Straight Line

Dr. Ashis Talukder

Associate Professor
Management Information Systems (MIS)
University of Dhaka

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 1

 Day 1

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 2

Straight Line
• French mathematician and philosopher
• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
• Cartesian geometry (by his name)
• The fundamental idea of the analytical or coordinate geometry
• Representation of points, called coordinates in the plane, by ordered pair of
real numbers e.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
• Representation of lines are curves by algebraic equations. 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 3, 2𝑥𝑥 2 +
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 3

Straight Line
• Coordinate geometry:
• Enabled the integration of algebra and geometry
• algebraic methods are used to represent and prove the fundamental properties of the
functions corresponds to particular types of lines and analysis of various geometrical
properties of these curves.
• Due to these features, coordinate geometry is considered as a technique for
analysis of geometric figures based on certain axioms suggested by physical
consideration such as
• straight line, parabola, circle, hyperbola.

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 4

Abscissa of a point
Ordinate of a point
• Abscissa of a point
• Distance of a point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) from 𝑦𝑦 −axis
• Measured along the 𝑥𝑥 −axis
• Example: 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 𝑥𝑥
• Ordinate:
• Distance of a point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) from 𝑥𝑥 −axis
• Measured along the y −axis
• Example: 𝑃𝑃𝑀𝑀 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 𝑦𝑦

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 5

Abscissa of a point
Ordinate of a point
• Abscissa and Ordinate together
• Coordinate 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦
• Rectangular Co-ordinate
• A plane is divided into 4 regions by two
perpendicular lines

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 6

Distance of two points
• PQ = distance between P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2)

𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑇 2 + 𝑄𝑄𝑇𝑇 2

• 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1
• 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1
𝑃𝑃𝑄𝑄2 = (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 +(𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )2

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 +(𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )2

• Distance between (0,0) and 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 7

Division or Section formula
• Two points: (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 )
• Mid point : 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 , 𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 =
2
𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2
𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 =
2

• Example: Mid-point of (6,5) and (−2,3) is

6−2 5+3
, = 2,4
2 2

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 8

Related Example
• Show that (𝟔𝟔, 𝟔𝟔), (𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑), (𝟒𝟒, 𝟕𝟕) are the vertices of a right angle

• 𝐴𝐴 = (6,6) 𝐵𝐵 = 2,3 𝐶𝐶 = 4,7

𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 2 = 6 − 2 2 + 6−3 2 = 25

𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 2 = 2 − 4 2
+ 3−7 2
= 20

𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 2 = 6 − 4 2
+ 6−7 2
=5

• 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 2 = 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 2 therefore, Δ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a right angle

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 9

Related Examples
• Show that 𝟑𝟑, 𝟐𝟐 , 𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟒 , 𝟑𝟑, 𝟔𝟔 , (𝟏𝟏, 𝟒𝟒) are the vertices of a
square
• 𝐴𝐴 = 3,2 𝐵𝐵 = 5,4 𝐶𝐶 = 3,6 𝐷𝐷 = 1,4
• Show that 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
•2 2

• Show that 𝟒𝟒, 𝟑𝟑 , 𝟕𝟕, −𝟏𝟏 , 𝟗𝟗, 𝟑𝟑 are the vertices of an isosceles
• 𝐴𝐴 = 4,3 𝐵𝐵 = 7, −1 𝐶𝐶 = 9,3
• Show that 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ≠ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 10

Coordinate of mid-point
• 𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) divides the line with points (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) in the ratio 𝑚𝑚1 : 𝑚𝑚2
INTERNALLY, then

𝑚𝑚1 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥𝑥1

𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 =
𝑚𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑚2

𝑚𝑚1 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1

𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 =
𝑚𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑚2

𝑥𝑥1 +𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 +𝑦𝑦2

• If 𝑚𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑚2 then 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 , 𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 = , 2
2
• Externally,

𝑚𝑚1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥𝑥1

𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 =
𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚1 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1
𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 =
𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 11

Find the ratio at which the point (2,1) divides the
line with points (1,-2) and (4,7)?
• Let the ratio 𝒌𝒌: 𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟏𝟏 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐: 𝟏𝟏 = ,
𝒌𝒌+𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌+𝟏𝟏

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏𝟏
⇒ = 𝟐𝟐
𝒌𝒌 + 𝟏𝟏

⇒ 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐

⇒ 𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌 = 𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏
⇒ 𝒌𝒌 =
𝟐𝟐

⇒ 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟏𝟏: 𝟐𝟐

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 12

Area of a Triangle
• Method 1
1 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥3 𝑥𝑥1
Δ=
2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3 𝑦𝑦1
𝟏𝟏
𝚫𝚫 = { 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 + 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 − 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 }
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏
𝚫𝚫 = { 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 (𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 ) + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 (𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 − 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 }
𝟐𝟐
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 1 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥3
1 1
• Method 2 Δ = 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦2 1 = 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
2 2
𝑥𝑥3 𝑦𝑦3 1 1 1 1
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 13
Show that points (3,-2), (-1,1), (-5,4) are collinear.
• Area = 0

𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑
𝚫𝚫 =
𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 −𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏
= { 𝟑𝟑 − 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 }
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏
= 𝟗𝟗 − 𝟗𝟗 = 𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 14
 Day 2

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 15

Straight Line
• Definition: the minimum distance between
two points

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 16

Slope (Gradient) of a straight line
• Tangent of the angle 𝜃𝜃
• Rate of change in 𝑦𝑦 to the change in 𝑥𝑥
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = =
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 17

Straight Line
• Case 1: Equation of the coordinate Axes

• 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎

• 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 18

Straight Line
• Case 2: Equation of line parallel to the
coordinate Axes

• Parallel to the 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒃𝒃

• Parallel to the 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 19

Straight Line
• Case 3: Origin-slope form of a straight line
ল� 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒚𝒚
𝒎𝒎 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = = =
ভূ িম 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 𝒙𝒙

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 20

Straight Line
• Case 4: Slope intercept form of a straight line
ল� 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴 − 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒄𝒄 N
𝒎𝒎 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = = = = 𝒚𝒚
ভূ িম 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒄𝒄

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 21

Straight Line
• Case 5: Two-intercept form of a straight line

Area of the ∆OPB + Area of the ∆OPA = Area of the ∆OAB

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
⇒ 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 × 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 + 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 × 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 × 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
⇒ 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚
+ = 𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 22
Straight Line
N
𝒚𝒚
• Case 6: Point Slope form of a straight line
𝒙𝒙
ল� 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴 − 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄
𝒎𝒎 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = = = =
ভূ িম 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 𝒙𝒙

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒄𝒄 𝒊𝒊. 𝒆𝒆. 𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

• But 𝑄𝑄 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 also on the line
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎𝒎𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄

𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎𝒎𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 + 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝒚𝒚 − 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎𝒎(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 )

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 23

Straight Line
• Case 7: Two-Point form of a straight line
𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏
=
𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 24

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 • Two lines are
𝒚𝒚 =
𝒂𝒂
− 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 perpendicular if
𝒃𝒃
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = −𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂
𝒎𝒎 = − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0
𝒃𝒃
• Two lines are parallel if 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐2 = 0
−𝒂𝒂
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = −𝒂𝒂
𝒃𝒃 𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 =
𝒃𝒃
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0 𝒃𝒃
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐2 = 0 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 =
𝒂𝒂
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 25
Intersection of Lines
• Two straight lines

𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏

𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2 = 0 𝒙𝒙 =
𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏
• Just find the Solution (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 =
𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 𝟏𝟏
⇒ = =
𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 26

Concurrency of 3 lines
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0
• Three straight lines 4𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 − 7 = 0
𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0 3𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦 − 8 = 0
𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2 = 0
𝑎𝑎3 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐3 = 0

• Are concurrent If
= (−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑) + 𝟐𝟐(−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) + (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟗𝟗)
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟑𝟑
𝒙𝒙 = = 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑 + 𝟖𝟖
𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑 −𝟕𝟕
𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓 −𝟖𝟖
𝟒𝟒 + 𝟕𝟕
𝒚𝒚 = = 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑 + 𝟖𝟖
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 27
Find the straight line parallel to 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎𝟎
and passing through (𝟒𝟒, 𝟓𝟓).
• The parallel line is
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎

• The line passes through (4,5)

𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒 − 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟓𝟓 + 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒌𝒌 = 𝟕𝟕
• Therefore, the line is
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎𝟎

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 28

Express the line 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 in the intercept form and
calculate the area of the triangle formed by the line and axis
coordinates.
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
+ =1
12 12
3 4
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
+ =1
4 3
• Points 4,0 & (0,3)
• Area of the triangle with points 0,0 , 4,0 & (0,3)
𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝚫𝚫 = = [ 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎𝟎 ] = 𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 29

 Day 3
Business Applications

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 30

Business Application of Straight Line - 1

• If total factory cost 𝒚𝒚 of making 𝒙𝒙 units of a

product is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 and if 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 units are
produced,
1) What is the variable cost?
2) What is the total cost?
3) What is the variable cost per unit?
4) What is the average cost per unit?
5) What is the marginal cost of the 50th unit?
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 31
 If total factory cost 𝒚𝒚 of making 𝒙𝒙 units of a product is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 and if 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 units
are produced,
What is the variable cost?
What is the total cost?
What is the variable cost per unit?

• Given cost function: 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 20

• We know,
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• Here,
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 3𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 20
1) For 50 units, 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 3 × 50 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇. 150
2) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 150 + 20 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇. 170
3) 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇. 3
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 32
 If total factory cost 𝒚𝒚 of making 𝒙𝒙 units of a product is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 and if 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 units
are produced,
What is the average cost per unit?
What is the marginal cost of the 50th unit?

4) Total cost = Tk. 170, then Average coat for 50 units,

170
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇. 3.40
50

5) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 50𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇. 3

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 33

Business Application of Straight Line - 2

• A firm invests Tk. 10,000 in a business, which

has a net return of Tk. 500 per year. An
investment of Tk. 20,000 would yield an income
of Tk. 2000 per year.
• What is the linear relationship between
investment and annual income?
• What would be the annual return on an
investment of Tk. 12,000?
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 34
A firm invests Tk. 10,000 in a business, which has a net return of Tk. 500 per year. An investment of Tk.
20,000 would yield an income of Tk. 2000 per year.
What is the linear relationship between investment and annual income?
What would be the annual return on an investment of Tk. 12,000?

• Let, investment = 𝑥𝑥, and return = 𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 = (10000, 500)
𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 = (20000, 2000)
• Linear relationship between investment and return is a straight line is
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1
=
𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2

𝑥𝑥 − 10000 𝑦𝑦 − 500
⇒ =
10000 − 20000 500 − 2000
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 35
A firm invests Tk. 10,000 in a business, which has a net return of Tk. 500 per year. An investment of Tk.
20,000 would yield an income of Tk. 2000 per year.
What is the linear relationship between investment and annual income?
What would be the annual return on an investment of Tk. 12,000?

𝑥𝑥 − 10000 𝑦𝑦 − 500 ⇒ 20𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 20000

⇒ = 3
10000 − 20000 500 − 2000
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1000
20
𝑥𝑥 − 10000 𝑦𝑦 − 500
⇒ =
−10000 −1500
2) When 𝑥𝑥 = 12000, return is
3
𝑥𝑥 − 10000 𝑦𝑦 − 500 𝑦𝑦 = × 12000 − 1000
⇒ = 20
20 3 𝑦𝑦 = 1800 − 1000 = 800
3𝑥𝑥 − 30000 = 20𝑦𝑦 − 10000
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 36
Business Application of Straight Line – 3 (do)
• An investment of Tk. 90000 in a certain business yields an income of
Tk. 8000. An investment of Tk. 50000 yields an income of Tk. 5000.
If the income is a linear function of investment,
• Determine the equation for this relation.
• What is the slope?
• Interpret the slope in terms of the money involved.

𝟑𝟑
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑
𝒎𝒎 =
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 37
Business Application of Straight Line - 4
• The total cost y, for x units of a certain product consists of fixed
costs and the variable cost (proportional to the number of units
produced). It is known that the total cost is Tk. 1200 for 100 units
and Tk. 2700 for 400 units.
• Find the linear relationship between x and y.
• Find the slope of the line and what does it indicate?
• If the selling Price is Tk. 7 per unit, find the number of units that
must be produced so that
• there is neither profit nor loss,
• there is a profit of Tk. 300,
• there is a loss of Tk. 300.

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 38

The total cost y, for x units of a certain product consists of fixed costs and the variable
cost (proportional to the number of units produced). It is known that the total cost is
Tk. 1200 for 100 units and Tk. 2700 for 400 units.
Find the linear relationship between x and y.
Find the slope of the line and what does it indicate?

• Let, number of units = 𝑥𝑥, and cost = 𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 = (100, 1200)
𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 = (400, 2700)
• Linear relationship between investment and return is a straight line is
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1
=
𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2

𝑥𝑥 − 100 𝑦𝑦 − 1200
⇒ =
100 − 400 1200 − 2700

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 39

The total cost y, for x units of a certain product consists of fixed costs and the variable
cost (proportional to the number of units produced). It is known that the total cost is
Tk. 1200 for 100 units and Tk. 2700 for 400 units.
Find the linear relationship between x and y.
Find the slope of the line and what does it indicate?

𝑥𝑥 − 100 𝑦𝑦 − 1200 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 700

⇒ =
100 − 400 1200 − 2700

𝑥𝑥 − 100 𝑦𝑦 − 1200 2) 𝑚𝑚 = 5 indicates, Tk. 5 added to

⇒ = the total cost y for every
−300 −1500
additional one unit production.
𝑥𝑥 − 100 𝑦𝑦 − 1200
⇒ =
1 5

5𝑥𝑥 − 500 = 𝑦𝑦 − 1200

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 40
 The total cost y, for x units of a certain product consists of fixed costs and the variable cost
(proportional to the number of units produced). It is known that the total cost is Tk. 1200 for 100 units
and Tk. 2700 for 400 units.
If the selling Price is Tk. 7 per unit, find the number of units that must be produced so that
a) there is neither profit nor loss,
b) there is a profit of Tk. 300,
c) there is a loss of Tk. 300.

a) Breakeven point (𝑝𝑝 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 7) ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 500 units

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 × 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑦𝑦)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑦𝑦 c) Loss = 300
7𝑥𝑥 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 700 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑥𝑥 = 350 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 300 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 700 − 7𝑥𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥𝑥 = 400
b) profit, 300
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
300 = 7𝑥𝑥 − (5𝑥𝑥 + 700) ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 200 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 41

 Day 4
Mixed Problems

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 42

Example:
Find the straight line passing through (𝟒𝟒, 𝟑𝟑) such that the sum
of the intercept is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎2 − 15𝑎𝑎 + 56 = 0
+ =1
𝑎𝑎 14 − 𝑎𝑎
⇒ 𝑎𝑎 − 7 𝑎𝑎 − 8 = 0
• The line passes through (4,3)
⇒ 𝑎𝑎 = 7,8
4 3
⇒ + =1
𝑎𝑎 14 − 𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
56 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑎 + = 1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 7
⇒ =1 7 7
𝑎𝑎(14 − 𝑎𝑎)
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
+ = 1 ⇒ 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 = 24
⇒ 56 − 𝑎𝑎 = 14𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎2 8 6

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 43

5. As the number of units manufactured increases from 5000 to
7000, the total cost of production increases from Tk. 26,000 to
Tk. 34,000. Find the relationship between the cost (y) and the
number of units made (x) if the relationship is linear.

3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 + 8 = 0

4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 − 31 = 0

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 44

As the number of units manufactured increase from 4,000 to
6,000 the total cost of production increases from Tk. 22,000 to
Tk. 30,000. Assuming a linear relationship between the cost y
and the number of units made x, find y as a function of x. what
will be the cost when 4,500 units are produced?
• Let, number of units = 𝑥𝑥, and cost = 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 = (4000, 22000)
𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 = (6000, 30000)
• Linear relationship between number of unit and cost is a straight line is

𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1
=
𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2

𝑥𝑥 − 4000 𝑦𝑦 − 22000
⇒ =
4000 − 6000 22000 − 30000
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 45
 As the number of units manufactured increase from 4,000 to 6,000 the
total cost of production increases from Tk. 22,000 to Tk. 30,000.
Assuming a linear relationship between the cost y and the number of
units made x, find y as a function of x. what will be the cost when 4,500
units are produced?
𝑥𝑥 − 4000 𝑦𝑦 − 22000 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 + 6000
⇒ =
4000 − 6000 22000 − 30000

𝑥𝑥 − 4000 𝑦𝑦 − 22000 • If 𝑥𝑥 = 4,500

⇒ =
−2000 −8000
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 4 × 4500 + 6000
𝑥𝑥 − 4000 𝑦𝑦 − 22000
⇒ =
1 4 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 24,000
4𝑥𝑥 − 16000 = 𝑦𝑦 − 22000
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 46
7. A firm produces 20 units of an item for Tk. 73
and 50 units of Tk. 97. Assuming the cost function
to be linear, find the equation of this line and use it
to estimate the cost of producing 40 units.

𝑦𝑦 = 0.80𝑥𝑥 + 57

𝑦𝑦 = 89

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 47

8. The total expenses of a mess y are partly constant and partly proportional to the number of
the inmates of the mess x. The total expenses are Tk. 1040 when there are 12 members in the
mess, and Tk. 1600 for 20 members.

(i) Find the linear relationship between y and x

(ii) Find the constant expenses and the variable expenses per member.
(iii) What would be the total expenditure if the mess has 15 members?
• Let, number of members = 𝑥𝑥, and expense = 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 = (12, 1040)
𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 = (20, 1600)
• Linear relationship between members and expense is a straight line is
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1
=
𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2

𝑥𝑥 − 12 𝑦𝑦 − 1040
⇒ =
12 − 20 1040 − 1600
1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 48
8. The total expenses of a mess y are partly constant and partly proportional to the number of the
inmates of the mess x. The total expenses are Tk. 1040 when there are 12 members in the mess, and
Tk. 1600 for 20 members.

(i) Find the linear relationship between y and x

(ii) Find the constant expenses and the variable expenses per member.
(iii) What would be the total expenditure if the mess has 15 members?

𝑥𝑥 − 12 𝑦𝑦 − 1040 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 70𝑥𝑥 + 200

⇒ =
12 − 20 1040 − 1600
• Constant expense c = 200
𝑥𝑥 − 12 𝑦𝑦 − 1040 • Variable expense = 70𝑥𝑥
⇒ =
−8 −560 • Variable EXPENSE/MEMBER = 70
• If 𝑥𝑥 = 15
𝑥𝑥 − 12 𝑦𝑦 − 1040
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 70 × 15 + 200
1 70

70𝑥𝑥 − 840 = 𝑦𝑦 − 1040 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 1250

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 49

If total factory cost y of making x units of a product is y=10x+500
and if 1,000 units are produced:

i. What is the variable cost?

ii. What is the total cost?
iii. What is the variable cost per unit?
iv. What is the marginal cost of the last unit produced?

𝑖𝑖) 10,000
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 10,500
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 10
𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣) 10

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 50

Practice
• https://www.onlinemath4all.com/gradient-of-a-straight-line.html

• https://www.math-only-math.com/point-slope-form.html

1/8/2023 Dr. Ashis Talukder, MIS, DU 51