THE FIVE

KINGDOMS

1
 Introduction to Bacteria
2 TYPES OF BACTERIA:
•Bacteria
-Get food from an outside source

•Blue-green Bacteria
-Make their own food

2
 BACTERIA

Bacteria - small one celled monerans

➢Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist
environment
They are found almost everywhere:
-water -air
-soil -food
-skin -inside the body
-on most objects 3
 3 Shapes of Bacteria

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

Spiral:
spirilla

rod-shaped:
bacilli,
bacillus
Round:
cocci
4
3 Shapes of Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis –
(bacillus)

Neisseria meningitidis
(coccus)

Leptospira interrogans –
(spirilla)
5
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

•Capsule
•Cell wall
•Ribosomes
•Nucleoid
•Flagella
•Pilli
•Cytoplasm
6
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Capsule

➢ keeps the cell

from drying out
and helps it
stick to food or
other cells

7
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Cell wall

➢Thick outer
covering that
maintains the
overall shape of
the bacterial
cell
8
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Ribosomes

➢ cell part where

proteins are made

➢ Ribosomes give
the cytoplasm of
bacteria a granular
appearance in
electron
micrographs
9
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Nucleoid
➢ a ring made
up of DNA

10
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Flagella
➢ a whip-like
tail that some
bacteria have
for locomotion

11
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Amimation of E.coli

12
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Pilli
➢ hollow hair-like
structures made
of protein

➢allows bacteria
to attach to
other cells.

➢Pilli-singular
➢Pillus-plural 13
 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Cytoplasm

➢ clear jelly-like
material that
makes up most
of the cell

14
 Reproduction of Bacteria
•Binary Fission- the process of one organism
dividing into two organisms
•Fission is a type of asexual reproduction

•Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a

living thing from only one parent

How?...
The one main (circular)
chromosome makes a
copy of itself
Then it divides into two 15
 Reproduction of Bacteria

BINARY FISSION

Bacteria dividing Completed

16
 Reproduction of Bacteria

•The time of reproduction depends on how

desirable the conditions are

•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in

warm, dark, and moist conditions

•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes

(one bacteria could be an ancestor to

one million bacteria in six hours)
17
Bacterial Cell &
Nucleiod DNA Ring

DNA replication

Cell wall synthesis

Cell separation

18
 Bacteria Survival
Endospore-
•a thick celled structure that forms inside
the cell
•they are the major cause of food poisoning
•allows the bacteria to survive for many years
•they can withstand
boiling, freezing, and
extremely dry conditions
•it encloses all the
nuclear materials
and some cytoplasm 19
 Bacteria Survival

Bacillus subtilis
Endospore-the black section in the middle
❖highly resistant structures
❖can withstand radiation, UV light, and
boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes. 20
 Bacteria Survival – Food sources

parasites – bacteria that feed on living things

saprophytes – use dead materials for food

(exclusively)

decomposers – get food from breaking down

dead matter into simple chemicals

✓important- because they send minerals

and other materials back into the soil so
other organisms can use them 21
 Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases

•Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease –
Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:

•Air
•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush
•Drinking water that contains bacteria
22
 Harmful Bacteria

Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial

plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar
(rough areas) 23
 Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow

•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to

break down grass and hay

•Most are used to make antibiotics

•Some bacteria help make insulin

•Used to make industrial chemicals

24
 Helpful Bacteria

E.coli on small intestines 25

 Helpful Bacteria
•Used to treat sewage
✓Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria,
used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no
longer present to produce odors, sludge,
pollution, or unsightly mess.

•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese,

sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria
that grows in milk

26
 Controlling Bacteria
3 ways to control bacteria:
1) Canning- the process of sealing food in
airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria
•endospores are killed during this process
2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk
to kill harmful bacteria

3) Dehydration- removing water from food

•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed
•example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal
27
 Controlling Bacteria
Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill
bacteria on living things
•means – “against infection”
Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide,
alcohol, soap, mouthwash
Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that
destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving
things
28
 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Autotrophs – make their own food
through photosynthesis
➢larger than most bacterial cells

➢commonly grow on water and surfaces that

stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams
➢Some live in salt water, snow, and acid
water of hot springs
➢food source for animals that live in the
water 29
 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
➢can be toxic to humans and animals

Blooms- occur when the

bacteria multiplies in great
numbers and form scum on
the top of the water

30
 Cyanobacteria

• Commonly known as blue-green

algae.
• Autotrophic (Photosynthetic).
• Contain chlorophyll a, phycocyanin
(blue) and phycoerythrin (red).
• They live in aquatic environments
including oceans, ponds, lakes, tidal flats,
and moist soil.
• They exist mostly as colonies and
filaments and sometimes as single cells.
• Some filamentous forms can move. For
example, filamentous forms such as Oscillatoria
sp. and Nostoc sp. rotate in a screw like manner.
• Produce gelatinous capsules which are often
lighter than water and therefore help keep the
algae up near the surface of the water.
• Reproduction in by fission.
• Prokaryotic cell.
• Lack chlorophyll b.
• The photosynthetic product is stored in their
own form of starch, which is similar to animal
glycogen.
2. ‫على هيئة مستعمرة‬
Colony

e.g.
Microcysti
s sp
 ‫تركيب الخلية‬
Cell structure
• The cell structure is very primitive.
• Each cell is composed of two parts:
a) cell wall

Cell wall
b) protoplast.

The cell wall is composed of 2 layers: Chromoplast

Central body
The inner layer of which is thin and firm
composed of peptidoglycan.

The outer layer of the wall is thicker and

gelatinous known as the sheath and mainly
constituted of pectic compounds.
• The protoplast consists of 2 parts:

• peripheral pigmented (coloured) region

surrounding a colourless central region. It
contains the blue pigment phycocyanin together
with chlorophyll and known as chromoplasm.
Cell wall
Chromoplast
•
Central body
The colourless inner region (central body)
contains several chromatin granules (DNA)
which represent a primitive type of nucleus that
lacks nuclear membrane and nucleoli
3. ‫أشكال خيطية‬
Filamentous forms

a). ‫غير متفرعة‬

Unbranched
e.g.

Anabaena
sp
Cyanobacterial cell
 Nostoc
• Grows in water and on damp soils.
• Unbranched filaments with barrel-like
cells.
• Certain enlarged cells appear at intervals,
which are known as heterocysts . Its
transparent and thick walls.
• The whole filament is surrounded with
gelatinous material.

Nostoc
 Nostoc
• Each two heterocysts delimit in
between , a number of cells
called hormogonia.

• In most cases clusters of

filaments are grouped together
in the form of gelatinous
masses.

Nostoc
 Reproduction
1. Vegetative reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction.

A) By fission. B) By Akinetes.

Sexual reproduction is not known.

 1- Vegetative reproduction.

By fragmentation

Filament breaks into fragments.

Each gives rise to a new filament.

Usually fragmentation occurs at the heterocysts

This fragment is capable of creeping movements in the

gelatinous sheath until it escapes and grows into a new
filament.
 2. Asexual reproduction.
A) By fission.

A constriction is formed in the middle of the cell

extends from the surface inwards towards the center

Division into two cells

leads to the increase in number of cells per filament without

production of a new one.
 2. Asexual reproduction.
B) By Akinetes
vegetative cells

enlarge in size

become rich in food materials and form a thick wall

These akinetes are yellow or brown in colour and they are very resistant to un-
favourable conditions

When the conditions are favourable

the akinetes germinate

into new filaments.
 Importance of Cyanobacteria
• Nitrogen fixation

• Can be used as food (Japan, Chad, and China)

• Can pollute the water source (Lake).

• High concentration may cause fish toxicity and other

microorganism.