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SB1 For Lecturer 1
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
27/03/2024
DANH-TRUONG HUST
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Độ bền: là khả năng của kết cấu chịu được một tải trọng nhất
định mà không bị phá hỏng trong một thời gian được gọi là tuổi
thọ của kết cấu.
- Độ cứng: là khả năng của kết cấu chống lại tác động của lực
tác dụng về mặt biến dạng. Đủ độ cứng tức là biến dạng của kết
cấu nằm trong giới hạn cho phép.
- Độ ổn định: là khả năng của kết cấu bảo toàn được trạng thái
cân bằng ban đầu khi chịu tác dụng của lực.
Nhiệm vụ của môn học nhằm đưa ra tính toán tối ưu đảm bảo
kết cấu chịu lực đủ bền, đủ cứng, ổn định với chi phí thấp nhất.
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Trong quá trình chịu lực, vật rắn thực bị biến dạng và môn SBVL
có xét đến biến dạng này.
Chú ý: Trong cơ học lý thuyết đối tượng nghiêm cứu là vật rắn
tuyệt đối, không xét tới biến dạng, mà chỉ quan tâm chuyển
động, cân bằng.
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- Biến dạng của vật thể được coi là bé so kích thước nó.
Tức là ta coi điểm đặt lực trước sau biến dạng ko đổi.
“Nguyên lý độc lập tác dụng”
Một vật thể chịu tác dụng của nhiều lực thì các đại lượng
(ứng suất, biến dạng,…) bằng tổng các đại lượng do từng
lực tác dụng gây ra.
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10
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FX = 0; FY = 0; FZ = 0
M X = 0; M Y = 0; M Z = 0
Xét bài toán phẳng trong tọa độ Oxy chỉ còn 3 phương trình:
F X = 0; F Y = 0; M Z =0
Tiến hành giải các hệ phương trình cân bằng trên ta tìm được
phản lực liên kết.
Với bài toán siêu tĩnh ta cần tìm thêm các phương trình liên
hệ chuyển vị để có thể xác định được phản lực liên kết.
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A
XA C B
a a a/2
A
A
C B
a a a a a/2
Hình 1 3 3
q Hình 3 YA = qa; YB = − qa
M=qa2 4 4
B
q P=2qa
A 2a 3a q
M=qa2
Hình 2 A
C B
a a a/2
X A = 0; YA = 0,9qa; YB = −1,9qa
7 33
YA = qa; YB = qa
16 16 Hình 4
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*) Chú ý: Khi một thanh chủ yếu chịu uốn được gọi là dầm.
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N z = z dF ; Q x = zx dF ; Q y = zy dF
F F F
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2m 5m 3m
C D B
A
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2m 5m 3m
A C D B
2m 5m z
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2m 5m 3m
A C D B
2m 5m z
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YA
YB
A B
C
2m 3m
*) Xác định phản lực liên kết: YA=90 (kN) ; YB=60 (kN)
P=150 (kN)
YA YB
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2m 3m YB
YA
→: N = 0
M
N : Q = YA = 90
YA z
Q M = 0 M = Y z = 90 z A
P=150 (kN)
M →: N = 0; : Q = YA − P = −60
N
YA 2m
Q
M = 0 M = Y z − 150( z − 2) A
z = 300 − 60 z
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2m 3m YB
YA
Q = 90 Q = −60
M = 90 z M = 300 − 60 z
90 kN
(Qy)
60 kN
180 kNm
(Mx)
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YA
YB
A B
3m
*) Xác định phản lực liên kết: YA=75 (kN); YB=75 (kN)
q=50 (kN/m)
YA YB
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3m YB
YA
→: N = 0
M
N : Q = YA − qz = 75 − 50 z
z
M = 0 M = YA z − qz. 2
YA z Q
= 75 z − 25 z 2
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3m YB
YA
Q = 75 − 50 z; M = 75 z − 25 z 2
75 kN
(Qy)
75 kN
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C
2m 3m
*) Xác định phản lực liên kết: YA=-30 (kN) ; YB=30 (kN)
M=150 (kNm)
YA YB
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2m 3m YB
YA
→: N = 0
M
N : Q = −YA = −30
YA z
Q M = 0 M = −Y z = −30 z A
M=150 (kNm)
M
→: N = 0; : Q = −YA = −30
YA z
N
M = 0 M + Y z − 150 = 0 A
Q
M = 150 − 30 z
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2m 3m YB
YA
Q = −30 Q = −30 kN
M = −30 z M = 150 − 30 z
30 kN (Qy)
60 kNm
90 kNm (Mx)
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YA
YB
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YA=14kN YB=14kN
Q y = 14 − 6 z
Q y = 2 (kN ) Q y = −14kN
AC: DB:
2 CD: M x = 14 − 14 z
M x = 14 z − 3 z
M x = 2 z + 16
z=0 → 2 (m) z = 0 → 1 ( m) z = 0 → 1 ( m)
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Q y = 14 − 6 z
AC:
x
M = 14 z − 3 z 2
z=0 → 2 (m)
Q y = 2 (kN )
CD:
M x = 2 z + 16
z = 0 → 1 ( m) 37
Q y = −14kN
DB:
M x = 14 − 14 z
z = 0 → 1 ( m)
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14kN= =14kN
14 (kN)
2 (kN) 2 (kN)
14 (kN)
14 (kN)
16 (kNm) 14(kNm)
18(kNm)
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42
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YA
YB
7,26(kNm)
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YA YB
1,5m
YA= 6 (kN) 2 (kN) 10 (kN)
YB= 10 (kN)
4(kNm)
12(kNm)
4,5(kNm) 16(kNm)
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Ta có thể vẽ
ngay từ đầu tự 6,24 (kNm)
do vào.
Hoặc tính phản lực
liên kết, rồi vẽ từ
4,6 (kN)
đầu trái → phải. 1,6 (kN)
4,6 (kN)
6,24 (kNm)
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Pk Pk=?
46
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Pk=1,5kN
Pk
5,5kN 1,5kN
1,5kN
1,5kN
7kNm 1,5kNm
0,75kNm
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5,5kN 1,5kN
48
7kNm
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49
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Gợi ý:
Tính mô men tại giữa dầm theo L, b. Sau đó cho bằng 0 và giải
ra được L/b.
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Gợi ý:
- Qmax là trên đoạn AC hoặc BD. Qmax đặt giá trị max khi bánh xe
D ở gần đầu B nhất (D ngay sát B, không trùng với B).
-Mmax đạt tại C hoặc D, tìm 2 hàm số mômen MC và MD.
Mmax=max {maxMC ; maxMD}
KQ: x=4m khi đó Mmax=78,4 kNm.
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ìï æL - x ö æ ö ìï é öù
æL - d ÷ 3P 2
ïï Y = P çç ÷ çL - x - d ÷ ï ê ç ÷ú
÷
÷ + 2P çç ÷
÷ ï
ï M = P
ê + 2P ç ÷úx - x
ïï A çè L ø ÷ è L ø÷ ïï
A
ê ç
è L øúû÷ L
í Þ í ë
ïï æx ö÷ æ x + d ö
÷ ïï 2Pd (L - d ) 3P (L - d ) - 2Pd æ3P ÷ ö
ïï B Y = P ç
çç ÷÷ + 2P ç
çç ÷ ïï M B = çç ÷x 2
÷ ÷
÷ + x- çè L ÷
ïïî L
è ø è L ø ïïî L L ÷
ø
ìï 3L - 2d
ìï M = 0 ïï x MA max =
' = 5.2m 2L - 2d
ï A
Þ íï 6 x MA = MB = = 6.4m
í '
3
ïï M = 0 ïï 3L - 5d
îïB x
ïï MB max = = 4m
ïî 6
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ìï M = 0 ìï Pd (L - d )
ìï x ïï A x= 0 ïï
ï A max = 5.2m ïí ; ïí M A =
í x A = B = 6.4m ïï M 2Pd (L - d ) ï x = L- d L
ïï x B max = 4m ïîï B = ïï M = 0
î x= 0 L îï B x = L- d
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2m 5m 3m
C D B
A
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2m 5m 3m
A C D B
2m 5m z
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2m 5m 3m
A C D B
2m 5m z
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- Trong thực tế: các xà chống, cột điện, thanh giằng, dây
văng cầu treo… là các trường hợp chịu kéo nén đúng tâm.
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x = y = − z
Hệ số μ được gọi là
hệ số Poisson – tên
của người tìm ra nó.
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320 kN
AB = = 21,3 2 (+) P2-P3 =50kN
15 cm (+)
50 kN (-) P3 =130kN
BC = = 3,3 2
15 cm
−130 kN AD =
( P1 + P2 − P3 ) .a + ( P2 − P3 ) .b − P3 .c
CD = = −8, 67 2
15 cm EF
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− PA − ( PA + PB )
F1
AB = BC =
(-) F1 F2
PA
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*) Gợi ý: F1
Tìm PB? (+)
P1-PB
PB
P2 .b
PB = PB
a
(+)
F2
P1
C = AC =
( P1 − PB ) .L1 P1.L2
+
EF1 EF2
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FAB
Suy ra:
FAB = − FBC cos 45o = 1, 5 P FBC
FAC
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FBC
2
FAB
FAC FBC
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Điều kiện:
ΔC=Δs và PC+PS=P
EC FC
PC = P
EC FC + ES FS
ES FS
PS = P
EC FC + ES FS
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M A = 0 N1b + N 2 2b = P3b N1 N2
N 2 L2 N1 L1
L2 = 2L1 =2
E2 F2 E1 F1
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1in=2,54cm
1kip(k)=1000 pound(lb)
1lp=4,45 N
1psi=6890Pa(N/m2)
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Độ thắt tỷ đối:
Kéo VL DẺO
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VL DẺO
VL GIÒN
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VL GIÒN
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*) Kết luận:
- Vật liệu dẻo chịu kéo và nén đều tốt.
- Vật liệu giòn chịu kéo kém hơn VL dẻo, nhưng lại chịu nén tốt.
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-VL giòn:
n >1 được gọi là hệ số an toàn.(sao cần n?).
n lớn thì an toàn nhưng tốn kém vật liệu và ngược lại.
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σ1
σ1
σ2
σ3
- Ng ta chứng minh đc: tại 1 đ luôn có 3 mặt chính vuông góc
với nhau. Trên đó có 3 ƯS chính ký hiệu là: σ1>σ2>σ3.
- Nếu chỉ có 1 ƯS pháp ≠ 0 ta gọi là TTƯS ĐƠN.
- Nếu chỉ có 2 ƯS pháp ≠ 0 ta gọi là TTƯS PHẲNG.
- Nếu tât cả 3 ƯS khác 0 ta gọi là TTƯS KHỐI.
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σx min 2 2
ζyx 1 2 xy
σy tại góc: = actg
2 x − y
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σx min 2 2
ζyx
σy tại góc: = 45o
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1,4 MPa
32,6 MPa
31 MPa
x + y = ?−34 = x1 + y1
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x + y x − y
2
max = 1,2(3) = + 2
xy
min 2 2
−46 + 12 −46 − 12
2
max = + + 19 2
2 2
= 17, 67 MPa
min = −51, 67 MPa
1 2 xy 1 −2.19
Phương chính: = actg = actg 16, 6 o
2 − 2 −46 − 12
x y
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x − y
uv xy 2
2 2
R= + 2
xy
pt có dạng pt đg tròn trong hệ trục 2
(Oσuτuv) tâm C bán kính R được gọi
là vòng tròn Mo ứng suất.
P(σy , τxy) đc gọi là điểm cực.
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40
C σu
20 B
50 10
ζuv
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max = xy τxy A ≡P
σ2 ζuv
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x = ( x − y ) ; y = ( y − x )
1 1
E E
xy
z = −
E
( x + y ) ; xy =
G
E
Trong đó: G =
2 ( + 1)
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VL dẻo:
VL giòn: và
Trong đó: các [σ] dễ tìm được qua TN kéo nén đơn giản.
Với TTƯS phẳng, khối ta khó xác định được điều kiện bền do đó
ng ta đưa ra các thuyết bền – là các giả thiết về nguyên nhân gây
ra sự phá hủy vật liệu. Từ đó tìm ra ứng suất tương đương để có
thể kiểm tra bền.
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Trường hợp nào dễ uốn hơn?tại sao?
P
(a)
(b)
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4.1. Mômen tĩnh
*) Định nghĩa:
- Mô men tĩnh của
uuuuhình
r F đối với điểm O:
r
S o = OM idF
F
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4.1. Mômen tĩnh
*) Công thức xác định trọng tâm: Sy
S x = yG .F xG =
F
S y = xG .F y = S x
G F
*) Cách xđ trọng tâm hình được ghép từ các hình đơn giản:
Bước 1: Chọn một hệ trục tạo độ ( bất kỳ), sau đó tính các
mômen tĩnh của từng hình nhỏ đối với hệ trục vừa chọn, và
tính diện tích các hình nhỏ.
Bước 2: Tính tọa độ trọng tâm G trong hệ trục tọa độ vừa chọn
theo công thức sau:
xG =
Sy
=
S y (i )
=
x F G
y (i ) (i )
; yG =
Sx
=
S x (i )
=
y F G
y (i ) (i )
F F (i ) F (i )
F F (i ) F (i )
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4.1. Mômen tĩnh
y
*) Ví dụ 1: xác định trọng tâm. ΣF=2,5a2
a
- Chọn hệ trục tọa độ.
1
- Tìm đặc trưng của từng hình nhỏ: 2
x
Hình vuông: F = a 2
1 a b=3a
xG 1 = 0, 5a
y = 0, 5a Suy ra trọng tâm hình ghép:
G 1
Tam giác: 0, 5a .a 2
+ 2a .1, 5a 2
3, 5a 3
7
1 xG = = = a
F2 = ab = 1, 5a a + 1, 5a
2 2 2 2
2, 5a 5
2 1
1 0, 5a.a 2 + a .1, 5a 2
G2
x = (a + b) = 2a 3 2
3 yG = = a
a + 1, 5a
2 2
5
y = 1 a
G 2 3
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4.1. Mômen tĩnh
y
*) Ví dụ 2: xác định trọng tâm.
a
Hình khoét rỗng coi như hình
a/2
bình thường với diện tích âm. 1 3
2
F = a 2 x
1
Hình vuông: xG 1 = 0, 5a a b=3a
y = 0, 5a
G1
1
= ab = 1, 5a 2
2
F
2 Sy xF
Tam giác: xG 2 = (a + 1 b) = 2a xG = = i i
3 F F i
y = 1 a
G2
yG =
Sx
=
yF i i
3
F3 = − (0, 25a )
F
2
F i
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4.2. Mômen quán tính
*) Định nghĩa:
- Mômen quán tính độc cực của hình F đối
với điểm O:
J p = ri dF
2
F
- Mômen quán tính của hình F đối với trục
Ox, Oy:
J x = y dF ; J y = x dF
2 2
F F
- Mômen quán tính ly tâm đối với hệ trục Oxy: J xy = xydF
F
Nếu Jxy=0 thì hệ trục Oxy đc gọi là hệ trục qt chính.
Nếu hệ trục qt chính có gốc O≡G thì đc gọi là hệ trục qt chính
trung tâm.
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4.2. Mômen quán tính
*) Tính chất:
-Thứ nguyên của J là [chiều dài]4
- Jp, Jx, Jy luôn >0. nhưng Jxy có thể >0, =0, <0.
- Hình có trục đối xứng thì trục đối xứng cùng với một trục
vuông góc tạo nên hệ trục quán tính chính.
- Hình được gồm từ nhiều hình đơn giản thì tính J, S hình lớn
bằng tổng từ các hình nhỏ: y
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4.3. Công thức chuyển trục song song
S u = S x + aF ; S v = S y + bF v
J u = J x + 2aS x + a 2F
v
J = J y
+ 2bS y
+ b 2
F
J = J + aS + bS + abF
uv xy x y u
Nếu hệ ban đầu oxy có gốc o≡G trọng tâm:
J u = J x + a 2F
J v = J y + b F
2
J = J + abF
uv xy
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4.4. Công thức xoay trục
u= xcosα+ ysin α
v= ycosα -xsin α
( )
S u = vdF = ycosα -xsin α dF = S xcos − S y sin
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4.5. Đặc trưng hình học một số hình đơn giản
*) Hình chữ nhật:
ab 3 ba 3
Jx = ; Jy =
12 12
*) Hình tròn:
d 4
JP =
32
d 4
Jx = Jy = y
64
*) Hình tam giác: h
(a + b)h 3 h (a 3 + b 3 ) x
Jx = ;J y =
12 12 a b
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4.6. Ví dụ tìm đặc trưng hình học
(a) y Tìm mômen qt chính trung tâm JX, JY ?
( )
3
b 2h h4
JX = −
x 12 64
()
2h 3
2h b h4
JY = −
12 64
b
d 4 d 4 d 4
(b) y JX = + =
64 64 32
x d 4 d 2 d 2 5 d 4
JY = 2 + =
64 2 4 32
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4.6. Ví dụ tìm đặc trưng hình học
Tìm mômen qt chính trung tâm Jx, Jy ?
Tìm trọng tâm: 2
y d d d d 2 5d 2
+ + d
Sx +5
yG = = 2 4 2 4 4 = d 0, 792d
F d 2
2 + 4
0,5d 2 +d 2
4
X
d 4 d 2 d 2 0, 5d . 2d ( )
3
yG JY = Jy = 2 + +
64 2 4 12
x
d 4 d d 2 2d . 0, 5d ( )
2 3 2
5d 2
JX = 2 + yG − + + − yG d
64 2 4 12 4
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4.6. Ví dụ tìm đặc trưng hình học
Tìm mômen qt chính trung tâm Jx, Jy ?
b y Tìm trọng tâm:
h 2h + b 2b + 3h
h=2 cm Sx 2bh + bh + bh
yG = = 2 2 2
h F 2bh + bh + bh
b=10 cm 7h + 3b
X = = 5, 5 cm
8
yG
( )
3
bh hb h 2b
3 3
bh 3 + 9hb 3
h
JY = Jy = + + =
x 12 12 12 12
2b
= 1506, 67cm 4
( )
2 3 2
3
h +b
2
5 h + b 3 2b h 3 h + b
=
hb
+
bh
+ bh + + 2bh
JX bh +
12 8 12 8 12 8
= 2166, 67cm 4
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CHƯƠNG 5
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M1=P1.d1 M2=P2.d2
Mz>0 M
M
Mz
- Xoắn thuần túy là trường hợp thanh chịu lực mà trên mọi mặt
cắt ngang của thanh chỉ có nội lực mômen xoắn Mz.
- Quy ước dấu: M z mang dấu dương khi nhìn vào mặt cắt
ngang thấy chiều Mz quay cùng chiều kim đồng hồ.
- Xoắn thuần túy xảy ra khi thanh chịu mômen hay ngẫu lực
nằm trong mặt phẳng vuông góc với trục thanh.
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Mz =MA+mz=210+150z (Nm
z
M A=210 Nm M2=500Nm
m=150 Nm/m
Mz
=MA+m.3a-M2
3a z =-200
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200 Nm
120 Nm
(+) Mz
MA =120. (-)
500 Nm
có thể kiểm tra lại 300 Nm
(-)
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Các đường
dọc trục
Các đường
tròn ngang trục
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Vật
liệu
DẺO
?
Vật
liệu
GIÒN
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➔ Giả thuyết
M
về biến dạng
z
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Giả thuyết về mặt cắt ngang: trước và sau khi chịu xoắn mặt
cắt ngang luôn tròn, phẳng và vuông góc với trục của thanh.
Khoảng cách giữa chúng không đổi.
Giả thuyết về bán kính: trước và sau khi chịu xoắn bán kính
tại mọi mắt cắt ngang không đổi.
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➔ Các ứng
suất pháp
M bằng 0
z
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zt
➔ Chỉ có ứng
suất tiếp τzt M
khác 0 z
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Vật
liệu
DẺO
Vật
liệu
GIÒN
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*) Bài toán tìm tải trọng cho phép: Biết vật liệu, kích thước mcn.
M z WP τ = M z 1
M z max ( M z 1 , M z 2 )
M z GJ P = M z 2
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M z l 275.0,5 − 175.0, 4
2
BD = = 9 −8
= 0, 01 (rad )
i =1 GJ P i 80.10 .8.10
= 0, 6o
(+)
275Nm C E
(-)
A B 175Nm
D
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Gợi ý: (-)239Nm
(-) 796Nm
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(-) 0,5T
3 =
TL
(17 x + 7 L ) T TL
=
(-) 1,5T GI p 14GI p GI p
7
x= L
3 =
−1,5T .x −0,5T .( L − x)
+ =−
(17 x + 7 L ) T 17
7 GI p 14GI p
GI p
8
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Gợi ý:
T0 .LB J A T0 .LA J B
TA = ; TB =
LB J A + LA J B LB J A + LA J B
(+) TB
T0 .LA LB
C =
G ( LA J B + LB J A ) T0-TB (-)
ĐK biên: φB=0.
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max = 2,865.10 T0 −4
T0 = 150 Nm
Gợi ý:
TA dA
T =
T0 .LBC J A
= 0, 45T A = = 2,865.10−4 T0
A L J +L J 0
JA 2
BC A AC B
TB dB
T = T .L J B = −4
= 1, 793.10 T0
0 AC B
= 0,55 T
B LBC J A + LAC J B 0 JB 2
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Gợi ý:
T0 .( L − a ) J A
TA = TA = TB a / L
( L − a ) J A + aJ B
T0 .a.J B TA TB
TB = = a/L
( L − a ) J A + aJ B WPA WPB
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Gợi ý:
7 4
TA = To . + 2To . = 1,5T0
10 10
3 6
TD = To . + 2To . = 1,5T0
10 10
(+)
1,5To .4 L (-)
max = C =
GJ p .10
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T0 ( L − 2 x)
TA = TD =
L TA TD
T0 ( L − 2 x) x
B = C =
L.GJ P
d B T0 .L − 4T0 x
max = =0
dx L.GJ P
To-TA
L
x= (-)TA (-)TD
4
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Gợi ý:
T0 .( L − x) J A
TA =
( L − x) J A + xJ B
TA = TB x
T0 .xJ B
TB =
( L − x) J A + xJ B
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Gợi ý:
3a a=0,2 m
0.5 ( 500 − M C + 410 − M C ) 3a
C =
GJ PAP (+) 500-MC
410-MC
−M C a
+ BC
=0 A B
GJ P (-) MC
500-MC
A (+)
MC-410 (-) B (-) MC
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Chương 6
UỐN PHẲNG
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
-Tải trọng tác dụng lên thanh, khiến thanh bị cong đi, ta nói
thanh chịu uốn.
- Đg biểu diễn trục của thanh khi chịu uốn đc gọi là đg đàn hồi.
- K/c từ vị trí ban đầu của mỗi điểm trên trục tới vị trí điểm đó
trên đường đàn hồi được gọi là độ võng.
- Góc tạo bởi tiếp tuyến của đg đàn hồi với đường nằm ngang
được gọi là góc xoay φ. Xét chuyển vị bé ta có: φ=y’.
- Thanh chủ yếu chịu uốn được gọi là dầm.
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z
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M1
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z = E z
Tìm ɛz sẽ suy ra được ứng suất.
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ef = dz = d ⎯⎯⎯⎯
SauBD
→ e'f' = + y d ( )
z =
( + y ) d − d y
= z =
y
d
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F F
F
x
1 Mx y Mx
= z = E z = E = E y
EJ x EJ x
Mx
z = y
Jx
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bh 3 Jx bh 2
Jx = ; Wx = =
x 12 h 6
2
Jx =
(
D4 − d4 )
64
D
Wx =
Jx
=
(
D4 − d4 )
d D 32D
2
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VL giòn:
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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- Nội lực xuất hiện trong dầm bao gồm cả lực cắt Qy và mômen
uốn Mx ta nói dầm chịu uốn ngang phẳng.
- Lúc này ngoài ƯS pháp:
Mx
z = y
Jx
Còn có thêm cả ứng suất tiếp.
Tìm ứng suất tiếp bằng cách xét phân tố chiều dài dz.
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Q+dQ
dz dz
Mx
F1 = z 1dF = J ydF
F F x
M x + dM x
F2 = z 2dF = ydF
F F
Jx
dz
F3 = .b.dz Phân tố CB → F3 = F2 - F1
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Trong đó:
Q là lực cắt trên mcn.
S là mômen tĩnh của diên tích cắt,
b là chiều dài cắt.
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6Qy h 2 2 3Qy
= 3
-y m ax =
bh 4 2F
(r )
Qy 4Qy
= 2
−y 2 m ax =
3J x 3F
(
Qy h − t )x
- Phần chân đế: zx =
2J x
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..BK
- Tại K, N: TTUS đơn: σmin ≤ [σ]n; σmax ≤ [σ]k;
USTLN :
2
- Tại O: TTUS trượt thuần túy: ζ ≤ [ζ]
TNB§ HD :
3
- Tại B: TTUS phẳng đặc biệt. Áp dụng các thuyết bền:
USTLN : 2 + 4 2 TNB§ HD : 2 + 3 2
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M m ax PL d
m ax = y m ax = .
Jx d 64 2
4 P + Qy
d
PL Mx
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qL
3Qm ax 3qL
m ax = = 2
2F 4bh qL
qL
Qm ax = 2
2
M m ax 3qL2
m ax = y m ax =
Jx 4bh 2 qL2
M m ax =
8
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0.3qL
0.2qL
0.3qL Qy
0.2qL
0.045qL2 0.045qL2
Mx
0.025qL2
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3Qm ax F = bh
m ax = +
2F P
Qy bh 3
--
2P Jx =
12
h
y m ax =
M m ax 0.5PL 2
m ax = y m ax
Jx
Mx
0.5PL
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5,76(kNm) 3,84(kNm)
YA=13,2 (kN);YB=8,4 (kN)
*) Tìm σmax , τmax :
4Qm ax kN
m ax = = 0, 46
Mmax=7,26 (kNm)=726kNcm 3F cm 2
7,26(kNm) M m ax kN
Qmax=13,2 (kN) m ax = y m ax = 21, 57 ( 2 )
Jx cm
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y max = 4, 5cm YA
YB
(D 4 − d 4 )
Jx = = 258, 3cm 4
64 13,2 (kN)
0,5m 2,4 (kN)
M m ax
m ax = y m ax
Jx 1,1m 6 (kN)
726 kN
= 4, 5 = 12, 6( 2 ) 5,76(kNm) 3,84(kNm)
258, 3 cm
Dầm mcn vành khăn cho khả
năng chống uốn tốt hơn.
Tiết diện nhỏ hơn. 7,26(kNm)
Mmax=7,26 (kNm)
→ Kinh tế hơn.
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( h −h ) h ( )
(h − h )
1
b.
2
+ h t. h −
1
1 1
(
120 − 90 80.
2
120 − 90
)
+ 90.25. 120 − 45 ( )
yC = = 2 ; 44(mm )
(h − h ) b + h t
1 1 ( ) 120 − 90 80 + 90.25
1
Sx 2 = t (h − y ) .
( h −y )
= 25 (120 − 44 ) .
c ( 120 − 44 )
= 72200 mm ; 3
bcat = t = 25mm
c
2 2
2 2
th 3
b(h − h1 ) 3
h1 (h − h1 )
Jx = 1
+ + th1 h − − y c + b(h − h1 ) y c − = 5879395,2 mm 4
12 12 2 2
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Jx =
(
D4 − d4 ) = 54, 2 cm 4
64
y m ax = 3, 5 cm
M m ax
m ax = y m ax = 23, 24(kN / cm 2 )
Jx
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d a
d 4 a4
Jx = Jx =
21.25kN 64 12
0.95kN Qy a
y m ax =
d y m ax =
21.55kN 2 2
30.25kN
M m ax
Mx m ax = y m ax
38.85 kNm Jx
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-- P 2Pb
4Pb
Qy Mx
+ P
2Pb
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EJ x
Ta thấy y’’ luôn ngược
dấu so với Mx nên suy ra: Mx >0 Mx <0
−M x y y’’ <0 y’’ >0
y =
''
là ptvp đg đàn hồi.
EJ x
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Mômen uốn: M x = P (z − l )
3 đoạn 4 đoạn
-Mỗi đoạn sẽ khác nhau một biểu thức Δy(z):
yn+1(z)= yn(z)+∆y(z)
Khai triển Taylor của Δy(z):
y ' (a ) y '' (a ) y '''
(a )
y (z ) = y (a ) + (z − a ) + (z − a ) +
2
(z − a ) 3 + ...
1! 2! 3!
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2! E n J n E n +1J n +1
1 Qn (a ) Qn +1(a ) 1 qn (a ) qn +1(a )
+ − (z − a ) +
3
− (z − a ) + ...
4
3! E n J n E n +1J n +1 4 ! E n J n E n +1J n +1
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Kết luận: Chia đoạn → xác định thông số tại đầu mỗi đoạn.
→ áp dụng công thức.
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y 1 (z ) = y 0 + y z + −
'
0 z + − z + − z + − z + ...
2! E 1J 1 3! E 1J 1 4 ! E 1J 1 5! E 1J 1
KQ pp tích phân ko định hạn
Pl 2 P 3
y (z ) = z − z
2EJ 6EJ P (3lz 2 − z 3 )
y =
6EJ x
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1 4 7 3 127
1
y 1 (z ) = z − z + z
4
EJ 3 6
1 1 4 1 7 3 127
( )
4
y 2 (z ) = z − z − 2 − z + z
EJ 4 4 3 6
4
( ) ( )
4 3
z −2 8 z −3
( )
3
1 z 7z 2 127
y 3 (z ) = − + − +2 z −3 + z
EJ 4 4 3 3 6
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q
q( z ) = −q
2m 3m 1m
q( z ) = −q z − 2
0
2m 3m 1m
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2m 3m 1m
q1 q2
2m 3m 1m
q ( z ) = −q1 z − 0 + q1 z − 2 − q2 z − 5
0 0 0
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YA=90
YB=60
A B
C
2m 3m
Qy = 90 Qy = 60
Qy = 90 z − 0 − 150 z − 2
0 0
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YA=90
YB=60
A B
C
2m 3m
M = 90 z M = 300 − 60 z
M = 90 z − 0 − 150 z − 2
1 1
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Qy ( z ) = −q z − 2a +YA z − 0
1 0
− P z − a +YB z − 2a
0 0
q
M x ( z ) = − z − 2a +YA z − 0 − P z − a 1 +YB z − 2a + M z − a
2 1 1 0
2
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q( z ) = −q z − 0 + q z − 2
0 0
YA
YB
Qy ( z ) = −q z − 0 + q z − 2 +YA z − 0 − P z − 3 +YB z − 4
1 1 0 0 0
q q
M x ( z ) = − z − 0 + z − 2 +YA z − 0 − P z − 3 +YB z − 4
2 2 1 1 1
2 2
−M z − 3
0
Thay vào: Mx
y =−
''
sử dụng tiếp pp tích phân ko định hạn.
EJ x
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2 2
1 q 2 q 2 1 1 1 0
y =−
''
− z − 0 + z − 2 + Y A z − 0 − P z − 3 + Y B z − 4 − M z − 3
EJ x 2 2
1 q 3 q 3 YA 2 P 2 YB 2 1
y =−
'
− z − 0 + z − 2 + z −0 − z −3 + z −4 −M z −3
EJ x 6 6 2 2 2
+C
1 q 4 q 4 YA 3 P 3 YB 3 M 2
y =− − z −0 + z −2 + z −0 − z −3 + z −4 − z −3
EJ x 24 24 6 6 6 2
Thay số: +Cz + D
1 1 4 1 4 7 3 8 3 7 3 2
y =− − z − 0 + z −2 + z −0 − z −3 + z −4 −2 z −3
EJ x 4 4 3 3 3
+Cz + D
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1 1 4 7 3 127 1 1 4 1 4 7 3 127
yAC = z − 0 − z − 0 + z y CD
= z − 0 − z − 2 − z − 0 + z
EJ x4 3 6 EJ x 4 4 3 6
1 1 4 1 4 8 3 7 3 2 127
y DB = z − 0 − z − 2 + z − 3 − z − 0 + 2 z − 3 + z
EJ x 4 4 3 3 6
So sánh KQ với pp thông số ban đầu
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Mgt ≠ 0 Mgt ≠ 0
Qgt≠0 Qgt≠0
y≠0 y=0 y=0 y≠0
Mgt=0 Mgt=0
φ ≠0 φ≠0 φ ≠0 φ ≠0
Qgt≠0 Qgt≠0
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=
(
P lz − 0, 5z 2 )
EJ
y = M gt
Pl l − z Pl z 2z l − z Pl z 2
= − +
EJ l EJ 2 3 l EJ 2
=
(
P 3lz 2 − z 3) So sánh KQ với
6EJ các pp trước
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2h/3
2b/3
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P 3(L − a )z 2 − z 3
M x = P (z − L + a ) y = + Cz + D
6EJ x
Mx P (L − z − a )
y =−
''
= ĐK biên → C=D=0
EJ x EJ x
P 3(L − a )L2 − L3 a 2
P (L − a )z − 0, 5z 2 y (z = L ) = =0 =
= y' = +C 6EJ x L 3
EJ x
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1, 5P .0, 5 2
A D = = m
EF 3000
0 0 ĐK biên:
Q (z ) = −1, 5P z − 0 + 2, 5P z − 0, 5 z = 0 → y = −A D
1 1
M (z ) = −1, 5P z − 0 + 2, 5P z − 0, 5 z = 0, 5 → y = 0
1 1
EJ y '' = −M (z ) = 1, 5P z − 0 − 2, 5P z − 0, 5
4
EJ y ' = 0, 75P z − 0
2
− 1, 25P z − 0, 5
2
+C C =
EJ -50
3000
3 1, 25 3
EJ y = 0, 25P z − 0 − P z − 0, 5 + Cz + D D = − 2 EJ
3 3000
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Suy ra:
1 3 1, 25 3 4 2
y = 0, 25P z − 0 − P z − 0, 5 -50z + z-
EJ 3 3000 3000
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27/03/2024