DETERMINANTS SUGGESTION -2023 (𝒂 + 𝟏)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 =(y-x)(z-x) [(z+y)(z-y)+x(z-y)]=(y-x)(z-x)(z-y)(z+y+x) −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝒂) 𝟏 𝟏 | | | |
𝒂 𝒂 =0 since (x+y+z)=0 = -1/(-1)3-2| −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 | = |−𝟏 𝟏 |=-15-4=-19
𝟏 |=abc|| |(taking common a,b,c from
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
QUESTIONS OF 3 MARKS: Solution: | 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒃) (𝒃 + 𝟏) −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟓
𝒃 𝒃 | | | | |
𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒄) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟒 𝟒 −𝟒 −𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝒄 𝒄
( 𝒄 + 𝟏) 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
1 . Find the minor of the element 6 in the determinant |𝟎 𝟒 𝟔| 1st row, 2nd row,&3rd row respectively. 9. Show that (a+b+c) is a factor of |𝒃 𝒄 𝒂|. 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 + + + ) (𝟏 + + + ) (𝟏 + + + ) 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 2.Evaluate the determinant Δ=| | by Chio’s method.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒂) (𝒄 + 𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟔
=abc|| | ’
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 ( + 𝟏) |R1 =R1+R2+R3 Solution:|𝒃 𝒄 𝒂| = | 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 | R1’=R1+R2+R3 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟖
Solution: Minor of element 6 is | |=2-(-2)=4 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 | | | | | |
( 𝒄 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝒄 𝒄 | 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | | | |
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏|
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 =(a+b+c)|𝒃 𝒄 𝒂| Solution: | |=1/(1)4-2 | | | | | | =|𝟎 𝟑 𝟓| = 1/(1)3-2| 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟓|
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟔 |𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔| 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
2.Find the value of | 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 | 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 𝟕 | | | |
𝟐 =abc (𝟏 + 𝒂 + + ) |𝒃 𝒃 |(taking common (𝟏 + 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 ) from 1st row) 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟕
𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 | | | | | |
( 𝒄 + 𝟏) So (a+b+c) is a factor of |𝒃 𝒄 𝒂| 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟖
𝒄 𝒄
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝟑 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 =| |=21-20=1
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
√𝟑
𝟏
𝟒 𝟕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
=abc(𝟏 + 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 ) | 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎|C ’=C -C &C ’=C -C 10 .Solve linear equations x+y=2 and 2x+3y=4 using Cramer's Rule Method
Solution: | 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 |=|| 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑|
𝟏
2 2 1 3 3 1
𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 3.Evaluate | | by Chio’s method.
=abc(𝟏 +
𝟏 𝟏
+𝒃 +
𝟏 𝟏
)1×(1-0)=abc(𝟏 + 𝒂
𝟏
+ 𝒃 + 𝒄)
𝟏 Solution: Given ∆ = | | = 3-2=1 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Expandind in terms of 1st row, 𝒂 𝒄 𝟐 𝟑
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑
=1(1/2 .2 -0) – ½ (1/2. 2 -1. 𝟐
)+ 𝟐 (𝟐 . 𝟎 − 𝟏. 𝟐 )=1-1/2 + 𝟒 − 𝟒
=𝟐 Applying cramer’s rule we have, 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 =𝟏 = Solution:| |=-| |(interchanging 1st &2nd rows)
𝟎 𝒂 −𝒃 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
7. Prove that |𝟏 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 |=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) | | | | ∆
3. Find the value of |−𝒂 𝟎 −𝒄 | 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
𝒃 𝒄 𝟎 𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 | | | | | |
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟔
𝟎 𝒂 −𝒃
Solution: |𝟏 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 |=|𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | R2’=R2-R1 & R3’=R3-R1 𝒐𝒓, = = , |𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 |
−𝒂 −𝒄 −𝒂 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 =-1/𝟑𝟐 | | | | | | =-1/9|−𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏𝟏 |
Solution: |−𝒂 𝟎 −𝒄 | = -a | | + (−𝒃) | |-abc+abc=0 𝟏 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒄 − 𝒂 𝒄𝟐 Or,x=2 |𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 |
𝒃 𝟎 𝒃 𝒄 𝟕 𝟏𝟑 −𝟕
𝒃 𝒄 𝟎 𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 y=0 |
𝟑 𝟐
| |
𝟑 𝟐
| |
𝟑 −𝟐
|
=|𝟎 𝒃 − 𝒂 (𝒃 + 𝒂)(𝒃 − 𝒂)| 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 =𝟑
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝒘𝟑 𝒘𝟐 𝟎 𝒄 − 𝒂 (𝒄 + 𝒂)(𝒄 − 𝒂)
=-1/3 |−𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏𝟏 | (taking 3 common from 1st row)
4. The value of the determinant |𝒘𝟑 𝟏 𝒘 | where w is the complex cube root of 1 𝟏 𝐚 𝐚𝟐
𝟕 𝟏𝟑 −𝟕
𝒘𝟐 𝒘 𝟏 =(𝒃 − 𝒂)(𝒄 − 𝒂) |𝟎 𝟏 𝐛 + 𝐚|(taking common (b-a) & (c-a) from 2nd & 3rd 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝒘𝟑 𝒘𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝐜+𝐚 | | | |
=-1/3 1/𝟏𝟑−𝟐 | −𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏𝟏 |
QUESTIONS OF 5 OR 6 MARKS:
𝟑
Solution: |𝒘 𝟑
𝟏 𝒘 |=| 𝟏 𝟏 𝒘 | since 𝒘 =1 row) 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 =(𝒃 − 𝒂)(𝒄 − 𝒂) 1(c+a-b-a)=(b-a)(c-a)(c-b)=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 | | | |
𝒘 𝒘 𝟏 𝒘 𝒘 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟑 𝟕 −𝟕
=(1-𝒘 )-1(1-𝒘 )+ 𝒘 (w-𝒘 )=1-𝒘 +0+𝒘 -𝒘 =2-(w+𝒘𝟐 ) since 1+w+𝒘𝟐 = 𝟎)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 =- 1/3 |
−𝟒 𝟏𝟓
|= - 1/3 (84-300) =1/3 × 216=72
1. Evaluate by Chio’s method | | 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏
=2+1=3 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
8. If x+y+z=0 then show that | 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 |= 0. 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟑
5. Co-factor of the element 2 of the determinant | 𝟓 𝟒 𝟎| 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝟏 𝟏−𝟏 Solution: | |= - | |(interchanging R1&R2) 4.Evaluate the determinant Δ=| | by Chio’s method.
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟔
𝟑 −𝟐 Solution: | 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 |=| 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒛 − 𝒙 |C2’=C2-C1 & C3’=C3-C1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟖
Solution: Co-factor of the element 2=(−𝟏)𝟑+𝟏 | |=8 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
𝟒 𝟎 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 −𝒙𝟑 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 |
𝟏 𝟏
| |
𝟏 𝟏
| |
𝟏 𝟏
|
| | | | | | 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | | | |
| 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 | 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏|
=| 𝒙 𝒚−𝒙 𝒛−𝒙 | 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏| Solution: | |=1/(1)4-2 | | | | | | =|𝟎 𝟑 𝟓| = 1/(1)3-2| 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟓|
=- 1/(𝟏)𝟒−𝟐 | | | | | | =− |−𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 | 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟔 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
(𝟏 + 𝒂) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 (𝒚 − 𝒙)(𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒛 − 𝒙)(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) | 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑| |𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔|
𝟎 𝟒 𝟕 | | | |
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟒 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟕
6. Show that | 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒃) 𝟏 |=abc(1+ 1/a + 1/b + 1/c); a≠b≠c≠0. 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | | | | | | | | | | | |
𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒄) 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟖
=(𝐲 − 𝐱)(𝐳 − 𝐱) | 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 | 𝟑 𝟓
𝒙𝟑 (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )
=| |=21-20=1
𝟒 𝟕
(taking common (y-x)&(z-x) from 2nd & 3rd column respectively)
=(y-x)(z-x)1(𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 -𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )

1 2 3 4

𝑥−𝑦 2
SUBJECT:MATHEMATICS-II CLASS –DIPLOMA 2ND SEM U(kx,ky)= sin−1
𝑘𝑦
𝑘𝑥
+ tan−1
𝑘𝑥
𝑘𝑦
𝑦
= sin−1 + tan−1
𝑥
𝑥
𝑦
Putting the values in (∂z/∂x - ∂z/ ∂y )2 = 4(
𝑥+𝑦
)

TOPIC-PARTIAL DERIVATIVE U(kx,ky)=𝑘 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) (∂z/∂x - ∂z/ ∂y )2 = 4 ( 1- ∂z/∂x - ∂z/∂y) Proved.

𝑥4+𝑦4
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:GOPAL CHATTERJEE MATHEMATICS ∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0 4. If u = log e show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = 3
𝑥+𝑦

So,by Euler’s theorem we have 𝑥4+𝑦4

Solution: Given u = log e 𝑥+𝑦
5. Solve the following system of equations using Cramer’s rule: 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 =n.u =0.u=0 (proved)
𝑥4+𝑦4
x + y + z =6 So 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦
= f(x,y) ( say)
YEAR-2013
0.x+y + 3z = 11 𝑘 4 𝑥4+𝑘 4𝑦4 𝑥4+𝑦4
∴f(kx,ky) = 𝑘𝑥+𝑘𝑦
= k3 𝑥+𝑦
= k 3 f(x,y)
1. If u = log ( x2 +y 2) then show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u / ∂y = 2 YEAR-2014
x – 2y + z = 0
Solution: Given u = log ( x2 +y 2) 1. If u = sin -1 (y/x) then x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = Therefore f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of dergree 3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Solution: Given ∆ = |𝟎 𝟏 𝟑| = 1(1+6)-1(0-3)+1(0-1)=9 2𝑥 2𝑦 a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d. none of these Hence by Euler’s theorem x ∂𝑒 𝑢 /∂x + y ∂𝑒 𝑢 /∂y = 3 𝑒 𝑢
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 So ∂u/∂x =x2 +y2 , ∂u / ∂y =
x2+y2
Solution: : u = sin -1
( y/x) Or, x 𝑒 𝑢 ∂u/∂x + y 𝑒 𝑢 ∂u/∂y = 3𝑒 𝑢
Applying cramer’s rule we have, Hence x∂u/∂x + y ∂u / ∂y = x ×
2𝑥
+y×
2𝑦
= 2 (x 2 + y 2 /x 2 + y 2 ) = 2
𝒙 𝒚 𝒁 𝟏 x2 +y2 x2 +y2 Or, x∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = 3 (Proved)
=𝟏 = = ∂u/∂x = - 1 /( √1 – y /x ) . y/x 2 2 2
= -yx/x √x -y = - y/ x√x – y
2 2 2 2 2
𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 ∆
|𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟑| |𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟑| |𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟏| 2. If z = tan -1 (y/x) find the value of ∂z/∂x .
𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
∂u/∂y = ( 1/ √1- y2/x2 ) .1/x = 1/ √x2-y2 YEAR-2015
Solution: : z= tan-1(y/x) 1. Euler’s theorem can be applied to a function which is
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝟏 So x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/ ∂y =( -y/√x2 – y2) +( y/ √x2 – y2 ) =0
0r, = = = So, ∂z/∂x= [1/ {1+(y/x)2}] (-y/x2) a. Linear b. homogeneous c. differentiable d. none of these
𝟗 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟕 𝟗
𝑥𝑦
=( x2/(x2+y2))(-y/x2) = -y/(x2+y2) 2. The degree of the homogeneous function u (x,y) = is
𝑥−𝑦
Solution: Euler’s theorem can be applied to a function which is homogeneous.
3. Verify Euler’s theorem for u = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 . a. 1 b. 2 c. ½ d. 0 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
0r ,x=1,y=2,z=3 2. If u = xy + yz + zx then the value of ( + + ) at the point (1,1,1) is
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3
Solution: Given u = x + 3x y + 3xy + y 2 2 3 𝑥𝑦
Solution: Here u (x,y) = a. 2 b. 6 c. 3 d. 0
𝑥−𝑦

Let u(x, y) = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3

𝑘𝑥𝑘𝑦 𝑘 2𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 Solution: Here u = xy + yz + zx
So u(kx,ky) = 𝑘𝑥−𝑘𝑦 = = k 𝑥−𝑦
𝑘(𝑥−𝑦)
u (kx,ky) =k3x3 + 3k2x2k y + 3 kx k2 y2 +k3 y3= k 3 (x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
So = y + z , 𝜕𝑦 = x + z and =y+x
Hence u(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
So u is a homogeneous function of degree 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3. If z(x+y) = x2 +y2 then show that (∂z/∂x - ∂z/ ∂y )2 = 4 ( 1- ∂z/∂x - ∂z/∂y) . So ( + + 𝜕𝑧 ) = ( y+z + x+ z + y+ x ) = 2 ( x+ y + z)
Now, ∂u/∂x = 3 x 2 + 6 x y + 3 y 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution: Here z(x+y) = x2 +y2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

∂u / ∂y = 3 x 2 + 6 xy + 3 y 2 Hence ( 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 )(1,1,1) = 2 ( 1+1+1) = 2 × 3 = 6
𝑥+𝑦
So x∂u/∂x + y ∂u / ∂y = x ×(3 x 2 + 6 x y + 3 y 2) + y ×(3 x 2 + 6 xy + 3 y 2 ) So z = 𝑥 2+𝑦2
𝑥+𝑦
3. If u = cos-1( ) then show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y + ½ cotu =0
√𝑥+√𝑦
= 3 x 3 + 6 x 2 y + 3 x y 2 + 3 y x 2 + 6x y 2 + 3 y 3 Differentiating partially w. r. to x and y
𝑥+𝑦
Solution: We have u = cos-1( )
=3x3 +9x2y+9xy2 +3y3 (𝑥+𝑦)2𝑥−(𝑥 2+𝑦 2).1 𝑥 2+2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 √𝑥+√𝑦
∂z/∂x = =
(𝑥+𝑦)2 (𝑥+𝑦)2
𝑥+𝑦
= 3 ( x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3) = 3 u ⇒ cos u =
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑦 2 +2𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2 4𝑥𝑦
Similarly ∂z/ ∂y = (𝑥+𝑦)2
, so ∂z/∂x + ∂z/∂y = (𝑥+𝑦)2
4. If u = sin-1 y/x + tan -1 x/y show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = 0 Let f( x,y) = cos u =
𝑥+𝑦
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 4𝑥𝑦 (𝑥+𝑦)2− 4𝑥𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
Solution: Solution: u= sin−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 , So 1 – (∂z/∂x + ∂z/∂y) = 1 - (𝑥+𝑦)2 = (𝑥+𝑦)2
= (𝑥+𝑦) 2
𝑘𝑥+𝑘𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
So f( kx, ky ) = = k ( 1 – ½) = k ½ f(x,y)
√𝑘𝑥+√𝑘𝑦 √𝑥+√𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 2(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) 𝑥−𝑦
U(x,y)= sin−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 And ∂z/∂x - ∂z/∂y = = 2( 𝑥+𝑦)
(𝑥+𝑦)2 Hence cos u is a homogeneous function of in x , y of degree ½
5
So by Euler’s theorem we get
 X ∂cosu/∂x + y ∂cosu/∂y = ½ cos u x
𝜕𝑢
+𝑦
𝜕𝑢
=n.u =0.u=0 (proved) U(kx,ky)= sin−1
𝑘𝑦
+ tan−1
𝑘𝑥 𝑦
= sin−1 + tan−1
𝑥
So tan u = (
𝑥3+𝑦3
)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥−𝑦

Or, -x sinu∂u/∂x - y sin u ∂u/∂y = ½ cos u

4. If u=log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑦 . 4 U(kx,ky)=𝑘 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) Let f(x,y) = tan u = (
𝑥3+𝑦3
)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
Dividing both sides by -sinu we have
∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0 𝑘 3𝑥3+𝑘 3𝑦3
Solution : u= 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 So f(kx,ky) = ( ) = k3/ k (
𝑥3+𝑦3
) =k2(
𝑥3+𝑦3
)
x∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = - ½ cot u 𝑘𝑥−𝑘𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
So,by Euler’s theorem we have
𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2−2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦
or ,x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y + ½ cotu =0 = , = 𝑥3 Hence f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3+𝑦 3−𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 +𝑦 3 −𝑥 2 𝑦−𝑥𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 =n.u =0.u=0 (proved)
4. If u = log( x3 + y3 + z3 -3xyz ) then prove that ∂u/∂x + ∂u/ ∂y + ∂u/ ∂z =
3
. 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2−2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 3𝑦 2 −𝑥 2−2𝑥𝑦 So by Euler’s theorem we have
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦 =𝑥 3+𝑦3−𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥 3+𝑦3 −𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥𝑦2
𝛿 3𝑢
4. If u = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ,then show that 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 =(1+3xyz+x2y2z2) 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝜕(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) 𝜕(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢)
Solution: We have u = log( x3 + y3 + z3 -3xyz ) x +y = 2tan u
3𝑥 2−2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 +3𝑦 2 −𝑥 2−2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=
𝑥 3+𝑦 3 −𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥𝑦 2
Solution:we have u = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ,
∂u/∂x =
3𝑥 2 −3𝑦𝑧 or, x sec 2u∂u/∂x + y sec 2 u ∂u/∂y = tan u
x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz 2𝑥 2−4𝑥𝑦+2𝑦 2
= 𝑥 3+𝑦3 −𝑥 2𝑦−𝑥𝑦2 𝛿𝑢
𝛿𝑧
=xy 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 or, x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = tanu / sec 2 u = 2 sin u cos u = sin2u
3𝑦 2 −3𝑧𝑥
∂u/ ∂y =x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz
2(𝑥−𝑦)2 𝛿2 𝑢 𝛿 𝛿𝑢 𝛿
= (𝑥−𝑦)(𝑥 2
−𝑦 2) 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
=𝛿𝑦 ( 𝛿𝑧 ) = 𝛿𝑦 (xy 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) = x2yz𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦
∂u/ ∂z = x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz 2
= 𝑥+𝑦 (proved) 𝛿3 𝑢 𝛿 𝛿 2𝑢 𝛿
𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
= 𝛿𝑥(𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 )= 𝛿𝑥(x2yz𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) =2xyz 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + x2yz𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 +xyz 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
3𝑥 2−3𝑦𝑧+3𝑦 2 −3𝑧𝑥+3 𝑧 2 −3𝑥𝑦 3(𝑥 2+𝑦 2+𝑧 2−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
Now, ∂u/∂x + ∂u/ ∂y + ∂u/ ∂z= ( x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz )
= ( x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz )
= 3/(x+y+z)
YEAR-2017 = 2xyz 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 +x2y2z2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 +𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 +xyz 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
YEAR-2016 𝛿 2𝑧
1.IF Z=3x2y,then 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 = (a) 3y (b) 6x (c)6y (d) none of these. =(1+3xyz+x2y2z2) 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. If u(x,y)= x/y , then find the value of x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 . 𝛿𝑧 𝛿
Solution: Z=3x2y, then = (3x2y)= 3x2
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 YEAR-2018
Solution: = = −𝑥/𝑦 2 𝛿2 𝑧 𝛿 𝛿𝑧 𝛿
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
= 𝛿𝑥 (𝛿𝑦 )= 𝛿𝑥(3x2) =6x. 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 1.If u=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ,then find the value of x + 𝑦 .
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Now x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
Ans.(b)
𝑦
Solution: U(x,y)= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2. If u = tan -1 (y/x) find the value of 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑥 . 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥
2
2. If U=x +xy+y ,then x 2
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 equals to (a) u (b) 2u (c) 3u (d) none.
𝑘𝑥
Solution: u= tan-1(y/x) U(kx,ky)= tan−1
𝑘𝑦
Solution: U= u(x,y)=x2+xy+y2
So, ∂u/∂x= [1/ {1+(y/x)2}] (-y/x2) 𝑦
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2 2 2 2
=( x /(x +y ))(-y/x ) = -y/(x +y ) 2 2 U(kx,ky)=(kx) +kx.ky+(ky) =k x +k xy+k y 𝑥

𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 U(kx,ky) = k2(x2+xy+y2 )= k2u(x,y) ∴ U(kx,ky)=𝑘 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)

3. If u= sin -1 (x/y) + tan -1 (y/x)-
𝑥 2+𝑦 2
, then show that x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=0 5
∴ u is a homogeneous function of order 2. ∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
Solution: u= sin−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦-
𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 So,by Euler’s theorem we have
By applying Euler’s theorem we have, x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 =2u.
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
U(x,y)= sin−1 + tan−1 - 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 x +𝑦 =n.u =0.u=0
Ans.(b) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑥 𝑘 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
U(kx,ky)= sin−1 𝑘𝑥 + tan−1 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑘 2𝑥 2+𝑘 2 𝑦2 = sin−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦-𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑥3+𝑦3
𝑦 𝑥
3. If u= sin−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 , show that x𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2. If u = tan -1 ( 𝑥−𝑦
) prove that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = sin 2u.

U(kx,ky)=𝑘 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥3+𝑦3

Solution: u= sin−1 + tan−1 , Solution: Given u = tan -1 ( 𝑥−𝑦
)
𝑥 𝑦
∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑘 3𝑥 3+𝑘 3𝑦 3 𝑘 3(𝑥 3+𝑦 3 ) 𝑥 3+𝑦 3
U(x,y)= sin−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 u(kx, ky) = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 {𝑘 2 )}
So,by Euler’s theorem we have 𝑘𝑥−𝑘𝑦 𝑘(𝑥−𝑦) 𝑥−𝑦

This shows that this is not a homogeneous equation of x,y.

SUBJECT:MATHEMATICS-II CLASS –DIPLOMA 2ND SEM Step. 2. Write the C.F. in accordance with the following scheme.
Home work:
Solve the following equations: PARTIAL DERVATIVE SUGGESTION -2023
TOPIC-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (2ND ORDER) Case I: If m = m1, m2 (i.e roots are real & unequal) d2 y dy
1. + 7dx + 12y = 0
then CF = C1em1 X + C2em2 x where C1 & C2 are constant. dx2
QUESTIONS OF 3 MARKS:
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:GOPAL CHATTERJEE MATHEMATICS
d2 y dy
Case II : If m = m1, m1( i.e roots are real & equal) 2 . dx2 + 4 dx + 4y = 0 1. If z = tan -1
(y/x) find the value of ∂z/∂x .
then CF = ( C1 + C2x)em1 X , where C1 & C2 are constant. d2 y
3. dx2
+y=0
Solution: : z= tan-1(y/x)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION( 2ND ORDER ) CLASS NOTE 1: If m = 𝛂 ± 𝐢𝛃 (i.e roots are imaginary) d2 y dy
Case III : 4.4 +4 -3y = 0
then CF = eαx [ A Cos βx ± Bsinβx] dx2 dx So, ∂z/∂x= [1/ {1+(y/x)2}] (-y/x2)
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER where A & B are constant. ANSWER OF HOME WORK: =( x2/(x2+y2))(-y/x2) = -y/(x2+y2)
Linear differential equations of nthwith constant Co-efficients: 𝒙𝒚
Step. 2. Write the C.F. in accordance with the following scheme. d2 y dy 2. Find the degree of the homogeneous function u (x,y) = 𝒙−𝒚
The differential equation 1. 2 + 7 + 12y = 0
dn y dn−1y dn−2y dx dx
dxn
+ a1dxn−1 +a2 n−2 +… an y = F(X) --------(1) Solve: Here the auxiliary equation is m2 +7𝑚 + 12 = 0 𝒙𝒚
dx Solution: Here u (x,y) = 𝒙−𝒚
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 ⟹(m2 +3m+4m+12) = 0 ⟹(m+3)(m + 4)=0 ⟹m =- 3 or- 4.
1. Solve: 𝐝𝐱𝟐 −5 𝐝𝐱 −6y = 0.
where a1,a2………. an are constants and X is a function of x or a constant is known as a linear differential equation of order n ∴ m = -3,-4
Solution:Here the auxiliary equation is m2 −5m−6 = 0 The complimentary function is c1e-3x + c2e-4x, PI = 0 𝒌𝒙𝒌𝒚 𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝒚
with constant co-efficients. So u(kx,ky) = = 𝒌(𝒙−𝒚) = k 𝒙−𝒚 = u (x,y)
⟹(m2−6m+m−6) = 0 ⟹(m−6)(m + 1)=0 ⟹m = 6 or − 1. So, y = CF + PI. 𝒌𝒙−𝒌𝒚
∴ m = 6, -1 [Here roots are real & unequal] Hence the solution is y = c1e-3x + c2e-4x (Ans).
The general solution of the linear equation (1) is, therefore, given by
∴The complimentary function is C1 e6x + C2e-X , where C1 & C2 are constant. Hence u(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1
y = Complementary function + particular integral = C.F. + P.I
P.I = 0 ( As R.H.Side = 0) d2 y dy
The problem of finding out the general solution of (1) can be split up into two steps: 2 . dx2 + 4 dx + 4y = 0 𝟑
STEP-1: to find the complementary function C.F. i.e. to find the general solution of the equation in which the right-hand So, y = CF + P.I 3. If u = log( x3 + y3 + z3 -3xyz ) then prove that ∂u/∂x + ∂u/ ∂y + ∂u/ ∂z = 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
.
portion / function of the given equation is replaced by zero. Hence the solution is y = C1 e6x + C1e−x (Ans).
Solve: Here the auxiliary equation is m2 +4m+4 = 0
STEP-2: to find the particular integral i.e., P.I. of the given equation. Solution: We have u = log( x3 + y3 + z3 -3xyz )
Note : - If RHS = 0 then P.I = 0 𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 ⟹(m+2)2= 0 ⟹(m+2)(m + 2)=0 ⟹m =- 2 or-2.
2. Solve: 𝟐 -2 +y = 0. ∴ m = -2, -2.
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒚𝒛
Solution:The auxiliary equation is m2-2m+1 = 0. The complimentary function is (C1 + C2 x)e-2x , PI = 0 ∂u/∂x = 𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐳𝟑 −𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳
 METHOD TO OBTAIN THE COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION (C.F.)
∴ 𝑚 = 1,1 [Here roots are real & equal] So, y = CF + PI.
Taking y = emx as a trial solution
∴The complementary function is (C1+C2X)𝑒 𝑥 , Hence the solution is y =(C1 + C2 x)e-2x (Ans). 𝟑𝒚𝟐 −𝟑𝒛𝒙
dy
= memx ∂u/ ∂y =𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐳𝟑 −𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳
dx P.I = 0 ( As R.H.Side = 0)
𝑑2 𝑦 So, y = CF + P.I d2 y
= m2 emx 3. 2 + y = 0 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚
𝑑𝑥 2 The solution is y = (C1+C2X)𝑒 𝑥 (Ans). dx
∂u/ ∂z =
𝑑3𝑦 Solve: Here the auxiliary equation is m2 +1 = 0
= m3 emx and so on.
𝑑𝑥 3
𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐳𝟑 −𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 ⟹(m2 +1) = 0 ⟹ m2 =-1 ⟹m =±𝑖
Putting these values & sum in the given equation, 3 Solve : 𝟐 +4 +5y = 0. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒚𝒛+𝟑𝒚𝟐 −𝟑𝒛𝒙+𝟑 𝒛𝟐 −𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐+𝒛𝟐−𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝒛−𝒛𝒙)
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 ∴ m ==±𝑖 Now, ∂u/∂x + ∂u/ ∂y + ∂u/ ∂z=
We get, f(m)emx = 0 Solution:The auxiliary equation is m2+4m+5 = 0. ( 𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐳𝟑 −𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳 )
= ( 𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐳𝟑 −𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳 )
= 3/(x+y+z)
As 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0 so f(m)= 0 , this is known as auxiliary equation (A.E.) ∴ m= -2±𝑖 [Here roots are imaginary] The complimentary function is c1cos 𝑥 + c2sin 𝑥, PI = 0
Now solving f (m) = 0, find out value/values of m. ∴The complementary function is e-2x(A coos x + B sinx), where C1 & C2 are constant. So, y = CF + PI.
Case I: If m = m1, m2 (i.e roots are real & unequal) P.I = 0 ( As R.H.Side = 0) Hence the solution is y = c1cos 𝑥 + c2sin 𝑥 (Ans).
then CF = C1em1 X + C2em2 x where C1 & C2 are constant. So, y = CF + P.I 4. If u = xy + yz + zx then the value of ( +
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
+
𝝏𝒖
) at the point (1,1,1).
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
∴The solution is y = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (A coos x + Basin x) (Ans). d2 y
4 . 4 dx2 +4 -3y = 0
dy
Case II : If m = m1, m1( i.e roots are real & equal) dx Solution: Here u = xy + yz + zx
then CF = ( C1 + C2x)em1 X , where C1 & C2 are constant.
SUM OF: Solve: Here the auxiliary equation is 4m2 +4𝑚 − 3 = 0 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
Case III : If m = 𝛂 ± 𝐢𝛃 (i.e roots are imaginary) 3 1 So 𝝏𝒙 = y + z , 𝝏𝒚 = x + z and =y+x
The differential equation ⟹(4m2 +6m-2m-3) = 0 ⟹(2m+3)(2m − 1)=0 ⟹m =-2 or 𝝏𝒛
then CF = eαx [ A Cos βx ± Bsinβx] dn y dn−1y dn−2y 3 1
2

where A & B are constant. + a1 +a2 n−2 +… an y = F(X) -------- (1) ∴ m =-2 , 2 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
dxn dxn−1 dx So ( + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 ) = ( y+z + x+ z + y+ x ) = 2 ( x+ y + z)
If right-hand side of the equation is zero then particular integral i.e. P.I. = 0 3 1 𝝏𝒙
The complimentary function is c1e-2 x + c2e2x, PI = 0
Solution is y = CF + PI. Where a1,a2………. an are constants and F(X) is a function of x or a constant is known as a linear differential equation of So, y = CF + PI. 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
order n with constant co-efficient. 3 1 Hence ( + 𝝏𝒚+ 𝝏𝒛 )(1,1,1) = 2 ( 1+1+1) = 2 × 3 = 6
𝝏𝒙
 Working procedure to find the C.F. of Hence the solution is y = c1e-2 x + c2e2x (Ans).
dn y dn−1y dn−2 y The general solution of the linear equation (1) is, therefore, given by
+a1dxn−1 +a2 dxn−2 + ⋯ + an y = F(x)
dxn y = Complementary function + particular integral = C.F. + P.I
and solve it for m.
The problem of finding out the general solution of (1) can be split up into two parts: 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟐
Step 1: Write the Auxiliary equation (A.E.)=0 5. If u=𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 + 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒙+𝒚 . 4
PART-1: to find the complementary function C.F. i.e. to find the general solution of the equation in which the right-hand 𝝏𝒙
and solve it to get value / values of m. member of the given equation is replaced by zero.
PART-2: to find the particular integral i.e., P.I. of the given equation. Solution : u= 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒖 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝟐
= 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑−𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙𝒚𝟐 ,
𝝏𝒖 𝟑𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚
= 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑−𝒙𝟐𝒚−𝒙𝒚𝟐 ∴f(kx,ky) =
𝒌𝟒 𝒙𝟒+𝒌𝟒 𝒚𝟒
= k3
𝒙𝟒+𝒚𝟒
= k 3 f(x,y) = 2xyz 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 +x2y2z2 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 +𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 +xyz 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒌𝒙+𝒌𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
5. Verify Euler’s theorem for u = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 . =(1+3xyz+x2y2z2) 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚 Therefore f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of dergree 3
𝝏𝒙
+ 𝝏𝒚 =𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑−𝒙𝟐𝒚−𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑−𝒙𝟐𝒚−𝒙𝒚𝟐
Solution: Given u = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3
Hence by Euler’s theorem x ∂𝒆𝒖 /∂x + y ∂𝒆𝒖 /∂y = 3 𝒆𝒖
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝟐+𝟑𝒚𝟐−𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝟑+𝒚𝟑
= Let u(x, y) = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 8. If u = tan -1 ( ) prove that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = sin 2u.
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙𝒚𝟐
Or, x 𝒆𝒖 ∂u/∂x + y 𝒆𝒖 ∂u/∂y = 3𝒆𝒖 𝒙−𝒚

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙𝒚+𝟐𝒚𝟐
u (kx,ky) =k3x3 + 3k2 x2 k y + 3 kx k2 y2 +k3 y3= k 3 (x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3) 𝒙𝟑+𝒚𝟑
=
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙𝒚𝟐
Or, x∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = 3 (Proved) Solution: Given u = tan -1 ( )
𝒙−𝒚
So u is a homogeneous function of degree 3
𝒙+𝒚
𝟐(𝒙−𝒚)𝟐 3. If u = cos-1( ) then show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y + ½ cotu =0 𝒌𝟑 𝒙𝟑 +𝒌𝟑 𝒚𝟑 𝒌𝟑 (𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑) 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑
= (𝒙−𝒚)(𝒙𝟐
−𝒚𝟐 )
√𝒙+√𝒚
Now, ∂u/∂x = 3 x 2 + 6 x y + 3 y 2 u(kx, ky) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 {𝒌𝟐 )}
𝒌𝒙−𝒌𝒚 𝒌(𝒙−𝒚) 𝒙−𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
𝟐 Solution: We have u = cos-1( ) ∂u / ∂y = 3 x 2 + 6 xy + 3 y 2
= (proved) √𝒙+√𝒚 This shows that this is not a homogeneous equation of x,y.
𝒙+𝒚

⇒ cos u =
𝒙+𝒚 So x∂u/∂x + y ∂u / ∂y = x ×(3 x + 6 x y + 3 y ) + y ×(3 x + 6 xy + 3 y )
2 2 2 2
So tan u = (
𝒙𝟑+𝒚𝟑
)
√𝒙+√𝒚 𝒙−𝒚

𝒙+𝒚
= 3 x 3 + 6 x 2 y + 3 x y 2 + 3 y x 2 + 6x y 2 + 3 y 3
𝜹𝟐𝒛 Let f( x,y) = cos u = 𝒙𝟑+𝒚𝟑
6. IF Z=3x2y,then ? √𝒙+√𝒚 Let f(x,y) = tan u = ( 𝒙−𝒚
)
𝜹𝒙𝜹𝒚
=3x3 +9x2y+9xy2 +3y3
𝒌𝒙+𝒌𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
𝜹𝒛
Solution: Z=3x2y, then 𝜹𝒚 =𝜹𝒚 (3x2y)= 3x2
𝜹 So f( kx, ky ) = = k ( 1 – ½) = k ½ f(x,y) 𝒌𝟑𝒙𝟑+𝒌𝟑 𝒚𝟑
) = k3/ k (
𝒙𝟑+𝒚𝟑
) =k2(
𝒙𝟑+𝒚𝟑
√𝒌𝒙+√𝒌𝒚 √𝒙+√𝒚 = 3 ( x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3) = 3 u So f(kx,ky) = ( 𝒌𝒙−𝒌𝒚 𝒙−𝒚 𝒙−𝒚
)

𝒚 𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝜹𝟐𝒛 𝜹 𝜹𝒛 𝜹
= 𝜹𝒙 (𝜹𝒚 )= 𝜹𝒙(3x2) =6x.
Hence cos u is a homogeneous function of in x , y of degree ½ 6. If u= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 , show that x𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 =0 Hence f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree 2
𝜹𝒙𝜹𝒚
So by Euler’s theorem we get 𝒚 𝒙 So by Euler’s theorem we have
Solution: u= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 ,
X ∂cosu/∂x + y ∂cosu/∂y = ½ cos u 𝝏(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖) 𝝏(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖)
𝒚 𝒙 x +y = 2tan u
QUESTIONS OF 5 OR 6 MARKS: U(x,y)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Or, -x sinu∂u/∂x - y sin u ∂u/∂y = ½ cos u
1.. If u = sin-1 y/x + tan -1 x/y show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = 0 or, x sec 2u∂u/∂x + y sec 2 u ∂u/∂y = tan u
𝒌𝒚 𝒌𝒙 𝒚 𝒙
Dividing both sides by -sinu we have U(kx,ky)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒌𝒙 𝒌𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
Solution: Solution: u= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ,
𝒚 𝒙 or, x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = tanu / sec 2 u = 2 sin u cos u = sin2u
𝒙 𝒚 x∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = - ½ cot u
U(kx,ky)=𝒌𝟎 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒚 𝒙
U(x,y)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 or ,x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y + ½ cotu =0
𝒙 ∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0
𝒌𝒚 𝒌𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
U(kx,ky)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒌𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 4. If u= sin -1 (x/y) + tan -1 (y/x)- , then show that x +𝒚 =𝟎 So,by Euler’s theorem we have
𝒌𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

−𝟏 𝒚 −𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
U(kx,ky)=𝒌𝟎 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) Solution: u= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 - x𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 =n.u =0.u=0 (proved)
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚

∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0 𝒚

U(x,y)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚-𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
𝒙 𝒙𝒚

So,by Euler’s theorem we have 𝜹𝟑𝒖

𝒌𝒚 𝒌𝒙 𝒌𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒚 𝒙 𝒙𝒚 7. If u = 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 ,then show that =(1+3xyz+x2y2z2) 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛
U(kx,ky)= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 −
𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒌𝟐 𝒚𝟐
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 -
𝒚 𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐
𝜹𝒙𝜹𝒚𝜹𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝒌𝒙 𝒌𝒚 𝒙
x𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 =n.u =0.u=0 (proved)
Solution:we have u = 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 ,
U(kx,ky)=𝒌𝟎 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒙𝟒+𝒚𝟒
2. If u = log e 𝒙+𝒚
show that x ∂u/∂x + y ∂u/∂y = 3 𝜹𝒖
=xy 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛
∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.so n=0 𝜹𝒛

𝒙𝟒+𝒚𝟒
Solution: Given u = log e
𝒙+𝒚
So,by Euler’s theorem we have 𝜹𝟐 𝒖
=
𝜹 𝜹𝒖
( )=
𝜹
(𝐱𝐲 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 ) = x2yz𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝜹𝒚𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒛 𝜹𝒚
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
So 𝒆𝒖 =
𝒙𝟒+𝒚𝟒
= f(x,y) ( say) x𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 =n.u =0.u=0 (proved) 𝜹𝟑 𝒖 𝜹 𝜹𝟐 𝒖 𝜹
𝝏𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
𝜹𝒙𝜹𝒚𝜹𝒛
= 𝜹𝒙(𝜹𝒚𝜹𝒛)= 𝜹𝒙(x2yz𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 ) =2xyz 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 + x2yz𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛 +xyz 𝒆𝒙𝒚𝒛

MATRIX SUGGESTION- 2023 ∴ 𝑨-1 exist. 𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 1ST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SUGGESTION-2023
=1/9(𝟎 𝟗 𝟎) =(𝟎 𝟏 𝟎)= I3
QUESTIONS OF 3 MARKS: 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒 + − + 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 QUESTION OF 3 MARKS:
A= (𝟏 𝟎 𝟏) ( − + −)
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
𝒙 𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟒 + − + 1. Find the differential equation whose general solution are y=Asinx+Bcosx
1. If 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚. Again ATA =1/3 ( 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐) 𝟏/𝟑 (−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 )
𝟕 𝒚−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏| 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝒕 Solution: y=Asinx+Bcosx
+| −| | +| |
Solution: here 2x+3=7 and 2y-6+2 = 14 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 𝟖 −𝟑 𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒅𝒚
−𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟑 1/9(𝟎 𝟗 𝟎) = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) = I3 =Acosx-Bsinx
Or, 2x= 4, x= 2 or, 2y-4=14 AdjA= − | | +| | −| | =( 𝟖 𝟖 𝟐 ) = (−𝟒 𝟖 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙
−𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
−𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(+ | 𝟎 | −| | +| |)
Or, 2y = 18, y=9 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐
= -Asinx-Bcosx=-( Asinx+Bcosx)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
4. Show that the matrix A=(𝟐 𝟏 𝟐) satisfies the equation A -4A-5I=O
2

𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝟏 𝟖 −𝟑 =-y
𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨 𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟐
-1
A = =𝟏𝟎 (−𝟒 𝟖 𝟐) 𝟏+𝟒+𝟒 𝟐+𝟐+𝟒 𝟐+𝟒+𝟐 𝟗 𝟖 𝟖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 |𝑨| 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
2. . If A=[ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑩 = [ ] Find AB . −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 Solution: A2= (𝟐 𝟏 𝟐) (𝟐 𝟏 𝟐)= (𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟐 + 𝟐)=(𝟖 𝟗 𝟖) 2.Find the order and degree of the differential equation = {𝟏 + (𝒅𝒙) }𝟐/𝟑
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐+𝟒+𝟐 𝟒+𝟐+𝟐 𝟒+𝟒+𝟏 𝟖 𝟖 𝟗
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜶
Solution : AB= [ ]×[ ]=[ ]=[ ] 2. Express A=(𝟐 𝟑 𝟏) as a sum of two matrices such that one of them is symmetric & the other is skew- 𝟗 𝟖 𝟖 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 Solution: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = {𝟏 + (𝒅𝒙) }𝟑/𝟐
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 LHS A -4A-5I =(𝟖
2
𝟗 𝟖) - 4 (𝟐 𝟏 𝟐) - 5(𝟎 𝟏 𝟎)
𝒙 𝟑 symmetric. 𝟖 𝟖 𝟗 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
3. If the matrix ( ) is singular, then x ? 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝟏 𝟓 Cubing we have, (𝒅𝒙𝟐 )𝟑 = {𝟏 + (𝒅𝒙) }𝟐 so order is 2 and degree is 3.
Solution: We can express A= ½ (A+AT)+ ½ (A-AT) Where ½ (A+AT) will be symmetric matrix & 𝟗−𝟒−𝟓 𝟖−𝟖 𝟖−𝟖 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒙 𝟑 =( 𝟖−𝟖 𝟗−𝟒−𝟓 𝟖 − 𝟖 )= (𝟎 𝟎 𝟎)= O (PROVED)
Solution: Let A= ( ). 3. 2x2 +4 y) dx + (4x+y-1) dy = 0 is exact or not
𝟏 𝟓 ½ (A-AT) will be skew symmetric matrix. 𝟖−𝟖 𝟖−𝟖 𝟗−𝟒−𝟓 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
Ans. Here M =(2x2 +4 y)
If the matrix is singular,thendetA=0 and N = (4x+y-1)
𝝏𝑴
𝒙 𝟑 Now 𝝏𝒚
=4
Or,| |=0
𝟏 𝟓 𝝏𝑵
and =4 , so the equation is exact.
𝟏 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖 𝟔 𝝏𝒙
Or,5x-3=0 Now A+AT = (𝟐 𝟑 𝟏) + (𝟔 𝟑 𝟏)= (𝟖 𝟔 𝟐)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒 4.Find the I.F of the different equation dy/dx + 2xy = 6
Or,x= 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐 𝟖 𝟔 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 −𝟐 Ans. I.F = 𝒆∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 ½ (A+AT)= ½ (𝟖 𝟔 𝟐)= (𝟒 𝟑 𝟏)& A-AT =(𝟐 𝟑 𝟏) − (𝟔 𝟑 𝟏) =(−𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 )
4. Find the Minor and co factor of the element 3 of the matrix [𝟎 𝟐 𝟔]. 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
QUESTION OF 5 OR 6 MARKS:
𝟏 𝟓 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 ½ (A-AT)= ½ (−𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 ) = (−𝟐 𝟎 𝟎) 1. Solve dy/dx = y/x + tan(y/x)
Solution: The cofactor of 3 is= +1 | |= 2 and minor of 3 = | | = -2 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
Solution: dy/dx = y/x + tan(y/x)
𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏
So A= (𝟒 𝟑 𝟏) + (−𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 ) Or, x dy/dx = y +x tan y/x
QUESTION OF 5 OR 6 MARKS: 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
The differential equation is a homogeneous differential equation.
+ − + −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒
3. .Show that the matrix A=1/3 (−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ) satisfies AAT=ATA=I3
1. Find the inverse of the matrixa A= (𝟏 𝟎 𝟏) (− + −) Then x dy/dx = y +x tan y/x
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟒 + − + 𝒚+𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚/𝒙
−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐 or, dy/dx = 𝒙
put y = vx , dy/dx = v + x dv/dx
𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨
Solution: we know, A-1 = Solution: AAT=𝟏/𝟑 (−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ) 1/3 ( 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐)
|𝑨|
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 or, v + xdv/dx =
𝒗𝒙+𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒗𝒙/𝒙
= v +tanv
𝒙
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒
|𝑨| = |𝟏 𝟎 𝟏|= 2(0+1)+3(4-0)+4(-1-0)=2+12-4=10≠0 or, x dv/dx = tanv
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟒
or, dv/tanv = dx/x
or, cot v dv = dx /x 2ND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SUGGESTION-2023 𝒎𝟐 − 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓(𝒎 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝒎 =1,1 𝒎𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓, 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 𝒐𝒓, 𝒎 = ±𝒊 = 𝟎 ± 𝒊
integrating, ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐯 𝐝𝐯 = ∫ 𝐝𝐱/𝐱 QUESTION OF 3 MARKS: C.F=(A+Bx)𝒆𝒙 C.F.=𝒆𝟎𝒙 (A cos x+B sin x)= A cosx+B sin x
or, logsinv = logx +logc = logcx 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1. Find the Complementary Function of the differential equation - 2 𝒅𝒙 + y = e x PI= (𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 )= (𝒆𝒙 . 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 −𝟐𝑫+𝟏 𝑫𝟐 −𝟐𝑫+𝟏 (𝑫+𝟏)𝟐 −𝟐(𝑫+𝟏)+𝟏 P.I.= (𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙 ) = (𝒆𝟐𝒙 . 𝒙) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (𝒙)
𝑫𝟐 +𝟏 𝑫𝟐 +𝟏 (𝑫+𝟐)𝟐+𝟏
or,sinv= cx
Ans. Auxiliary equation of the given equation is 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝟒
𝒚 =𝒆𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 ( ) = 𝒆𝒙 𝑫 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝑫𝟐 +𝟒𝑫 −𝟏
or,sin = cx 𝑫𝟐 𝑫 𝑫 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 =𝒆 (𝒙) = (𝒙) = (𝟏 + ) (x)
𝒙
m2-2m+1=0 𝑫𝟐 +𝟒𝑫+𝟓 𝟓 𝟏+𝑫𝟐 +𝟒𝑫 𝟓 𝟓
𝟓
𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝟒
The general solution y= C.F+ P.I. =(A+Bx)𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
(ans)
or, (m-1)2=0 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝑫𝟐 +𝟒𝑫 (𝑫𝟐 +𝟒𝑫)𝟐
= {𝟏 − + − ⋯ } (𝒙)
2. Show that the differential equation (5 x 4 + 3 x 2 y 2 – 2 x y 3) dx + ( 2 x 3 y – 3 x 2 y 2 + 5 y 4 ) dy = 0 is exact.hence 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐𝟓
or, m= 1,1 2. Solve −𝟒 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
solve. 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟒
So C.F = (c1+c2x) e x = {𝒙 − (𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟏) + (𝟎)} = (𝒙 − 𝟓)
Here M = (5 x 4 + 3 x 2 y 2 – 2 x y 3) and N = ( 2 x 3 y – 3 x 2 y 2 + 5 y 4 ) Solution: If y=𝒆𝒎𝒙 be trial solution we get 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵 𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 2. Find the value of (3x) 𝟐
So 𝝏𝒚
= 𝟔𝒙 𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙 𝒚 , 𝝏𝒙
= 𝟔𝒙 𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙 𝒚 𝟏+𝟐𝑫 𝒎 − 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓, (𝒎 − 𝟏)(𝒎 − 𝟑)=0 or,m=1,3 The general solution y= C.F+ P.I.= A cosx+B sin x + 𝟓
(𝒙 − 𝟓)

So the given equation is exact a.3x-6 b.3x c.3x-2 d.None of these. C.F.= A𝒆𝒙 +B𝒆𝟑𝒙 5. Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

∫(𝟓 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 – 𝟐 𝐱𝐲 𝟑 )(𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐲 𝐚𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 +x3 y 2 – x 2 y 3 𝟏 𝟏

Solution:𝟏+𝟐𝑫 (3x)=3𝟏+𝟐𝑫 (𝒙) = 𝟑(𝟏 + 𝟐𝑫)−𝟏 (x) 𝟏 𝟏
P.I.=𝑫𝟐 −𝟒𝑫+𝟑 (𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎 𝑫𝟐 −𝟒𝑫+𝟑 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟒𝑫+𝟑 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝟏
Solution: If y=𝒆𝒎𝒙 be trial solution we get
And integrating N w.r . to y the terms free from x, we get ∫ 𝟓 𝒚𝟒 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒚𝟓
=3(1-2D+4D2-………)(x)=3(x-2) 𝟏 𝟏+𝟐𝑫 𝟏+𝟐𝑫 𝒎𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓, 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟒 𝒐𝒓, 𝒎 = ±𝟐𝒊 = 𝟎 ± 𝟐𝒊
=10𝟐−𝟒𝑫(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) =5𝟏−𝟒𝑫𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) =5𝟏−𝟒(−𝟏𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
)
The solution is x + x y – x y + y = c
5 3 2 2 3 5
C.F.=𝒆𝟎𝒙 (A cos x+B sin x)= A cos 2x+B sin 2x
𝟏+𝟐𝑫
2
3. dy/dx = y/x + x , given that y = 1 when x = 1 =5. 𝟓
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)=(𝟏 + 𝟐𝑫) (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)=sin x+ 2 cos x
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑫𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
3. Find the value of (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) P.I.= (𝒙𝟐 ) = (𝒙𝟐 ) = (𝟏 + ) (𝒙 )
Solution: dy/dx = y/x + x 2 𝟑𝑫𝟐 +𝑫+𝟏𝟐 𝑫𝟐 +𝟒 𝟒 𝟏+𝑫𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
The general solution y= C.F+ P.I.= A𝒆𝒙 +B𝒆𝟑𝒙 + sin x+ 2 cos x 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
Or, dy/dx – y/x = x 2……………(1) Solution:𝟑𝑫𝟐 +𝑫+𝟏𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) = 𝟑(−𝟐𝟐 )+𝑫+𝟏𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) 𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝑫𝟐
3. Solve
𝒅𝒙𝟐
− 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚=𝒙𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒙 = {𝟏 −
𝟒 𝟒
+ ( 𝟒 ) − ( 𝟒 )𝟑 +……….}(𝒙𝟐 )
This is linear form with P = -1/x and Q = x 2
𝟏 𝟏
=𝑫 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) = ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
Here the integrating factor = 𝒆∫ 𝒙
−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
=e - log x
= 1/x
Solution: If y=𝒆𝒎𝒙 be trial solution we get 𝟏
=𝟒 (𝟏 −
𝑫𝟐 𝑫𝟒 𝑫𝟔
+ 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒 + ⋯ … . . )(𝒙𝟐 )
𝟒
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
General solution is y×I.F = ∫ 𝑸 × 𝐈. 𝐅 𝒅𝒙+C 4.Find the particular integral of − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒎𝟐 − 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓, (𝒎 − 𝟐)𝟐 =0 or,m=2,2
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= {𝒙𝟐 − 𝑫𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝑫𝟒 (𝒙𝟐 ) − ⋯ . . }
𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
Or, y x -1 = x 2/2 +c 𝟏 𝟏
solution:P.I.=𝑫𝟐 −𝟒 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) = −𝟐𝟐 −𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = − 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = −
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 C.F.=(A+Bx)𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
𝟐
Or, y/x = x 2/2 +c………….(2) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟐)= 𝟒 − 𝟖
5. Find P.I. of (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 P.I.= (𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙 )
𝒆 = 𝑫𝟐 −𝟒𝑫+𝟒 (𝒆𝟐𝒙 .𝒙 𝟑)
=𝒆 𝟐𝒙 𝟑
(𝒙 )
𝑫𝟐 −𝟒𝑫+𝟒 (𝑫+𝟐)𝟐 −𝟒(𝑫+𝟐)+𝟒
Putting x = 1, y= 1 in (2) 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒆𝟑𝒙
The general solution y= C.F+ P.I.= A cos2 x+B sin2 x+ − .
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝟏 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟓 𝟒 𝟖
1/1 = ½ + c, or c = ½ Solution: P.I.=𝑫𝟐 −𝟑𝑫+𝟐 (𝒆𝟑𝒙 ) = 𝟑𝟐 −𝟑.𝟑+𝟐 = 𝟐
. =𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝑫𝟐 (𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝑫 (𝑫 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝑫 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟒 =
𝟒 𝟓 𝟐𝟎
2
Putting this in (2) , y/x = x /2 +1/2 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟓
The general solution y= C.F+ P.I.=( A+Bx)𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎
QUESTION OF 5 OR 6 MARKS:
4. Solve (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙
1. Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙
Solution: If y=𝒆𝒎𝒙 be trial solution we get
Solution: If y=𝒆𝒎𝒙 be a trial solution, we get