (solutes) When asubstence 's dissolve, its particles are free to move around. Inthisinvestigation,youwillusestarch solution andiodine solution Thesolutions wl be separated bya membrane ‘made outoVsking tubing, Visking tubing has microscopic holes init. The holes are ig enough to et water molecules Be Raat) andiadine molecules throug! but nat starch molecules, which are bigger than the holes, iodine solution Veking tubing starch solution 1. Collect apiece of Visking tubing. Moisten it and rub it Lntiit pens. 2. Teaknotin oneend of the tubing, 3 Usinga dropper pipette, carefully filthe tubing with some starch solution, 4 Tiethe top ofthe tubing wer tightly, using thread. 5 Rinse the tubing in water, justin case you got any starch onthe outside oft Put some iodine solution intoa beaker 7 Gently putthe Visking tubing into the iodine solution, sothat itis completeyy covered, as shown inthe digram, 8 Leave the apparatus for about 10 minutes, Questions [Al What colourwere the liquids inside and outside the tubing at the start of the experiment? ‘A2 What colour were the liquids inside and outside the tubing at the end of the investigation? 'A3 When starch and iodine ix, a blue-biackcolouris produced, where did the starch ana iodine mixin your experiment? [Ad Did either the starch particles o the iodine particles eiffuse through the Visking tubing? Howcan youtell” [AS Cony anci complete these sentences. tthe start ofthe experiment, there mere starch ‘molecules inside the tubing but none outside the ‘tung. Starch patices are too. t0g0 through Visking tubing Atthe start ofthe experiment, there wereiogine rrolecules, the tubing but none, the tubing Theodine molecules difused into the tubing, down thet. Breen Vihen the starch and iodine molecules mined, 2m €0UE was produced,2.02 Osmo: Wiolgris one of the most important compounds in living yanisms. Itcan make up around 80% of some organisms’ booclies. has many functions, including acting as a solvent ler many different substances. For example, substances ‘awe transported around the body dissolved in the water in blood plasma, Ivory cellin an organism's body has water inside it and ‘lside it. Various substances are dissolved in this water, jl their concentrations may be different inside and ‘oulside the cell, This creates concentration gradients, flown which water and salutes will fuse, they are able lo pass through the membrane. a | gateve pal él Sng) east) y Ceatatoh auzbacte i 0&9 Oh ota da a0 era) OBE = 01 cA" A Le att caiy~ Ga a Ih easiest to think about this f we consider a simple sllijation involving ust one solute igure 82.03 illustrates a concentrated suger solution, separated from a dilute sugar solution by a Imwmbrane, The membrane has holes or pores in it which ‘gevery small. An example of a membrane tke this is Woking tubing. Wiote molecules are also very small. Each one is made lwo hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Sugar Inolecules are mary times larger than ths. In Visking lung, theholesarebig enough to et the water molecules Hyoueh, but not the sugar molecules. Viskingtubingis 1 cc a partially permeable membrane because i wil et Jpvemolecules through but nt others. hors a higher concentration of sugar molecules on the sy hand side of the membrane in Figure 82.03, and a lie concentration on the left-hand side. the membrane yerpnot there, the sugar molecules would difuse from the scqntrated solution nto the dilute one until they were ‘een spread out. However, they cannot dothis because {pores in the membrane are too small for them to iphthrougr. ‘vse also a concentration gradient for the water ‘gyjecules. On the lef-hand side of the membrane, JJnyisa high concentration of water molecules. LEU Eg te sugar solution concentrated sugar solution partly permeable corcentration gradient = Distance along tube /em cca 2 10 a 2 2 4 35 6 4 Plotthe data in the table on 2 copy of the graph ‘3 ‘Suggest whathas caused the litmus papertogo blue a State which sample of ammonium hyd-oxide took longest to travel 10cm along the tube, ao What can you suggest about the concentration of sample C? Explain your answer. a {Cambridge GCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2 Q8 November 2004) / student investigates the movement af acid int different sized blocks of agar. The aga" contains the indicator pphenoiphtnalein. This indicatoris purple in a pH of greater than & and colourless in a pH ofless than 8 Io agarblocks of dimensions 2¢m 2 em x2 emand Lemx1.emx Lem are labelled A and 8, ‘respectively, and placed in separate beakers as shown in the diagram. agar cube agarcube 2emxzemx dem dems lemetem beaker A beaker ‘2 _Atthe beginning ofthe experiment the colour ofthe indicator in the agar was purple. Explain what ths colour indicates, 4 The student adds 10 cm’ hydrochloric acid to each ofthe beakers to cover the blocks and then starts the stopcioce. Sne records the time taken for the blocks to become colouress. beakerA beaker continued}Eo Raacry ruler to construct a table forthe results, ‘Your table should show the dimensions of each block and the time taken, in seconds, for each block go colourless. Read the stopclocks shown in the diagram, Record the time taken, in seconds, to complete your table i Name the process by which the acid moves into the agar from the solution. Ti Explain the colour change of the agar, Explain the difference between the times taken for the colour changes in blocks Aand B ymbridge IGCSE Co-ordir a a a a ted Sciences 0654 Poper 6201 0,6 c&afi) June 2014)