Electrical Circuits 3

End term - 2
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
• Complex Power

The relation between P, Q, and bus voltage V, or generated voltage

E, with respect to the signs of P and Q is important when the flow of
power in a system is considered. It involves the direction of flow of
power, that is, whether power is being generated or absorbed when a
voltage and current are specified.
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
• Consider the current and voltage relationship in each figure shown for
a DC system.

I = 10 A and E = 120 V

E E

I I
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
• For an AC system that shows an ideal voltage source (constant
magnitude, constant frequency, zero impedance) with polarity marks.

- -
E E

+ +
I I
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Cont.
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Cont.
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
In summary,
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Example:

1. A single-phase voltage ac source with V = 100 ∠ 130° V delivers a

current I = 10 ∠ 10° A, which leaves the positive terminal of the source.
Calculate the source real and reactive power, and state whether the
source delivers or absorbs each of these.
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
• Figure for Example No. 2
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
2. Two ideal voltage sources designated as machines 1 and 2 are
connected as shown. If E1 = 100 ∠ 0° V , E2 = 100 ∠ 30° V, and Z = 0 +j5
Ω , Determine the following:

(a) whether each machine is generating or consuming power and the

amount.
(b) Whether each machine is receiving or supplying reactive power and
the amount.
(c) The P and Q absorbed by the impedance.
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
As a review…
The complex power absorbed by any of these three elements can
be calculated as follows. Assume a load voltage
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Cont,.
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Cont..
Power Flow Direction in a Three Phase System
Review

1. A three-phase ac source delivers 100 kW to a load operating at a

power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the reactive power to be
delivered by a capacitor connected in parallel with the load in order
to raise the power factor to 0.95 lagging. Also draw the power
triangle the source and load. Assume that the source voltage is
constant and neglect the line impedance between the source and
load.