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CentralWaterfront Site Wind
CentralWaterfront Site Wind
CENTRAL WATERFRONT
July 2006
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A 1:2000 scale topographical study was undertaken to determine the effects of local
topography and the surrounding urban environment on mean wind speed, mean wind
direction and turbulence intensity at four positions, agreed with PlanD on 23 May
2006, in the study area.
The topographical study results were combined with a statistical model of the Hong
Kong wind climate, based on measurements of non-typhoon winds taken by Hong
Kong Observatory at Waglan Island during the period of 1953 – 2000 inclusive, to
determine wind roses corresponding to annual mean wind speeds at the measurement
positions.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i
1. INTRODUCTION 1
5. CONCLUSIONS 17
6. REFERENCES 19
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Measurement positions 21
Figure 2: Wind rose for annual, non-typhoon winds, Waglan Island,
corrected to 500m, 1953-2000 22
Figure 3: Test sections at the CLP Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility 23
Figure 4: Simulated mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles 24
Figure 5: Longitudinal turbulence spectrum 24
Figure 6: A 1:2000 scale topographical model of the Central Waterfront, Hong Kong
in the low-speed test section of the CLP Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility
(East wind direction, 90º) 25
Figure 7: A 1:2000 scale model of the Central Waterfront study area 26
Figure 8a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 22.5° 27
Figure 8b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 22.5° 27
Figure 9a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 45° 28
Figure 9b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 45° 28
Figure 10a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 67.5° 29
Figure 10b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 67.5° 29
Figure 11a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 90° 30
Figure 11b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 90° 30
Figure 12a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 112.5° 31
Figure 12b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 112.5° 31
Figure 13a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 135° 32
Figure 13b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 135° 32
Figure 14a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 157.5° 33
Figure 14b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 157.5° 33
Figure 15a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 180° 34
Figure 15b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 180° 34
Figure 16a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 202.5° 35
Figure 16b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 202.5° 35
Figure 17a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 225° 36
Figure 17b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 225° 36
Figure 18a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 247.5° 37
Figure 18b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 247.5° 37
Figure 19a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 270° 38
Figure 19b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 270° 38
Figure 20a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 292.5° 39
Figure 20b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 292.5° 39
Figure 21a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 315° 40
Figure 21b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 315° 40
Figure 22a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 337.5° 41
Figure 22b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 337.5° 41
Figure 23a: Wind characteristics, Position 1, 360° 42
Figure 23b: Mean wind direction, Position 1, 360° 42
Figure 24a: Wind characteristics, Position 2, 22.5° 43
Figure 24b: Mean wind direction, Position 2, 22.5° 43
Figure 25a: Wind characteristics, Position 2, 45° 44
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
Administrative Region (PlanD), a wind engineering study was conducted by the CLP
Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility, The Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology for the Central Waterfront. The study was undertaken in accordance with
and the American Society of Civil Engineers Manual and Report on Engineering
Practice No. 67 for Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings and Structures (1999). The
System – Final Final Report (2005) and Technical Guide for Air Ventilation
The study area stretches from the east of Fleming Road in Wan Chai to Rumsey Street
undertaken to determine the effects of local topography and the surrounding urban
environment on mean wind speeds and turbulence intensities at four positions, agreed
with PlanD on 23 May 2006 and also indicated in Figure 1, within the study area:
• Ferry pier east of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (Position
1 in Figure 1);
The topographical study results were combined with a statistical model of the Hong
Kong Observatory at Waglan Island during the period of 1953 – 2000 inclusive, to
determine site-specific wind roses for annual hourly mean wind speeds.
3
Waglan Island, located approximately 5 km southeast of Hong Kong Island, has been
used by Hong Kong Observatory, formerly The Royal Observatory, Hong Kong, for
the collection of long-term wind data since December 1952 and that data is
considered to be of the highest quality available for wind engineering purposes for
Hong Kong. Due to its location, relative lack of development over the past 50 years
and its generally uninterrupted exposure to winds, data collected at Waglan Island is
other HKO measurement and monitoring sites, such as at Tsim Sha Tsui and the
Central and Kowloon Star Ferry Piers, the amount and variety of nearby development
that has taken place during their operational life makes them unsuitable for use for
Waglan Island wind records have been analysed previously in studies of the Hong
Kong wind climate, most notably by Davenport et al. (1984), Melbourne (1984) and
Hitchcock et al. (2003). Melbourne (1984) conducted wind tunnel model studies to
determine directional factors relating wind speeds at each anemometer location to the
wind speed at a height equivalent to 50 m in the freestream flow and concluded that:
• The anemometer correction factors for mean wind speeds show some
sensitivity to the modelled approach flow but they are not strongly dependent
• The largest magnitude speed-up effects occur for winds approaching from
• The largest magnitude slow-down effects occur for winds approaching from
In the study conducted by Hitchcock et al. (2003), wind tunnel tests were undertaken
to correct wind records for position and topographical effects at the four anemometer
locations used since 1952, with the exception of the location used during the period 1
January 1964 to 11 July 1966 inclusive. In that study, thermal (hotwire) anemometer
measurements were taken at 22.5° intervals for the full 360° azimuth relating wind
freestream. The directional characteristics of the former anemometer sites were found
anemometer site is much less affected than its predecessors, due mainly to its
additional height.
mean wind speeds at a height equivalent to 500 m above Waglan Island. The annual
wind rose is presented in Figure 2 and indicates that prevailing and strong non-
typhoon winds approaching Hong Kong occur mainly from the north-east quadrant
In Figure 2, mean wind speeds are segregated into four categories (0 – 3.3 m/s, 3.4 –
7.9 m/s, 8.0 – 13.8 m/s and greater than 13.8 m/s) that are indicated by the thickness
of the bars for the 16 cardinal wind directions. The length of the bars indicates the
average percentage of occurrence per year. For example, Figure 2 illustrates that, on
an annual basis, east winds occur approximately 24% of the time and hourly mean
wind speeds exceed 13.8 m/s approximately 6% of the time at a height of 500 m.
6
The wind tunnel test techniques used in this investigation were undertaken in
Engineering Society Quality Assurance Manual, AWES QAM-1-2001 (2001) and the
American Society of Civil Engineers Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No.
Air moving relative to the Earth’s surface has frictional forces imparted on it, which
effectively cause it to be slowed down. These forces have a decreasing effect on air
flow as the height above ground increases, generally resulting in mean wind speed
increasing with height to a point where the effects of surface drag become negligible.
boundary layer is commonly referred to as the gradient height which will vary
depending on the surrounding surface roughness over which the air will flow.
Obstacles to air flow can vary from relatively large expanses of smooth, open water,
to vegetation such as forests, built-up environments such as city centres, and large,
rugged mountain ranges. The resulting gradient heights typically vary from several
Winds within the atmospheric boundary layer are also usually highly turbulent or
gusty. Turbulence intensity is a measure of the gustiness of wind due to eddies and
vortices generated by frictional effects at surface level, the roughness of the terrain
7
over which air is flowing and convective effects due to opposing movements of air
pedestrian level for example, the magnitude of the turbulence intensity can be very
large due to the effects of wind flowing around buildings and other structures.
In conducting wind tunnel model studies of wind characteristics and wind effects on
tall buildings and other structures on the surface of the Earth, it is necessary to
adequately simulate the atmospheric boundary layer. WWTF’s boundary layer wind
tunnel test sections can be used to simulate atmospheric boundary layer flow over
various types of terrain, ranging from open terrain, such as open water, to urban or
mountainous terrain.
WWTF comprises two long fetch boundary layer wind tunnel test sections as shown
The 40 m long low-speed test section has a 5 m wide × 4 m high working section and
simulations can be modelled in either test section at length scales ranging from
The wind in the low-speed test section of the WWTF can be modified through the use
of devices such as spires, grids, and fences to model different scale atmospheric
boundary layer flows. For the current study, WWTF’s low-speed test section was
8
simulate the characteristics of winds approaching Hong Kong through mean wind
speed and turbulence intensity profiles corresponding to wind flowing over open
water. The mean wind speed profile of the wind flow approaching the study area is in
accordance with the power law expression, defined in Equation (1), specified in
where:
α = the power law exponent, which is a constant commensurate with the terrain
The turbulence intensity profile of the approaching wind flow was simulated in
AS/NZS 1170.2:2002, i.e. corresponding to non-typhoon wind flow above rough open
water surfaces.
The simulated mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles are generally within
±10% of the target profiles defined in Equation (1) and AS/NZS 1170.2:2002
9
WWTF has a 1:2000 scale topographical model of Kowloon and Hong Kong Island
The topographical model included the major topographical features and urban
landscapes of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula. For all wind directions
tested, the wind tunnel model included surrounding areas within a distance of up to
The topographical model was updated to include greater detail within a zone from
with information supplied by PlanD on 17, 26 and 29 May 2006, all known existing
and planned buildings and structures at the time of testing were included in the model
to represent their effects on wind flow approaching the study area. Beyond the 1000
surrounding areas. A representative view of the 1:2000 scale topographical model for
testing is shown in Figure 6. A closer view of the modelled Central Waterfront study
The terrain surrounding the study area comprises complex mixtures of open water,
urban and built-up environment, and mountainous areas on Hong Kong Island and
Kowloon Peninsula. Winds approaching the modelled region were scaled to simulate
non-typhoon winds flowing over open water and the topographical model was used to
determine the modifying effects of the surrounding complex terrain on the wind speed
Wind tunnel measurements were taken at 22.5° intervals for the full 360° azimuth (i.e.
wind approaching the study area directly from the north, 90° corresponds to an
incident wind approaching the study area directly from the east, etc. For each wind
direction tested, mean wind speeds and turbulence intensities were determined at
heights equivalent to 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m in prototype scale,
While measurements were taken at one position, all buildings within a radius of 500
m of the position being tested were removed from the wind tunnel model for all
measured wind directions but the buildings surrounding the adjacent positions were
included. For example, while measurements were being taken at Position 1, buildings
at the other three positions were included in the model although buildings within a
radius of 500m of the centre of Position 1 were not included. It is expected that
buildings within the radii of 500 m will be included in proximity models for more
11
detailed and larger scale studies to be conducted by the project proponents for
development projects to directly account for their effects on the wind flow at each
site.
12
For each wind direction tested, results of the 1:2000 scale topographical study are
wind speed profiles and turbulence intensity profiles. Mean wind speed profiles were
determined by normalising the local mean wind speeds with respect to the mean wind
(2), are also presented in Figures 8a to 71a. Mean yaw angles, i.e. the deviation of the
local mean wind direction relative to the approaching mean wind direction, are
presented relative to the approaching mean wind speed in Figures 8b to 71b inclusive.
expected that the vertical profiles of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity will be
used as input boundary conditions for more detailed site studies conducted by the
Vz (θ )
normalised wind velocity = (1)
V500, approach (θ )
σ V, z (θ)
turbulence intensity = (2)
Vz (θ)
Vz (θ) = mean wind speed at a height z (z = 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 m
in prototype scale) for an approaching wind direction θ (θ = 22.5º, 45º, 67.5º, 90º,
112.5º, 135º, 157.5º, 180º, 202.5º, 225º, 247.5º, 270º, 292.5º, 315º, 337.5º or 360º);
V500, approach (θ) = mean wind speed of the approaching wind at a height equivalent
σ V, z (θ) = the standard deviation of the fluctuating wind speed Vz for an approaching
wind direction θ.
The topographical study measurements were also used to determine directional factors
for the 16 measured wind directions, relating the mean wind speed at a height
equivalent to 500 m above the four measurement positions in the study area to the
mean wind speed of the approach flow at a reference height of 500 m. These
directional factors were then applied to WWTF’s Hong Kong non-typhoon wind
climate model, derived from HKO’s Waglan Island wind data as discussed in Section
2 of this report, to determine site-specific wind roses pertaining to annual hourly mean
wind speeds at a height of 500 m above the measurement positions. The wind roses
An example application demonstrating the use of the normalised mean wind speed
For Position 1, located at the ferry pier of the eastern side of the Hong Kong
indicates that, for the wind directions tested, the surrounding terrain has the overall
effect of reducing mean wind speeds, although the general trend of prevailing
For heights below 200 m, significant reductions in mean wind speed were measured
for wind directions ranging from approximately 90º to 270º inclusive (Figures 11 to
19), which are attributed to the nearby mountains such as Braemar Hill, Mount
Parker, Violet Hill and Victoria Peak, and from approximately 337.5º to 360º
inclusive (Figures 22 and 23), which are attributed to the effects of mountains on
were also measured for those wind directions. Winds flowing from the north-westerly
21), were the least affected of the wind directions tested due to the comparatively
At Position 2, located at the centre of the Tamar site, the various effects of the
surrounding mountains and close proximity to nearby buildings are responsible for
significant reduction in mean wind speeds below heights of 200 m. In comparing the
wind rose for Waglan Island (Figure 2) to that for this position (Figure 73), it can be
15
seen that winds from all directions demonstrate a reduction in mean wind speeds due
to the surrounding tall buildings and mountains. Due to its current relatively close
proximity to nearby tall buildings, wind characteristics at Position 2 are the most
Mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles measured for wind directions of
180º to 225º (Figures 31 to 33) illustrate characteristics that typically occur in the
increases in turbulence intensity and large reductions of mean wind speed are
Centre 2 (IFC2), prevailing winds occur for northerly and easterly winds and a
comparison between Figure 2 and Figure 74 indicates that the surrounding terrain has
the overall effect of reducing the magnitude of the mean wind speeds.
Significant reductions in mean wind speed were measured for wind directions ranging
from approximately 112.5º to 270º inclusive (Figures 44 to 51), which are attributed
to the nearby mountains such as Braemar Hill, Mount Parker, Violet Hill and Victoria
Peak. Similarly, significant increases in turbulence intensity were also measured for
those wind directions. Winds flowing from the north-westerly directions, i.e.
corresponding to wind directions of 315ºand 337.5º (Figures 53 and 54), were the
16
least affected of the wind directions tested due to the comparatively uninterrupted
For Position 4, located at Pier Number 4 of the Central District, wind characteristics
are the least affected of the four measurement position. The corresponding wind rose
(Figure 75) exhibits similar characteristics to that for Waglan Island (Figure 2).
directions, i.e. ranging from 270º to 337.5º inclusive, is reflected in the steeper mean
5. CONCLUSIONS
A study of wind availability and characteristics was conducted by the CLP Power
Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
A 1:2000 scale topographical study was undertaken to determine the effects of local
topography and the surrounding urban environment on mean wind speeds and
turbulence intensities at four measurement positions within the study area. The
the Hong Kong wind climate, based on measurements of non-typhoon winds taken by
Hong Kong Observatory at Waglan Island, to determine wind roses at the four
The following general conclusions are drawn from the current study:
• In the vicinity of the eastern side of Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition
Centre, for heights below 200 m, mean wind speeds are significantly reduced
for southerly and westerly wind directions, predominantly due to effects of the
mountains on Hong Kong Island, such as Mount Cameron, Mount Kellet and
Victoria Peak, and for northerly wind directions, probably due to the
combined effects of the built environment and mountains, such as Lion Rock,
on Kowloon.
18
• At the centre of the Tamar site, due to its current relatively close proximity to
nearby tall buildings, wind characteristics at this position are the most affected
• In the vicinity of the eastern side of IFC2, significant reductions in mean wind
westerly wind directions, which are attributed to the nearby mountains such as
the least affected of the four measurement positions due to its current
6. REFERENCES
Buildings, AWES-QAM-1-2001.
Kong.
Davenport, A.G., Georgiou, P.N., Mikitiuk, M., Surry, D. and Kythe, G. (1984), The
Hitchcock, P.A., Kwok, K.C.S. and Yu, C.W. (2003), A study of anemometer
CLP Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility, The Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology.
Manual of practice for wind tunnel studies of buildings and structures (1999), Editor
Engineers.
Melbourne, W.H. (1984), Design wind date for Hong Kong and surrounding
Region (2005), Technical Guide for Air Ventilation Assessment for Developments in
Hong Kong.
21
1
2
600
target turbulence intensity profile target mean wind speed profile
400
prototype height (m)
300
200
100
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
normalized wind characteristics
Figure 4: Simulated mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles – approach
wind
1
normalized wind spectrum
0.1
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
frequency/mean wind speed (n/U)
Figure 6: A 1:2000 scale topographical model of the Central Waterfront, Hong Kong
in the low-speed test section of the CLP Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility
(East wind direction, 90º)
26
600
turbulence intensity profile
400
prototype height (m)
300
200
100
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
norm alised w ind characteristics
600
500
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prototype height (m)
300
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turbulence intensity profile
400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
norm alised w ind characteristics
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prototype height (m)
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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prototype height (m)
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
norm alised w ind characteristics
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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norm alised w ind characteristics
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turbulence intensity profile
400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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norm alised w ind characteristics
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400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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norm alised w ind characteristics
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
prototype height (m)
300
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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600
turbulence intensity profile
400
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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600
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400
prototype height (m)
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
prototype height (m)
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
turbulence intensity profile
400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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600
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prototype height (m)
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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0
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
prototype height (m)
300
200
100
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
500
400
prototype height (m)
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0
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
prototype height (m)
300
200
100
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
500
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0
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
prototype height (m)
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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600
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400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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norm alised w ind characteristics
600
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400
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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400
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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400
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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0
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600
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400
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300
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
500
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0
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600
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400
prototype height (m)
300
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0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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600
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600
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
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Figure 72: Wind rose for annual, non-typhoon winds for Position 1, corrected to 500m
92
Figure 73: Wind rose for annual, non-typhoon winds for Position 2, corrected to 500m
93
Figure 74: Wind rose for annual, non-typhoon winds for Position 3, corrected to 500m
94
Figure 75: Wind rose for annual, non-typhoon winds for Position 4, corrected to 500m
95
APPENDIX A
Approaching mean
wind direction
positive negative
yaw yaw
direction direction
APPENDIX B
Hong Kong Observatory’s (HKO) Waglan Island wind data, corrected to a height of
500 m, are used as the basis of all analyses of wind characteristics in this study and
Based on the corrected Waglan Island data, the average annual percentage occurrence
of upper level winds, V500, approach (θ) , approaching Hong Kong from a particular
wind direction are presented in Table B1. For example, from Table B1 it can be seen
that in any given year, on average, winds approach Hong Kong from the east
Table B1: Percentage occurrence of directional winds for Hong Kong based on
Waglan Island wind record
Wind Direction Wind Angle (º) Percentage Occurrence
(%)
north 0 or 360 12.3
north-north-east 22.5 8.2
north-east 45 8.3
east-north-east 67.5 14.7
east 90 24.1
east-south-east 112.5 5.0
south-east 135 3.3
south-south-east 157.5 3.1
south 180 4.3
south-south-west 202.5 3.0
south-west 225 4.8
west-south-west 247.5 3.2
west 270 2.5
west-north-west 292.5 0.9
north-west 315 0.6
north-north-west 337.5 1.7
For each wind direction tested in the 1:2000 scale topographical study, mean wind
speed, turbulence intensity and yaw angles were measured at eight heights above each
Vz (θ )
normalised wind velocity = (B1)
V500, approach (θ )
σ V, z (θ)
turbulence intensity = (B2)
Vz (θ)
where:
98
Vz (θ) = mean wind speed at a height z (z = 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 m
in prototype scale) for an approaching wind direction θ (θ = 22.5º, 45º, 67.5º, 90º,
112.5º, 135º, 157.5º, 180º, 202.5º, 225º, 247.5º, 270º, 292.5º, 315º, 337.5º or 360º);
V500, approach (θ) = mean wind speed of the approaching wind at a height equivalent
σ V, z (θ) = the standard deviation of the fluctuating wind speed Vz for an approaching
wind direction θ.
The vertical profiles of mean wind speed, turbulence intensity and mean wind
direction are expected to be used as input boundary conditions for more detailed site
studies to be conducted later and at larger scales, typically of the order of 1:400. For
example, for east winds at Position 2, profiles of mean wind speed and turbulence
intensity are presented in Table B2 below and are also presented graphically in Figure
26a.
The value of the normalised mean wind speed at 500 m (0.776) in Table B2 is used in
Equation (B3) to determine the upper level wind speed for east winds for the proposed
( ) ( )
V∞, Position 2 90 o = 0.776 × V500, approach 90 o (B3)
It is important to note that the value of 0.776 is specifically for east winds.
Normalised mean wind speeds at 500 m for each of the measured wind directions for
Position 2 are presented in Table B3 and the appropriate values should be used when
As the yaw angle at 500 m in Table B2 is only 10.9º no significant mean directional
change is expected for east winds at a height of 500 m. Similar results were also
found for the other measured wind directions. Therefore, the wind rose for winds at
rose for Waglan Island (i.e. east winds at Position 2 will occur approximately 24.1%
of the time, on average, in any given year). However, the values of the normalised
mean wind speed in Table B3 indicates that the magnitudes of the directional mean
B.3 Pedestrian Level Wind Speed for Air Ventilation Assessment (AVA)
AVA for a particular site will be based on wind velocity ratios (VR). It is expected
that VR’s will be measured directly at a number of locations in and around a selected
site during a more detailed wind tunnel model study conducted at a later stage. Where
required, the magnitude of the pedestrian level wind speed at a particular location may
where:
VR (θ) = the wind velocity ratio measured in a wind tunnel model study at a
V∞ (θ) = the upper level (i.e. 500 m for this study) wind speed for a wind direction θ,
APPENDIX C
Table C1: Percentage occurrence of directional winds for at 500 m, Waglan Island
Wind Percentage Occurrence (%) for wind speed ranges:
Angle (º) 0-3.3 m/s 3.4–7.9 m/s 8.0–13.8 m/s >13.8 m/s Total
0 or 360 1.2% 3.8% 5.4% 1.9% 12.3%
22.5 0.9% 4.4% 2.5% 0.3% 8.2%
45 0.8% 3.8% 3.5% 0.2% 8.3%
67.5 0.9% 4.2% 7.4% 2.3% 14.7%
90 1.6% 6.2% 10.0% 6.3% 24.1%
112.5 1.1% 2.2% 1.3% 0.4% 5.0%
135 1.0% 1.6% 0.6% 0.1% 3.3%
157.5 0.8% 1.7% 0.5% 0.1% 3.1%
180 0.9% 2.2% 1.2% 0.1% 4.3%
202.5 0.6% 1.4% 1.0% 0.1% 3.0%
225 0.5% 2.2% 1.9% 0.2% 4.8%
247.5 0.4% 1.3% 1.4% 0.2% 3.2%
270 0.5% 1.1% 0.7% 0.1% 2.5%
292.5 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0.9%
315 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.6%
337.5 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% 1.7%
102
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX G