Understanding Climate Factors and Impacts in Abuyog, Leyte: A Correlational and Trend

Analysis (2010-2020)

Ama, Nathan Andrie C.

Manuscript for Weather and Climate Analysis in Abuyog, Leyte, Philippines
From Year 2010 up to Year 2020
Obtained from Global Weather and Climate Website

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT

Weather and Climate This study presents a comprehensive analysis of climate trends in Abuyog and Leyte from 2010 to 2020,
Abuyog, Leyte revealing significant insights into the relationships between temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind
Climatic Factors speed, and other key variables. Through meticulous examination of annual variations and correlation
Trend Analysis analyses, this study elucidates the intricate dynamics of the local climate system without providing
Correlational prescriptive solutions. The findings underscore the importance of long-term data collection and analysis in
enhancing our understanding of climate variability and its potential impacts on agriculture, water resources,
and the residents of Abuyog and Leyte. Furthermore, this research highlights the interconnected nature of
climate factors and their implications for the environment and community well-being in Abuyog. By
identifying significant correlations and trends in climatic variables, this study contributes valuable
knowledge to the scientific community regarding regional climate change effects. Recommendations for
future research include expanding the scope of the study to investigate specific aspects of climate variability
and extending the analysis period to gain a more comprehensive understanding of evolving climate patterns
in the region. This study emphasizes the interconnected nature of climate variables and their implications
for the local environment and community well-being in Abuyog and Leyte. By highlighting the trends in
climatic factors and their potential impacts, this research contributes to the broader scientific discourse on
regional climate change impacts. Recommendations for future research include extending the study period
beyond 2020 and validating data sources to further enhance our understanding of climate variability in the
region. Overall, this research serves as a foundational resource to gain insights into evolving climate patterns,
relationships, and variability over the past few years.

This study aims to analyze the climate trends in Abuyog

NATURE AND IMPORTANCE
Climate change is a pressing global issue, with far-
reaching consequences for the environment, human
health, and the economy. The Philippines, an archipelago
in Southeast Asia, is highly vulnerable to climate-related
hazards, including rising temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of
extreme weather events. According to USAID GOV
(2022), the country is situated in the ‘Pacific Typhoon
belt’ where it experiences an average of 20 typhoons per
year, of which seven to 9 make landfall. It also lies in the
‘Pacific ring of fire’ where it is exposed to earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions, Abuyog, a municipality in Leyte,
Philippines, is no exception. Additionally, according to
the website of Phil Atlas, Abuyog is a coastal
municipality in the province of Leyte. The municipality
has a land area of 688.25 square kilometers or 265.73
square miles which constitutes 10.86% of Leyte's total
area. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census
was 61,216.
from 2010 to 2020, using a dataset of temperature, dew
point, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. Through
this analysis, the study will provide valuable insights into
the historical climate dynamics of Abuyog, helping to
interpret the implications of observed trends. Leyte is
characterized by rugged and mountainous terrain with a
torrential rainfall pattern. This includes understanding
potential impacts on agriculture, water resources, and
disaster preparedness. By determining the implications of
these climate trends, the research will assist local
policymakers and community leaders in making
informed decisions to address climate-related challenges.
Although the data is historical, the insights gained will be
essential for planning future strategies to mitigate adverse
effects and enhance resilience against climate-related
hazards, ensuring sustainable development and improved
quality of life for the residents of Abuyog.
The main goal of this study is to determine the
correlations, trends, and implications of various climate
factors in Abuyog from 2010 to 2020. By analyzing a
comprehensive dataset that includes temperature, dew
point, humidity, wind speed and precipitation, the study

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aims to identify significant patterns and relationships
between these variables. Understanding these
correlations and trends is crucial for assessing how
climate factors have evolved over the past decade and
what these changes imply for the local environment,
human health of fellow Abuyognons.
OBJECTIVES
This study examines the climate trends in Abuyog, Leyte,
Philippines from 2010 to 2020. Specifically, this aims to:
1. Investigate the annual variations in temperature in
Abuyog from 2010 to 2020. Identify significant trends,
anomalies, and patterns over the decade.
2. Conduct a comprehensive analysis to identify
correlations between temperature, dew point, humidity,
wind speed, sea level pressure, and precipitation.
Evaluate how these factors interact and influence each
other over the study period.
3. Conduct a trend analysis in determining the increase or
decrease of climate factors from 2010-2020.
4. Determine the implications of climate factors in
agriculture, water resources and human health and others.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of the study would be beneficial to the
following:
1. Scientific Knowledge: The findings contribute to the
body of scientific knowledge on regional climate trends.
By understanding the patterns and correlations between
temperature, dew point, humidity, wind speed, sea level
pressure, and precipitation, researchers can deepen their
understanding of local climate systems.
2. Educational Opportunity: For students, particularly
those studying environmental science, geography, or
meteorology, this study provides a valuable learning
opportunity. It offers a practical example of how climate
data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted to understand
local climate trends.
3. Future Researchers: Future researchers can use this
study as a foundational resource for further investigation
into climate dynamics in similar regions. It provides a
comprehensive dataset and analytical framework that can
be expanded upon to explore specific aspects of climate
variability.
HYPOTHESIS
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H₀: There is no significant relationship between the
climate factors from 2010-2020.
H₁: There is a significant relationship between the climate
factors from 2010-2020.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Climate change is a complex phenomenon
driven primarily by human activities such as the burning
of fossil fuels, industrial processes, and changes in land
use. According to the website of Denchak (2019), These
activities increase the concentration of greenhouse gases
like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which
trap heat and contribute to the warming of the Earth's
climate system. The resulting changes in climate patterns
manifest in various ways, including shifts in temperature,
precipitation, humidity levels, and wind patterns. These
trends are not uniform globally, with regional and local
variations often influenced by geographical factors,
ocean currents, and local land-use practices.
Climate change is a complex and multifaceted
issue, driven by human activities such as burning fossil
fuels, deforestation, and land-use changes. The
Philippines is highly susceptible to climate-related
hazards, including typhoons, floods, and droughts.
Previous studies have shown that the country is
experiencing a warming trend, the Philippines, like most
parts of the world, have shown temperature increases.
Records from 1951 to 2010 (based on 1971 to 2000) show
an average increase of 0.648°C in the last 60 years;
maximum day and night temperatures have increased by
0.36°C and 1.0°C, respectively (Prevention Web, 2021).
However, there is a lack of research on climate trends in
Abuyog, particularly at the local level. Localized studies
within the Philippines, particularly at the municipal level
like in Abuyog, Leyte, are crucial for understanding how
these broader climate trends manifest on a smaller scale.
Such studies can elucidate localized temperature
variations, seasonal changes, and long-term climate
patterns that may differ from national or regional
averages.
Research focusing on local climate trends in
places like Abuyog provides valuable insights into the
specific impacts of climate change on ecosystems,
agriculture, water resources, and community livelihoods
and others. For instance, analyzing temperature trends
can reveal shifts in local climate regimes, influencing
growing seasons and agricultural practices, an example of
this study is the Implications of climate change for
agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century
where concerning a wide range of processes through
which climate change could potentially impact global-
scale agricultural productivity, and presents projections
of changes in relevant meteorological, hydrological and
plant physiological quantities from a climate model
ensemble to illustrate key areas of uncertainty (Gornall
et.al, 2010). Studying precipitation patterns helps in
understanding changes in water availability and the
frequency of extreme weather events, which are critical
for water resource management and flood preparedness,
this has been proved by the website of Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2023) where
climate changes also affect the amount and distribution of
precipitation, which impacts water availability and
quality – thus, affecting the timing and intensity of
snowmelt, flood and drought events, impacting water
availability for agriculture, energy production, and
human consumption. Moreover, investigating humidity
levels and wind patterns contributes to understanding
local microclimates and their implications for human
comfort, air quality, and energy demand.
The purpose of this study is to determine the
relationships and trends of the climate factors such as
temperature, dew point, humidity, precipitation and wind
speed. By filling the research gaps at the local level,
studies on climate trends in municipalities like Abuyog
Leyte contribute to a more comprehensive understanding
of climate change impacts across diverse geographic and
socio-economic contexts.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design employed in this study is
both longitudinal and correlational, aiming to
comprehensively analyze climate trends in Abuyog,
Leyte, Philippines from 2010 to 2020. By utilizing a
longitudinal approach, the study examines changes in key
climate variables—temperature, dew point, humidity,
wind speed, sea level pressure, and precipitation—over a
decade, providing insights into temporal trends and
patterns. Concurrently, the correlational aspect of the
research design focuses on identifying and analyzing the
relationships between these climate variables, assessing
how they influence each other over time. Historical
climate data will be collected from Global Weather and
Climate website, ensuring a robust dataset for analysis.
Statistical techniques, including trend analysis and
correlation analysis, will be applied to explore the
temporal evolution and interdependencies of the climate
variables. This dual approach enables a comprehensive
understanding of local climate dynamics, offering
valuable information for developing targeted adaptation
strategies and contributing to the broader scientific
discourse on regional climate change impacts.
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
This research studied the climate factors of Abuyog
Leyte, Philippines from 2010-2020. Abuyog, a
municipality located in the province of Leyte,
Philippines, serves as the focal point for this climate trend
analysis. Situated in the Eastern Visayas region, Abuyog
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is characterized by a tropical climate with significant
seasonal variations influenced by its geographical
location near the Pacific Ocean. The municipality, which
spans coastal areas and hilly terrains, experiences a range
of climatic conditions that affect its agriculture, water
resources, and local livelihoods. This study examines the
climate factors in Abuyog over a decade, from 2010 to
2020, by analyzing data on temperature, dew point,
humidity, wind speed, sea level pressure, and
precipitation collected from the Global Weather and
Climate website. Understanding these climate trends is
crucial for the community, as it provides insights into how
climatic changes are influencing local environmental and
socio-economic conditions.
DATA COLLECTION
This study involves gathering comprehensive
climate data from the reliable website, spanning the
period from 2010 to 2020. The primary climate variables
of interest include temperature, dew point, humidity,
wind speed, sea level pressure, and precipitation.
Historical records will be sourced from Global Weather
and Climate website, ensuring data accuracy and
consistency. The data is collected on June 10, 2024,
recorded and analyzed by the researcher. Moreover, the
data will be systematically compiled into a structured
database, allowing for detailed temporal analysis.
Monthly and annual averages will be calculated to
capture seasonal and long-term trends. This robust data
collection process is critical for providing an accurate
depiction of climate trends in Abuyog, Leyte, and
supporting the study's objectives of trend identification
and correlation analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
The climate data for Abuyog, Leyte, spanning
from 2010 to 2020, was sourced from the Global Weather
and Climate Website, encompassing variables such as
temperature, humidity, pressure, precipitation, dew point,
and wind speed. The collected data was analyzed using
the statistical software including Jamovi and Microsoft
Excel. To determine the annual variations, the bar graph
is used for the yearly variations of the climatic factors in
Abuyog, Leyte. Moreover, to explore the relationships
between these climate variables, a Correlation Matrix test
in Jamovi was conducted, revealing the strength and
direction of correlations among the variables.
Additionally, to identify trends over the study period,
Linear Regression Trend Analysis in Microsoft Excel was
employed. This analysis provided insights into the long-
term changes in each climate variable, highlighting
significant trends and patterns that have emerged over the
decade. These analytical methods facilitated a
comprehensive understanding of the climate dynamics in
Abuyog, informing future research and implications of
these climatic factors.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the results and discussion,
interpretation based on the data. The indicators used in
using the appropriate tests are the variable used, the type
of data, and the objectives. The annual variations of the
climate factors were analyzed using bar graphs.
Moreover, various tests will be used to test the significant
correlation of the variables such correlation matrix in
Jamovi, the linear regression trend analysis used the
Microsoft Excel scatterplot and analyzed by the trendline
including the slope, intercept and the R^2 value.
ANNUAL VARIATION OF THE CLIMATE
FACTORS
Figure 2 graph shows the annual temperature
variations of Abuyog Leyte from 2010-2-020. In the first
year of the period, 2010, the temperature was recorded at
28.36°C, which is relatively high compared to other
years. However, the temperature experienced a slight
decrease in 2011, dropping to a low of 27.99°C. This
decline in temperature was short-lived, as the temperature
began to rise again in 2012, reaching 28.44°C. The
temperature continued to increase in 2013 with 28.59°C
and decreases again in the year 2014 with 28.45°Cs, with
readings of 28.45°C and 28.59°C, respectively. This trend
suggests a gradual warming of the environment during
this period. However, the temperature peaked in 2015 at
29.34°C, indicating a slight increase from the previous
year. The year 2016 witnessed the highest temperature
reading of the decade, with a remarkable 29.6°C. This
significant increase in temperature could be attributed to
various factors, including climate change, climate change
caused by human activities, or natural phenomena
(Giovetti, 2022). The temperature remained relatively
high in 2017 and 2018 with a reading of 29.49°C. The
downward trend continued in 2019, with a temperature
reading of 27.67°C, and further decreased in 2020,
reaching 27.5°C. This decline in temperature could be
indicative of a natural cooling process or a response to
environmental conservation efforts.
Moreover, figure 3 graph shows the annual dew
point variations in Abuyog Leyte from 2010 to 2020. The
dew point was highest in 2010 at 24.55°C, indicating a
relatively high level of atmospheric moisture during that
year. This could have resulted in a more humid climate,
potentially leading to an increase in precipitation and
discomfort for individuals sensitive to humidity. The dew
point then gradually decreased until 2015, reaching the
lowest point of 23. 67°C.After 2015, the dew point
increased again, reaching a peak of 24.13°C in 2017. This
increase in dew point indicates a rise in atmospheric
moisture, potentially leading to an increase in
precipitation and a more humid climate. The high dew
point in 2017 may have resulted in a more uncomfortable
climate for individuals sensitive to humidity. From 2017
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to 2019, there was a sharp decrease in dew point, reaching
23.25°C in 2019. This decline in dew point suggests a
significant decrease in atmospheric moisture, potentially
leading to a drier climate and less precipitation during this
period. The dew point saw a slight increase in 2020,
reaching 23.62°C. This increase in dew point indicates a
slight rise in atmospheric moisture, potentially leading to
an increase in precipitation and a more humid climate.
However, the dew point in 2020 was still relatively low
compared to the peak in 2017, suggesting a relatively dry
climate.
Furthermore, the graph of figure 4 shows the
annual humidity of Abuyog Leyte from 2010 to 2020,
providing a comprehensive overview of the humidity
trends over the past decade. The humidity was highest in
2010 and 2011, with a remarkable 85.9% reading,
indicating a relatively humid environment during these
years. This High humidity levels leads to the
development of dense, towering cumulonimbus clouds,
which are often associated with thunderstorms, warm air
and heavy precipitation (Vackerglobal, 2023). However,
the humidity began to decrease in 2012, dropping to
83.38%, and continued to decline in 2013, reaching
82.92%. This downward trend suggests that the
environment became less humid over these two years.
The humidity then experienced a slight increase in 2014,
rising to 83.67%, which could be indicative of changes in
weather patterns or other environmental factors. From
2015 through 2017, the humidity dropped to a low point,
reaching 76.21% in 2015 and 77.33% in 2017. This
significant decline in humidity levels may have been
caused by a combination of factors such as changes in
atmospheric pressure, temperature fluctuations, or shifts
in precipitation patterns. In 2018, the humidity increased
slightly to 77.65%, which could be a sign of a gradual
recovery from the previous low humidity levels. From
2018 to 2020, the humidity increased steadily, ending at
82.63% in 2020. This upward trend suggests that the
environment became increasingly humid over these two
years, potentially due to changes in weather patterns,
increased precipitation, or other climatic factors.
In addition, the figure 5 shows the annual wind
speed variations of Abuyog Leyte from 2010 to 2020,
providing a comprehensive overview of the wind speed
patterns over the past decade. The wind speed increased
from 6.23 kph in 2010 to 8.46 kph in 2011, indicating a
significant rise of approximately 2.23 kph within a year.
This upward trend continued in 2012, with the wind speed
reaching 10.1 kph, marking a notable increase of 1.64 kph
from the previous year. However, the wind speed began
to decrease slightly in 2013, dropping to 9.52 kph, and
further increased to 9.6 kph in 2014. This decline may be
attributed to various environmental factors, such as
changes in atmospheric pressure or temperature. Despite
this decrease, the wind speed remained relatively high,
still above the 9 kph mark.
The wind speed experienced a significant surge in 2015,
reaching 11.05 kph, which is the highest recorded wind
speed in the entire decade. This increase may be due to
extreme weather conditions or changes in global wind
patterns. The wind speed remained relatively high in
2016, at 10.89 kph, indicating a slight decrease of 0.16
kph from the previous year. However, the wind speed
began to decline steadily from 2017 onwards. It
decreased to 10 kph in 2017, followed by a further
decrease to 9.98 kph in 2018. This downward trend
continued in 2019, with the wind speed dropping to 8.34
kph, marking a significant decrease of 1.64 kph from the
previous year. The wind speed reached its lowest point in
2020, at 7.94 kph, indicating a decline of 0.4 kph from
the previous year.
Additionally, figure 6 graph shows the annual
precipitation variations in millimeters from 2010 to 2020
of Abuyog Leyte Philippines. The variations in
precipitation in the said city have been fluctuating over
the years, with a general upward trend. The lowest
variation was in 2016, with 1.68 mm, which is
significantly lower than the average precipitation for the
decade. This could be attributed to a drought or a dry spell
during that year. On the other hand, the highest variation
in Abuyog Leyte was in year 2020, with 10.45 mm, which
is more than five times the lowest variation. This could
be due to extreme weather conditions such as heavy
rainfall or storms. Additionally, according to the website
of United States Environmental Protection Agency
(2023), the higher precipitation can have potential
impacts such as crop damage, soil erosion, and an
increase in flood risk due to heavy rains (see the River
Flooding indicator)—which in turn can lead to injuries,
drownings, and other flooding-related effects on health.
The years 2011 and 2012 had relatively low precipitation,
with 3.1 mm and 2.43 mm respectively and continued to
decrease in 2013, with 1.85 mm, but it was still lower than
the average. The years 2014 and 2015 had a slight
decrease in precipitation, with 2.74 mm and 1.75 mm
respectively. The year 2016 had a slight decrease in
precipitation, with 1.68 mm, but it was still lower than the
average. The years 2017 and 2018 had a significant
decrease in precipitation, with 0.65 mm respectively.
From the year 2019, the precipitation increases into 6.47
mm from the previous year.
TEST OF SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision
FACTORS
value of Ho
Temperature-
0.307 0.359
Non- Fail to
Dew Point Significant reject
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 1: Significant correlation between temperature and dew
point
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The table 1 shows the significant correlation
between temperature and dew point. Based on the
findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=0.307) indicating that higher dew point is associated
with higher temperatures. The p-value is (p=0.359) and is
greater than the significance level of 0.05 meaning that
the correlation is not statistically significant. This means
that the relationship between the temperature and dew
point may be due to chance and a true relationship. In
other words, the temperature and dew point do not appear
to be strongly related. According to the website of
Britannica (2024), Temperature, measure of hotness or
coldness expressed in terms of any of several arbitrary
scales and indicating the direction in which heat energy
will spontaneously flow. Moreover, Donegan (2022)
explains that dew point is the temperature to which the air
must be cooled for it to become saturated. Once the air
temperature and dew point meet, the air becomes
saturated and the relative humidity reaches 100% creating
more moisture in the air, once the dew point exceeds 60
degrees, there’s a lot of water vapor in the air, which is
what gives the air that muggy feel. However, high
temperatures and high dew points can lead to heat-related
illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke, it can
also have devastating effects on agricultural productivity.
Many crops are sensitive to high temperatures and
humidity, which can lead to reduced yields, lower quality
crops, and increased pest and disease pressure.
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision
FACTORS
value of Ho
Temperature-
-O.762 0.006 Significant Rejected
Humidity
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 2: Significant correlation between temperature and
humidity
The table 2 above shows the significant
correlation between temperature and humidity. Based on
the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s r=-
0.762) indicating that there is a strong negative
correlation between the variables, and this means that as
temperature increases the humidity tends to decrease. The
p-value is (p=0.006) which is statistically significant,
since it is less than or lower than 0.05, we can conclude
that the observed correlation is unlikely to be due to
chance. This means that the correlation is likely to be a
real effect. According to the website of Byju’s (2024), the
relation between humidity and temperature is inversely
proportional. If temperature increases, it will reduce
relative humidity; thus, the air will become drier. When
the temperature decreases, the air will become wetter;
therefore, the relative humidity will increase. In addition,
as global temperatures continue to rise, the frequency and
severity of droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires are likely
to increase, leading to more frequent and prolonged
periods of low humidity.
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision
FACTORS
value of Ho
Temperature-
0.708 0.015 Significant Rejected
Wind speed
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 3: Significant correlation between temperature and wind
speed
The table 3 above shows the significant
correlation between temperature and humidity. Based on
the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=0.708) indicating that there is a strong positive
correlation between the variables, and this means that
higher wind speed is associated with higher temperatures.
The p-value is (p=0.015) which is statistically significant,
so we can reject the null hypothesis therefore we can
conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that
there is a significant linear relationship between
temperature and wind speed, also we can be confident
that the observed correlation is not due to chance. The
larger the temperature difference, the stronger the
resulting winds will be. Temperature gradients between
water and land can also cause local atmospheric
circulations which affect winds (Tahmo, 2020). The
combination of rising temperatures and high wind speeds
can have significant implications for various aspects of
society such as wildfire making them more difficult to
control, strong winds can cause significant damage to
buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. Rising
temperatures can also cause materials to expand and
contract, leading to structural weaknesses and increasing
the risk of collapse. high winds can cause power lines to
break, leading to widespread power outages, agricultural
losses, and disruptions to transportation and commerce
can all contribute to significant economic losses.
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision
FACTORS
value of Ho
Temperature-
-O.739 0.009 Significant Rejected
Precipitation
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 4: Significant correlation between temperature and
precipitation
The table 4 above shows the significant
correlation between temperature and precipitation. Based
on the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=-0.739) indicating that there is a strong negative
correlation between the variables, and this means that as
temperature increases the precipitation tends to decrease.
The p-value is (p=0.009) is statistically significant, since
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it is less than or lower than 0.05, we can reject the null
hypothesis of getting a strong negative correlation.
Therefore, we conclude that the observed correlation is
not due to chance. This means that the correlation is likely
to be a real effect. Furthermore, as global temperatures
continue to rise, many regions are experiencing changes
in precipitation patterns. One of the most significant
implications of temperature increases is a decrease in
precipitation, leading to droughts and water scarcity.
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision of
FACTORS
value Ho
Dewpoint- Non- Fail to
0.346 0.297
Humidity Significant reject
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 5: Significant correlation between dewpoint and humidity
The table 5 above shows the significant
correlation between dew point and humidity. Based on
the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=0.346) indicating a moderate positive correlation
between the variables. This means that as dew point
increases, humidity tends to increase as well but not
extremely strong. However, the correlation is not
extremely strong, but it's not weak either. A correlation
coefficient of 0.346 suggests that about 12% of the
variation in humidity can be explained by the variation in
dew point (since r^2 = 0.346^2 = 0.12). A p-value of
0.297 means that there's about a 29.7% chance that the
relationship we see is just random and not real. The
results is true since most studies proved that the
relationship between dew point and humidity is
statistically significant and widely accepted. Studies have
consistently shown a strong linear correlation between
the two parameters, indicating that as the dew point
temperature increases, the relative humidity also
increases. According to the study of Elemo (2021), while
Dew point shows the moisture level in the air, Relative
humidity reveals the percentage of the degree of
saturation of the air. This leads to the conclusion that: the
higher the dew point, the more moisture in the air and vice
versa. The closer the dew point is to the actual air
temperature, the more humid the air becomes. However,
as global temperatures continue to rise, many regions are
experiencing changes in humidity and dew point
temperatures. An increase in dew point temperatures can
lead to higher humidity levels, which can have significant
implications for various aspects of society, high humidity
and dew point temperatures can make the air feel hotter
than it is, high humidity can exacerbate air quality issues
by allowing pollutants to remain suspended in the air for
longer periods. Increased humidity can create ideal
conditions for mold and mildew growth, leading to
property damage and health issues and increased
humidity can lead to increased atmospheric water vapor,
which can trap more heat and accelerate warming.
 CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision of
FACTORS
value Ho
Dewpoint-
Non- Fail to
Wind -0.203 0.549
Significant reject
speed
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 6: Significant correlation between dew point and wind
speed
The table 6 above shows the significant
correlation between dew point and wind speed. Based on
the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s r=-
0.203) indicating a weak negative correlation between the
variables. This means that as dew point increases, wind
speed tends to decrease but the relationship is weak. A p-
value of (p=0.549) indicates that there is a 54.9% chance
of observing a correlation coefficient of -0.203, if there is
no correlation between dew point and wind speed. Since
the p-value is greater than the typical significance level
of 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore,
we can conclude that there is no statistically significant
relationship between the variables. This is because, dew
point depends on relative humidity that is it is a measure
of the actual amount of water vapor (moisture) in the air,
regardless of the air's temperature (Mukherjee, 2022).
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision of
FACTORS
value Ho
Dewpoint-
Wind -0.699 0.017 Significant Rejected
speed
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 7: Significant correlation between dew point and
precipitation
The table 7 above shows the significant
correlation between dew point and precipitation. Based
on the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=-0.699) indicating a strong negative correlation
between the variables. This also means that as dew point
increases, wind speed tends to decrease. The p-value is
(p=0.017) is statistically significant, since it is less than
or lower than 0.05, and we can reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, we conclude that the observed correlation has
occurred not by chance and is likely a real effect. This
means that the data provides strong evidence against the
null hypothesis, suggesting that there is a statistically
significant relationship between the increase of dew point
and the decrease of precipitation. According to the
website of University of Illinois (2010), dew point
temperature is NEVER GREATER than the air
temperature. Therefore, if the air cools, moisture must be
removed from the air, and this is accomplished through
condensation. This process results in the formation of tiny
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water droplets that can lead to the development of fog,
frost, clouds, or even precipitation.
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision of
FACTORS
value Ho
Dewpoint-
Wind -0.738 0.009 Significant Rejected
speed
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 8: Significant correlation between humidity and wind speed
The table 8 above shows the significant
correlation between humidity and wind speed. Based on
the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s r=-
0.738) indicating a strong negative correlation between
the variables. This also means that as humidity increases,
wind speed tends to decrease. The p-value is (p=0.009) is
statistically significant, since it is less than or lower than
0.05, and we can reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, we
conclude that the observed correlation has occurred not
by chance and is likely a real effect. This means that the
data provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis,
suggesting that there is a statistically significant
relationship between the increase of humidity and the
decrease of wind speed. According to the study of Ravi
(2005), higher wind speeds are associated with lower
humidity values and lower wind speeds are associated
with higher humidity values. As the atmosphere warms
due to climate change, humidity levels are on the rise,
leading to a corresponding decrease in wind speed.
Furthermore, this phenomenon has far-reaching
implications for various aspects of our lives. For instance,
high humidity and low wind speeds can lead to stagnant
weather patterns, resulting in prolonged heatwaves,
increased risk of flooding, and reduced air quality.
Furthermore, agricultural productivity is affected, as low
wind speeds reduce evapotranspiration, leading to
increased humidity and reduced crop growth. The
combination of high humidity and low wind speeds also
increases energy consumption, as people rely more
heavily on-air conditioning to cool their homes and
workplaces, ultimately contributing to higher greenhouse
gas emissions. Additionally, human health is impacted, as
high humidity and low wind speeds exacerbate heat-
related illnesses, particularly for vulnerable populations
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision of
FACTORS
value Ho
Dewpoint-
Non- Fail to
Wind 0.168 0.622
Significant reject
speed
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 9: Significant correlation between humidity and
precipitation
The table 9 above shows the significant correlation
between humidity and precipitation. Based on the
findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=0.168) indicating a weak positive correlation between
the variables. This also means that as humidity increases,
precipitation tends to increase as well. The p-value
(p=0.622) is telling us the probability of observing this
relationship (or a stronger one) by chance, if there was no
real relationship between the variables. In this case, the
p-value is high (p=0.622), which means that it's likely that
the observed relationship is due to chance, and we cannot
confidently say that changes in humidity are associated
with changes in precipitation. This is because the
correlation between humidity and precipitation is not
consistently found across different regions. In some
areas, such as Jakarta, relative humidity and precipitation
have decreased, whereas in other areas, such as China,
temperature and the humidex have been on the uptrend.
In some cases, the study in Thailand found that trend
analysis has been used to examine the direction of climate
parameters, providing insights into the changing
parameters that could be presented in annual and seasonal
patterns (Kliengchuay et.al, 2024).
CORRELATIONAL MATRIX
CLIMATE
R P- Significance Decision of
FACTORS
value Ho
Dewpoint-
Non- Fail to
Wind 0.443 0.173
Significant reject
speed
Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Table 10: Significant correlation between wind speed and
precipitation
The table 10 above shows the significant
correlation between wind speed and precipitation. Based
on the findings, the correlation coefficient is (Pearson’s
r=0.443) indicating a moderate positive correlation
between the variables. This also means that as wind speed
increases, precipitation tends to increase as well. A
correlation coefficient of 0.443 suggests that about 20%
of the variation in precipitation can be explained by the
variation in wind speed (since r^2 = 0.443^2 = 0.20). A
p-value of 0.173 means that there's about a 17.3% chance
that the relationship we see is just random and due to
chance. Since the p-value is greater than the typical
significance level of 0.05, we would fail to reject the null
hypothesis. This means that we do not have sufficient
evidence to conclude that there is a statistically
significant relationship between changes in precipitation
and wind speed. The results may be true because some
studies found that the increases in both wind speed and
precipitation can be closely linked, particularly in coastal
and humid regions where the convergence feedback
between the two can amplify precipitation. Additionally,
the study of Qi et.al (2023), the joint occurrence of strong
wind and strong precipitation will have a more serious
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Email Address: nathanandrieama@gmail.com
impact on the society and environment in the coastal area
than in the inland area. This may be because there is a
dependency between precipitation and wind in the coastal
area. The study also indicated that precipitation and wind
speed show strong dependence possibly due to land–
ocean interactions over coastal areas. Moreover,
according to Back et.al (2005), at high-column relative
humidities (conditions under which deep convection is
likely to occur), faster winds are associated with
substantially more precipitation.
LINEAR REGRESSION TREND ANALYSIS OF
CLIMATIC FACTORS IN ABUYOG, LEYTE
FROM 2010-2020
The figure 2 shows the linear regression
analysis of dew point data from 2010 to 2020 yielded the
equation Temperature (°C) y=0.0047x+19.104, where x
represents years. The slope coefficient of 0.0047
indicates a statistically significant decreasing trend in
dew point, predicting an increase of approximately
0.0047°C per year. When the dew point in 2010 is 0 then
the predicted value starting from 2010 is approximately
19.104°C. The R² value of 0.0004 suggests that only
0.04% of the variability in dew point can be explained by
the linear trend with years, while the remaining 99.06%
is influenced by other factors including Ocean Currents
and Proximity to Water Bodies (The Philippines is an
archipelago, and Abuyog's proximity to the ocean
moderates temperatures, leading to less extreme heat due
to the cooling effect of the sea and variations in sea
temperatures, influenced by phenomena such as El Niño
and La Niña, can affect the local climate and
temperatures), The seasonal monsoon winds significantly
influence temperature and weather patterns. The
Northeast Monsoon (Amihan) brings cooler air from
November to February, while the Southwest Monsoon
(Habagat) can increase temperatures and humidity from
May to October. Seasonal Variations (The region
experiences distinct wet (June to November) and dry
(December to May) seasons, which influence temperature
pattern, dry season is characterized by higher
temperatures and less cloud cover.
However, figure 3 shows the linear regression
analysis of dew point data from 2010 to 2020 yielded the
equation Dew point (°C) y=−0.0752x+175.47, where x
represents years. The slope coefficient of −0.0752
indicates a statistically significant decreasing trend in
dew point, predicting a decrease of approximately
0.0752°C per year. When the dew point in 2010 is 0 then
the predicted value starting from 2010 is approximately
175.47°C. The R² value of 0.5164 suggests that 51.64%
of the variability in dew point can be explained by the
linear trend with years, while the remaining 48.36% is
influenced by other factors including temperatures
(higher temperatures generally allow air to hold more
moisture, affecting the dew point), proximity to water
bodies since Abuyog is near Leyte Gulf, weather patterns
(Monsoonal influences can bring moist air, affecting the
dew point, particularly during the wet season), Tropical
cyclones and storms can bring significant changes in dew
point due to the influx of moist air and others. Further
investigation is necessary to obtain a better trend analysis
by additional climatic factors.
Furthermore, figure 4 shows the linear
regression analysis of humidity data from 2010 to 2020
yielded the equation Humidity (%) y=−0.6579x+1406.9,
where x represents years. The slope coefficient of
−0.6579 indicates a statistically significant decreasing
trend in humidity, predicting a decrease of approximately
0.6579% per year. When the humidity in 2010 is 0 then
the predicted value starting from 2010 is approximately
1406.9%. The R² value of 0.3459 suggests that 34.59% of
the variability in humidity can be explained by the linear
trend with years, while the remaining 65.41% is
influenced by other factors including temperature, oceans
(Abuyog is close to the Leyte Gulf, which significantly
influences local humidity levels due to the constant
evaporation of water from the sea), Vegetation (Abuyog
has areas with dense tropical vegetation, which
contributes to higher humidity levels through the process
of transpiration, where plants release moisture into the
air), weather patterns(The Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)
brings moist air from the ocean, leading to higher
humidity levels during the rainy season),Global Climate
Patterns(El Niño and La Niña).
Moreover, figure 5 shows the linear regression
analysis of wind speed data from 2010 to 2020 yielded
the equation Wind Speed (kph) y=0.0905x−173.17,
where x represents years. The slope coefficient indicates
a statistically significant increasing trend, this also means
that wind speed is predicted to increase by approximately
0.0905 kph per year. However, the model's R² value of
0.0446 indicates limited explanatory power, with only
4.46% of wind speed variability explained by the linear
relationship with years, this maybe because wind speed
can be influenced by a multitude of factors, including
local geographical factors (such as topography, proximity
to the Leyte Gulf and coastal effects where coastal areas
often experience higher wind speeds compared to inland
regions.), atmospheric conditions including pressure
systems and tropical cyclones, global climate patterns
such as El Niño and La Niña, monsoonal influences,
seasonal variations, oceanic factors, human activities,
atmospheric composition, and the impacts of climate
change .Future research should explore additional local
factors to better understand wind speed dynamics in
Abuyog, Leyte.
Lastly, figure 6 shows the linear regression
analysis of precipitation data from 2010 to 2020 yielded
the equation Precipitation (mm)=0.5885−1182.1, where x
represents years. The positive slope coefficient (0.5885)
Author Tel.No.:09278481071
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indicates a statistically significant increase in
precipitation over the decade. The slope coefficient
indicates a statistically significant increasing trend,
suggesting precipitation is predicted to increase by
approximately 0.5885 millimeter per year. The model’s
R² value of 0.403 suggesting that 40.3% of the variability
in precipitation can be explained by the linear
relationship with years. Factors include geographical
factors topography (Abuyog's terrain, including its
proximity to the Leyte Gulf and nearby mountain ranges,
can influence precipitation patterns through orographic
lift, where moist air is forced to rise over mountains,
leading to increased rainfall on the windward side),
Atmospheric conditions like (High and low-pressure
systems can influence precipitation. Low-pressure
systems often bring stormy weather and higher
precipitation, while high-pressure systems are associated
with dry and clear conditions, Cyclones and storms since
the Philippines is frequently affected by tropical
cyclones, which can bring intense and heavy rainfall over
short periods.), Seasonal Variations like wet and dry
seasons. Future research should focus on refining models
to incorporate these factors and improve predictions of
precipitation variability.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of climate trends in Abuyog, Leyte from
2010 to 2020 has unveiled valuable insights into the local
climate dynamics, emphasizing the importance of
comprehending the relationships between temperature,
precipitation, humidity, and other key variables. The
findings underscore the significance of long-term data
collection and analysis in identifying trends and patterns
that can enhance our understanding of climate variability
and its potential impacts on agriculture, water resources,
and disaster preparedness in Abuyog. The correlation
analysis conducted in this study has shed light on the
complex interactions among climate factors, providing a
basis for further research and discussions on the
implications of these relationships for the local
environment and community well-being.
Moreover, the results of this research offer a
foundational understanding of the climate trends in
Abuyog, Leyte, without aiming to provide specific
solutions. By recognizing the correlations and trends
identified through the analysis, stakeholders can gain
insights into the evolving climate patterns and their
potential implications for various sectors. This study
contributes to the broader scientific discourse on regional
climate change impacts and underscores the importance
of continued monitoring and research efforts to track
changes and assess risks in Abuyog, Leyte. The
comprehensive analysis of climate data, coupled with the
identification of significant correlations, provides a basis
for informed decision-making and future research
endeavors to determine the climate variability in the Byju’s (2024). Relative Humidity.
region evolving over the past years and for future years.
https://byjus.com/physics/relative-
RECOMMENDATION humidity/#:~:text=The%20relation%20betwee
n%20humidity%20and,the%20air%20will%20
Based on the research conducted on climate trends in
Abuyog, Leyte from 2010 to 2020, the following become%20drier.
recommendations are suggested to enhance the study and
its implications: Denchak, M. (2019). Greenhouse Effect 101.
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhouse-
1. Extended Study Period: Consider extending the study
period beyond 2020 to provide a more comprehensive effect-101#whatis
analysis of climate trends in Abuyog. Additional years of
data can offer a more robust understanding of long-term Donegan, B. (2022). Dew point vs. humidity: Which one
patterns and variations, contributing to a more thorough
assessment of climate dynamics in the region. is a better measure of how muggy the air
feels?. https://www.foxweather.com/learn/dew-
2. Validation of Data: Ensure the accuracy and reliability
point-best-way-classify-how-much-humidity-
of the data collected from the Global Weather and
Climate website by cross-referencing it with other in-air
reputable sources. Validating the data can strengthen the
credibility of the study's findings and enhance the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
accuracy of the analysis of climate trends in Abuyog.
Pacific (2023). Weather, Climate and Water
3. In-depth Correlation Analysis: Conduct a more across Generations – What does this mean.
detailed correlation analysis to explore the relationships
https://www.unescap.org/blog/weather-
between climate variables in greater depth. By delving
into the interconnections among temperature, climate-and-water-across-generations-what-
precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and other factors, a
does-mean
more nuanced understanding of the local climate system
in Abuyog can be achieved.
Elemo, E. (2021). Relationship between Relative
4. Future Research Scope: Consider expanding the Humidity and Dew Point.
research scope to investigate specific aspects of climate
variability, such as the impact of climate change on https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation
agriculture, water resources, or disaster preparedness in .aspx?paperid=114141
Abuyog. Exploring focused research areas can provide
valuable insights into the implications of climate trends Giovetti, O. (2022). The human activities that cause
for key sectors.
climate change, and the human necessities
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Author Tel.No.:09278481071
Email Address: nathanandrieama@gmail.com