BSEDMATH 10

Linear Algebra

Lecture Notes
Real Vector Spaces and Subspaces
VECTOR SPACES
Let V be a set on which two operations (vector addition and
scalar multiplication) are defined. If the listed axioms are
satisfied for every u, v, and w in V and every scalar (real
number) c and d, then V is called a vector space.

Addition:
1. u + v is in V Closure under addition
2. u + v = v + u Commutative property
3.u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w Associative property
4.V has a zero vector 0 such that Additive identity
for every u in V, u + 0 = u
5.For each u in V, there is vector Additive inverse
in V denoted by −u such that
u + (−u) = 0

Scalar Multiplication:
6. cu is in V
7. c(u + v) =cu+cv
8. (c + d)u = cu + du
9. c(du) = (cd)u
10. 1u = u
Closure under scalar multiplication
Distributive property
Distributive property
Associative property
Scalar identity

Vector Space Properties

VECTOR SPACES
Vector spaces may be formed from subsets of other vectors spaces. These are
called subspaces.

A subspace of a vector space V is a subset H of V that has three

properties:
a. The zero vector of V is in H.
b. For each u and v are in H, u + v is in H. (In this case we say H is
closed under vector addition.)
c. For each u in H and each scalar c, cu is in H. (In this case we say H is
closed under scalar multiplication.)
If the subset H satisfies these three properties, then H itself is a vector space.
 References

He, J. (n.d.-b). Math 2331 -Linear Algebra 4.1 Vector Spaces & Subspaces.
Retrieved May 1, 2024, from
https://www.math.uh.edu/~jiwenhe/math2331/lectures/sec4_1.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR0bGd_Mkq7gpqtkU06LTpWutl-tEz2O-tAYOS8N-
4Nx5IEZ1uWtjUoVrag

Satyala, M. (2020, August 19). Liner algebra-vector space-1 introduction to

vector space and subspace [Slide show]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/ManiKanta175/liner-algebravector-space1-
introduction-to-vector-space-and-subspace

Requirements for subspaces. (n.d.). Mathematics Stack Exchange.

https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2916931/requirements-for-
subspaces

Adam Panagos. (2015, April 15). Linear Algebra Example Problems -

Subspace Example #1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=q97HmMdD8ZM