Mains Answer Writing Consolidation (May 2024)

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c om MAINS ANSWER WRITING CONSOLIDATION MAY (2024) 1

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CONTENTS
General Studies Paper-1............................................................................................... 3

z History............................................................................................................................................................ 3
z Geography...................................................................................................................................................... 4
z Indian Heritage and Culture........................................................................................................................... 6
z Indian Society................................................................................................................................................. 7
General Studies Paper-2..............................................................................................12

z Polity & Governance..................................................................................................................................... 12
z International Relations................................................................................................................................. 15

z Economy....................................................................................................................................................... 20
z Science and Technology............................................................................................................................... 25
z Biodiversity & Environment.......................................................................................................................... 27
z Internal Security........................................................................................................................................... 30

z Theoretical Questions................................................................................................................................... 33
z Case Study.................................................................................................................................................... 42
Essay...........................................................................................................................51
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GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-1

History � This solidarity was crucial for sustaining the
movement for over 600 days, despite facing
1. Discuss the significance of the Vaikom Satyagraha in the counter-agitations and violence from caste
context of India’s social reform movement. (150 words) Hindus.
Approach: � Foregrounding Social Reform: Amidst the growing
z Introduce the Vaikom Satyagraha nationalist movement, the Vaikom Satyagraha brought
z Highlight its significance covering key personalities social reform and the eradication of untouchability to
involved the forefront of the political agenda.
z Conclude suitably. Conclusion:
Introduction: The Vaikom Satyagraha served as a catalyst for further
The Vaikom Satyagraha, which took place in 1924-25 in reforms and laid the foundation for the constitutional
the princely state of Travancore (present-day Kerala), was a abolition of untouchability in independent India.
significant event in India’s social reform movement. It played 2. The emphasis on Atma Nirbhar Bharat resonates with
a crucial role in the struggle against untouchability and caste the Swadeshi movement. Compare and contrast the
oppression. economic goals and strategies of the Swadeshi movement
Body: with contemporary attempts to promote self-reliance.
Significance of the Vaikom Satyagraha: (250 words)
� Pioneer in Temple Entry Movements: It was the first Approach:
major mass agitation demanding the entry of lower z Introduce by Swadeshi Movement and Atmanirbhar
castes into Hindu temples and surrounding roads, Bharat Abhiyan
which were prohibited due to the notion of caste z State their economic goals
pollution. z Mention their strategies with examples
� The issue of temple entry was first raised by z Conclude suitably.
Ezhava leader T.K. Madhavan in 1917, and the
Introduction:
Indian National Congress later took up the cause
of anti-untouchability. The pursuit of economic self-sufficiency is a persistent
theme in India’s history. The Swadeshi movement and the
� It ultimately led to the Temple Entry Proclamation
contemporary attempts to promote self-reliance, such as the
in Travancore (1936), allowing lower castes into
Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, share some common economic
temples and set the stage for subsequent temple
goals, but also have notable differences in their historical
entry movements across India.
context and strategic methods.
� Spotlighted Non-Violent Protest: The Satyagraha, led
Body:
by figures like K. Kelappan, employed Gandhian
principles of nonviolent civil disobedience and Economic Goals:
peaceful protest. z Swadeshi Movement: Primarily aimed to weaken the
� This lent greater legitimacy and momentum to British economic hold on India.
the movement. This involved boycotting British goods, promoting
� It also gained nationwide attention and inspired indigenous industries, and reviving traditional
future social reform movements. crafts.
� Inter-Community Unity: The movement brought It was a form of protest against colonial
together people from various religions and castes. exploitation as a part of the Indian Independence
Christian Leaders like George Joseph and social Movement.
reformer E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar) participated, z Atmanirbhar Bharat: Focuses on making India a self-
showcasing a united fight against social inequality. reliant and globally competitive nation.
It aims to reduce dependence on imports, boost “India First” and Economic Self-reliance. While their methods
domestic manufacturing, resist global economic differ, both movements highlight the importance of fostering
shocks and strengthen key sectors. domestic production and reducing dependence on external
It’s driven by a desire for economic security and forces.
growth.
Strategies:
Geography
z Swadeshi Movement: 3. What is Marine Cloud Brightening? Discuss its potential
Boycott of British goods, e.g., the burning of benefits and risks in the context of mitigating climate
British-made clothes and the boycott of British change. (250 words)
textiles, as demonstrated during the Non- Approach:
Cooperation Movement (1920-1922). z Introduce by defining Marine Cloud Brightening
Promotion of indigenous products, e.g., the z Delve into potential benefits of MCB
promotion of khadi and the establishment of the z Highlight significant risks associated with it
All India Spinners’ Association by Mahatma
z Conclude positively.
Gandhi to encourage the use of Indian-made
goods. Introduction:
Reviving and promoting indigenous industries, Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) is a proposed
particularly textiles, e.g., the Ahmedabad Mill geoengineering technique that aims to mitigate the effects
Strike in 1917 to protest against the exploitation of climate change by increasing the reflectivity of low-level
of textile workers by British mill owners. marine clouds, thereby reflecting more incoming sunlight
Emphasis on self-reliance, e.g., the promotion of
back into space and reducing the amount of solar radiation
the “Swadeshi Andolan” by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, absorbed by the Earth’s surface.
which advocated for promotion of indigenous � The process involves spraying a fine mist of seawater
products. particles into the atmosphere, which act as cloud
z Aatmanirbhar Bharat: condensation nuclei and promote the formation of
brighter, more reflective clouds.
Import substitution, e.g Atmanirbhar Bharat
Package announced during the Covid-19 � These clouds have a higher albedo (reflectivity) and can
pandemic to promote self-reliance and reduce reflect more incoming sunlight, potentially cooling the
import dependence. Earth’s surface.
Incentives and policy reforms, e.g., the reduction

of corporate tax rates and the introduction of the
Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported
Products scheme to boost exports.
Developing supply chains, e.g., the National
Logistics Policy to streamline supply chains and
reduce logistics costs, promoting local sourcing
and reducing reliance on global supply chains.
Skill development and innovation, e.g., the
Startup India initiative to foster entrepreneurship
and innovation, and the Atal Innovation Mission Body:
to promote innovation and entrepreneurship Potential Benefits:
culture in schools and universities. � Cooling Effect: MCB has the potential to reduce global
Conclusion: temperatures by reflecting more sunlight back into
The Swadeshi movement and Atmanirbhar Bharat, space, potentially mitigating the effects of climate
though separated by a near-century, share the core ideal of change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.
� MCB could lessen extreme ocean heat, potentially Conclusion:
safeguarding marine ecosystems like coral reefs While MCB holds promise as a potential climate change
facing bleaching threats. mitigation strategy, its deployment on a large scale would
� Buying Time for Emissions Cuts: MCB could provide a require careful consideration of the risks, as well as robust
buffer while we transition to cleaner energy sources. governance frameworks and international cooperation to
� This buying time could allow for deeper cuts in ensure responsible implementation and monitoring.
emissions and avoid reaching catastrophic tipping
4. Examine the Himalayas’ role as the ‘Water Tower of Asia’
points, like the irreversible melting of polar ice
and its impact on the regional climate and biodiversity
caps.
of the Indian subcontinent. (250 words)
� Localized Impact: Unlike other geoengineering
techniques that aim to achieve global cooling, MCB can Approach:
be targeted to specific regions, allowing for more z Introduce the answer with a emphasis on Hindu
localized climate interventions. Kush Himalayas
� For example, MCB could be deployed in areas z Delve into the role of himalayas as water tower of
particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels or asia
extreme heat events. z Mention impact of himalayas on regional Climate
� Reversibility: The effects of MCB are relatively short- and biodiversity
lived, and if stopped, the Earth’s climate would return z Conclude suitably.
to its previous state within a few years, making it a Introduction:
potentially reversible technique.
The Himalayas or Hindu Kush Himalaya in particular is
� Cost-effectiveness: Compared to other geoengineering often referred to as the ‘Water Tower of Asia’, playing a crucial
techniques, MCB is considered relatively inexpensive role in shaping the regional climate and biodiversity of the
and technologically feasible. Indian subcontinent as it is one of the largest volumes of ice
Potential Risks: and snow outside of the Arctic and Antarctica.
� Unintended Consequences: Like any large-scale
intervention in the Earth’s climate system, MCB carries
the risk of unintended consequences that are difficult
to predict, such as changes in precipitation patterns,
ocean circulation, and ecosystem disruptions.
� Limited Scope: MCB might not be effective in all
regions. Cloud types and atmospheric conditions can
significantly impact its effectiveness.
� Deploying MCB in the tropics, where clouds are
already quite reflective, would likely have minimal
impact on global warming.
� Spatial Variability: The cooling effects of MCB may not
be evenly distributed, leading to regional disparities
and potential conflicts over resource allocation and Body:
deployment. Role of Himalayas as Water Tower of Asia:
� Moral Hazard: The perceived effectiveness of MCB z Glacial Reservoir and Release: The Himalayas hold the
could potentially reduce the urgency to address the largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar ice
root causes of climate change, such as reducing of the Arctic and Antarctica.
greenhouse gas emissions. These glaciers act as giant natural reservoirs,
� International Governance: Deploying MCB unilaterally storing winter snowfall (e.g Gangotri Glacier) and
could trigger international disputes. Effective releasing meltwater during dry summers, feeding
international agreements would be necessary for major rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and
responsible implementation. Brahmaputra.
This provides a crucial and consistent source of z Impact on Biodiversity:

freshwater for millions in the Indian subcontinent. Altitudinal Zonation: The Himalayas exhibit a
z Supporting Diverse Ecosystems: The perennial rivers wide range of altitudinal zones, from tropical
fed by the Himalayas nourish a vast network of (e.g., Terai region) to alpine (e.g., Ladakh),
ecosystems. supporting diverse ecosystems and species.
These rivers are lifelines for fertile plains (e.g,

The rhododendron forests in the mid-hills of
Nepal and Sikkim, the alpine meadows of
Indo-gangetic plains) and wetlands (e.g.
Gulmarg in Kashmir, and the cold deserts of
Sundarbans mangrove forests).
Ladakh are examples of unique habitats
This supports a rich tapestry of flora and fauna found at different elevations.
across the subcontinent. Endemic Species: The Himalayas are home to
Impact of Himalayas on Regional Climate and Biodiversity: numerous endemic species, such as Himalayan
z Impact on Regional Climate: tahr, golden langur and pygmy hog.
Temperature Moderation: The Himalayas shield Migratory Routes: The Himalayas serve as a
the Indo-Gangetic plains from the icy winds crucial migratory corridor for species like the
blowing from Central Asia, preventing extreme Demoiselle crane.
cold temperatures in the Indian subcontinent. The Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve is an
important stopover for migratory water
In contrast, the Tibetan Plateau, located on
birds.
the leeward side of the Himalayas,
Conclusion:
experiences a much harsher and drier climate
due to the rain shadow effect. The Himalayas are not merely a majestic mountain range
but they are the very lifeblood of the Indian subcontinent,
Monsoon Formation: The Himalayas play a crucial
functioning as Asia’s primary water source, climate regulator,
role in the formation of the Indian monsoon and hub of unparalleled biodiversity. Preserving this iconic
system. natural asset is essential not only for its beauty but also for
They force moisture-laden winds to rise, ensuring the sustainable development and resilience of the
leading to condensation and heavy entire region.
precipitation on the subcontinent’s southern
slopes. Indian Heritage and Culture
This seasonal phenomenon brings vital 5. Examine the profound influence of Indian philosophy
rainfall for agriculture and sustains and tradition on the conceptualization and formation of
ecosystems. monuments and artistic expressions throughout India’s
history (250 words)
The Western Disturbances also interact with
the Himalayas, affecting precipitation Approach:
patterns in northern India, Pakistan, and z Begin the answer by briefly mentioning Indian
parts of Afghanistan. philosophy and tradition.
Localized Weather Phenomena: The complex z Elaborate on how Indian Philosophy and tradition
topography of the Himalayas, with its deep valleys impacted India’s monuments and artistic expressions
and gorges, creates localized weather phenomena, in different phases.
such as valley winds, mountain waves, and Foehn z Illustrate using examples of related architectures
winds. throughout history.
The Brahmaputra Valley in Assam and the z Conclude as per the requirement of keywords.
Kashmir Valley experience distinct Introduction:
microclimatic conditions due to the influence Indian philosophy generally includes Hindu, Buddhist
of the surrounding Himalayan ranges. and Jain Philosophy, among others.
In India, the inseparable link between philosophy � The Khajuraho temple’s territory is laid out in
and religion has acted as a powerful inspiration for artistic three triangles that converge to form a pentagon
expression. This influence is evident across the spectrum of to reflect the Hindu symbolism for three realms or
religious structures, from the early Buddhist monuments to trilokinatha, and five cosmic substances or
the grandeur of Hindu temples, and even in the mosques and panchbhuteshvara.
churches built later, all reflecting the unique philosophical
� Pallava and Chola Dynasties:
underpinnings of their respective faiths.
� Temples became central social hubs under these
Body:
rulers. They built magnificent structures like the
� Early Civilizations:
“ratha” temples of Mahabalipuram and the
� The Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) displayed Kailashanathar and Vaikunthaperumal temples by
advanced urban planning and used symbols like
the Pallavas.
the swastika, hinting at a well-developed
� Medieval Period:
philosophical and spiritual system, which
influenced later Hinduism. � Mughal Emperor Akbar’s attempt to create a
� Vedic Age: unified religion, Din-i-Ilahi, exemplifies the
ongoing synthesis of philosophies. This blending
� The Varna system, established during this period,
impacted social structures and influenced how of cultures led to new artistic expressions across
cities developed. various fields.
� Vedic texts explored philosophical concepts � Modern India:
alongside rituals and beliefs. The worship of � While European architectural styles gained
nature deities like fire and sky led to the creation popularity during British rule, a unique Indo-
of fire altars, still significant today. Saracenic style emerged, blending Indo-Islamic
� During the rise of Buddhism and Jainism: and European influences.
� Cave paintings and sculptures in places like Ajanta Conclusion:
and Ellora became powerful tools to depict the Indian philosophy has served as a constant source of
teachings of these philosophies. inspiration for artistic expression throughout the country’s
� Images of Buddha’s life cycles and Jain Tirthankaras history. From the Indus Valley Civilization to the modern era,
serve as examples. it has shaped the design of cities, monuments, and art, leaving
� The ascetics belonging to Ajivika, Jainism, and behind a rich and diverse cultural landscape.
Buddhism required places for meditation. Rock-
cut caves like Lomas Rishi, Ajanta or Ellora were Indian Society
carved out to provide a place of solitude for the
monks and sages. 6. Analyze the challenges posed by regionalism to national
integration and governance, highlighting its implications
� Ashoka’s Reign:
on political stability and socio-economic development.
� Buddhist philosophy heavily influenced the design
(250 words)
of Ashoka’s pillars and stupas. The pillar’s chakra
symbolizes the setting in motion of the Dharma Approach:
wheel, and the stupas’ chattra represents the z Introduce by defining Regionalism
Three Jewels of Buddhism. z Mention challenges posed by Regionalism
� Gupta Period and Beyond: z Delve into implications of Regionalism on political
� Hindu temple architecture flourished, with stability and socio-economic development.
distinct styles like Nagara, Vesara, and Dravida.
z Suggest measures to tackle regionalism
Sculptures depicting stories and characters from
z Conclude on a positive note suggesting regional inte-
Hindu epics and mythologies adorned the
temples. gration.
Introduction: � Law and Order Issues: Regionalism can fuel

Regionalism refers to the exaggerated attachment protests, agitations, and law and order issues,
to one’s own region or state, often at the cost of national potentially leading to the erosion of state
interests. It often involves advocating for greater autonomy, authority and the misuse of central forces, as
control, or decision-making power for the region, based witnessed during the Gorkhaland agitation in
on its unique cultural, economic, historical, or geographical West Bengal.
characteristics. � External Interference: Regions with cross-border
Body: ethnic or linguistic ties may become vulnerable to
external interference, posing security challenges
Challenges Posed by Regionalism:
for the nation, as seen in the alleged influence of
� Demand for Autonomy/Separatism: Regionalism can China and Myanmar in the Northeast insurgency.
fuel demands for greater autonomy or even secession,
� Socio-economic development:
as seen in states like Punjab (Khalistan movement),
and the Northeast (Naga insurgency, Bodoland � Uneven Development: Regionalism can cause
movement), threatening national unity and territorial unequal distribution of resources, leading to
development disparities like those seen in
integrity.
Maharashtra and Karnataka where some regions
� Ethnic/Linguistic Conflicts: The assertion of regional
thrive while others are neglected.
identities based on ethnicity or language can lead to
� Brain Drain: Perceived discrimination can trigger
conflicts, as witnessed in Manipur (Kuki-Meitei
the migration of skilled professionals from certain
conflict), Assam (Bodo-Bengali clashes), Sri Lanka
regions, leading to a brain drain as witnessed in
(Tamil minority issue)
states like Kerala.
� Power-sharing Issues: Regionalism makes power-
Measures to Tackle Regionalism:
sharing between the Center and states complex, often
leading to friction over resource allocation, policy � Promoting National Integration through Education:
implementation, as seen in the long-standing disputes Revise school and college curricula to emphasize unity,
between the Center and states like Tamil Nadu and diversity, and national pride, promote cultural exchange
programs like Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat, and
West Bengal.
encourage student interactions across regions via
� Policy Implementation Hurdles: Regional parties in
initiatives like National Integration Tours.
power may prioritize regional interests over national
� Balanced Regional Development: Address economic
interests, hindering the effective implementation of
disparities by allocating resources equitably, establish
policies and programs by the Central government.
central institutions in underdeveloped regions like IITs,
� For instance, such as the resistance faced by the
IIMs, and AIIMS and focus on development programs
National Education Policy 2020 in some states. for underprivileged districts.
� Politicization of Bureaucracy: The demand for greater � Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: Empower
representation and autonomy can lead to the states with fiscal autonomy, engage in collaborative
politicization of bureaucracy and governance structures policy-making through bodies like NITI Aayog and
along regional lines, as witnessed in states like Uttar Inter-State Council.
Pradesh and Bihar.
� Leveraging Technology: Increase the adoption of
Implications of Regionalism: digital platforms like PRAGATI for governance and
� Political Stability: provide real-time grievance redressal through
� Frequent Elections and Unstable Governments: CPGRAMS, enhancing connectivity between the Center
The rise of regional parties can lead to fragmented and remote regions.
mandates, frequent elections, and unstable � Cultural Diplomacy: Celebrate diversity through
coalition governments at the Center, hampering national cultural festivals, promote inter-regional
long-term policy planning and implementation, as tourism through campaigns like Dekho Apna Desh, and
seen in the frequent changes of government at foster cross-cultural understanding through events like
the Center in the late 1990s. Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.
� Smooth Inter-Regional Mobility: Safeguard linguistic � The Accessibility Gap:
and cultural rights, ensure fair representation in central � India’s Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ)
institutions, and promote inter-regional mobility and Index score of 41.2 (2016) falls significantly
job opportunities via National Career Service. below the global average of 54 points.
Conclusion: � This translates to a nationwide shortage of
Balancing regional aspirations with national quality healthcare services, particularly in
interests is key for India’s stability, social harmony, and smaller cities and rural areas. This lack of
inclusive development. This involves promoting national accessibility disproportionately affects the
identity, addressing regional issues through dialogue and elderly population residing outside major
decentralization, and embracing cooperative federalism to cities.
tackle challenges from regionalism. � Social and Cultural Barriers:
� Social factors can impede access to healthcare
7. Discuss the concept of Dependency Ratio with respect
for the elderly.
to India’s aging population. Identify the key challenges
faced by the elderly in India and suggest actionable steps � Instances of familial neglect, low education
levels among the elderly themselves, and
to address their concerns. (250 words)
socio-cultural beliefs that discourage seeking
Approach: professional help can create barriers to
z Start the answer by introducing the concept of De- timely medical interventions.
pendency Ratio. � The Limits of Social Security Programs:
z Identify the key challenges faced by the elderly in � Existing social welfare programs like
India. Ayushman Bharat and public health insurance
z Suggest actionable steps to address elderly popula- schemes leave a significant portion of the
tion concerns in India. elderly population vulnerable.
z Conclude suitably. � A NITI Aayog report highlights that a
staggering 400 million Indians lack any
Introduction:
financial coverage for healthcare. Even
According to the United Nations - The dependency ratio existing pension schemes offer meager
relates the number of children (0-14 years old) and older support, with some states providing a mere
persons (65 years or over) to the working-age population (15- ₹350-₹400 per month, and often lacking
64 years old). As per the National Commission on Population universality.
(2021) data, India’s dependency ratio is projected to decline
� The Feminization of Aging:
from 61% in 2021 to 53% by 2036. However, this seemingly
� A significant trend is the “feminization of
positive trend overshadows a crucial aspect of the rising
aging,” with women outliving men at a higher
absolute number of elderly population.
rate. This phenomenon creates unique
Body: challenges in terms of healthcare needs and
� Key Challenges Faced by the Elderly in India: social support systems specifically tailored to
� Evolving Healthcare Needs: elderly women.
� The elderly require a diverse range of � Actionable Solutions for a Dignified Future:
specialized medical services, often delivered � Strengthening Social Security:
at home. � Expanding pension coverage under schemes
� This encompasses telemedicine consultations like the National Pension System (NPS) and
with geriatric specialists, physiotherapy for Pradhan Mantri Vayo Vandana Yojana
mobility and rehabilitation, mental health (PMVVY) can provide much-needed financial
counseling to address loneliness and security.
depression, on-site diagnostics to avoid � The State of Kerala has implemented a successful
travel burdens, and convenient access to model of social security for the elderly through its
essential medication. pioneering Karunya social security pension scheme.
� Promoting Active Aging: the nation navigates this silver wave, a holistic approach that
� Encouraging senior citizen participation in combines economic empowerment, social inclusion, and
social activities, skill development programs, accessible healthcare will be instrumental in creating a society
and intergenerational volunteering can that values and respects its elders.
combat social isolation and promote mental
8. Critically examine the social and economic barriers faced
well-being.
by women entrepreneurs in India. Suggest strategies to
� Investing in Geriatric Care: empower women to start and grow their businesses.
� Increasing the number of geriatric specialists,
Approach:
establishing dedicated healthcare facilities
z Introduce with giving a data of women entrepreneurs
for the elderly, and promoting telemedicine
in India
services can address their specific healthcare
needs. z State social and economic barriers faced by them
z Suggest strategies to empower women entrepreneurs
� Promoting Silver Economy:
z Conclude positively.
� The silver economy offers a holistic solution
to the increasing number of older individuals. Introduction:
By optimizing production, distribution, and Women entrepreneurs play a crucial role in driving
consumption, it harnesses the purchasing women-led economic growth and social progress. However,
power of aging populations to provide in India, only 14% of entrepreneurs in India are women. They
customized goods and services tailored to continue to face significant social and economic barriers that
their evolving needs in consumption, living hinder their ability to start and grow successful businesses.
arrangements, and healthcare. Body:
� The value of India’s silver economy is approximately $7 Social and Economic Barriers Faced by Women
billion which highlights the elderly as a unique Entrepreneurs:
consumer demographic.
� Social Barriers
� Creating Age-Friendly Infrastructure:
� Gender Discrimination and Patriarchal Mindsets:
� Making public spaces and transportation According to a survey by the National Sample
systems accessible for the elderly can Survey Office (NSSO), only 14% of Indian
improve their mobility and independence. businesses are owned by women.
Sensitizing communities towards the needs � Recent reports state that 63% women dream
of the elderly is crucial for creating a more of entrepreneurship yet 74% rely on family
inclusive society. for investments.
� Recently, Kochi city in Kerala has been � Glass ceiling also presents a significant roadblock to
declared as a member of the global network their aspirations.
of ‘age-friendly cities’ by the World Health � In rural areas, where patriarchal norms are
Organization (WHO). more deeply entrenched, the percentage of
� Age-friendly cities share and promote the values and women entrepreneurs is even lower.
principles of WHO’s age-friendly approach and are � Lack of Family Support and Mobility Restrictions:
committed to creating age-friendly environments. Women struggle to balance business and family
Conclusion: obligations. Limited mobility restricts networking
India’s aging population presents an opportunity to and exploring opportunities.
create a more inclusive and compassionate society. By � Limited Access to Education and Skills
proactively addressing the challenges faced by the elderly Development: According to the National Family
through well-designed policies, investments in healthcare Health Survey (NFHS-5), the literacy rate for
and social security, and fostering a supportive environment, women in India is 71.5%, compared to 84.7% for
India can ensure a dignified future for its senior citizens. As men, highlighting the educational gap.
In states like Bihar and Jharkhand, where the
� Strategies to Empower Women Entrepreneurs:
gender gap in education is more significant, � Implement Gender-Lens Investing: Encourage and
the percentage of women entrepreneurs is incentivize venture capitalists and angel investors to
even lower. adopt a gender-lens investing approach, which
� Safety and Security Concerns: Risks of harassment prioritizes investing in businesses led by women or
or violence in public spaces discourages women those that cater to women’s needs.
from pursuing entrepreneurial activities. � Develop Women Entrepreneurship Zones (WEZs):
� Economic Barriers: These zones can offer subsidized rental rates, access to
� Limited Access to Finance and Credit: A recent shared facilities (e.g., co-working spaces, manufactur-
survey indicates that only 3% women ing units), and specialized support services.
entrepreneurs in Tier 2 and 3 cities in India had � The state of Telangana has proposed the estab-
access to external funding. lishment of India’s first Women Entrepreneurship
� Also, they lack banking literacy. 1 in every five Hub.
women lack access to a bank account in India. � Leverage Digital Platforms and E-Commerce: Develop
(Observer Research Foundation). online platforms and marketplaces specifically de-
� Inadequate Access to Markets and Networks: signed to promote and sell products and services from
Exclusion from male-dominated business women-owned businesses.
networks and market information limits reach � The e-commerce platform “Shepreneurs” exclu-
and growth potential of women-owned sively features products and services from wom-
businesses. en-owned businesses.
� In certain industries, like manufacturing and
� Establish Women Entrepreneur Ambassadors: Identify
construction, women’s representation in
and recognize successful women entrepreneurs like
industry associations and trade networks is
Falguni Nayar and Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw as
as low as 5-10%.
ambassadors or role models in their respective
� Lack of Property Rights and Ownership: Women
industries or regions.
often lack ownership rights over property or
� These ambassadors can serve as mentors, inspire
assets. It hinders their ability to use assets as
collateral for financing. aspiring entrepreneurs, and advocate for policies
and initiatives that support women in business.
� 42.3% of women in India as compared to
62.5% of men own a house in India. (NFHS-5) Conclusion:
� Unequal Distribution of Household and By dismantling these social and economic barriers
Caregiving Responsibilities: An average Indian and providing targeted support, India can unlock the vast
woman spends nearly 10 times more time on potential of women entrepreneurs through Women-led
unpaid caregiving and household work compared Development. This will not only promote gender equality but
to the average man (Time Use Survey by NSO). also significantly contribute to the nation’s economic growth.
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12 MAINS ANSWER WRITING PROGRAM MAY (2024) www.d rish ti IAS.co m

Polity & Governance a Selection Committee for appointment of
Election Commissioners including the Prime
1. Analyze the impact of electoral reforms after 1990 on Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and Leader of
the functioning of the Election Commission of India and the Opposition.
their implications for democratic governance. (250 � However, the Supreme Court, in the Anoop
words) Baranwal vs Union of India Case 2023,
Approach: emphasized recommendations from the
Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and the
z Start with the significance of electoral reforms in a
Law Commission’s 255th report (2015) on
democracy like India
Electoral Reforms.
z Mention impacts of electoral reforms on functioning
� These reports proposed a committee with
of ECI the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and
z State impacts of electoral reforms on Democratic Leader of the Opposition for appointing the
Governance. CEC and ECs.
z Conclude Suitably. � On Democratic Governance:
Introduction: � Allocation of Time on Electronic Media: The 2003
Electoral reforms are pivotal in shaping the contours of ECI notification on allocation of equitable time on
a nation’s democratic framework, influencing the integrity, electronic media during elections has
transparency, and credibility of the electoral process. democratized political discourse, allowing diverse
� In India, the post-1990 era witnessed a watershed voices and viewpoints to reach the electorate.
moment with a series of far-reaching reforms aimed at � This provision has mitigated the influence of
strengthening the functioning of the ECI and overall biased media coverage, fostering informed
democratic governance. decision-making among voters.
Body: � NOTA (None of the Above): NOTA was introduced
Impact of Electoral Reforms After 1990: in elections in 2013, granting voters the ability to
abstain from voting for any candidate while
� On Functioning of Election Commission of India:
maintaining ballot secrecy.
� Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): In 1992,
� The Supreme Court instructed the Election
Parliament inserted Section 61A in the
Commission to incorporate the None of the
Representation of People Act, 1951 and rules
Above (NOTA) option in both ballot papers
validating the use of the EVM and paving way for
and Electronic Voting Machines.
their use in elections. The ECI started using EVMs
widely in 1998. � Ban on Exit Polls: A 2009 provision bans
conducting and publishing exit polls during Lok
� The Supreme Court in the Jayalalithaa and
Ors vs. Election Commission of India (2002) Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections till
stated that the use of EVMs in elections is the last phase of polling is over.
constitutionally valid. � Exit polls can impact voter behavior, causing
� Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System a shift from choice-based voting to mass-
(VVPAT): In 2013, the Central government notified based voting when one party dominates in
the amended Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, the early phase of elections.
enabling the ECI to use VVPAT with EVMs. � Increased Voter Participation and Confidence:
� The Supreme Court in ADR Vs Election Voter facilitation measures, such as the National
Commission of India (2024) upheld the Voters’ Service Portal and the Voter Helpline,
legality of using VVPAT with random 5% have improved voter awareness and engagement,
verification in Assembly constituencies. leading to higher turnouts.
� Appointment of Election Commissioners: The Conclusion:
CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of The electoral reforms after 1990 have significantly
Service and Term of Office) Act 2023, introduced enhanced the functioning of the ECI, empowering it to
uphold the principles of free, fair, and credible elections. � Lack of Expertise:
While these reforms have had positive implications for � Judges may not possess the expertise required to
democratic governance, ongoing challenges and concerns make complex policy decisions on economic or
such as executive interference, money power in elections, social issues. This can lead to poorly crafted
and technological vulnerabilities persist that need to be regulations with unintended consequences.
addressed to further strengthen India’s democratic fabric. � Example: In the case of Mohit Minerals vs
Union of India (2022) case, the SC ruled that
2. “Judicial overreach can be antithetical to the idea of
the decisions of the GST council are not
democracy”. Critically analyse the given statement. (250
binding on the state governments.
words)
� The ruling, based on legal interpretations, could
Approach: unintentionally disrupt businesses, complicate tax
z Start with explaining the concept of Judicial Over- administration, and even undermine the intended
reach. benefits of the GST.
z Mention supporting arguments for the given state- Arguments Against Judicial Overreach Undermines
ment. Democracy:
z Mention opposing arguments for the given state- � Protecting Fundamental Rights:
ment. � The judiciary acts as a guardian of fundamental
z Conclude suitably. rights enshrined in the Constitution. Its power to
strike down laws that violate these rights is crucial
Introduction:
for protecting individuals from arbitrary
Judicial overreach is a term commonly used when the government action.
judiciary seems to have overstepped its mandate. It is when � Example: Landmark judgments such as
the judiciary starts interfering with the proper functioning of Unnikrishnan JP vs State of Andhra Pradesh
the legislative or executive organs of the government, i.e., the (1993) expanded the scope of Art 21 and
judiciary crosses its own function and enter the executive and declared Right to Education as Fundamental
legislative functions.In simpler terms, it is when the judiciary Right.
starts interfering with the proper functioning of the legislative � Later, this judgment became the basis of passage of
or executive organs of the government. Right to Education Act in 2009.
Body: � Promoting Social Justice:
Arguments Supporting Judicial Overreach Undermines � The judiciary can play a vital role in advancing
Democracy: social justice by interpreting laws in a way that
� Erosion of Legislative Supremacy:
promotes equality and protects disadvantaged
groups.
� The Indian Parliament is the primary law-making
� Example: Judgments promoting reservation
body. When courts strike down democratically
policies for historically marginalized
passed laws, it weakens the legislature’s authority
communities highlight the judiciary’s role in
and the will of the people they represent.
ensuring social justice.
� Concentration of Power: � Legislature’s Inaction:
� An overreaching judiciary concentrates power in � Sometimes, judicial overreach stems from the
the hands of judges , raising concerns about legislature’s failure to act on critical issues. This
accountability. Unlike elected members of can create a situation where the judiciary steps in
parliaments(MPs), judges are not directly to fill the void, blurring the lines of appropriate
answerable to the public. intervention.
� Example: The judiciary’s intervention in � Example: Before the SC ruling in the Anoop
issues like banning liquor sales on highways Baranwal vs Union of India (2023) case, the
or regulating religious practices can be seen chief election commissioner and election
as overreach, as these are matters that could commissioners were appointed by the
be addressed through legislation and public President on the recommendation of the
discourse. central government.
� However, the constitution mandates the parliament to � Advisory and Regulatory Role: Tenders advice to the
make a law on this regard as per Art 324(2). Central government and its authorities on matters
� After this judgment, the parliament passed a law referred to it.
related to the appointment of election commissioners. � Consults with the Central government in making
Conclusion: rules and regulations governing vigilance and
Judicial overreach can indeed threaten Indian democracy. disciplinary matters related to Central Services
However, a completely restrained judiciary weakens its role as and All-India Services.
a protector of rights and a check on power. Striking a balance � Whistle-blower Protection and Complaints Handling:
between judicial activism and overreach, while respecting Undertakes complaints received under the Public
the separation of powers, is essential for a vibrant Indian Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers’
democracy. Resolution, and recommends appropriate action.
3. Discuss the role of the Central Vigilance Commission � Appointments and Selection Committees: The Central
(CVC) in promoting transparency and accountability in Vigilance Commissioner serves as the Chairperson of
the Indian administrative system. (150 words) the Selection Committees responsible for appointing
the Director of Enforcement and recommending
Approach: officers for appointments above the level of Deputy
z Introduce the answer with CVC and Santhanam Director of Enforcement.
Committee Conclusion:
z Delve into the role of CVC in promoting transparency
By exercising its mandated functions, the CVC plays
and accountability
a crucial role in promoting transparency, integrity, and
z Conclude suitably. accountability within the Indian administrative system. In
Introduction: effect, it serves as a vital watchdog, ensuring good governance
and fostering public trust
The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established
in 1964 as a result of the recommendations of the Santhanam 4. Analyze the key aspects of the recent Supreme Court
Committee on Prevention of Corruption. judgment on the Enforcement Directorate’s powers
� It is the apex governmental body in India that is under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act and its
responsible for promoting integrity, transparency, and implications. (250 words)
accountability in the country’s public administration.
Approach:
Body:
z Introduce with ED and its mandate of enforcing
Role of the Central Vigilance Commission:
PMLA
� Investigation and Inquiry: Inquires or causes inquiries/
z Delve into key aspects of the recent SC Ruling
investigations into allegations of corruption offenses
z Mention its implications citing various case laws
under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, against
public servants of the Central government and its z Conclude using syllabus related keywords.
authorities as upheld by the Supreme Court in the Introduction:
Vineet Narain & Others v. Union of India (1998) case.
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is a multi-disciplinary
� Examines complaints against officials belonging to agency responsible for investigating money laundering and
All-India Services, Group ‘A’ officers, and specified foreign exchange violations.
levels of officers of the Central government
� It enforces the provisions of the Prevention of Money
authorities.
Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) by tracing assets from
� Oversight and Superintendence: Exercises superinten-
crime proceeds, provisionally attaching properties and
dence over the functioning of the Delhi Special Police
Establishment (CBI) concerning investigations into of- prosecuting offenders.
fenses under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Body:
� Monitors the progress of applications pending for The recent Supreme Court judgment on the Enforcement
sanction of prosecution under the Prevention of Directorate’s powers under the Prevention of Money
Corruption Act, 1988. Laundering Act has significant implications:
Key aspects of the judgment: � Balancing Investigative Powers and Individual Rights:
� Limitation on Arrest Powers: SC ruled that the ED The judgment strikes a balance between investigative
cannot arrest an accused under Section 19 of PMLA powers and individual rights as highlighted by the
after the special court takes cognizance of the current CJI by mentioning that ‘‘heart of this balance’
complaint. lies the need to uphold due process.
� This curtails the ED’s power to arrest a person � Potential Impact on Expeditious Investigations: It may
and protects the accused from potential misuse impact the ED’s ability to conduct expeditious
of the PMLA provisions. investigations in complex money laundering cases.
� It promotes due process of law and ensures that Conclusion:
arrests are subject to judicial scrutiny.
The Supreme Court’s judgment is a significant step
� Custodial Interrogation: If the ED wants custody of the towards upholding the principles of due process, fairness, and
accused for further investigation, it must apply to the individual liberty while ensuring effective implementation of
special court and justify the need for custodial
the PMLA. It reinforces the judiciary’s role as a constitutional
interrogation.
watchdog and sets important precedents for striking the
� The court will grant custody only if satisfied that it right balance between investigative powers and fundamental
is required, even if the accused was not initially rights.
arrested.
� This safeguard prevents undue custodial International Relations
interrogation and respects the rights of the
accused. 5. Assess the significance of the QUAD grouping in the
� Bail Provisions: The judgment clarifies that an accused Indo-Pacific region and analyze its implications for
who appears before the court pursuant to a summons regional security, focusing on India’s strategic interests
need not apply for regular bail under CrPC Section 437. and the evolving geopolitical landscape. (250 words)
� This relieves the accused from the stringent twin Approach:
conditions for bail under PMLA, providing a more
z Start the answer with introducing the QUAD
balanced approach.
grouping.
Implications:
z Mention significance of QUAD on Regional Security
� Upholding Personal Liberty and Fair Procedure: The
and India’s Strategic Interests.
judgment upholds the principles laid down in the
Nikesh Tarachand Shah case (2017), where the z Delve into key challenges in QUAD amidst evolving
Supreme Court held that personal liberty cannot be geopolitical landscape
curtailed beyond what is permissible to fair, just and z Conclude suitably.
reasonable procedure established by valid law.
Introduction:
� Ensuring Judicial Oversight and Safeguards: It aligns
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue or QUAD grouping,
with the Vijay Madanlal Choudhary case (2022),
which emphasized the need for judicial oversight and comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia,
safeguards against arbitrary arrests under PMLA. has emerged as a significant strategic partnership in the
Indo-Pacific region, with far-reaching implications for regional
� Limiting Arrest Powers Post-Cognizance: By limiting
the ED’s arrest powers post-cognizance, the judgment security, geopolitics, and India’s strategic interests.
addresses the issue highlighted in the Pankaj Bansal Body:
case (2023), where the Supreme Court had to intervene Significance of QUAD:
and grant interim protection from arrest.
� On Regional Security:
� Addressing Failings in the Bail System: The ruling
echoes the concerns raised in the Satender Kumar � Countering China’s Assertiveness: The QUAD al-
Antil case (2022), where SC acknowledged the failings lows the countries to have a collective bargaining
of the country’s bail system in recognizing the issue of power on issues like the South China Sea dis-
undertrial and granting bail. putes, counterbalancing China’s influence.
� The Supreme court in State of Rajasthan vs � Cooperative Security Architecture: The QUAD
Balchand (1977) established the principle that promotes a cooperative approach to security
bail is the rule and jail is the exception. challenges.
through other multilateral forums like BRICS and SCO

is a significant challenge for India.
� The Taiwan Dilemma: The QUAD’s stance on Taiwan’s
status is a potential flashpoint. A unified approach is
difficult considering the varying degrees of diplomatic
recognition each member accords to Taiwan.
Conclusion:
Given the evolving geopolitical dynamics surrounding
the QUAD, India must strike a delicate balance between
leveraging the QUAD to safeguard its strategic interests and
maintaining stable relations with China through diplomatic
� Joint naval exercises like Malabar Exercise channels. Strengthening its comprehensive national power,
2024 projects a united front for a free and including economic, technological, and military capabilities,
open Indo-Pacific, deterring unilateral will enhance India’s strategic autonomy and bargaining
actions. power in navigating the complex geopolitical dynamics of
� Shared Values and Norms: The QUAD emphasizes the Indo-Pacific region.
adherence to UNCLOS, freedom of navigation,
and peaceful resolution of disputes. 6. Discuss the challenges associated with the political
developments in West Asia on India’s energy security
� This normative framework aims to uphold a
and suggest ways to address these challenges. (250
rules-based order in Indo-pacific.
words)
� On India’s Strategic Interests:
� Hedging Strategy Against China: China’s Approach:
increasing naval presence and establishment of z Start with the recent political developments in West
military bases in the Indian Ocean such as in Asia.
Djibouti, has raised concerns for India’s maritime z Mention the challenges associated with the political
security and freedom of navigation in its strategic developments in West Asia on India’s energy security
backyard.
z Suggest ways to address these challenges.
� The QUAD provides India with a strategic
z Conclude Suitably.
hedge against China’s rise.
� Securing Unimpeded Trade: The QUAD provides a Introduction:
platform for India to collaborate with like-minded India’s energy security is heavily dependent on a stable
partners to ensure its primary maritime interest and predictable flow of oil from West Asia. However, recent
of unimpeded trade and energy flows through political developments like the fragile reconciliation effort
critical sea lanes like the Strait of Malacca and the between Iran and Saudi Arabia, the uncertainties surrounding
Strait of Hormuz. the US troop withdrawal from Iraq, and the rise of domestic
QUAD in Evolving Geopolitical Landscape: unrest and authoritarian tendencies in the region pose
� Potential Arms Race: The QUAD’s efforts to counter significant challenges, threatening this crucial supply chain.
China’s assertiveness could prompt increased military Historically, West Asia has dominated India’s crude oil imports,
expenditure and modernization efforts by both sides, with a share of more than 80% of total crude oil imports.
fueling an arms race. Body:
� China already has a perception of the QUAD as an Challenges Associated with the Recent Political
“Asian NATO”. Developments in West Asia on India’s Energy Security:
� Lack of Formal Structure: QUAD lacks a formal alliance � Supply Disruptions and Price Fluctuations:
structure. This ambiguity creates uncertainty about the � Political instability in West Asia, including conflicts
level of commitment each member is willing to make in and civil wars (e.g., in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen), can
a crisis. lead to significant disruptions in the supply of oil
� Diplomatic Entanglement for India: Maintaining a and gas supplies. These disruptions can affect
balance between leveraging the QUAD for strategic India’s energy imports, leading to shortages and
interests and preserving stable relations with China increased prices.
� For instance, tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, reliance on imported oil, mitigating the impact of
a critical choke point for global oil shipments, external shocks.
can have immediate and severe impacts on � India should increase its strategic petroleum
India’s oil supply. reserves to buffer against potential supply
� Reliance on a Few Suppliers: disruptions caused by regional instability or price
� India’s heavy reliance on a few West Asian volatility.
countries for its oil and gas supplies makes it � Promoting Regional Stability:
vulnerable to political developments in those � India can leverage its growing influence to
nations. promote dialogue and peaceful conflict resolution
� For example, India imports a significant mechanisms within West Asia.
portion of its oil from countries like Saudi � A more stable region fosters a more reliable
Arabia, Iraq, and the UAE. Any political energy supply environment.
instability or policy change in these countries � Investing in Renewables:
can directly impact India’s energy security. � Accelerated investment in renewable energy
� Geopolitical Alliances and Rivalries: sources like solar and wind can significantly
� West Asia is a region of complex geopolitical reduce India’s dependence on fossil fuels from
alliances and rivalries, involving not only regional West Asia in the long run.
powers like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey but also � Exploring the Potential of Nuclear Energy:
external powers such as the USA, Russia, and � Nuclear power plants generate clean, baseload
China. energy, reducing reliance on volatile fossil fuels.
� Navigating these dynamics while maintaining � Investing in nuclear technology can strengthen
steady energy imports is challenging for India’s energy independence and ensure long-
India. The need to balance relations with term energy security.
opposing blocs in the region can complicate Conclusion:
India’s foreign policy and energy strategies. The recent political uncertainties in West Asia threaten
� Sanctions and International Policies: India’s energy security. India must diversify oil imports, build
� International sanctions, particularly those strategic partnerships, and invest in domestic production and
imposed by the United States on countries like renewables to navigate this complex landscape and ensure
Iran, pose significant challenges. its long-term energy needs.
� For example,India has had to reduce its oil 7. Discuss the reasons behind India’s decision not to sign
imports from Iran due to US sanctions, the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. Also,
despite the favorable terms offered by Iran. discuss the current refugee challenges that India faces.
Ways to Address the Challenges Associated with India’s (150 words)
Energy Security:
Approach:
� Diversification Beyond West Asia:
z Introduce with 1951 Refugee Convention and its
� India needs to accelerate its efforts to diversify its
1967 Protocol.
oil and gas import sources by investing in
exploration and production projects in Africa, z Mention reasons for India’s decision not to sign the
Central Asia, and the Americas. convention and its protocol.
� Hedging with Strategic Partnerships: z Delve into current refugee challenges faced by India.
� While building on the Iran-Saudi Arabia z Conclude with a forward looking approach.
rapprochement, India should maintain strong Introduction:
relations with both countries and other major The 1951 Refugee Convention, a UN treaty, defines
producers. refugees, their rights, and state obligations for their
� This allows for hedging against supply disruptions protection. The 1967 Protocol expanded its scope globally.
and securing competitive prices. � Together, they form an internationally recognized legal
� Boosting Domestic Production and Strategic Storage: framework for refugee protection, including non-
� Investing in domestic exploration and refining refoulement and minimum standards for treatment in
capabilities can significantly reduce India’s areas like courts, employment, and education.
� It was opened for signature in Geneva in July 1951, but � Their legal status and rights remain contentious,
India has not signed it. with concerns about potential security threats
Body: and the burden on resources.
Reasons for India’s Decision Not to Sign the 1951 Refugee � Example:UNHCR says nearly 79,000 refugees
Convention and 1967 Protocol: from Myanmar, including Rohingya, live in India.
� Security Concerns: India has porous borders with its � Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee Situation: India has hosted a
neighbors, and any conflicts or crises in the region can large number of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees fleeing the
lead to mass influxes of refugees. civil war in Sri Lanka.
� This could impact local infrastructure and upset � While some have been repatriated or granted
the demographic balance in border areas, which citizenship, about 58,000 Sri Lankan refugees are
still living in 104 camps across Tamil Nadu.
are already sensitive.
� Afghan Refugee Influx: With the recent political
� There are concerns about potential threats from
turmoil in Afghanistan, India has witnessed an influx of
terrorists, militants, or other anti-national
Afghan refugees, including individuals who had
elements infiltrating as refugees.
previously sought refuge in India during the earlier
� Resource Constraints: As a developing country, India
conflicts in Afghanistan.
already struggles to provide basic amenities to its own
� Lack of Legal Framework: India’s absence from the
population.
Refugee Convention and Protocol has led to a lack of a
� Taking on legal obligations to provide for a large comprehensive legal framework for addressing refugee
number of refugees could further strain limited issues, leading to ad-hoc policies and inconsistent
resources and hamper development efforts. treatment of different refugee groups.
� Example: The 1971 influx of over 10 million � Challenges in Refugee Camps: Refugee camps and
refugees from Bangladesh led to a cholera settlements in India often face issues such as
outbreak due to the drain on resources. overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, limited
� Retaining Policy Flexibility: Signing the Convention access to education and healthcare, and concerns
would legally bind India to principles like non- about security and safety.
refoulement (no forced repatriation), which could Conclusion:
limit its ability to manage refugee flows based on
While India’s concerns about security, resources, and
ground realities.
policy flexibility have shaped its stance on the Refugee
� India prefers to retain flexibility in its refugee
Convention, the evolving refugee challenges underscore the
policies to address unique regional challenges need for a robust legal and institutional framework to address
and domestic compulsions. this critical humanitarian issue effectively and uphold India’s
� Humanitarian Tradition of Refugee Protection: commitment to protecting vulnerable populations.
Despite not being a signatory, India has a long history
of providing refuge to displaced people on humanitarian 8. The rise of regional powers and blocs is reshaping the
grounds. global order. Discuss the potential implications for
� Tibetan refugees, for instance, have found shelter established multilateral institutions like the UN. (250
in India for decades. India argues that its existing words)
practices demonstrate its commitment to refugee Approach:
protection. z Introduce with highlighting the shifting global order
� Focus on Bilateral Agreements: India prefers to handle z Delve into regional powers and blocks reshaping the
refugee situations through bilateral agreements with global order
neighboring countries. This approach allows for more
z Highlight its implications for established multilateral
tailored solutions considering the specific circumstances
institutions like the UN
of each situation.
z Conclude positively
Current Refugee Challenges faced by India:
� Rohingya Refugee Crisis: India hosts a significant Introduction:
number of Rohingya refugees who have fled The current global order is undergoing a metamorphosis.
persecution in Myanmar. The rise of regional powers and blocs is challenging the
established preeminence of the United Nations (UN). This and blocs can lead to fragmentation and gridlock
dynamic presents a double-edged sword for the UN, a within the UN, hindering its ability to respond
potential decline in relevance alongside opportunities for effectively to global challenges.
renewed purpose. � Example: The disagreements between the
Body: U.S. and China on issues like human rights
Regional Powers and Blocks Reshaping the Global Order: have paralyzed UN efforts to find common
ground.
� Emergence of new economic powerhouses: The rise
� Challenges to the UN’s Authority: Regional
of regional blocs is altering global economic dynamics.
powers and blocs may increasingly question the
� For instance, the growing economic clout of the
UN’s authority and decision-making processes,
BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South
perceiving them as outdated and unrepresentative
Africa) challenges the dominance of traditional
of the current global order.
Western powers like the G7.
� Example: The inability of the UN Security
� Evolving Security Landscapes: Regional blocs are
Council to effectively address conflicts like
shaping regional security issues. The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) is a prime example and its the ongoing Russian-Ukraine War has
influence in the Russia-Ukraine conflict demonstrates highlighted the need for reform and
its evolving role. representation of emerging powers.
� Alternative Development Models: Regional � Opportunities:
development banks like the Asian Infrastructure � Catalyst for Reform and Adaptation: The rise of
Investment Bank (AIIB) offer alternative financing regional powers could serve as a catalyst for
models to the World Bank and International Monetary much-needed reforms within the UN, pushing for
Fund (IMF) traditionally dominated by Western more inclusive and representative decision-
powers. making processes.
� This signifies a shift in influence over development � Example: India’s bid for a permanent seat on
finance and infrastructure projects, potentially the UN Security Council, supported by
leading to a more multipolar approach. several regional powers, reflects the demand
� Emerging Normative Frameworks: Regional blocs are for reforming the UN to better reflect the
promoting alternative norms and values. current global order.
� The ASEAN emphasis on non-interference in � Addressing Transnational Challenges: United
member states’ affairs stands in contrast to the Nations can collaborate with regional powers
interventionist approach sometimes favored by and blocs as they can contribute valuable
Western powers. resources and expertise to address transnational
Implications for Established Multilateral Institutions like challenges that require collective action, such as
the UN: pandemics, and terrorism.
� Challenges: � Facilitating Multilateral Diplomacy: Regional
� Erosion of Multilateralism: Regional powers may powers can act as bridge-builders within the UN,
prioritize their own interests and regional alliances forging consensus and bridging divides.
over multilateral cooperation, potentially � The role of India as a bridge between
undermining the UN’s role as a global forum for developed and developing countries is a
dialogue and cooperation. prime example.
� Example: the China-led Belt and Road Conclusion:
Initiative (BRI) focuses on infrastructure The rise of regional powers presents a complex challenge
development within a regional framework, for the UN. The institution needs to adapt by leveraging
potentially bypassing the UN’s role in global regional strengths, addressing its own limitations, and
infrastructure planning. fostering a more inclusive, representative global order. The
� Competing Interests and Gridlock: Divergent future of the UN hinges on its ability to harness the power of
interests and priorities among regional powers regionalism for the collective good.
nnn
Economy as evidenced by the Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway

which substantially reduced travel times, enhancing
1. Critically examine the role of public-private partnerships overall commuter experience and economic efficiency.
(PPPs) in bridging the infrastructure gap in India. Suggest � Innovative Financing: PPPs introduce pioneering
measures to create an enabling environment for more financing mechanisms, such as the toll-based revenue
effective implementation of PPP models in the country. model employed in projects like the Hyderabad Outer
(250 words) Ring Road.
Approach: � Sustainable Development: PPPs in India are now
z Begin the answer with the need for infrastructure
integrating sustainable practices into infrastructure
projects.
financing in India and introduce PPPs.
� For instance, the Gujarat Solar Park, showcasing
z Highlight the role of PPPs in bridging the
the potential for renewable energy adoption and
infrastructure gap in India.
environmental stewardship in collaboration with
z Mention key challenges in the PPP model. private sector expertise.
z Suggest measures for effective PPP Implementation Despite these benefits, significant roadblocks persist:
in India.
� Project Selection and Viability: A myopic focus on
z Conclude with an innovative P4 model. profitability can lead to neglect of socially crucial
Introduction: projects, like rural roads or schools. This can exacerbate
India grapples with a substantial infrastructure financing regional disparities and leave certain communities
gap surpassing 5% of GDP. Public-private partnerships underserved.
have emerged as a significant strategy for bridging this gap � Contract Complexity: Intricate agreements can lead to
facilitating collaboration between the government and private disputes, as witnessed in the initial troubles of the
sector entities. Mumbai-Pune Expressway.
Body: � Risk Allocation: Sharing risks fairly between public and
private entities is a challenge. An overemphasis on cost
Role of PPPs in Bridging Infrastructure Gap:
reduction can burden the public sector with long-term
� Expediting Critical Ventures: PPPs expedite critical maintenance liabilities.
ventures such as the expansion of the Delhi Airport, � Breeding Ground for Corruption: Opaque decision-
transforming it into a globally competitive aviation making processes and a lack of transparency in
centre. awarding contracts create opportunities for corruption,
� Similar successful models have enhanced highway undermining public trust.
connectivity nationwide, exemplified by the Measures for Effective PPP Implementation in India:
Chennai Bypass project.
� Standardized PPP Toolkit: Develop a centralized
� Technological Advancement and Innovation: Private repository of standardized contracts, feasibility studies,
sector proficiency introduces state-of-the-art solutions. and best practices across various sectors.
� For example, the Mumbai Metro project � This “PPP Toolkit” would streamline project
embraced advanced tunneling machinery for initiation and reduce transaction costs.
expedited construction with minimal disruptions. � Risk Rating and Insurance Schemes: Develop a risk
� Shared Accountability: PPPs distribute project risks rating framework for PPP projects, allowing private
equitably. Private partners manage construction partners to access customized insurance products
delays and budget overruns, while the government that mitigate specific project risks. This would provide
addresses regulatory uncertainties. greater financial security and incentivize participation.
� This balanced approach incentivizes operational � PPP “Shark Tank” Pitches: Organize online “Shark
efficiency and project quality. Tank” style events where government agencies and
� Operational Efficiency: The operational expertise of private investors come together to negotiate and
the private sector elevates service delivery standards, finalize PPP deals for major infrastructure projects.
� This could generate public interest, attract enhancing agricultural productivity, improving market
innovative proposals, and foster a more access, and enriching farmer livelihoods.
transparent and competitive environment for PPP Body:
project selection. Role of e-Technology in Transforming the Agricultural
� University-Industry PPP Labs: Establish joint labs
Sector:
between universities and private companies focusing
on developing innovative solutions for infrastructure � Precision Farming: E-technology enables precision
challenges. farming techniques, such as remote sensing, GPS-
� This would bridge the gap between academia based soil mapping, and variable rate technology,
and industry, fostering a culture of research and which optimize resource utilization, reduce waste, and
development specifically geared towards PPP increase yields.
projects. � Reports suggest using Agriculture-IoT (Ag-IoT) can
� Social Impact Bonds for PPPs: Issue social impact reduce water usage by 30% with precision
bonds tied to the success of socially crucial PPP projects farming.
like rural electrification or water treatment plants. � Real-time Weather and Climate Information: Farmers
� Investors would receive a return based on can access real-time weather forecasts, climate data,
achieving pre-defined social impact targets, and early warning systems through digital platforms,
incentivizing private participation in projects with enabling better planning and decision-making.
broader societal benefits. � Apps like AccuWeather, MAUSAM (developed by
Conclusion: IMD) provide seamless and user-friendly access
The future of PPPs might lie in an even more inclusive to weather. Users can access observed weather,
model: the Public, Private, People Partnership (PPPP) or forecasts, radar images and be proactively warned
P4. This framework recognizes the critical role of citizen of impending weather events.
participation in infrastructure projects. By embracing � Market intelligence: E-platforms provide farmers with
innovation, transparency, and a people-centric approach, up-to-date information on market prices, demand
India can unlock the true potential of PPPs and PPPPs to fuel trends, and supply chains, empowering them to make
its infrastructure revolution and build a more prosperous and informed decisions and fetch better prices for their
equitable future for all. produce.
2. Discuss the role of e-technology in transforming the � Access to Agricultural Expertise: E-technology
agricultural sector in India. Elaborate on the various facilitates the dissemination of agricultural knowledge
e-initiatives taken by the government to empower and best practices through online forums, video
farmers in this regard. (250 words) tutorials, and virtual advisory services, bridging the
gap between farmers and experts.
Approach:
� Portals/apps such as mKisan, Kisan Suvidha, etc.
z Introduce the significance of agriculture sector and provide information on topics such as fertilizers,
need for harnessing e-technology subsidies, weather, and market prices. They can
z Delve into the role of e-technology in transforming also help farmers manage farm operations in their
the agriculture sector. local language.
z Highlight government’s e-initiatives to empower � Supply Chain Management: Digital solutions
farmers streamline the agricultural supply chain, enabling
z Conclude positively. efficient tracking, traceability, and logistics
Introduction: management, reducing waste and ensuring timely
In a nation where the agrarian sector employs over half delivery of produce.
the workforce and contributes around 15-17% to the GDP, � IIT Ropar has developed an IoT device called
harnessing e-technology has become imperative to unlock Ambitag, which records real-time ambient
the sector’s true potential. temperature during the transportation of
� By leveraging digital technologies (ICTs), the perishable products, body organs, and blood,
government is driving several e-initiatives aimed at vaccines, etc.
� The AmbiTag temperature data log advises Approach:

the user whether the transported item is
z Introduce the concept of UBI
usable or the cold chain has been
compromised during the transportation. z Highlight its potential economic benefits
� Financial Inclusion: E-technologies like mobile banking z Delve into challenges associated with its
and digital payment systems have facilitated financial implementation
inclusion for farmers, providing them with easier z Mention careful considerations before implementing
access to credit, insurance, and government subsidies. UBI
� A few NBFCs like Clix Capital offer customised loan z Conclude suitably.
products through their private or quasi- Introduction:
cooperative digital platform, onboarding farmers Universal basic income (UBI) is a social welfare concept
and ag-tech start-ups. where all citizens of a country receive a regular, unconditional
Government E-Initiatives to Empower Farmers: cash payment from the government, regardless of their
� Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme employment status or earnings.
(DILRMP): It aims to digitize and modernize land � India, with its large population and significant poverty,
records, ensuring transparent and efficient land presents a compelling case for exploring UBI.
management for farmers. Body:
� Soil Health Card Scheme: It provides farmers with soil Potential Economic Impact:
health cards containing soil nutrient status and
� Poverty Alleviation: UBI could provide a basic income
recommended fertilizer doses, enabling better soil
floor, lifting millions out of extreme poverty. (Nearly
management and productivity.
3.44 crore people are living in extreme poverty in
� e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM): An online 2024)
trading platform that connects farmers with buyers � It could help address income inequality, which
across the country, enabling better price discovery and remains high in India (top 10% of the population
reducing intermediaries. holding 77% of the total national wealth)
� Kisan Suvidha mobile app: It provides farmers with � Economic Stimulus and Consumption: UBI could
information on weather, market prices, plant increase disposable income and boost domestic
protection, and government schemes, among others. consumption, driving economic growth (Private Final
� Agri-Udaan: An initiative to nurture startup growth in Consumption Expenditure accounts for almost 60% of
the agricultural sector by connecting promising India’s GDP.)
innovators with institutional investors. � It could stimulate demand in rural areas,
� National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A): benefiting sectors like agriculture and Fast-
To provide end-to-end digitized services to farmers, Moving Consumer Goods.
including information dissemination, input � Human Capital Development: UBI could improve
management, and market linkages. access to education, healthcare, and nutrition,
While the government has undertaken various enhancing human capital and productivity in the long
e-initiatives to empower farmers, there is still a need for run.
continued efforts in bridging the digital divide, improving � Conditional cash transfer programs like the
digital literacy, and ensuring last-mile connectivity to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
maximize the benefits of e-technology in the agricultural Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have shown positive
sector. Public-private partnerships and collaboration with impacts on education and health outcomes.
agri-tech startups can further accelerate the adoption � Promotion of Entrepreneurship: UBI could provide a
of e-technology and drive the transformation of Indian financial cushion, enabling individuals to take
agriculture. entrepreneurial risks and start new businesses.
3. The concept of Universal Basic Income is gaining traction � This could foster innovation, job creation, and
as a potential tool for poverty alleviation. Evaluate the economic diversification.
potential economic impact and challenges associated � Economic Empowerment of Women: UBI could
with implementing UBI in India. (250 words) empower women by providing them with financial
independence and decision-making power within Conclusion:
households. UBI holds considerable promise as a policy initiative, yet
� This could lead to better outcomes for women its successful implementation hinges on meticulous planning
and children, promoting inclusive growth. and a deep comprehension of the economic landscape
Challenges Associated with Implementing UBI: specific to India, ensuring sustainable and equitable outcomes
� Fiscal Burden: Implementing a comprehensive UBI for all stakeholders involved.
program would require substantial financial resources,
putting pressure on government finances. 4. Examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on the
� For 2023-24, the government’s fiscal deficit is Indian economy. What measures does the Reserve Bank
estimated at 5.8% of the GDP, limiting the fiscal of India (RBI) employ to manage exchange rates? (250
space for a large-scale UBI program. words)
� Implementation and Delivery Challenges: Identifying
Approach:
and reaching the intended beneficiaries, especially in
remote and rural areas, could be a significant logistical z Introduce the concept of exchange rate volatility.
challenge. z Mention the impact of exchange rate volatility on
� Existing schemes like the Public Distribution the Indian economy.
System (PDS) have faced implementation issues, z Highlight the measures of the Reserve Bank of India
which could be amplified with a UBI program. (RBI) to manage exchange rates.
� Inflationary Pressures: Injecting a large amount of z Conclude positively.
cash into the economy through UBI could potentially
Introduction:
lead to hyper-inflationary pressures, eroding the
purchasing power of the income transfer. An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency
� Disincentive to Work: A concern is that UBI could is exchanged for another currency. Exchange rate volatility
discourage people from working, especially for low- refers to the significant and frequent fluctuations in the
paying jobs. It could potentially discourage labor force value of a currency compared to others. For India, it means
participation, leading to labor market distortions and a the rupee’s value against major currencies like the US dollar
decline in economic output. keeps changing rapidly. Fluctuations in exchange rates can
� Already, less than 20% of India’s women work at have significant multifaceted impacts, influencing trade,
paid jobs. investment, and overall economic stability.
� Political and Social Considerations: Implementing UBI Body:
would require significant political will and public
Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on the Indian Economy:
support, as it may face opposition from various
stakeholders and ideological viewpoints. � Varying Cost of Exports and Imports:
� Concerns about the sustainability and fairness of � A depreciating rupee can make Indian exports
the program could arise, especially in a diverse cheaper in the global market, potentially boosting
and populous country like India. export volumes. However, it simultaneously
Therefore, implementing UBI in India requires careful increases the cost of imports, leading to
considerations like: inflationary pressures on domestically consumed
� Conduct pilot studies like in Delhi and Madhya Pradesh goods.
and rigorous impact evaluations to assess feasibility, � Conversely, an appreciating rupee can have the
challenges, and socio-economic effects. opposite effect, dampening exports while making
� Undertake fiscal consolidation measures and explore imports cheaper.
alternative revenue sources to create fiscal space for
� Uncertain Foreign Investment:
UBI.
� Volatile exchange rates introduce uncertainty for
� Implement complementary policies and reforms in
education, healthcare, skill development, and foreign investors, potentially discouraging foreign
infrastructure to enhance UBI’s effectiveness. direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investments.
� Explore alternative approaches, such as Universal � This can limit access to crucial foreign capital for
basic Services, Negative Income Tax or Conditional domestic businesses and infrastructure develop-
Cash Transfers, to address poverty and inequality. ment.
� External Debt Burden: � Stabilization: During periods of high volatility,

� India has a significant public debt-to-GDP ratio of the RBI can use its reserves to buy rupees in
81% in 2022-23. the market when it depreciates excessively,
� A large portion of external debt is denominated in or sell rupees to prevent an overly rapid
foreign currencies like the US dollar. appreciation.
� A depreciating rupee increases the rupee � For example: The Market Stabilisation
equivalent of this debt, putting a strain on Scheme (MSS) is used by RBI to withdraw
government finances. excess liquidity from the market through the
� Exchange Rate Speculation: issuance of bonds and securities.
� High volatility can attract speculative activity in Conclusion:
the foreign exchange market. Exchange rate volatility presents both opportunities
� Speculators may exploit short-term fluctuations in and challenges for the Indian economy. The RBI’s proactive
the exchange rate, further amplifying market management through market interventions, interest rate
volatility and creating instability. adjustments, and utilization of forex reserves helps mitigate
RBI’s Tools for Exchange Rate Management: the negative impacts and promote a stable exchange rate
environment, fostering economic growth and development.
� Market Interventions:
However, maintaining a stable exchange rate requires a
� The RBI can directly intervene in the foreign
delicate balancing act, and the RBI’s effectiveness depends
exchange market by buying or selling dollars or
on various external factors beyond its direct control.
other major currencies.
� Selling Dollars: When the rupee is 5. Evaluate the multifaceted economic contributions of
depreciating excessively, the RBI can sell India’s livestock sector within the socio-economic
dollars from its foreign exchange reserves. framework of the country. Also, mention the government
This injects rupees into the market, increasing initiatives taken related to India’s livestock sector. (250
the supply of rupees and potentially arresting words)
the depreciation.
Approach:
� Buying Dollars: Conversely, if the rupee is
appreciating too rapidly, the RBI can buy z Introduce the significant contributions of India’s
dollars from the market. This reduces the livestock sector.
supply of rupees and can help to slow down z Delve multifaceted economic contributions of India’s
the appreciation. livestock sector within the socio-economic
� Interest Rate Adjustments: framework like poverty, income etc of the country.
� The RBI’s monetary policy tool of adjusting repo z Highlight the government initiatives taken related to
rates can indirectly influence the exchange rate by India’s livestock sector.
impacting the flow of foreign capital. z Conclude positively.
� Higher Repo Rates: By raising repo rates, the Introduction:
RBI makes borrowing in India more attractive
India’s livestock sector, encompassing animals like cattle,
for foreign investors. This can lead to
buffalo, sheep, goats, and poultry, forms the backbone of rural
increased foreign capital inflows, which can
livelihoods and significantly contributes to the socio-economic
appreciate the rupee.
fabric of the nation. According to the 20th Livestock Census,
� Lower Repo Rates: Conversely, lowering repo
India has vast resources of livestock population amounting
rates can make borrowing in India less
to around 535.78 million showing an increase of 4.6% over
attractive for foreign investors, potentially
Livestock Census 2012.
leading to capital outflows and a depreciation
of the rupee. Body:
� Foreign Exchange Reserves: Multifaceted Contributions of India’s livestock sector:
� The RBI maintains a stockpile of foreign currency � GDP and Employment:
reserves (USD 646.42 billion as of end-March � The livestock sector contributes significantly to
2024). This stockpile acts as a buffer to manage India’s GDP. The contribution of livestock in total
exchange rate volatility. agriculture and allied sector Gross Value Added
(GVA) has increased from 24.38 per cent (2014- � Dairy Processing and Infrastructure Development
15) to 30.19 per cent (2021-22) Fund (DIDF):
� This sector provides livelihood security for millions � It offers loans and interest subventions for
of small and marginal farmers, particularly establishing dairy processing and value-
landless households, where livestock rearing is addition units, boosting milk processing
often the primary source of income. capacity and product diversification.
� Nutritional Security:
� Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development
� Livestock play a vital role in ensuring nutritional
Fund (AHIDF):
security by providing essential protein, milk, and
� It incentivizes investments in dairy, meat
eggs.
processing, animal feed plants, and breed
� The per capita availability of milk is 459 grams per
improvement infrastructure for cattle,
day in India during 2022-23 as against the world
average of 322 grams per day in 2022 (Food buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs.
Outlook June 2023). � Enhancing Livestock Health and Productivity:
� This dietary diversity is crucial for child � National Livestock Mission (NLM):
development and overall public health. � It aims to provide direct subsidies for setting
� Income Generation and Women Empowerment: up poultry farms, sheep and goat breeding
� Livestock rearing, particularly of smaller animals units, piggeries, and feed & fodder facilities.
like poultry and goats, requires minimal land and � This promotes entrepreneurship,
investment, making it ideal for marginal farmers employment generation, and increased
and women. production of meat, eggs, and wool.
� Income generation through milk sales empowers
� Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC)
women, fostering financial independence and
Programme:
contributing to household well-being.
� It focuses on preventing and controlling
� Valuable Byproducts and Sustainability:
animal diseases through vaccination
� Livestock provides valuable byproducts like
manure, which serves as a natural fertilizer, campaigns. It ear-tags animals for
promoting sustainable agricultural practices. identification and tracks vaccination
� Biogas generated from dung can be used as a coverage.
clean energy source in rural areas. � Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) for Dairy Farmers:
Government Initiatives Related to India’s Livestock Sector: � It provides dairy farmers associated with
� Breed Improvement and Infrastructure Development: cooperatives and milk producer companies
� Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM): with access to credit for farm improvements
� It focuses on developing and conserving and working capital needs.
indigenous bovine breeds. It promotes Conclusion:
artificial insemination, sex-sorted semen India’s livestock sector plays a multifaceted role in the
technology, and DNA-based genomic socio-economic development of the country. By addressing
selection for improved breeding practices. existing challenges and implementing effective government
� Additionally, it aims to identify and register initiatives, this sector can continue to be a source of livelihood
livestock for better traceability. security, nutritional security, and economic growth for millions
� National Programme for Dairy Development of Indians.
(NPDD):
� It aims to enhance milk quality by building Science and Technology
cold chain infrastructure and strengthening
processing facilities. 6. What are the potential applications of genetic engineering
� It supports dairy cooperatives by providing in agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation?
financial assistance for infrastructure up- What ethical concerns do these advancements raise?
grades and capacity building. (250 words)
Approach: Body:
Potential Applications of Genetic Engineering:
z Introduce the answer with definition of genetic
engineering � Agriculture:
� Reduced Reliance on Pesticides: Engineering
z Highlight potential applications of genetic
pest-resistant crops like Bt cotton minimizes the
engineering use of harmful insecticides, safeguarding human
z Mention ethical concerns related to genetic health and the environment.
engineering � Enhanced Food Security: Engineering crops
z Conclude positively. resistant to diseases (e.g., Papaya ringspot virus-
resistant papaya) reduces crop loss and increases
Introduction: food production, vital for feeding a growing global
Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating an population.
organism’s genetic material, typically by inserting or deleting � China is planting salt-tolerant GM rice in a
specific genes, to achieve desired traits or characteristics. salty region on the edge of the Xinjiang
It holds immense promise for agriculture, medicine, and desert, where most vegetation can’t grow to
environmental conservation. promote food security.
� Improved Nutritional Value: Genetically modified � Trails for gene therapy for cystic fibrosis are
crops can be enriched with essential vitamins and going on.
minerals, addressing malnutrition, particularly in � Pharmaceutical production: Genetically
developing nations. engineered bacteria, yeast, or plants can produce
� For example, Golden Rice is engineered with therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and antibodies
increased beta-carotene to combat Vitamin more efficiently.
A deficiency.
� For example, yeast can produce human insu-
� Improved Shelf Life: Introducing genes that slow
lin for diabetics, a significant advancement
down spoilage can extend the shelf life of fruits
over animal-derived insulin.
and vegetables, reducing food waste and ensuring
wider availability of fresh produce. � Sickle Cell Disease: Gene editing techniques are
� Medicine: being explored to correct the defective gene
� Gene therapy: Genetic engineering can potentially responsible for sickle cell disease.
treat or cure genetic disorders by introducing � Cancer Treatment: Research is ongoing to use
functional genes or correcting defective ones. CAR-T cell therapy, where a patient’s T cells are
genetically modified to recognize and attack guide the development and application of genetic engineering
cancer cells. technologies to ensure responsible and equitable use for the
� Environment Conservation: greater good of humanity and the environment.
� Bioremediation: Plants can be genetically
modified to absorb pollutants from soil and water, Biodiversity & Environment
contributing to environmental cleanup efforts. 7. Discuss the principles and potential benefits of Zero
Studies are ongoing to explore the use of
Budget Natural Farming for sustainable agriculture in
genetically modified Brassica juncea (Indian
India, considering both ecological and economic aspects.
mustard) for the bioremediation of soils.
(150 words)
� Microorganisms engineered to metabolize
oil can be used to clean up oil spills, Approach:
minimizing environmental damage. z Introduce with Zero Budget Natural Farming
� Conservation of Endangered Species: Gene banks z Mention key principles of ZBNF
can store genetic material from endangered z Delve into its potential benefits in ecological as well
species, and genetic engineering techniques may as economical context.
be used to:
z Conclude suitably.
� Introduce genes from closely related species
to bolster genetic diversity in small, isolated Introduction:
populations of endangered animals. Zero Budget Natural Farming is an agricultural practice
� Development of Eco-friendly Products: that promotes sustainable farming methods with minimal
Genetically engineered organisms can produce: external inputs and costs.
� Biodegradable Plastics: Microbes can be � The toolkit of ZBNF was developed by Subhash Palekar
engineered to create biodegradable plastics in the 1990’s.
that decompose naturally, reducing plastic � It has gained significant attention in recent years due to
pollution.
its potential benefits for both ecological and economic
� Biofuels: Engineered algae or yeast can be sustainability.
used to produce biofuels as a renewable and
sustainable energy source. Body:
Ethical Concerns Related to Genetic Engineering: Principles of Zero Budget Natural Farming:
� Impact on Biodiversity: Reliance on a few high-yielding � No Chemicals: Avoidance of chemical fertilizers,
GM varieties can reduce agricultural diversity, making pesticides, and herbicides to maintain soil and
crops more vulnerable to widespread diseases like the environmental health.
Irish Potato Famine. � Natural Inputs:
� Human Enhancement: The possibility of using gene � Jeevamrit: Utilization of microbial culture to
editing for non-therapeutic purposes, such as enrich the soil with beneficial microorganisms.
enhancing intelligence or athletic performance, raises � Beejamrit: Seed treatment with natural solutions
ethical questions about creating “designer babies” to enhance seed germination and resistance to
� Inequitable Access: The high costs associated with pests.
these new technologies could limit access for patients
� Acchadana(Mulching): Application of organic
in developing nations, exacerbating existing healthcare
disparities. matter to cover soil, retain moisture, suppress
weeds, and enhance fertility.
� Ownership and Control: Genetic engineering raises
questions about ownership and control of genetic � Whapasa: This condition refers to the presence of
information, patents on genetically modified both air and water molecules in the soil, which in
organisms, and the commercialization of genetic turn helps decrease the need for irrigation.
technologies. � Promoting Biodiversity:
Conclusion: � Intercropping: Growing multiple crops together
To address these ethical concerns, principles such as to create a diverse ecosystem, promoting natural
beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice should pest control, and improving soil health.
� Focus on Soil Health:

� Composting: Recycling organic waste into nutrient-rich compost to improve soil structure and fertility.
� Crop Residue Management: Incorporating crop residues into the soil to enhance organic matter content and soil
health.
Potential Benefits of Zero Budget Natural Farming: � Economic Benefits:

� Ecological Benefits: � Reduced Input Costs: By relying on locally
� Improved Soil Health: ZBNF’s focus on organic available materials and eliminating the need for
inputs and microbial activity can improve soil expensive chemical inputs, ZBNF can significantly
structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient reduce the production costs for farmers,
availability, leading to healthier and more increasing their net income.
productive soils. � Reduced Dependency on External Inputs: ZBNF’s
� Reduced Environmental Pollution: By eliminating emphasis on self-reliance and the use of on-farm
the use of synthetic chemicals, ZBNF can reduce resources reduces the dependence on external
water, air, and soil pollution, contributing to a inputs, which can be subject to price fluctuations
cleaner and more sustainable environment. and supply disruptions.
� Biodiversity Conservation: The promotion of
� Market Opportunities: The growing demand for
diverse crop varieties and the integration of
organic and sustainable agricultural products can
livestock in ZBNF systems can help preserve
provide ZBNF farmers with access to premium
biodiversity and support ecosystem services, such
as pollination and pest control. markets and higher prices for their produce.
� Climate Resilience: ZBNF practices, such as � Long-term Sustainability: ZBNF’s focus on
mulching and water conservation, can enhance maintaining soil fertility and promoting
the resilience of agricultural systems to the biodiversity can contribute to the long-term
impacts of climate change, such as droughts and sustainability of agricultural systems, ensuring
extreme weather events. food security and economic stability for farmers.
Conclusion: � Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess carbon
ZBNF has shown promising results in some regions like dioxide from the atmosphere by oceans is causing
Himachal Pradesh (Prakritik Kheti Khushhal Kisan Yojana). ocean acidification, which is detrimental to marine
By embracing ZBNF as a sustainable agricultural approach, ecosystems and biodiversity.
India can pave the way for a more environmentally friendly, � The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has
economically viable, and socially equitable food production experienced extensive coral bleaching recently
system, ensuring the well-being of both people and the due to rising ocean temperatures and acidification.
planet. Solutions for Addressing both Challenges Simultaneously:
� Marine Rewilding: Establishing large-scale Marine
8. Climate change and biodiversity loss are intricately linked.
Protected Areas (MPAs) with minimal human activity
Discuss potential solutions for addressing both challenges
to allow apex predators like sharks and whales to
simultaneously. (150 words)
return, restoring ecological balance and promoting
Approach: healthy fish populations.
z Introduce with the twin challenge of climate change � Example: Raja Ampat MPA in Indonesia has seen
and biodiversity loss increased fish stocks and coral reef health.
z Give linkage of climate change and biodiversity loss � Urban Green Infrastructure: Create networks of green
z Delve into solutions for addressing both challenges spaces like parks, green roofs, and vertical gardens to
simultaneously cool cities, improve air quality, and provide habitats for
z Conclude positively. urban wildlife.
� Example: Mumbai’s Miyawaki Forests at
Introduction:
Chembur’s Bhakti Park.
Climate change and biodiversity loss are intricately � Biomimicry for Sustainable Infrastructure: Biomimicry
linked, forming a vicious cycle. A warming planet disrupts can lead to the development of energy-efficient
ecosystems, while biodiversity loss weakens the resilience of buildings, water-harvesting systems, and natural
natural systems to climate change impacts. Addressing these cooling techniques, reducing the environmental
twin challenges is vital to ensure the health and well-being footprint of infrastructure development.
of our planet and all its inhabitants.
� Additionally, these projects can be designed to
Body: integrate with existing ecosystems, minimizing
Linkage of Climate change and Biodiversity Loss disruption to biodiversity.
� Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Climate change is � Biocultural Conservation: By incorporating knowledge
causing shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, of indigenous communities into conservation efforts,
and sea levels, leading to the loss and fragmentation of we can develop more effective and culturally sensitive
habitats essential for various species. strategies for tackling climate change and protecting
� For instance, the melting of Arctic sea ice is biodiversity.
threatening the survival of polar bears. � Example: The Satoyama Initiative in Japan.
� Disruption of Ecological Processes: Climate change is � Biodiversity Focused Carbon Offset: Developing
disrupting ecological processes and relationships biodiversity-focused carbon offset programs and
between species, impacting biodiversity. markets, which incentivize the conservation and
� For example, the case of the monarch butterfly restoration of ecosystems.
migration in North America. � Example: The “Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve”
� Extreme Weather Events: The increasing frequency in Indonesia is a REDD+ project that generates
and intensity of extreme weather events, such as carbon credits while protecting biodiversity.
heatwaves, droughts, and storms, pose significant Conclusion:
threats to biodiversity. By implementing these solutions that leverage India’s
� The 2019-2020 bushfires in Australia, exacerbated unique strengths and local contexts, we can create a win-win
by climate change, resulted in the loss of an situation for both climate change mitigation and biodiversity
estimated 1-3 billion animals and the potential conservation, ensuring a more sustainable future for the
extinction of several species. nation.
Internal Security � Cross-Border Infiltration and Support Networks: LWE

groups operating in India sometimes receive support
9. Analyze the major factors behind the persistence of Left- and safe havens across porous borders with
Wing Extremism in certain regions of India. Suggest neighbouring countries.
strategic measures required to combat this threat � The arrest of a top Maoist leader in Nepal,
effectively. (150 words) allegedly involved in activities in India, highlights
Approach: this issue.
z Start with the status of Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) Current Strategies Addressing Left-Wing Extremism:
in India. � Inclusive Growth and Empowerment: Schemes like
z Mention factors behind its persistence. Forest Rights, PESA, and MNREGA empower
z Touch current strategies addressing left-wing marginalized communities, addressing root causes and
extremism. reducing susceptibility to LWE.
z Propose strategic measures to combat LWE. � Infrastructure and Connectivity: Pradhan Mantri
z Conclude with SAMADHAN Doctrine. Gram Sadak Yojana is improving access to markets and
Introduction: services, reducing isolation in remote regions and
undermining extremism.
Left-Wing Extremism, commonly known as the Naxalite
movement, continues to be a significant internal security � Education and Skilling: Programs like Eklavya Model
challenge for India. While there is a 53% decline in districts Schools and Skill India Mission offer alternatives,
reporting Left-wing extremist violence From 2010 to 2022, it reducing support for extremist ideologies.
still persists in economically � Tribal and Rural Development Models: Initiatives like
disadvantaged and tribal regions of central and eastern Jharkhand Alternative Development Initiative, Kerala
Kudumbashree Programme, and Andhra Pradesh
India.
Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty demonstrate
Body: effective strategies to counter LWE through
Factors Behind Persistence of Left-Wing Extremism: development.
� Socio-Economic Disparity: Endemic poverty and lack Strategic Measures to Combat LWE:
of basic amenities like healthcare and education create � Tech-Powered Intelligence: Employing advanced
fertile ground for Maoist recruitment. technologies and data analytics to monitor and track
� Also, social injustices and discrimination are often Naxalite movements, gather intelligence, and plan
overlooked by development policies, as noted by targeted operations.
the D Bandyopadhyay Committee. � Additionally, leveraging social media and digital
� These inequalities lead to movements that align platforms for counter-narrative campaigns can
Dalit and tribal grievances with leftist ideologies. help counter Naxalite propaganda and ideological
� Resource Dispossession and Unfulfilled Promises: indoctrination.
Land alienation due to mining projects and � Fast-Track Development Corporations: Establish
infrastructure development often fuels LWE activities. dedicated development corporations or authorities for
� A recent example is the mining project in the LWE-affected regions, with a mandate to fast-track
ecologically sensitive Niyamgiri Hills of Odisha. infrastructure projects, promote entrepreneurship,
� Governance Gap and Weak Grievance Redressal and create employment opportunities.
Mechanisms: Weak state presence in remote areas � These corporations could have special powers
allows Maoists to establish a parallel administration and resources to ensure rapid and effective
and exploit the lack of trust in government institutions. implementation of development initiatives.
� For instance, in the recent incident of a Maoist � Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Hubs:
attack on a CRPF patrol in Chhattisgarh, the Establish skill development and entrepreneurship hubs
remoteness of the area and limited security in Naxal-affected areas, providing vocational training,
presence were cited as contributing factors. business incubation support, and access to markets.
� This can empower the youth, create alternative � They are indeed grave threats to national security, and
livelihood opportunities, and reduce the appeal India, like many other countries, is grappling with these
of Naxalite ideology. evolving cyber threats.
� Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage public-private Body:
partnerships (PPPs) in affected regions, leveraging the The Evolving Nature of Cyber Threats Faced by India:
resources and expertise of the private sector to drive � Increasing Ransomware Attacks: India has witnessed a
development, infrastructure projects, and job creation. surge in ransomware attacks.
� This can also promote corporate social � Example: The 2022 ransomware attack on the All
responsibility initiatives in these areas. India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in
� Psychological Operations: Integrate psychological Delhi.
operations (PsyOps) into counterinsurgency strategies, � Cyber Espionage and Data Breaches: Sophisticated
using targeted messaging, propaganda, and influencing cyber actors, including state-sponsored groups, are
tactics to undermine Naxalite ideology, disrupt targeting India’s critical infrastructure and sensitive
recruitment efforts, and encourage surrenders. data.
� Regional Cooperation: Enhancing regional cooperation � Example: the data breach at the Kudankulam
with neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, and Nuclear Power Plant.
Myanmar, where Naxalites may seek safe havens or � Deepfakes and AI-powered Attacks: India faces risks
transit routes. Coordinated intelligence sharing, joint from emerging cyber threats like deep fakes, AI-
operations, and border management can help disrupt powered social engineering, and autonomous cyber
their activities. weapons.
Conclusion: � Example: Deepfake videos of Indian political
SAMADHAN doctrine aligned with the National Policy leaders spreading disinformation during elections.
and Action Plan to address LWE holds the key to effectively � Internet of Things and Operational Technology Risks:
countering the persistent threat of LWE and fostering lasting The proliferation of IoT devices and the convergence of
peace and development in vulnerable regions. IT and OT systems in industrial control systems create
new attack surfaces.
10. Ransomware attacks and cyber espionage are growing � Vulnerabilities in IoT devices used in smart cities
threats to national security. Discuss the evolving nature or industrial control systems could be exploited
of cyber threats faced by India and suggest potential for disruptive attacks.
solutions to enhance cybersecurity measures. (250 � Doxing and Hacktivism: Indian entities face risks from
words) hacktivist groups and individuals engaging in doxing
Approach: (leaking sensitive information) for ideological or
political motivations.
z Introduce by defining ransomware and cyber
espionage � Hacktivist groups recently attempted a malware
entrapment bid on the Indian Air Force.
z State the evolving nature of cyber threats faced by
India Potential Solutions to Enhance Cybersecurity Measures:
z Suggest potential solutions to enhance cybersecurity � Investing in Cyber Defense Capabilities: Enhancing
measures India’s cyber defense capabilities by investing in
advanced threat detection and mitigation technologies.
z Conclude suitably.
� Developing a skilled cybersecurity workforce
Introduction: through specialized training programs and public-
Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts private partnerships.
victims’ data and demands payment to restore access. Cyber � Promoting Secure Software Development Practices:
espionage involves unauthorized access and theft of sensitive Encouraging the adoption of secure software
information, often by state-sponsored actors, for economic, development life cycle (SDLC) practices to address
political or military gains. vulnerabilities in software and systems.
� Incentivizing the use of secure coding practices researchers to identify and report vulnerabilities in
and vulnerability disclosure programs. critical systems and applications.
� Cybersecurity Sandboxes and Deception Grids: � Cybersecurity Exercises and Simulations: Conduct
Implement sandboxes and deception grids to detect regular cybersecurity exercises and simulations
and analyze advanced cyber threats by luring and involving various stakeholders to test incident
containing them in isolated environments. response capabilities, identify gaps, and improve
� The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team preparedness.
(CERT-In) could create a honeypot network to Conclusion:
attract and study the tactics of threat actors Cybersecurity is a continuous battle. By proactively
targeting Indian infrastructure. adopting a multi-layered approach that combines
� Bug Bounty Programs: The Indian government could technological solutions, user awareness, and international
launch a bug bounty program for its e-governance cooperation, India can effectively counter evolving cyber
platforms, to incentivize ethical hackers and security threats and safeguard its national security.
nnn

Theoretical Questions To resolve a conflict-of-interest situation, public servants
should adopt:
1. Define “Conflict of Interest” and explain how it influences
� Disclosure: Publicly or formally disclose the conflict of
the decision-making process of public servants. If faced
interest to relevant parties, such as supervisors,
with a conflict-of-interest situation, how would you
resolve it? (250 words) colleagues, or stakeholders. This step is essential for
transparency and allows others to assess the situation
Approach:
objectively.
z Briefly explain the concept of “Conflict of Interest”.
� Assessment: Evaluate the nature and extent of the
z Discuss the influence of conflict of interest in the
conflict of interest. Consider the potential impact on
decision-making process of public servants.
decision-making, the organization, and the stakeholders
z Describe the process for resolving conflicts of
involved.
interest.
z Conclude Suitably. � Decision-making: Determine the best course of action
to address the conflict. This may include recusal from
Introduction :
decision-making processes, modifying behavior to
“Conflict of Interest “ situation arises when there is an
mitigate the conflict, or seeking guidance from ethics
actual or apparent conflict between public duty and private
interest of a public official. In such a situation, an official’s advisors or committees.
private interests could improperly influence the performance � Recusal: If necessary, remove oneself from decision-
of official duties. Conflict of interest reduces public trust making processes where a conflict exists. This step
and confidence in the integrity and impartiality of public helps ensure that decisions are made impartially and
functionaries. without bias.
Body: � Mitigation: Take steps to minimize the impact of the
Influence of Conflict of Interest in Public Servants’ Decision- conflict of interest on decision-making. This could
making: involve implementing safeguards, such as oversight
� Biased Decision-making: Public servants may prioritize mechanisms or transparency measures.
personal interests or the interests of a particular group � Monitoring and Review: Continuously monitor the
over the public good when faced with a conflict of situation to ensure that the conflict of interest is
interest. This can lead to decisions that benefit effectively managed. Regular review and assessment
themselves or their associates rather than the broader can help identify any new conflicts or changes that
community.
require attention.
� Loss of Objectivity: Conflicts of interest can cloud
� Documentation: Maintain records of the conflict of
judgment and undermine the objectivity of public
interest, disclosure, and actions taken to resolve it.
servants. They may find it challenging to make impartial
decisions when personal interests are at stake. Documentation helps demonstrate compliance with
ethical standards and organizational policies.
� Favoritism: Public servants with conflicts of interest
may show favoritism towards individuals or Conclusion :
organizations with whom they have a personal By effectively managing conflicts, the public servant
relationship or financial interest, leading to unfair demonstrates its commitment to transparency and ethical
treatment of others. conduct in the best interests of the people they serve.
� Compromised Integrity: Engaging in decision-making
while having a conflict of interest can compromise the 2. Define “environmental ethics” and explain its significance.
integrity of public servants and erode public trust in Choose one environmental issue and analyze it from an
the government and its institutions. environmental ethics perspective. (250 words)
Approach: advocate for fair treatment and involvement of all

people in environmental decisions.
z Briefly explain the concept of “environmental
� Stewardship and Responsibility: Environmental ethics
ethics”.
promotes the idea of humans as stewards of the Earth,
z Discuss the significance of “environmental ethics” in
with a responsibility to care for and protect the
contemporary times. environment. This involves adopting practices that
z Choose one environmental issue and analyze it from minimize harm to the environment, conserve natural
an environmental ethics perspective. resources, and mitigate climate change.
z Conclude Suitably. � For example, transitioning to renewable energy
Introduction : sources and reducing consumption of single-use
Environmental ethics is a branch of applied philosophy plastics demonstrate a commitment to responsible
that studies the conceptual foundations of environmental stewardship of the planet.
values as well as more concrete issues surrounding societal � Global Cooperation: Environmental challenges
attitudes, actions, and policies to protect and sustain transcend national boundaries, necessitating global
biodiversity and ecological systems. cooperation and collaboration. Environmental ethics
Environmental ethics examines how humans interact emphasizes the shared responsibility of all nations to
with the environment and the impact of their actions. It address common environmental threats.
considers issues like resource consumption, pollution, and � For instance, international agreements like the
conservation efforts. Paris Agreement on climate change and the
Body : Convention on Biological Diversity reflect efforts
to promote global environmental cooperation
The significance of environmental ethics :
based on ethical principles.
� Interconnectedness of Life: Environmental ethics
Analyzing the issue of deforestation from an environmental
recognizes the interconnectedness of all life forms and
ethics perspective:
ecosystems. This perspective highlights the importance
of preserving biodiversity and ecosystems for the well- Deforestation involves the large-scale clearance
being of both humans and other species. of forests, primarily for agricultural expansion, logging,
infrastructure development, and urbanization. This practice
� For example, the destruction of rainforests not
has significant environmental, social, and ethical implications.
only leads to loss of habitat for countless species
but also disrupts vital ecosystem services like � Biodiversity Loss: From an environmental ethics
carbon sequestration and climate regulation. standpoint, deforestation raises concerns about
� Sustainable Development: Environmental ethics
biodiversity loss. Forests are home to a vast array of
emphasizes the need for sustainable development that plant and animal species, many of which are unique
meets the needs of the present without compromising and irreplaceable. Clearing forests disrupt ecosystems,
the ability of future generations to meet their own leading to habitat destruction and the extinction of
needs. species.
� In a world grappling with issues like climate � Ethically, there is a responsibility to preserve
change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, adopting biodiversity for its intrinsic value and for the well-
ethical principles in decision-making is essential being of future generations.
for ensuring a sustainable future. � Climate Change: Deforestation is a major contributor
� Justice and Equity: Environmental ethics underscores to climate change. Forests act as carbon sinks,
the principles of justice and equity in environmental absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
decision-making. It calls for considering the impacts of helping to regulate the global climate. When forests
environmental degradation on vulnerable communities, are cleared, the stored carbon is released into the
both locally and globally. atmosphere, exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions.
� For instance, marginalized communities often � From an environmental ethics perspective, there
bear the brunt of environmental pollution and is a moral imperative to mitigate climate change
climate change impacts, exacerbating existing by preserving forests and reducing deforestation
inequalities. Environmental justice movements rates.
� Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice: Many � Example: Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer, has
indigenous communities rely on forests for their exhibited unwavering determination in his
livelihoods, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs. decision-making despite numerous transfers and
Deforestation often infringes upon the rights of challenges, showcasing emotional resilience.
indigenous peoples, leading to displacement, loss of � Ethical Decision-making and Integrity: Emotionally
traditional knowledge, and social conflicts. intelligent leaders are better equipped to make ethical
� Ethically, there is a need to respect the rights of decisions as they can consider the emotional
indigenous communities and ensure their implications of their choices on various stakeholders.
participation in decisions affecting forest � They are more likely to act with integrity, aligning
management. their decisions with their values and principles.
� Intergenerational Equity: Deforestation compromises � Example: T.N. Seshan’s tenure as Chief Election
the ability of future generations to enjoy the benefits Commissioner is noted for his integrity,
of healthy ecosystems. unwavering commitment to free and fair elections,
� Ethically, there is a duty to consider the interests and adept handling of complex political situations,
of future generations and to preserve natural showcasing exemplary emotional intelligence.
resources for their use. � Adaptability and Resilience: Leaders with high EI are
Conclusion: better able to adapt to changing circumstances and
The urgency of addressing environmental challenges navigate challenges with resilience.
in an ethical, equitable, and sustainable manner reflects the � Example: During the Covid-19 pandemic, leaders
increasing need for environmental ethics in the contemporary like Jacinda Ardern (Prime Minister of New
world . By integrating ethical principles into environmental Zealand) demonstrated remarkable emotional
decision-making and policies, individuals and organisations intelligence, which helped reassure the public and
can work towards a more just, resilient, and harmonious guide effective crisis management efforts.
relationship with the natural world. � Empathy and Understanding: Emotionally intelligent
leaders have the ability to perceive and understand the
3. Emotional Intelligence is often considered a critical
emotions of others, fostering stronger connections and
component of effective leadership and ethical decision-
trust within their teams.
making. Suggest measures to develop it among civil
� Example: Indra Nooyi, the former CEO of PepsiCo,
servants. (150 words)
was known for her empathetic leadership style.
Approach: � Effective Communication and Conflict Resolution:
z Introduce the answer by defining emotional Leaders with high EI possess strong communication
intelligence skills and the ability to navigate conflicts effectively.
z Delve into the significance of emotional intelligence They can convey their messages with emotional
in effective leadership and ethical decision-making intelligence, ensuring that their intentions are
understood and fostering open and constructive
z Highlight measures to develop it among civil servants
dialogue.
� Example: Nelson Mandela, the former President
Introduction: of South Africa, exemplified emotional intelligence
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize, in his leadership.
understand, manage, and reason with emotions. It is a crucial Measures to Develop it Among Civil Servants:
attribute for civil servants as it enables them to navigate
� Incorporate Emotional Intelligence in Performance
complex situations, build effective relationships, and make
Evaluation: Include emotional intelligence
ethical decisions.
competencies as part of performance evaluations and
Body: recognition programs.
Significance of Emotional Intelligence in Effective Leadership � Recognize and reward civil servants who
and Ethical Decision-making: demonstrate high levels of emotional intelligence
� Self-Awareness and Emotional Regulation: Leaders in their work.
with high EI have a deep understanding of their own � Job Shadowing: Implementing Job Shadowing and role
emotions, strengths, and weaknesses. immersion programs for civil servants to gain diverse
experience and develop empathy, perspective-taking, the law rather than personal biases or political
and emotional awareness. affiliations.
� For instance, a “Civil Service Exchange Program” � For instance, a judge who remains impartial can
in India could allow officers to shadow colleagues deliver fair judgments regardless of the
from different services and ministries, enhancing defendant’s background or public opinion.
their emotional intelligence through cross- � Equitable Resource Allocation: Nonpartisanship
functional exposure. prevents favoritism in resource allocation, such as
� Citizen Feedback Labs with Emotional Intelligence government contracts or funding for projects.
Focus: Establish citizen feedback labs designed to � This helps in distributing resources fairly and
gather citizen perspectives not just on policy issues, efficiently based on merit and need rather than
but also on the emotional impact of decisions of the political connections.
civil servants.
� For example, a public procurement officer who is
� This allows civil servants to learn directly from
impartial ensures that contracts are awarded
citizens and identify areas for improvement in
based on competitive bidding and adherence to
emotional intelligence practices.
regulations, not political influence.
Conclusion:
� Public Trust and Confidence: When public servants act
By implementing these measures, civil servants can impartially and nonpartisan, it enhances trust and
cultivate emotional intelligence, enabling them to make
confidence in government institutions.
ethical decisions, build trust with stakeholders, and navigate
� For instance, an impartial Electoral Officer that
complex situations with greater emotional awareness and
resilience. oversees elections without bias fosters trust in
the electoral process among citizens.
4. In what ways do impartiality and nonpartisanship � Promoting Diversity and Inclusion: Impartiality fosters
contribute to the ethical integrity of public service? diversity and inclusion by ensuring equal opportunities
Discuss practical challenges associated with maintaining for all individuals regardless of their background,
these principles, along with strategies for their effective beliefs, or affiliations.
implementation. (250 words)
� For example, an impartial hiring committee in a
Approach: government agency promotes diversity by
z Introduce the answer with definition of impartiality selecting candidates based on qualifications and
and Nonpartisanship skills, not on political connections or biases.
z Highlight contribution of impartiality and However, maintaining these principles in practice can
present several challenges:
nonpartisanship in ethical integrity of public service
� Political Influence and Pressure: Public servants,
z Mention challenges associated with maintaining
especially those in higher positions, may face pressure
these principles
from political leaders or parties to align with their
z Suggest strategies for their effective implementation
interests or ideologies.
z Conclude Suitably. � Resisting such pressure and maintaining neutrality
Introduction: can be challenging, especially when career
Impartiality refers to the quality of being unbiased, advancement or job security is at stake.
objective, and free from favoritism or prejudice. It � Personal Biases: Even with the best intentions, public
involves treating all individuals or groups equally, without servants may unconsciously harbor personal biases
discrimination or unfair preference. that can potentially compromise their impartiality and
� Nonpartisanship, on the other hand, is the principle of nonpartisanship.
remaining neutral and independent from ideologies, � Recognizing and managing these biases can be
political parties or special interests. difficult, particularly in complex or sensitive
Body: situations.
Contribution of Impartiality and Nonpartisanship in Ethical � Competing Interests: Public servants often face
Integrity of Public Service: competing demands and interests from various
� Fair Decision-Making: Impartiality ensures that public stakeholders, such as interest groups, lobbies, or
servants make decisions based on facts, evidence, and powerful individuals.
� Balancing these interests while maintaining 5. Discuss the benefits and limitations of objectivity in
impartiality and nonpartisanship can be a delicate maintaining public trust and ensuring fair governance.
task. (150 Words)
To effectively implement and maintain impartiality and Approach:
nonpartisanship, the following strategies can be employed: z Introduce the answer by defining objectivity.
� Robust Ethics and Integrity Framework: Establishing z Delve into the benefits of objectivity in maintaining
clear ethical guidelines, codes of conduct, and policies public trust and ensuring fair governance.
that explicitly outline the expectations for impartiality z Highlight the limitations of objectivity in maintaining
and nonpartisanship. public trust and ensuring fair governance.
� Providing regular training and awareness z Conclude Suitably.
programs to reinforce these principles and their Introduction:
importance in public service. Objectivity refers to the ability to judge fairly, without
� Transparency and Accountability Measures: bias or external influence.
Implementing robust transparency mechanisms, such Objectivity in governance means adherence to
as public disclosure of decision-making processes, rationality, legality and proven standards, procedures and
conflicts of interest, and potential biases. norms in institutions by the public authorities. It implies that
� Merit-based Recruitment and Promotion: Adopting governance decisions should be taken based on merit and
merit-based recruitment and promotion practices that after rigorous analysis of evidence.
prioritize competence, integrity, and adherence to Body:
ethical principles over political affiliations or personal
Benefits of Objectivity in Governance:
connections.
� Promotes Fairness:
� Ensuring fair and objective performance
� Objectivity ensures decisions are made on merit,
evaluation systems that recognize and reward
not personal biases or affiliations. This fosters a
impartiality and nonpartisanship.
level playing field for citizens and businesses,
� Whistleblower Protection and Reporting Mechanisms:
upholding equal treatment under the law.
Establishing secure and confidential channels for public
� For example: the Public Distribution System
servants to report instances of improper influence,
(PDS) in India incorporates objective criteria
political interference, or violations of impartiality and
like income levels to identify beneficiaries,
nonpartisanship.
which reduces the risk of favouritism and
� Implementing robust whistleblower protection promotes equality in accessing subsidized
measures to encourage reporting without fear of food grains.
retaliation. � Enhances Transparency:
� Ethics Impact Assessments: Conducting regular ethics � When decisions are made based on objective data
impact assessments to identify and mitigate potential and transparent procedures, the rationale behind
biases or conflicts of interest within public service them becomes clear. This builds public confidence,
organizations. as citizens can understand how resources are
� This proactive approach helps in addressing allocated and policies are formulated.
ethical challenges before they escalate. � For example: The Right to Information (RTI)
Conclusion: Act in India exemplifies this principle,
By implementing these strategies and continuously empowering citizens to access government
reinforcing the principles of impartiality and nonpartisanship, records and hold authorities accountable.
public servants can uphold the ethical integrity of public � Minimizes Corruption:
service, promote fairness and objectivity in decision-making, � Objectivity reduces corruption and promotes
and maintain the trust and confidence of the citizens they accountability. Established procedures and clear
serve. guidelines provide a framework for decision-
making, deterring officials from succumbing to Approach:
external pressures or personal biases. This
z Introduce the essence of the quote briefly.
strengthens the integrity of governance and
z Elaborate upon the quote with a special focus on
fosters public trust.
keywords like: ‘modest in his speech’, and ‘exceeds
� For example: the implementation of online
in his actions’
land record management systems in several
z Discuss the relevance of the quote in today’s society.
Indian states minimizes the opportunities for
manipulating land ownership records. z Conclude Suitably.
Limitations of Objectivity in Governance: Introduction:

� Disregards Situational Factors: Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, offers a valuable
insight into ethical conduct with this quote. It conveys the
� Strict adherence to objectivity might overlook
idea that a truly admirable and virtuous person (the “superior
nuances specific to a situation. Situational factors
man”) demonstrates humility and restraint in their words but
like social inequalities or historical injustices may
is distinguished by their actions. In the present context, this
necessitate a tailored approach. can be interpreted as a call for integrity, where one’s deeds
� For example: Students with learning disabili- speak louder than their words.
ties might require specific accommodations Body:
or alternative assessments to accurately
� Modesty in Speech:
measure their knowledge and skills.
� Humility: Boasting about intentions or achieve-
� Limits Creativity: ments undermines genuine accomplishment.
� In a rapidly changing world, overly rigid objectivity True nobility lies in quiet confidence and under-
could hinder flexible adaptation. It also limits stated pride.
human creativity and discourages the � Thoughtful Communication: Leaders who are
incorporation of different perspectives. modest in speech take time to consider the impact
� For example: Addressing complex issues like of their words. They choose clarity and conciseness
climate change might require innovative over empty pronouncements.
solutions that defy pre-defined criteria. � Example: Nelson Mandela, after spending 27
� Limited Application: years imprisonment,he emerged from prison
as a global icon. Yet, he remained grounded,
� Certain decisions, particularly those concerning
signifying reconciliation and collective effort
social welfare, may require a degree of empathy
in rebuilding South Africa. His focus was on
and sensitivity that pure objectivity might not
action, not self-promotion.
capture.
� Exceeding in Actions:
� For example: allocating resources for disaster
� Results-Oriented: A superior leader prioritizes
relief might involve considering not just the achieving positive outcomes. They translate
number of people affected, but also the words into concrete actions that benefit the
specific vulnerabilities of different groups greater good.
(e.g., elderly, children) within the affected � Integrity: Actions speak louder than words.
population.. Ethical leaders ensure their actions align with
Conclusion their stated values and commitments.
Objectivity remains a cornerstone of fair governance. � Example: Mother Teresa’s life exemplifies
However, recognizing its limitations allows for a more nuanced exceeding in actions. She dedicated herself to
approach that incorporates context, empathy, and public serving the poorest of the poor, her actions
participation. By striking this balance, governments can build reflecting a deep commitment to compassion
and social justice.
stronger public trust and ensure equitable outcomes for all.
� Relevance in the Present Ethical Context:
6. What does this quote convey to you in the present � In today’s fast-paced, image-conscious world,
context - “The superior man is modest in his speech but Confucius’ message remains relevant. Social
exceeds in his actions.” – Confucius (150 Words) media platforms can be breeding grounds for self-
promotion and empty pronouncements. With the those most affected by policies. This can lead to
rise of social media platforms like Instagram, and more targeted and humane interventions.
Facebook Confucius’s message is more important � Example: Compassion may lead to a policy
than ever. shift from simply providing homeless shelters
� People who are modest in their pronouncements to addressing the root causes of
and focus on delivering results foster trust and homelessness, such as mental health issues
inspire confidence. or lack of affordable housing.
� Leaders who over-promise and under-deliver
� Encourages Inclusivity:
erode public trust. Focusing on public perception
� Compassion encourages policymakers to actively
through rhetoric without taking concrete action
engage with vulnerable populations,
undermines ethical leadership.
understanding their needs and aspirations.
Conclusion:
� Example: Consulting with disability rights
Confucius’s quote reminds us that true leadership lies
groups while making policies ensures the
in action, not mere words. It’s a call for ethical leaders who
needs of the disabled community are directly
prioritize results, value humility, and translate their vision into
addressed in the policy.
tangible benefits for the people they serve. By embodying
these principles, leaders can navigate the complexities of the Role of Compassion in Fulfilling the Needs of Vulnerable
present and build a more just and equitable future. Populations:
� Prioritizing Basic Rights of Vulnerable Population:
7. Analyze the impact of compassion on policymaking and
� Compassion ensures that policies prioritize basic
its importance in addressing the needs of vulnerable
human rights like access to healthcare, education,
populations. (150 words)
and sanitation, particularly for those who struggle
Approach: to access them.
z Introduce the answer by defining Compassion. � Example: The Right to Education Act in India
z Delve into the benefits of compassion on policy- can be said to be an example of compassionate
making and fulfilling the needs of vulnerable policy-making.This act prioritizes free and
populations. compulsory education for children,
z Highlight the limitations of compassion on policy- addressing the needs of underprivileged
making and fulfilling the needs of vulnerable communities.
populations. � Promoting Social Justice:
z Conclude Suitably. � Compassionate policies aim to bridge inequalities
and create a more just society. This can involve
Introduction: affirmative action programs or social safety nets
Compassion involves feeling another person’s pain and to protect the most vulnerable.
wanting to take steps to help relieve their suffering.It is often � Example: To reduce social inequality in India,
seen as an emotional quality. However, in policymaking, it National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
emerges as a powerful tool for crafting effective and inclusive (NREGA) guarantees 100 days of wage
solutions and addressing the needs of vulnerable populations. employment to rural households, offering a
Body: safety net for vulnerable populations.
Impacts of Compassion on Policy-making : Conclusion:
� Shifting Focus from Statistics: Compassion is not a weakness, but a strength in
� Compassion compels policymakers to move policymaking. By incorporating this important element, we
beyond mere statistics and economic can make policies that are not only effective but also humane,
considerations. uplifting the lives of vulnerable populations. There is a need
� It allows them to see the human faces behind the to cultivate compassion in policymaking, fostering a world
data, understanding the lived experiences of where everyone thrives.
8. “Integrity is doing the right thing, even when no one is faced public scrutiny during her tenure but
watching.” - C.S. Lewis. Discuss in the context of ethical maintained accountability and transparency,
conduct in public administration and its impact on public upholding her commitment to ethical service.
trust. (150 words) � Impartiality and Fairness:
Approach: � Ethical conduct necessitates treating all citizens
equally, without bias or favouritism. Public
z Introduce the essence of the quote briefly and
servants with integrity resist temptations of
define integrity.
nepotism or undue influence and uphold the
z Elaborate on the role of Integrity in the context of
principles of meritocracy.
ethical conduct in public administration.
� Example: T. N. Seshan, former Chief Election
z Discuss the impact of integrity on developing public
Commissioner of India, is remembered for
trust.
his integrity and impartiality in conducting
free and fair elections, ensuring that every
Introduction: citizen’s vote counted regardless of their
Integrity can be defined as being consistent and background or affiliations.
following one’s own values, principles, and beliefs. C.S. Lewis’s Impact of Integrity on Public Trust:
profound statement, “Integrity is doing the right thing, even � Legitimacy:
when no one is watching,” captures the essence of ethical
� Integrity in public servants reinforces the
conduct in public administration. In this domain, integrity goes
legitimacy of public institutions and fosters a
beyond following rules; it’s about upholding moral principles
sense of respect for the rule of law. Citizens are
and making ethical choices even in the face of temptations
more likely to comply with regulations and
or pressures. Here’s how unwavering integrity shapes public
participate in governance processes when they
administration and fosters public trust:
believe the system is fair and just.
Body: � Example: The exemplary work of IAS officers
Role of Integrity in the Context of Ethical Conduct in Public like Ashok Khemka, known for his fight
Administration: against corruption in land deals, restores
� Honesty and Transparency: public trust in the administrative machinery
� Public servants embody integrity through honesty and deters corrupt practices.
in their actions and transparency in their decision- � Cooperation:
making processes. This includes declaring conflicts � When citizens trust public servants, they are more
of interest and ensuring open communication likely to cooperate with government initiatives,
with the public. such as vaccination drives or environmental
� Example: IAS officer K.K. Pathak resigned conservation programs. This fosters a sense of
from the Indian Civil Service in protest against collective responsibility and societal progress.
political interference. This act of unwavering Example: Dr. Harsh Vardhan, former Union Minister of
honesty set a high standard for ethical Health, played a crucial role in leading vaccination drives,
conduct in public service. especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. His transparent
� Accountability: communication and leadership helped in gaining citizens’
� Taking responsibility for one’s actions and trust and cooperation in the vaccination efforts.
decisions is an important element of integrity. Conclusion:
Ethical public servants are willing to be held C.S. Lewis’s words remind us that integrity is not a
accountable for their performance and readily situational virtue but a core principle for effective public
acknowledge any mistakes. administration. Staying consistent and following one’s own
� Example: Kiran Bedi, a former IPS officer who values, principles, and beliefs helps a public servant in being
later joined the IAS, is known for her people- ethical in public administration and gaining public trust in
centric approach and strong work ethic. She the long term.
9. Discuss the concept of conflict of interest in public possible, should recuse themselves from participating
service. How should a civil servant handle situations in decision-making processes related to the conflicting
where personal interests clash with professional duties? matter.
(150 words) � This step helps maintain impartiality and prevents
any undue influence or perception of bias.
Approach:
� Independent Oversight and Accountability Mecha-
z Introduce by defining conflict of interest
nisms: Establishing independent oversight bodies or
z Mention types of Conflict of Interest committees to monitor and investigate potential con-
z Suggest strategies for public servants to manage flicts of interest can enhance public trust and account-
conflict of interest ability.
z Conclude suitably. � These mechanisms should have the authority to
Introduction: impose appropriate sanctions or disciplinary
actions in cases of non-compliance or unethical
The concept of conflict of interest in public service
conduct.
is a critical issue that concerns the integrity, impartiality,
� Randomized Assignment of Tasks: Implementing
and public trust in the civil service. A conflict of interest
arises when a civil servant’s personal interests, financial systems for randomly assigning civil servants to specific
or otherwise, clash with their professional duties and tasks, projects, or decision-making processes, reducing
responsibilities. the potential for intentional conflicts of interest or
favoritism.
� Handling such situations requires a clear understanding
� This approach can be particularly useful in areas
of ethical principles and adherence to established
norms and regulations. such as contract awarding, licensing, or
regulatory oversight.
Body:
� Conflict Sensitivity Training: Incorporate regular
Conflict of Interest:
conflict sensitivity training into public service
� Real Conflict: A real conflict exists when a public development programs. This training can help officials
servant’s personal interests demonstrably influence a identify potential conflicts, understand the risks, and
decision they make in their official capacity. develop strategies for mitigation.
� Example: A civil servant overseeing a tender
Conclusion:
process has a close relative who owns a company
bidding for the project. By adhering to ethical principles and taking proactive
measures to identify, disclose, and manage conflicts of
� Apparent Conflict: An apparent conflict of interest
interest, civil servants can maintain public trust, upholding
exists when a reasonable person would perceive a
good governance standards, and ensure that their professional
public servant’s actions as biased due to personal
duties are carried out in an impartial and objective manner,
interests, even if no actual influence occurs.
prioritizing the greater good of the citizens they serve.
� It is about the perception of impropriety, not
necessarily proof. 10. Emerging Brain computer interface technologies are
� Example: The Minister of Education accepts an blurring the lines between human and machine
invitation to speak at a private university led by a interaction. Analyze the ethical implications associated
close friend of their spouse, without disclosing with advancements in BCIs. (150 words)
the friendship. This raises concerns about
Approach:
potential favoritism in future policy decisions.
z Introduce by defining the Brain-computer interfaces
Strategies for Public Servants to Manage Conflict of Interest:
z Highlight the ethical implications of BCI
� Identify and Disclose Potential Conflicts of Interest:
z Conclude in a balanced manner.
Public servants should disclose any potential conflicts
of interest to their superiors or an ethics committee. Introduction:
Transparency helps maintain public trust and allows for Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are direct
appropriate action. communication pathways between the brain and external
� Recusal from Decision-making Processes: In situations computing devices. They are enabling new forms of human-
where a clear conflict of interest exists, civil servants, if machine interaction by decoding neural signals and translating
them into commands for controlling external systems or protracted conflict between Maoist rebels and security
devices. forces that has claimed thousands of lives over the past
� BCIs provide a direct window into the workings of the few decades.
human mind, blurring the line between the
The Naxalites, claiming to fight for the rights of tribal
metaphysical and physical realms.
peasants and the oppressed, have established a parallel
Ethical Implications Associated with Advancements in BCIs: system of governance in large swathes of Dantewada’s
� Privacy and Data Protection: BCIs involve the collection forests and villages. They run their own courts, tax
and processing of highly sensitive brain data, raising civilians, and have targeted government infrastructure
concerns about privacy and data protection. and security personnel through deadly ambushes and
� Ethical questions arise regarding the ownership, landmine attacks.
storage, and potential misuse of this personal
and intimate data. Despite the heavy presence of paramilitary forces, the
district administration’s writ barely extends beyond the
� Cognitive Liberty and Mental Privacy: BCIs can
district headquarters. Most development funds allocated
potentially manipulate thoughts, emotions, and
for Dantewada have been siphoned off by corrupt
cognitive processes, raising concerns about cognitive
officials or remained unutilized due to the precarious
liberty and mental privacy.
security situation.
� Ethical debates revolve around the boundaries of
individual autonomy and the right to preserve The situation in Dantewada is highly volatile, with regular
the sanctity of one’s mind from external incidents of violence disrupting governance and
interference. development efforts. As the senior-most civilian
� Enhancement and Equity: BCI technologies could be authority, you are under pressure to find an effective
used for cognitive enhancement, potentially giving strategy to resolve this long-standing conflict.
users an unfair advantage in various aspects of life,
In the above scenario:
such as education, employment, or competitive
activities. 1. What are the major ethical dilemmas involved in
this issue?
� This raises ethical questions about the potential
for creating a divide between the “enhanced” and 2. What would be your priorities and action plan as
“unenhanced” individuals. the District Collector to restore administration and
deliver development in this conflict-affected region?
� Agency and Responsibility: BCIs blur the lines between
human agency and machine control, raising ethical 3. Reflecting on this case study, what policy measures
questions about responsibility and accountability. would you recommend for resolving protracted
� Precisely decoding and simulating human insurgencies through a comprehensive approach
consciousness raises unsettling questions about combining development, security, and grievance
philosophical zombie scenarios. redressal?
Conclusion: Approach:
While emerging BCIs hold immense potential for z Briefly introduce the context of the case study.
restoring and augmenting human capabilities, it also raises
z Examine the ethical dilemma involved in the case
profound ethical concerns about human agency and equity
study.
that must be carefully navigated. A balanced approach
z Delve into priority areas and the required action
leveraging the immense utility of BCIs while establishing
robust governance frameworks to mitigate risks will be critical plan.
as this field advances. z Suggest policy measures for resolving insurgencies.
Case Study Introduction:
11. You are a young IAS officer recently posted as the District Dantewada, nestled in Chhattisgarh, serves as a
Collector of Dantewada, a remote and impoverished microcosm of India’s protracted insurgencies. The Maoist
district in the state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada has been insurgency in this region challenges governmental authority,
the epicenter of the violent Naxal insurgency, a leading to violence and impeding development. The District
Collector shoulders the responsibility of navigating complex

z Conduct outreach and town hall
security threats, addressing social grievances, and fostering meetings for community connec-
Building
progress. Community tion and trust-building.
Body: Trust and z Collaborate with local leaders and
1. What are the major ethical dilemmas involved in Collaboration civil society for development par-
this issue? ticipation.
� Humanitarian vs. National Security: Balancing civilian z Establish a dedicated communica-
safety and rights with the need for national security Communication tion strategy to disseminate accu-
measures in a conflict zone. and rate information, updates, and
Information advisories.
� Transparency vs. Security: Balancing transparency and
Management z Provide training on responsible
accountability in governance with operational security
reporting to media and leaders.
in a conflict zone where information leaks can endanger
lives and ongoing operations. 3. Reflecting on this case study, what policy measures
would you recommend for resolving protracted
� Rule of Law vs. Parallel Governance: Upholding the
insurgencies through a comprehensive approach
rule of law while addressing the challenge of Naxalites combining development, security, and grievance
establishing a parallel system of governance in the redressal?
region. � Development with Equity:
� Cultural Preservation and Mainstreaming: Respecting � Land Rights Protection: Fast-track land titling
the cultural and traditional rights of tribal communities processes and establish grievance redressal
while promoting their integration into the mainstream. mechanisms for land disputes.
� Sustainable Livelihood Programs: Promote
2. What would be your priorities and action plan as
income generation opportunities through skill
the District Collector to restore administration and
development in agriculture, forestry, and
deliver development in this conflict-affected region? handicrafts.
Priorities and Action Plan: � The Think-B Incubator Program in Bastar
District of Chhattisgarh by IAS Rajat Bansal
Priority Areas Action Plan
can be a prime model.
z Strengthen checkpoints and pa- � Education and Healthcare: Investing in quality
trols in vulnerable areas. education through Eklavya Model Schools and
Public Safety
z Deploy Quick Response Teams in healthcare facilities in tribal areas, with a focus on
and Security local languages and cultural sensitivity.
vulnerable areas to swiftly re-
spond to any security threats. � Decentralized Power: Empower local village
councils (Gram Panchayats) to participate in
z Ensure uninterrupted provision of planning and decision-making processes related
Restoring healthcare, education, and utili- to micro-development projects.
Essential ties. � The success of the Naxal Management Policy
Services z Collaborate with NGOs for relief in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, which
efforts in affected communities. combined development initiatives with firm
security measures can be a prime model.
z Prioritize infrastructure projects
Immediate � Security with Sensitivity:
with immediate benefits.
Development � Security Assessment: Regularly assess the
z Engage stakeholders to identify effectiveness of security operations and minimize
Needs
key development priorities. civilian casualties. Implement stricter rules of
z Establish a robust emergency re- engagement for security forces with a focus on
Emergency
de-escalation tactics.
Response sponse system.
� Community Policing: Develop community policing
and Crisis z Train local law enforcement and initiatives where local police work collaboratively
Management responders in crisis management. with villagers to improve security and build trust.
� Rehabilitation and Reintegration: Revitalizing As the CEO, you must take swift and decisive action to
programs for the rehabilitation and reintegration address this crisis and ensure the sanctity of the
of former insurgents into mainstream society, democratic process.
providing them with alternative livelihood Questions:
opportunities and support services.
1. What are the stakeholders involved in this case?
� Example: The successful rehabilitation and
2. Given the gravity of the situation, outline your
reintegration of former LTTE (Liberation immediate strategy to address the ongoing booth-
Tigers of Tamil Eelam) cadres in Sri Lanka capturing incidents and restore order in the affected
after the end of the civil war. constituencies.
� Also, the Indian government’s “Cheetah 3. Once the immediate crisis is addressed, what long-
Mitra” program aims to rehabilitate dacoits term structural reforms would you recommend to
by offering them incentives and support to overhaul the electoral framework in the state?
reintegrate into society.
Approach:
� Grievance Redressal and Dialogue:
z Briefly introduce the context of the case study.
� Grievance Mechanisms: Establish accessible and
transparent grievance redressal mechanisms for z Mention the stakeholders involved in this case.
villagers to address their concerns with local z Outline an immediate strategy to address the
authorities. ongoing booth-capturing incidents and restore
order:
� Focus on Genuine Issues: Address legitimate
grievances raised by Naxalites, such as land z Propose necessary long-term structural reforms.
dispossession or environmental degradation, z Conclude Suitably.
through policy changes and legal reforms. Introduction:
Conclusion: The ongoing general elections for the Lok Sabha in
By upholding ethical principles, prioritizing immediate a state are marred by widespread incidents of electoral
concerns, and implementing long-term strategies with a malpractices, including booth capturing, intimidation, and
violence. Reports of escalating violence, threats against voters
comprehensive policy framework sustainable peace and
and election officials, and clashes between rival political
development can be realized in insurgency-affected districts
factions have eroded public confidence in the electoral
like Dantewada.
system, leading to widespread disillusionment among voters.
12. You are the Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) of a state plagued Thus, the situation presents a significant challenge for
by a deep-rooted culture of electoral malpractices, ensuring the credibility and sanctity of the electoral process.
including booth capturing, intimidation, and violence. Body:
The ongoing general elections for the Lok Sabha have Stakeholders involved in this case include:
been marred by widespread incidents of booth capturing, � Election Commission of India: Responsible for
casting a dark shadow over the credibility of the electoral overseeing the conduct of elections and ensuring
process. adherence to electoral laws and regulations.
On the third day of polling, the situation escalated to � Political parties: Participating in the electoral process
unprecedented levels, with reports pouring in from and potentially involved in perpetrating malpractices.
multiple constituencies across the state. Intimidation � Voters: Citizens exercising their democratic right to
tactics, such as threatening voters and election officials, vote and affected by the integrity of the electoral
process.
were also widely reported. Additionally, instances of
� Election Officials: Responsible for managing polling
violence, including clashes between rival political
booths and ensuring a fair and transparent voting
factions, further escalated tensions.
process.
The widespread incidents of malpractices had eroded � Law Enforcement Agencies: Tasked with maintaining
public confidence in the electoral system, leading to law and order, preventing electoral malpractices, and
disillusionment among voters. ensuring the safety of voters and election officials.
� Media: Reporting on the election process and incidents � Provide adequate resources, training, and support
of malpractices, influencing public perception and to enable these institutions to fulfill their roles
awareness. effectively and impartially.
Immediate strategy to address the ongoing booth capturing � Legal Enforcement and Accountability: Strengthen
incidents and restore order: enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with
� Deployment of Additional Security Forces: Increase electoral laws and regulations. This includes robust
the presence of law enforcement personnel in affected mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting electoral
constituencies to prevent further incidents of booth offenses, as well as impartial adjudication of electoral
capturing and violence. disputes by the judiciary.
� Rapid Response Teams: Establish specialized teams � Political Party Reforms: Implement measures to
equipped to swiftly respond to reports of malpractices enhance transparency and accountability within
or violence, ensuring timely intervention. political parties, including regulations on internal
� Strict Enforcement of Laws: Ensure perpetrators of democracy, candidate selection processes, and
electoral malpractices are swiftly apprehended and financial disclosure.
prosecuted, sending a strong deterrent message. � Encourage the development of a culture of ethical
� Enhanced Monitoring and Surveillance: Utilize conduct and adherence to democratic principles
technology such as CCTV cameras and drones to within political organizations.
monitor polling stations and identify potential trouble � Voter’s Education and Awareness: Implement
spots. sustained voter education and awareness programs to
� Voter Assistance Booths: Set up dedicated booths empower citizens with knowledge about their rights
staffed by trained personnel to provide assistance to and responsibilities in the electoral process.
voters, address concerns, and facilitate the voting � This includes educating voters on how to identify
process. This enhances transparency and accessibility and report instances of malpractices, as well as
while mitigating opportunities for malpractices. promoting civic engagement and participation.
� Collaboration with Political Parties and Civil Society: � Civil Society Engagement: Foster greater collaboration
Foster collaboration with political parties, non- and engagement with civil society organizations, non-
governmental organizations, and community leaders governmental organizations, and community groups to
to promote peaceful and fair elections. promote transparency, accountability, and public
Long-term structural reforms to overhaul the electoral participation in the electoral process.
framework: Conclusion:
� Electoral Reforms Through Legislation: Introduce and The journey toward electoral integrity requires
implement robust electoral reforms legislation aimed a concerted effort to bolster institutional resilience,
at strengthening electoral laws and regulations. technological sophistication, and public awareness. By
� This may include measures to enhance the implementing effective electoral reforms, electoral
independence and effectiveness of electoral authorities can create a more resilient and accountable
authorities, ensure transparency in campaign electoral framework that minimizes the risk of malpractices
financing, and streamline electoral procedures.. like booth capturing and enhances public confidence in the
integrity of democratic elections.
� Technology Integration: Invest in the integration of
technology into the electoral process to enhance 13. As the District Election Officer, you have received
transparency, efficiency, and security. troubling reports of alarmingly low voter turnout in your
� This could involve the adoption of electronic district over the past two election cycles. The data reveals
voting machines (EVMs), biometric voter a concerning trend of declining voter participation,
identification systems, and blockchain technology particularly in certain villages within your jurisdiction.
for secure voting and result tabulation. Despite the robust efforts undertaken by previous DEOs
� Strengthening of Institutions: Strengthen the capacity to encourage voter registration and mobilization, the
and independence of key institutions involved in the numbers paint a disheartening picture, raising critical
electoral process, including election commissions, law questions about the underlying causes behind this
enforcement agencies, and judicial bodies. democratic deficit.
The situation demands your immediate attention and
Political Encourage voter participation through
a comprehensive action plan to revive the spirit of civic
Parties and campaigning, have a vested interest in
engagement among the residents of these affected villages. Candidates maximizing voter turnout.
Questions:
Non-
1. What are the stakeholders involved in this issue? Assist in voter education and awareness
Governmental
campaigns, often work on issues of civic
2. What could be the potential reasons contributing Organizations
engagement and democracy.
to the decline in voter participation in these specific (NGOs)
villages? Plays a critical role in disseminating
3. What strategies will you implement to improve voter Media information, raising awareness, and
awareness and education to ensure a higher turnout encouraging voter participation.
in the upcoming elections?
Engage students and staff in voter
Educational
Approach: awareness campaigns; can serve as
Institutions
z Introduce the answer by giving the case in precise venues for voter education programs.
z Mention all the stakeholders involved in the case Transport Provide necessary logistical support to
z Delve into potential reasons contributing to the Services ensure voters can reach polling stations.
decline in voter participation 2. What could be the potential reasons contributing
z Suggest strategies to improve voter awareness and to the decline in voter participation in these specific
education villages?
� Lack of Awareness and Voter Education: Insufficient
Introduction: voter education campaigns and limited access to
As the District Election Officer, the issue of persistently information about the electoral process, voting
low voter turnout, particularly in certain villages, demands procedures, and the importance of exercising one’s
urgent attention. Despite prior efforts, there is a pressing need democratic right can lead to voter apathy and
disengagement.
for a comprehensive strategy to reignite civic participation in
these areas. � Accessibility Barriers: Factors such as remote locations,
inadequate transportation facilities, and challenges in
Body:
obtaining voter identification documents can hinder
1. What are the stakeholders involved in this issue? voter participation, particularly for marginalized
Stakeholder Role/Interest communities.
� Socio-economic Factors: Poverty, lack of educational
Primary participants whose engagement opportunities, and economic insecurity can contribute
Voters is essential for a representative to a sense of disillusionment with the political system
democracy. and a perceived disconnect between voting and
District Responsible for overall election tangible improvements in living conditions.
Election administration, ensuring free and fair � Distrust in Electoral Processes: Instances of electoral
Officer (DEO) elections, and increasing voter turnout. malpractice, allegations of booth capturing, or a lack
Village of transparency in past elections can erode public trust
Act as intermediaries between the and discourage voter participation.
Panchayats
administration and villagers, crucial for � Demographic Shifts: Changes in population
and Local
mobilizing and educating voters. demographics, such as migration patterns or an aging
Leaders
population, can impact voter turnout if the needs and
Election Provides guidelines, support, and concerns of these groups are not adequately addressed.
Commission of oversight for election processes;
3. What strategies will you implement to improve voter
India (ECI) ensures compliance with election laws.
awareness and education to ensure a higher turnout
Facilitate the voting process on election in the upcoming elections?
Polling Officers
day, ensure smooth and efficient � Village-level “Democracy Ambassadors” Program:
and Staff
operation of polling stations. Identifying and training a team of enthusiastic young
individuals from within each affected village to serve as However, the project also faces opposition from
“Democracy Ambassadors.” environmental groups who argue that it will cause
� These ambassadors would be tasked with deforestation, disrupt wildlife corridors, and lead to
conducting door-to-door campaigns, and increased pollution. Some environmental groups are also
leveraging their local networks to spread protesting highlighting the ecological threats of the
awareness about the importance of voting and
project.
the electoral process.
� Storytelling through Local Folk Media: Collaborate Local farmers are also concerned about the acquisition
with local artists, performers, and storytellers to of their land for the project. As the District Magistrate,
create engaging narratives and skits that convey the you have the responsibility of maintaining law and order
importance of voting and the impact it can have on and addressing various stakeholders’ concerns.
community development.
Questions:
� These narratives could be performed at village
gatherings, festivals, or through street plays, 1. What are the ethical dilemmas involved in this case?
leveraging the power of culturally resonant art 2. As the District Magistrate, what are the various
forms to captivate audiences and inspire civic options available to you? Analyze the pros and cons
participation. of each option.
� Voter Awareness Raths can also be deployed that
3. Which option would you choose and why? Justify
travel across villages and towns, disseminating
your decision using relevant ethical principles.
information about the electoral process through
audio-visual displays and engaging songs. Approach:
� Recent instance of the Tamil Nadu Chief Electoral z Introduce the answer by giving the case in precise
Officer Satyabrata Sahoo turning to the mic to and mentioning the stakeholders involved.
encourage youth to vote can be a significant role
z Mention the ethical dilemmas involved in the case.
model.
z Delve into various options available with the pros
� From Simulation to Empowerment: Establishing
and cons of each option.
temporary “Voting Experience Centers” in each
affected village, where residents can familiarize z Select the option and give reasons behind choosing
themselves with the voting process in a simulated that option.
environment. Introduction:
� These centers would feature mock polling booths, As the District Magistrate, the proposed high-speed
ballot boxes, and interactive displays explaining
rail project presents a complex ethical dilemma. It promises
the significance of each step involved in the voting
economic growth but raises concerns about environmental
process.
damage and social displacement. Here’s a breakdown of the
� Long-term Civic Education Programs: Implement long-
term civic education programs in schools and situation and potential solutions:
communities to foster a culture of active citizenship Body:
and promote the value of democratic participation
Stakeholders Role/Interest
from the voting age.
Conclusion Central Economic development, infrastructure
By enacting a thorough and inclusive strategy that Government advancement
tackles the underlying issues contributing to voter apathy, State Improved connectivity, job creation
signifies Every Vote Counts involves all relevant parties, the Government
flame of civic involvement can be rekindled to achieve a
Environmental Environmental protection, wildlife
heightened voter turnout in the upcoming elections
Groups conservation
14. You are the District Magistrate of a hilly region in India. Local Farmers Compensation for land acquisition,
The central government has proposed a high-speed rail livelihood security
project that would pass through your district. The project
promises significant economic benefits, including job General Public Improved transportation facilities,
creation and improved connectivity. economic opportunities
1. What are the ethical dilemmas involved in this case? This option is suitable as it follows the following ethical
Ethical Dilemmas: principles:
� Economic Development vs Environment: Finding a � Utilitarianism is considered by seeking a solution
way to achieve economic progress without causing that maximizes overall well-being.
irreversible ecological damage. � Transparency and public participation are
� Economic Interest vs Social Displacement: Ensuring ensured through stakeholder engagement.
fair compensation for land acquired from farmers and � Equity and justice are pursued by negotiating fair
minimizing social disruption. compensation for land acquisition and addressing
� Public Interest vs. Individual Rights: Weighing the the concerns of all stakeholders.
collective benefits of the project against the concerns � This approach reflects a responsible and ethical
of environmental groups and individual farmers. leadership style that prioritizes long-term benefits for
� Right to Protest vs Law and Order: Striking a balance the community and environment.
between ensuring public safety and fostering open � While delays are possible, prioritizing ethical
dialogue is essential. considerations and long-term sustainability outweighs
2. As the District Magistrate, what are the various the potential economic benefits of a rushed project
options available to you? Analyze the pros and cons with significant environmental and social costs.
of each option.
Conclusion:
Options Available:
As the District Magistrate, the approach should be to
� Option A: Favouring the Project: Expedite land find a solution that considers the needs of all stakeholders. By
acquisition and approvals, prioritizing economic adopting a balanced approach, upholding ethical principles,
benefits. and fostering public participation, in a sustainable and
� Pros: Faster project completion, potential for economic equitable manner.
growth and job creation.
� Cons: Ignores environmental concerns, displaces 15. You are the newly appointed Secretary of the School
farmers with inadequate compensation, risks social Education and Literacy Department in a state known for
unrest. the deep-rooted influence of the publishing mafia. As
� Option B: Opposing the Project: Side with the Secretary, you face two major challenges. First, the
environmental groups and farmers, stalling the project. mafia exploits the government’s free book distribution
� Pros: Protects the environment and upholds farmers’ scheme by colluding with officials to demand
rights. commissions, causing financial losses and compromising
� Cons: Hinders development, potential loss of economic book quality. Second, they manipulate private school
benefits, may not address existing infrastructure issues. textbook purchases, forcing schools to buy expensive
� Option C: Seek a Balanced Approach: Conduct a textbooks under the guise of quality education, which
thorough environmental impact assessment (EIA) and burdens students and families financially.
negotiate a fair compensation package for land
Your predecessor, an honest officer, attempted to tackle
acquisition. Engage with all stakeholders to find a
solution that minimizes environmental damage and these issues but faced severe resistance from the
provides economic benefits. publishing mafia, leading to their resignation. Determined
to combat this mafia, you must solve this issue and
� Pros: Promotes sustainable development, ensures
equity through fair compensation, fosters public trust ensure a fair and transparent system for textbook
through stakeholder engagement. procurement and distribution.
� Cons: Time-consuming process, potential project 1. What are the stakeholders involved in this case?
delays, requires strong negotiation skills. 2. How would you address the exploitation of the
3. Which option would you choose and why? Justify government’s free book distribution scheme by the
your decision using relevant ethical principles. publishing mafia?
Recommended Option: Option C - Balanced Approach 3. What long-term strategies would you implement to
� This option prioritizes sustainable development by ensure a fair, transparent, and high-quality textbook
conducting an EIA to minimize environmental damage. distribution system for all students?
Approach: 2. How would you address the exploitation of the

government’s free book distribution scheme by the
z Introduce by giving a crux of the case study
publishing mafia?
z Mention the stakeholders involved in this case
� Systemic Overhaul: Conduct a comprehensive audit
z State strategies to curb exploitation of the and review of the entire textbook procurement and
government’s free book distribution scheme distribution process to identify loopholes and
z Highlight long-term strategies to ensure a high- vulnerabilities exploited by the mafia.
quality textbook distribution system � Online Procurement Portal: Implementing a user-
z Conclude suitably. friendly randomized online portal for textbook
Introduction: procurement, ensuring open bidding and eliminating
The case study revolves around the newly appointed opportunities for offline manipulation.
Secretary of the School Education and Literacy Department, � Fast Tracking Legal and Administrative Measures:
tasked with combating the deep-rooted influence of the Initiating a thorough investigation into the alleged
publishing mafia. The objective is to devise strategies to collusion between officials and the publishing mafia,
dismantle the mafia’s exploitative practices and establish a and taking stringent legal action against those found
fair and transparent system for textbook procurement and guilty.
distribution. � Rotating officials frequently to minimize their
Body: exposure to the publishing mafia’s influence and
prevent the formation of deep-rooted networks.
1. What are the stakeholders involved in this case?
� Independent Review Boards: Establish independent
Stakeholder Role/Interest review boards with subject matter experts to evaluate
the educational content and quality of shortlisted
Government Oversee the distribution and
textbooks.
Officials procurement of textbooks.
� Reward System for Whistleblowers: Establish a robust
Publishing Exploit the textbook distribution system reward system for whistleblowers who report unethical
Mafia for financial gain. practices within the textbook selection process. This
Teachers Implement the use of textbooks and incentivizes transparency and discourages collusion.
and School may face pressure from publishers to 3. What long-term strategies would you implement to
Administrators choose expensive options. ensure a fair, transparent, and high-quality textbook
distribution system for all students?
End users of the textbooks, affected
Students and � Blockchain-based Textbook Procurement and
by the cost and quality of educational Distribution: Leveraging the power of blockchain
Families
materials. technology to create an immutable, decentralized,
NCERT and transparent system for textbook procurement and
(National distribution.
Council of Provides standard, affordable textbooks, � Mobile Textbook Libraries and Digital Access Points:
Educational aiming to ensure quality education. Introduce mobile textbook libraries or digital access
Research and points in remote and underserved areas, where
students may have limited access to physical textbooks.
Training)
� Collaborating with local communities, non-
Produce and sell textbooks, may be governmental organizations (NGOs), and
Private
involved in manipulating private school technology partners to manage and maintain
Publishers
textbook purchases. these mobile units, fostering community
Anti-corruption Investigate and combat corruption ownership and ensuring proper usage.
Agencies within the textbook distribution system. � Textbook Tracking and Verification System:
Implementing robust textbook tracking and
Media and Can raise awareness and put pressure verification system that assigns unique identifiers
Public on the government to address the issue. (e.g., QR codes or RFID tags) to each textbook.
� This system would not only ensure transparency textbook procurement, distribution, and monitoring
and accountability throughout the supply chain processes.
but also enable real-time monitoring and rapid Conclusion:
response to any irregularities or malfeasance. Combating the publishing mafia is not just about
� Tapping the CSR Initiatives: Collaborate with private replacing textbooks, it is about systemic reform. By prioritizing
corporations and leverage their CSR funds to support transparency, data-driven decision-making, and stakeholder
the development, distribution, and monitoring of high- engagement, a multi-layered strategy can dismantle the
quality educational resources, particularly in mafia’s influence. Continuous monitoring, performance
underserved communities. evaluation, and course correction based on data will ensure
� Leverage Digital India and e-Governance Initiatives:
the system remains effective in delivering quality education
Explore the use of existing digital platforms, such as the to all students at a fair cost.
Unified District Information System for Education “Believe you can and you’re halfway there.” - Theodore
(UDISE) and the e-Pathshala portal, to streamline Roosevelt
nnn
ESSAY
1. The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands
at times of challenge and controversy.
2. 2 Morality is simply the attitude we adopt towards people we personally dislike.
3. The world is a tragedy to those who feel, but a comedy to those who think.
4. The puzzle of existence is not in finding the missing pieces but in realizing that each piece is a mirror reflecting the whole
5. Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.
6. What one hears is often an opinion rather than a fact, and what one sees is typically a perspective rather than the truth.
Essay Topics
7. There’s no shortage of remarkable ideas, what’s missing is the will to execute them.
8. Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier.
nnn

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c om MAINS ANSWER WRITING CONSOLIDATION MAY (2024) 1

General Studies Paper-1............................................................................................... 3

General Studies Paper-2..............................................................................................12

General Studies Paper-3..............................................................................................20

General Studies Paper-4..............................................................................................33

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-1

 Incentives and policy reforms, e.g., the reduction

 This provides a crucial and consistent source of z Impact on Biodiversity:

 These rivers are lifelines for fertile plains (e.g,

Introduction: � Law and Order Issues: Regionalism can fuel

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-2

through other multilateral forums like BRICS and SCO

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-3

Economy as evidenced by the Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway

� The AmbiTag temperature data log advises Approach:

� External Debt Burden: � Stabilization: During periods of high volatility,

� Focus on Soil Health:

Potential Benefits of Zero Budget Natural Farming: � Economic Benefits:

Internal Security � Cross-Border Infiltration and Support Networks: LWE

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER-4

Approach: advocate for fair treatment and involvement of all

Limitations of Objectivity in Governance: Introduction:

Collector shoulders the responsibility of navigating complex

Approach: 2. How would you address the exploitation of the

2. 2 Morality is simply the attitude we adopt towards people we personally dislike.

8. Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier.

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Incentives and policy reforms, e.g., the reduction

This provides a crucial and consistent source of z Impact on Biodiversity:

These rivers are lifelines for fertile plains (e.g,