NORTH - EASTERN HILLS UNIVERSITY ,SHILLONG

Assignment on Report Writing

Topic: Rural to Urban Migration in India

SUBMITTED BY

SHIDARITI KHARKONGOR

ROLL NUMBER : 23MAECO31

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

PAPER NAME:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

AND PROPOSAL WRITING.(ECO-RM-511)

DATE : 26th JUNE 2024

SUBMITTED TO: DR. W.TARIANG.

 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW.

3. RESEARCH GAPS.

4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

5. OBJECTIVES.

6. HYPOTHESIS.

7. DATA AND METHODOLOGY.

8. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.

9. CONCLUSION.

10. POLICY PRESCRIPTION.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 Introduction

Migration has been a constant and persistent feature in the history of human kind
being among the most important and pressing global issues of our time. Migration is a
phenomenon of great complexity. The reasons people migrate are varied and
constantly changing. Individuals who migrate from one place to another are not easy
classifying due to the fact that they come from different circumstances or different
characteristics. Migration as a whole captures a dynamic, constantly changing reality.
The positive impact of migration can be obtained in this paper and the effects, impacts
and certain policies adopted to keep a balance for the causes and consequences of
migration

Rural to Urban migration: Types, challenges and Opportunities

Literature review
In this paper a comprehensive study between types, challenging and opportunities
have been given. Migration started during the British era after settling down of the
political and economic set up in post. Circular Migration or temporary Migration rates
are found high in remote rural areas particularly in drought prone areas with low agro
ecological potential and poor access to credit facilities taking for example the people
of Balangir district of Odisha migrate to other places every year. Other several
reasons are base on different circumstances such as the push and pull factors,
agriculture development, and technology and so on so forth.
Speaking from the context of some models such as the Lewis 1954, tadaro and Harris
1969 and 1970 argued that urbanization will occur as long as the expected real income
differential is positive because, according to them an individual migrates for
maximizing economic gain. However the neoclassical theories of migration explain
migration as a part of economic development.
Further migrations have been constituted in to different type’s base on direction and
duration.
The different types are intercontinental migration, International, interstate, rural to
rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, urban to rural. Migration cycles range from a few
weeks to a few months, it may occur once or several times during the year. It also
depends on the time such as short term or long term or base on distance such as short
or long distance. Involuntary migration basically occurs due to the armed conflict,
environmental changes, and social organization and so on.

Increasing Rural to Urban migration in India: A challenge or

opportunity

Literature review
In this paper, a close association between the trends of migration and the
development phase of the country have been exhibit how migration have played an
important role in development and how it impact the multitudes.
Migration is the geographic movement of the people across administrative or political
boundaries with a permanent or semi permanent nature of residence. Apart from being
an important determinant of population it acted as a channel for the process of
diffusion of ideas and innovations and an important force of spatial change. Rural to
urban migration can be a response to diverse economic opportunities across space.
Migration initially occurred with the onset of the lpg policy of the Indian economy
which acted as a catalyst in development on different grounds leading to pull factors
for migration and accelerated the flow of migration not only from rural to urban but
also from urban to urban streams. Data analysis has been provided where rural to
urban migration stream is the most prominent stream among all. During the year
1981-1991 and 1991-2001 males and females have increase from 11.33 to 34.37 and
27.03 to 25.41 and for intercensal migrants from -1.03 to 27.68 and 14.79 to 18.35?
Interstate migration has the highest no of migrants that is 37.9 percent as compared to
other streams. Since job opportunities in the urban areas have increased acutely.
Moreover with migration an increased in the settlement also increased which leads to
mushrooming of slums near urban or cities centres. As per the census 2011, 68
million Indians lived in slums comprising one quaternary of the population of Indians
19 cities with more than 1 million residents. Gradually the percentage rises which
disturbs the settlement and the environment as a whole due to poor facilitates. Rural
to urban migration is a matter that should be taken severely.
With increase in the flow of migration the negative and positive impacts can be
indicated. Movement from rural to urban migration is also known as urbanization.
Urbanization is the sign of development of any country. About one third of the
population of India settles in the urban areas where 43 percent lives in only 53 cities
that have a population of million plus. As per the 2011 census the urban rural
differential growth was 19.8 which is the highest in the last 30 years and the net rural
to urban has increase from 21.2 to 24.1 from 1991 to 2011. These movements are
mostly due to job opportunities and with the expansion of technology. India is one of
the fastest developing countries with many emerging metropolitan cities. It may also
be worth noting that rural urban migration constitutes a significant component of
interstate migration taking place within the country. However this matter should not
be underestimated as it may affect the settlement, labour force in the industrial and
domestic sector and many other sectors.

Pattern and Extent Rural to Urban Migration in India

Literature Review
Tracing the pattern of migration across the country it can be seen that with the onset
of the economic reform in 1990s, capital- investment increases and have helped to
connect less developing states like Madhya Pradesh and Bihar etc. The relationship
between the national and international became more flexible as exchange between
countries became easier and accelerated infrastructural development. Infrastructure
paved a way to the people to move from one place to another one reason can be due to
the instability of agriculture and forest based economy in the state.
It can be stated that the rate of capital investment in infrastructure and improvement in
providing urban amenities will not be very high in less developed states like Madhya
Pradesh and Bihar due to lack of resources. During the last 10 to 15 years under the
liberalized regime the backward states did not benefit much as development was more
concentrated in town and cities as a result the state governments has weakened.
However, eventually states have improved after the implementation of the fifth pay
commission. If seen in the current scenario, there is no pressure on private
entrepreneurs to come to Madhya Pradesh or Bihar but due to commercial reasons
there are now some established industrial and commercial centres other than the state
capital as alternative investment destinations.
With infrastructural development a better living is acquired by the people taking for
example the health care and educational institute and options open to all types of
skilled and unskilled workers including migrant and casual workers.

The impact of migrant remittance in India

Literature Review
In this paper a close relationship between migration and remittance has been
demonstrated. With migration there exist developments in a country which can be
considered as a positive simultaneous a negative implication to the country. The
recognition of migrant remittances is increasing in the developing countries. This
interest sharpened in remittance flows also development and eradicate poverty
allegation in the affluent countries. Mostly, remittances are considered as a sum of
money sent in payment or as gift. Rarely money acceptance also happens in the
country of origin for the sustainability of migrants in the new country. In the world
economy, remittances are the foreign currencies in the largest sources, it can be made
of various ways as money transfer by financial institution such as banks, money
transfer operators as Western Union, Money gram etc.
The advantages and disadvantages of remittance have been emphasise where poverty
eradication in developing countries, particularly India is considered as the largest
recipient over 80 billion in 2020 and migrants over 15 million. Internal migration
also plays a vital part in contributing, the participation of socio economic dimension
as regional sources of migration, analysis and spatial variations of migration
remittance in remittance patterns.
International migration can be dated back to the 20th century from India to the
Middle East, predominantly male dominated, impacting 17% of the Indian households.
The flow of remittance is mostly to the urban region and migration mostly occurs
from the small town to big cities in search of Job opportunities and with the
advancement of technology.
Gulf migration supports many households in India particularly the state of Kerala
where gulf remittance has supported many households in purchasing of lands and
houses, investment, insurance, education and small businesses. Over time, different
mechanisms like postal orders, bank drafts, and wire transfers have facilitated
international remittances. Subsequently in the 20 century international migration to
Europe, Australia, US, Canada, and New Zealand occurred along with deposit
account of
Non-resident. Majority of the migrants are the skilled workers and professional such
as doctors and nurses engineers and unskilled migrants have migrated to other
countries especially to the UK due to liberation when it comes to rules and regulations
and deficiency in certain grounds. However, migration barriers exist for the poorest
people due to cost and risks of the remittance which are not accessible to them. Since
remittances are received periodically there is a motivation to create a culture
dependency within the developments.
Financial institution is taking more interest in remittance. Private firms are taking the
initiative to make many offers for the customers. Major Banks are also providing best
interest rates for non resident’s deposits. Over all a closer cooperation of public and
private sectors plats a crucial part for the flow of remittance of sending and receiving
countries in the development of migration

Migration in India causes and consequences

Literature Review
Migration process has been one of the most dynamic human activities from the very
beginning of human life. It is not a mere shift of people from one place to another. It
is most fundamental to the understanding of continuously changing space content and
space relationships of areas.
The main causes of migration are based on several factors which include urbanization,
marriage, employment, education, lack of security and push and pull factors.
Urbanization is considered to be one of the main causes of internal migration.
Increase in urbanization influence the urban wage rates. People move from one place
to another due to pull factors such as job facilities, medical, educational facilitates and
so on so forth. Apart from urbanization comes marriage which causes the rise of
female migration more to the urban areas about 49.35 people shifted their residence
after marriage in 2011. Employment also acts as the main cause where people move
in search of better jobs opportunities about 10.22 percent of migrants migrated for
employment in 2011. Education also is one of the major factors where people move
from one place to another in search for a better knowledge about 1.77 percent people
migrated for Education in 2011. Political disturbances and interethnic conflicts drive
people away from their homes or they migrate for a short term for better opportunities
for recreation, health care facilitates. The push factors include lack of work
opportunities, unemployment, and underdevelopment, poor economic condition,
exhaustion of natural resources and natural calamities and other factors which forced
the people to move to other parts of the nation. The pull factors include different
opportunities which act as a fulfilment to the needs of the people. Apart from the
causes the consequences consist of the demographic consequences such as changes in
the population which includes the birth rate, sex ratio. Social consequences which
includes breaking of narrow thoughts and widens the mental horizon of the people
which causes different culture to exist, economic consequences affects the
occupational structure and environmental consequences causing overcrowding of
places and disturbances in the settlement pattern

Research Gap
The paper provides insights into migration but has notable research gaps. It discusses
a few states and comparative studies but lacks broader international comparisons. The
causes of migration are briefly mentioned, yet lack specific quantitative data and
statistical analysis. Socio-economic impacts on rural and urban areas are not detailed,
nor are the effects of policy interventions like the LPG policy. The patterns of
migration pre and post-policy changes are unclear. Economic reforms have led to
infrastructure development, but their shortcomings are not explored in depth.
Disparities hindering urbanization trends in less developed states are mentioned, but
without detailed analysis. The paper briefly touches on the positive impact of
remittances but lacks a comprehensive understanding of their socio-economic
dimensions. Important gaps include the interplay of push and pull factors, gender
influences on migration patterns, and evaluating policy effectiveness in managing
migration flows.

Research questions
1 What is rural to urban migration? How does it affect the nation?
2 What are the challenges of migration and how migration disturbs the settlement?
3 How did rural-to-urban migration occur in India after the implementation of the
liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation policy?
4 How does rural to urban migration impact urbanization, economic development, and
the formation of slums?
5 What are the impacts of economic reforms and urbanization on the development of
less developed states like Madhya Pradesh and Bihar?
6 What are the impacts of rural to urban migration in India, particularly focusing on
infrastructure, economic growth, human development, and the patterns of rural-urban
migration?
7 How does remittance play a vital role in migration?
8 What are the socio economic impacts of international and internal migration,
particularly focusing on remittance flows, on the development dynamics of countries
like India?
9 What are the various socio-economic, demographic, and environmental impacts of
internal migration in India, considering factors such as urbanization, employment,
cultural integration, and the redistribution of population?

Objectives
1. The main objective of this paper is to analyse about migration and how it has been
categorised base on different types and factors, the challenges faced by the country
and the opportunities that can benefit the nation in various ways.
2. To understand the trends of rural to urban migration.
3. To understand the rural to urban migration as challenge especially in the
development of slum areas and to understand the rural to urban migration as an
opportunity which is the main cause of urbanization
4. To find out how states are being affected by economic reforms with the context of
Madhya Pradesh and Bihar
5. To describe and analyze from existing scientific literature and global statistics the
importance of migrant remittances as a key instrument in the development of poor
countries
6. To describe and analyze the importance of migrant remittances in different types of
families
7. The main objectives in this paper are the causes and consequences of migration
considering various factors base on different analysis.

Hypothesis
1. In this particular paper taking the factors which the wage and income differentials
which can be agreed upon as the wage differs from one place to another however we
cannot say that it solely depend on the wages as there are also other expenses to cover,
differences in employment opportunities where people move in search for jobs but
with time development are also increasing in rural areas. Technological advancement
and farm mechanization this can be one of the causes but with development many
schemes have been implemented specifically for the rural areas. Apart from this
demographic factors and social cultural factors such as family structure influence
rural to urban migration.
2. Migration occurred in a rapid pace with the onset of the liberalisation, privatization,
and globalisation policy
3. Rural to urban migrations is the centre theme for urbanization, development of
slums and strains on urban infrastructure
4. Urban population in the states like Madhya Pradesh has been influenced by the
factors such as historical, changes in the economic policies
5. Despite fluctuations the overall trend shows a significant the inflows of current
account without diminishing labour earnings of the financial accounts which favoured
migrant’s remittance in legal channels.
7. The increase in remittance will support the government to do inappropriate
activities, decisions which can lead to decline in development with the existence of
moral hazard.
8. Internal migration in India is primarily driven by a complex interplay of socio and
economic factor.
9. Base on research migration significantly impacts demographic, social, economic
and environmental aspects both in regions of origin and destination which reflects
consequences in different aspects.

Data analysis and Methodology

The writer in this paper has provided Data to examine the transition of migrants from
rural to urban segments in the county. Between 1999-2000 male migrants
involvement were more between the age group 25-27 similarly during the years
2007-2008 and female migrants between 25-34 were more during the years 1999-
2000 however during the years 2007-2008 saw a decreasing trend in the female
migration. Furthermore the migration base on different conditions have been provided
such as percent of sc is 20.1 from rural and 3.5 from urban during 2007- 2008,
schedule tribe from rural 23.7 and 17.5 from urban. Apart from this long term
migration also occurred which shows that rural people are engaged in huge no in
migration activities. Overall rural to urban migration was 34.3 and 39.0 between
1999-2008 for the male and 14.4 to 14.8 for the female.
Several platforms have been utilised for further implications such as the National
Census, Population Registers and Sample Surveys are the three principal sources of
surveys on internal migration. To support the study Census provides data on
migrant’s base on place of birth and last residence and data on slum Population and
urban migration was taken into account population is increasing in which about 1.60
crore lives in first class cities which the rate will reach 25 million by 2021. The
increasing rate of population can be dated from the times of independence, according
to 2001 census figure 2.6 percent of the population growth. However in some states
the growth rate in all municipal corporations of the state decreased in 10 years. Even
in the estimated population figures given in the census of India the rate of urban
population is meagre 2.2 percent is annual.
The methodology used is regulatory and legal analysis. Flow of remittance comes as
605 billion dollars in 2021 which major parts go to country like India, Pakistan etc.
Estimates cab reach up to 5.4 trillion dollars in 2022- 2030. Statistical analysis has
also been used. In 2008 India stands at the top with about 52 billion dollars.
Geographical and public policy analysis in Indian states to describe the flow of
remittance in families. India gains much more remittance during the period of
Diaspora and blue fits of developments 90 percent of workforce engaged in the
informal market in Indian states such as Bihar, Punjab. Social Reformation happens in
the state of Bihar nowadays also growing the migration in gulf regions because of
literacy is higher other state people in India.

Findings and Discussion

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of migration dynamics, predominantly
from rural to urban areas, underpinned by push and pull factors. It highlights that
urban areas contribute significantly to India's GDP, despite facing resource strains due
to rapid urbanization. The NSSO survey is utilized to analyze recent migration
patterns, emphasizing the economic contributions and challenges associated with
rural-urban migration. Economic reforms, particularly in states like Madhya Pradesh
and Bihar, have spurred this migration by addressing agricultural instability and
limited rural opportunities, albeit with disparities in urban facilities and settlement
patterns. The study underscores the pivotal role of remittances in economic
development, benefiting both origin and destination countries, yet facing obstacles
such as high costs, risks, and uneven accessibility that impact vulnerable populations.
Overall, the paper elucidates the main causes and consequences of migration,
especially the significant impact of urban population growth on national dynamics

Conclusion
India is one of the fastest developing countries with many emerging metropolitan
cities. It may be worth noting that rural urban migration constitutes a significant
component of interstate migration taking place within the country. People move in
search of different opportunities. The rapid increase in the area of urbanization that
this state has made is comparable to the overall national and surpasses it. As per
economists and development experts migration is essential but what is not desirable is
the distressed migration found across the nation resulting in the overcrowding of cities.
This matter should not be underestimated as it may affect the settlement, labour force
in the industrial and domestic sector and many other sectors. Balance between
migration and its causes can be possible only when the government policies for the
development in rural areas with the prospect of fewer leakages can help translate
outlays into outcome.

Policy Prescription
1.In this paper the writer has provided certain policies which acted as social security’s
measures for the protection of the migrants such as the Interstate Migrant Workmen
(Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Act 1979, Minimum Wages
Act of 1948, Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provision Act of 1952;
The Contract ; labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970.
2. There is a need for policies that manages urban growth and address the needs of
migrants Populations effectively which includes infrastructure, schemes on affordable
housing and policies to enhanced social service in urban areas.
3. Policy discussion and interventions is required for the consistent rise in urban
population above the national average as it poses a challenge in the coming year
4. Policies should be implemented as there is a growing interest from both public and
private sectors which can disturbs the economy in various ways.
5. Certain policies have been implemented due to a shift such as the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), India Awas Yojana (IAY),
National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), Integrated Watershed Management
Programme (IWMP) and the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)
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