CÂU PHỨC TRONG TIẾNG ANH – COMPLEX SENTENCES (Part 1)

Câu phức trong tiếng Anh thường có 2 mệnh đề trở lên, khác với câu đơn chỉ có 1 mệnh đề duy nhất.
Những mệnh đề này thường được nối với nhau bằng một liên từ như because, although, after,…
hoặc các đại từ quan hệ như which, who, that,…

When I came, they were watching the film. (Khi tôi đến, họ đang xem phim)
We will go out if the rain stops. (Chúng tôi sẽ ra ngoài nếu trời ngừng mưa.)

Một số liên từ
 Although, though, as, as if, as long as.
 Because, since.
 Even if, even though, if, whether, in case, once.
 In order to, so as to.
 So that, unless, until. when, while.

1. Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ

Although = Even though = though: Dù/Mặc dù

 Although + S1 + V1 … , S2 + V2

 In spite of Noun/Noun phrase (Danh từ/Cụm danh từ)

Despite
V-ing (* khi 2 mệnh đề cùng chủ ngữ)

the fact that + S1 + V1 …, S2 + V2 …

Ex:
1. Although he is intelligent, he is lazy.
=> In spite of being intelligent, he is lazy.
the fact that he is intelligent, he is lazy.
2. He fails the exam although he studies hard.
=> Despite studying hard, he fails the exam.
the fact that he studies hard, he fails the exam.

2. Mệnh đề chỉ lý do
Because = Since = As: Bởi vì

 Because + S1 + V1 ..., S2 + V2 ...

Noun/Noun phrase (Danh từ/Cụm danh từ)
 Because of
Due to V-ing (* khi 2 mệnh đề cùng chủ ngữ)

Ex:
We stayed at home because it rained heavily.
=> Because of the heavy rain, we stayed at home
PRACTICE 1:
Bài 1 :Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa
1) Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well.
=> In spite of being a poor student, Tom studied very well
2) Mary could not go to school because she was sick.
 Because of being sick,Mary couldn’t go to school
3) Although Nam wasn’t intelligent, he passed the exam easily.
➔ Despite of not being intelligent, Nam passed the exam easily.
4) Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time.
=> Despite the bad weather,she went to school on time
5) My mother told me to go to school although I was sick.
=> In spite of my sickness,my mother told me to go to school
6) Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home.
=> Because of a big storm, I stayed at home
7) Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad.
 Despite Tom’s bad grade,he was admitted to the university
8) Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman.
=> Despite her physical handicap,she has become a successful woman
9) In spite of his good salary, Tom gave up his job.
=> Although Tom got a good salary, he gave up his job
10) Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
=> In spite of having not finished the paper,he went to sleep
11) In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies.
=> Even though the prices are high, my daughter insists on going to the movies
Bài 2: Hoàn thành những câu sau đây với although/in spite of/because/because of

1. ………Although….. it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.

2. I went home early ……………because…………….. I was feeling unwell.

I went to work the next day ………………although………….. I was still feeling unwell.

3. I managed to get to sleep …………although……………. there was a lot of noise.

I couldn’t get to sleep …………because of……………. the noise.

4. …………In spite of………. all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

………Although /Though….. we’d phoned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.

5. She only accepted the job …………because of ……… the salary, which was very high.

She accepted the job ……………inspite of……………… the salary, which was rather low.
Bài 3: Hoàn thành các câu dưới đây bằng cách sử dụng although/ despite/ in spite of.
1………Although………….. the story of the film was good, I didn’t like the acting.

2. I really enjoyed the Water War…………although………. most of my friends said it wasn’t

a very good film.

3 …. Although…. the film was gripping (thu hút/thú vị), Tom slept from beginning to end.

4. I went to see the film ………despite…………. feeling really tired.

5……… in spite of ………….. careful preparation, they had a lot of difficulties in making
the film.

Bài 4: Cho những câu dưới đây, hãy tìm và sửa lỗi sai (nếu có)
1. Although => In spite of being a poor, Binh learnt very well.

2. Despite => Although Sonay had completed this project, he went to sleep.

3. The flight wasn’t postponed although => despite/in spite of his foggy.

4. Although => Despite/In spite of the heavily storm, I still went to school last Monday.

5. Despite => Although Minh Anh was thirsty, she didn’t drink much.

Bài 5: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi

1. Although his friend was sick, she still went to work yesterday.

=> Despite the fact that his friend was sick, she still went to work yesterday.

=> Despite being sick, she still went to work yesterday.

2. Despite her unkind behavior, we still love her.

=> Although she behaves unkind, we still love her.

3. Despite the fact that Tony learnt very hard, he failed this test.

=> Although Tony learnt very hard, he failed this test.

4. Her brother really enjoy this job although the salary was very low.

=> Her brother really enjoys this job despite the low salary.

5. In spite of the dirty room, Salim didn’t clean it.

=> Although the room was dirty, Salim didn’t clean it.
6. Although there was the traffic jam, they went to the post office.

=> Despite the traffic jam, they went to the post office.

7. Although my uncle was tired, he still drove a hundred kilometers to the next city.

In spite of the fact that my uncle was tired, he still drove a hundred kilometers to the…

8. The film poster is wonderful. I don’t like to see it.

=> Although the film poster is wonderful, I don’t like to see it.

PRACTICE 2:
Bài 1:
1) Many people began to wearing jeans because they were cheap.
=> Because of the cheapness of jeans, many people began to wearing them
2 ) Since he was careless, Tom lost the game.
=> Because of Tom’s carelessness, he lost the game
3) Although she behaves well, no one loves her.
=> Despite her good behaviour, no one loves her
4) Because of the cold weather, the crops are late this year.
=> Because the weather is cold, the crops are late this year
5) Mary was worried because Tom was late.
=> Because of Tom’s lateness, Mary was worried
6) Tom walked slowly because his leg was bad.
=> Because of Tom’s bad leg, he walked slowly
7) I came here because I want the English course.
=> Because of wanting the English course, I came here
8) I went to school although it was hot.
=> Despite the hot weather, I went to school
9) Because of the dust in the room, I can’t go in.
=> Because there is the dust in the room, I can’t go in.
10) Because of too much smoke, we have to wear masks .
=> Because there is a lot of smoke, we have to wear masks
Bài 2: Fill in the blanks with “because” or “because of” to complete the sentences
1. Steven went to the shopping center last Sunday because he needed a new laptop.
2. Pam and her parents want to visit the city zoo because they want to see the baby panda.
3. More and more people get to work late every day because of the heavy traffic in the city
center.
4. Because of the water shortage in the dams this year, there will be frequent water cuts in this
region of the country.
5. We have nowhere to sit and rest because there aren’t any benches in the school garden.
6. The governor resigned from his duty because of health issues.
7. Because of his lack of courage, Jack didn’t participate in the competition.
8. I prefer driving because I am afraid of flying.
9. I had to take the bus because my bike broke down.
10. Because I lost mine, I am going to ask my friend if I can borrow his laptop for
tomorrrow’s exam.
11. It was difficult for me not get staff because of my unstable employment.
12. Because its facilities serve the public very well, this resort is highly rated.
13. I am not alllowed into the club because I am no 18 years old yet.
14. All the flight were cancelled because of the harsh climate conditions.
15. We see each other almost every day because we are in the same school
Bài 3: Rewrite these following sentences
1. We arrived late because of the bad traffic.
We arrived late because the traffic was bad.
2. She didn’t buy the house because the price was very high.
She didn’t buy the house because of the high price.
3. She only accepted the job because of the high salary.
Because the salary was high, she only accepted the job.
4. We couldn’t sleep because the weather was hot.
We couldn’t sleep because of the hot weather.
5. Because of the World War II, women took over business for their absent husbands.
Because the World War II happened, women took over business for their absent…
6. We didn’t go fishing because the water was rough.
We didn’t go fishing because of the rough water.
7. She was very angry because he behaved very badly.
She was very angry because of his bad behavior.
8. He couldn’t sleep because of his worries.
He couldn’t sleep because he was worried.
9. Because of driving too fast, he caused a serious accident.
Because he drove too fast, he caused a serious accident.
10. I lost my way because the fog was thick.
I lost my way because of the thick fog.
11. He is tired because of staying up late last night.
He is tired because he stayed up late last night.
12. We couldn’t read the sign on the building because the distance was so great.
We couldn’t read the sign on the building because of great distance.
13. She’ll never get success because she is impatient.
She'll never get success because of her impatience.
14. He’ll be sacked because he is often late for work.
He'll be sacked because of being often late for work.
15. Governments advise giving up smoking because of its harm for health.
Governments advise giving up smoking because it is harm for health.
16. They haven’t bought the house because its rooms are small.
Because of the small rooms, they haven’t bought the house.
17. He got bad marks because his answers were incomplete.
Because of incomplete answers, he got bad marks.
18. Maria couldn’t return home because of losing all her money.
Because Maria lost all her money, she couldn’t return home.
19. Because of my friend’s absence, I have to copy the lesson for him.
 Because my friend was absent, I have to copy the lesson for him.
20. A lot of people learn English because it is very important.
Because of the importance of English, a lot of people learn it
21. Tom is often punished because he is very lazy.
Because of his laziness, Tom is often punished.
22. I was late because it rained heavily.
Because of the heavy rain, I was late.
23. They turned the heating on because the weather was very cold.
Because of the cold weather, they turned the heating on.
24. She has to stay at home because of her sick mother.
Because her mother is sick, she has to stay at home.
Bài 4: Viết lại câu với because / because of / although / in spite of / despite …

1. Although she was ill, she went to school.

In spite of being sick, she went to school/ In spite of her illness

2. He didn’t come because he was sick.

- He didn’t come because of being sick/ because of his sickness

3. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.

Despite being hungry, she didn’t eat much.

4. The train was late because the fog was thick.

- Because of the thick fog, the train was late.

5. I accepted the job although the salary was low.

- In spite of the low salary, I accepted the job.

6. The plane couldn’t take off because the weather was bad.

- Because of the bad weather, the plane couldn’t take off.

7. She stayed at home because her mother was sick.

- Because of her mother’s sickness, she stayed at home.

8. He didn’t leave school even though his family was poor.

- Despite his poor family, he didn’t leave school.

9. The flight was not delayed though it was foggy.

- Despite the fog, the flight was not delayed.

10. Although the prices are high, my daughters insist on going to the movie.

- Despite the high prices, my daughters insist on going to the movie.