Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260

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Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Review

Looking beyond the rim of one’s teacup: a multidisciplinary literature

review of Product-Service Systems in Information Systems, Business
Management, and Engineering & Design
Matthias Boehm*, Oliver Thomas
Osnabrück University, Information Management and Information Systems, Katharinenstraße 3, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the past, there has been a lot of research on Product-Service Systems (PSS) e integrated bundles of
Received 23 August 2012 products and services. However, the topic has been basically independently discussed by researchers of
Received in revised form different disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the results of the fields of Information
14 January 2013
Systems, Business Management, and Engineering & Design and hence to investigate the state-of-the-art
Accepted 15 January 2013
Available online 4 February 2013
in PSS research by conducting a structured literature review. In total 265 articles have been intensively
analyzed. A unified core definition of the PSS term is derived as well as the notion of the concept in the
three disciplines is explained and summarized. A meta-analysis of previous literature reviews completes
Keywords:
PSS
the picture. Based on our data it is shown that the understanding of PSS is very different in the three
Multi-disciplinary literature review disciplines. Therefore, a research agenda for future research is developed which includes for example the
Definition graphs need for clarifying the terminology, changing perspectives, and conducting more evaluations.
Meta-analysis
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Research agenda

1. Introduction and Rada, 1988). Today, there is an industrial trend toward

About 50 years ago, back in 1962, Becker (1962) proposed his
idea of shifting from products to services. In those days, the U.S. was
the first nation that has been called “service economy” (Fuchs,
1965), because half of the total labor force has been employed by
the service sector (Fuchs, 1968). At the end of the 1960s, Levitt
(1969) stated that people do not buy products but buy the
expectation of benefits. In 1976, Stahel and Reday-Mulvey (1981)
presented a groundbreaking report to the European Commission.
They hypothesized that by focusing not on products but on selling
the utility of products new jobs could be created and energy-
consumption could be decreased.
The rapid development of information and communication
technologies (ICT) starting at the beginning of the 1980s is one
important factor that facilitated the shift from product-orientation
to service-orientation dramatically (Bhagwati, 1984; Sztipanovits,
2012). The new technology offered new opportunities in offering
better products and services. More and more, companies began to
use ICT to add value to their products or services (Vandermerwe
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ49 541 969 4879; fax: þ49 541 969 4840.
E-mail addresses: matthias.boehm@uni-osnabrueck.de (M. Boehm),
oliver.thomas@uni-osnabrueck.de (O. Thomas).
product-service integration in a way that ICT becomes the interface
between products and services (Geum et al., 2011a). In addition,
globalization leads to the transferal of production to low-cost
regions, competition has become fiercer, as well as customers
have become more and more demanding (van Halen et al., 2005). In
future, there is a trend toward a very close integration of products,
services, sensors, and the Internet e already discussed as Cyber-
Physical Systems (CPS) (Sha et al., 2009; Broy et al., 2012;
Sztipanovits, 2012).
Today, Customers have a certain need which needs to be fulfilled
until they are satisfied. Many of them do not want to buy a specific
product. Instead, they demand for solutions of a problem. There-
fore, companies started to offer integrated packages of “hard”
tangible products as well as “soft” intangible services. These
packages or bundles mostly have been called Product-Service
Systems (PSS) in literature. One of the first known definitions is
in a report for the Dutch government in which Goedkoop et al.
(1999) states that a PSS can be understood as “a marketable set of
products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user’s need”.
According to Mont, who also provided several often referred con-
tributions, PSS are defined as systems of products, services, sup-
porting networks and infrastructure that are designed to be
competitive, satisfy customer needs, and have a lower environ-
mental impact than traditional business models (Mont, 2002a). In

0959-6526/$ e see front matter
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.019
246 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
the last years, there are numerous descriptions of more or less
successful PS systems have been given in literature. Rolls-Royce, for
example, delivers a “power-by-the-hour” instead of transferring
ownership of the gas turbine engines to the airline companies
(Baines et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2011). Other examples of PSS can
be found for photo copiers (Geum et al., 2011b; Huang et al., 2011),
car sharing (Meijkamp, 2000; Kuo, 2011), office industry (Besch,
2005), teaching (Brezet et al., 2001; Boehm et al., 2011b), or IT
solutions (Herzfeldt et al., 2010).
ICT is for many of the above mentioned examples for PSS an
integral foundation (cf. Ryan, 2004 for an overview on PSS using IT).
ICT is seen as an enabler of new business models which can be
implemented by both manufacturing and service companies
(Neely, 2008). New working methods, consumption patterns and
production chains are driven by IT solutions (van Halen et al., 2005).
A new service economy has arisen which is driven by IT (Manzini
et al., 2001). Additionally, a high level of customization of prod-
ucts and services becomes possible at a lower level of costs (Kellogg
and Nie, 1995). That is the reason why recently the PSS concept also
has been discussed in more technical oriented disciplines like for
example Information Systems (Gräßle et al., 2010).
In the following a firm foundation for advancing knowledge of
the PSS concept shall be created. For doing so, a rigorous and
structured literature review considering the three disciplines
Information Systems (IS), Business Management (BM), and Engi-
neering & Design (ED) is conducted. These disciplines have been
chosen because of their high importance for discussing aspects of
PSS. Fields like marketing or consumer studies have been sub-
sumed in the BM discipline. Researchers from the BM discipline
have been one of the first ones discussing the PSS concept and ED
researchers contributed the highest number of articles. Pub-
lications from the IS discipline have been included because of the
important role of ICT within the development and operation of PSS.
This paper is structured as follows: First, the research frame-
work is presented which consists of the derivation of the research
question and a description of the applied methodology. Next, the
results are presented. Based on this, main implications are dis-
cussed and a research agenda is motivated and discussed. Finally,
conclusions are drawn and an outlook is given.
2. Research framework
2.1. Research question
Research on PSS is an interdisciplinary field. Business Manage-
ment (BM) mostly investigates bundling of products and services
from a marketing perspective (Shostack, 1977; Schmalensee, 1982;
Eppen et al., 1991). Additionally, different terminology like “com-
pack” (Bressand, 1986) or “servitization” (Vandermerwe and Rada,
1988) also have been presented to discuss the PSS concept. Within
the Engineering & Design (ED) discipline, which focuses on
designing, building, and operating physical products, a separate
stream of research has evolved. Especially North-European
researchers have coined the term “Product-Service System”
(McAloone and Andreasen, 2004; Mont, 2004; Tukker and Tischner,
2006b). Furthermore, similar conceptualizations have been given
using terms like “functional sales“ (Lindahl and Ölundh, 2001),
“functional products” (Kumar, 2003), “total care products” (Alonso-
Rasgado et al., 2004), “extended product” (Thoben et al., 2001),
“servicification” (Lodefalk, 2010), “covalent product” (Weber et al.,
2002), “post mass production paradigm” (Tomiyama, 2002), or
“Industrial Product-Service Systems IPS2” (Meier et al., 2011).
However, most often they mean the same thing (Lifset, 2000).
Especially from German-speaking researchers in Information Sys-
tems (IS) there have been a number of contributions. Here, terms
like “hybrid product” (Leimeister and Glauner, 2008), “hybrid value
bundles” (Schrödl and Turowski, 2011), or “hybrid value creation”
(Thomas et al., 2007) have been used. Parallel to research on PSS,
the concepts of “new service development” respectively “service
engineering” have been coined in America respectively in Germany
and Israel (Bullinger et al., 2003). These researchers focus much
more on the service-aspect of PSS. In general, on recognizes that the
development aspect is very important in many contributions (cf. for
example Lindahl et al., 2006a; Tukker and Tischner, 2006a; Davis
et al., 2010; Müller and Stark, 2010; Berkovich et al., 2011a, 2011b).
Due to the increasing number of contributions to the PSS con-
cept (Velamuri et al., 2011) and an exploding amount of PSS
research projects, many domains discovered the PSS concept for
their work (Müller and Sakao, 2010). The most critical issue about
these developments is the fact that there are only quite limited
connections between those researchers (Tukker and Tischner,
2006b). Different terminology has often been used for describing
apparently identical phenomena (Pawar et al., 2009). Furthermore,
results are published in separate journals and conferences and
hence interchange is difficult. As an overview on the research
landscape is still missing, researchers for example dealing with PSS
development cannot rely on all relevant contributions (Sakao et al.,
2009b). A further problem is the generalization of results. It is often
impossible to apply them because new methods and models are
tested only in a small number of examples (Mont, 2002b). Hence,
there is a need for consolidation for making research results usable
by more researchers and applicable in practice (Müller and Sakao,
2010).
Based on this, the research question which guides our further
research is: What is the state-of-the-art in PSS research in the Infor-
mation Systems (IS), Business Management (BM), and Engineering &
Design (ED) disciplines and what are future directions especially
concerning PSS development?
Contributions covering explicitly the PSS concept fall into our
concern as well as papers which cover highly related issues. So far,
our question has not been asked in other literature reviews on PSS
(cf. for example Baines et al., 2007; Velamuri et al., 2011; Cavalieri
and Pezzotta, 2012). Although the PSS concept in disciplines like
Business Management and Engineering & Design has been com-
pared (Tukker et al., 2006), our research is novel in a way that a high
number of articles from three disciplines have been systematically
identified, analyzed, and compared. Additionally, our goal is to
support novice researchers who want to start in the PSS field in
giving them a comprehensive overview on the field with respect to
topics, peoples, publication medium etc. Therefore, an answer to
our question will be valuable for researchers of all three disciplines.
2.2. Research methodology
For answering our research question, we conducted an
exhaustive and systematic literature review. A literature review like
this aims to identify critical knowledge gaps and should motivate
researchers to close this breach (Webster and Watson, 2002).
Reviews can be conducted on the basis of mature topics or new and
emerging topics (Torraco, 2005). As PSS can be seen as a mature
topic, a literature review on this should address the need for a
review, critique, and the potential reconceptualization of the
expanding and more diversified knowledge base of the topic as it
continues to develop (Torraco, 2005). Systemic literature analyses
become more and more important (Webster and Watson, 2002).
Nevertheless, these reviews are a relatively recent phenomenon in
social sciences (Velamuri et al., 2011). The basic requirement is
methodological rigor in conducting literature reviews (vom Brocke
et al., 2009). In contrast to traditional literature reviews, a sys-
tematic review follows a clear procedure and explicitly states
 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
methods of selecting and evaluating publications (Velamuri et al.,
2011). There are three phases which have to be covered (Budgen
and Brereton, 2006):
 Review protocol: What is the research question and scope?
 Search strategy: How to identify relevant literature?
 Documentation and analysis: What can we learn from a rigorous
analysis of the literature?
First, the research question and scope are defined in a review
protocol. We employ a multi-disciplinary analysis by setting the
scope on articles that are relevant to PSS within a wider context of
the IS, BM, and ED disciplines. As depicted in Fig. 1, we focus on
research outcomes and methods because these are the basic ele-
ments for a comparison. Our central goals are to integrate previous
research of three different disciplines and then elaborate on central
issues. We do this from a conceptual organization and take in a
neutral perspective. The audiences of this review are general
scholars and practitioners who are interested in recent con-
tributions on the PSS topic. As we use a multitude of different
databases and search strategies we cover an exhaustive amount of
relevant literature.
We explicitly included publications in German language in our
review. This has several reasons. Basically, the concept of PSS has
been an important research area in the German speaking countries
in the past few years (Thomas et al., 2008a). Additionally, next to
numerous of research projects founded by the European Union,
there has been a number of high-volume projects on hybrid value
creation in Germany. Furthermore, Velamuri et al. also included
German literature into their review because they wanted to make
their research accessible in a systematic way, even across the
boundaries of languages or publication formats (Velamuri et al.,
2011). Finally, central contributions to the PSS field from
researchers of the Information Systems discipline have published
their results only in German language. Of course, these facts are
also true for other countries, e.g. The Netherlands, Sweden, or Italy.
However, Germany is the biggest industrial market in Europe with
the highest number of potential end consumers. The German
government explicitly supports sustainable and industrial evolu-
tion and therefore there is a lot of research on this issue. Addi-
tionally, authors have in-depth regional and local experience in
German research community.
In the second phase, the definition of the search strategy, rele-
vant data sources need to be identified. Here, we employ the rec-
ommendations by Webster and Watson (2002): First, major
contributions in journal and conference databases are searched.
Then, a backward and subsequently a forward search are conducted
in order to identify further relevant articles. Especially, citations of
the identified resources have been cross-checked for ensuring the
capturing of earlier important publications. As major data source a
broad selection of all relevant databases has been used: EbscoHost,
Springer Link, ScienceDirect, WISO Database, AIS Electronic Library,
EmeraldInsight, Wiley InterScience, IEEEXplore, INFORMS, and
Fig. 1. Taxonomy of this literature review (based on vom Brocke et al., 2009).
247
ProQuest. This procedure ensured the finding of a diverse range of
publications, like for example journal articles, conference pro-
ceedings, theses, books, and trade journals. For a completion of the
review, an internet search was conducted using the search engines
Google and Google Scholar. The derivation of the set of keywords
was complicated because a variety of different terms for the PSS
concept exists (Knackstedt and Winkelmann, 2006). Therefore, we
analyzed terms described by Velamuri et al. (2011) and Thomas
et al. (2008a) in order to derive a set of the most relevant ones:
Product-Service Systems, Compack, Complex Package, Value Bun-
dle, Covalent Product, Servicification, Post Mass Production Para-
digm, Hybrid Product, Hybrid value creation. The search terms have
been used in all databases both in English and in German language.
Retrieving publications by means of keywords is frequently used
and leads to valid results (Steininger et al., 2009). The relevant time
frame first has been set from 1992 to 2012 because by doing so a
time span of 20 years of research can be covered. Later, the time
frame has been extended in order to cover also pervious highly
relevant contributions. The final research approach is depicted in
Fig. 2. After retrieving the query results book reviews, editorials,
and teaching cases have been excluded from the review. Addi-
tionally, duplicate references have been detected and removed.
Afterward, the abstracts and conclusions have been extracted and
relevant literature has been identified. In parallel, the query results
of the Internet search engines have been searched for relevant
contributions. The abstracts have been inspected here, too. After
the integration of the two lists, the articles have been read com-
pletely. References have been analyzed and a backward and for-
ward search has been conducted. Finally, a total number of 265
highly relevant articles have been investigated. The analysis of the
papers took place between October 2011 and August 2012. Data
collection took place in a form that one researcher extracted the
data and another checked the extraction (Kitchenham et al., 2009).
Within the third and last phase, the main ideas and themes from
the literature have to be documented and analyzed (Torraco, 2005).
While the resources that form the basis for the literature review are
termed primary studies, the systematic review itself is a form of
secondary study (Budgen and Brereton, 2006). Criticizing of past
research is only of little value (Webster and Watson, 2002). Hence,
we employ a descriptive rather than normative investigation.
Rather claiming previous research as inadequate and incompetent
it is more valuable to explain how research builds upon previous
findings (Webster and Watson, 2002). For each article the following
data has been recorded: The source (journal, conference or other)
and full reference, discipline of outlet, language and country of the
first author, number of authors and type (researcher and/or prac-
titioner), purpose of article and research questions, research design
and research methodology (Palvia et al., 2004), main topic area and
main findings, industry of investigation, perspective and discipline
of the article (Velamuri et al., 2011), whether the study provides a
definition of PSS, and four keywords characterizing the article. The
keywords have been recorded after carefully reading the articles
and have not just been taken from the authors’ provided keyword
248 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260

Fig. 2. Research approach.

list. This data will be used to analyze the state-of-the-art in PSS
research.
In order to be able to analyze the concept of PSS more deeply, a
novel approach will be employed. For every scientific field it is
important to establish a common ground for central terms. Reci-
procity is necessary for mutual understanding of researchers in
order to communicate and exchange insights (Zarvi c et al., 2012). In
the PSS research field this is not a simple task because multitude of
definitions exists. In order to derive crisp definitions, Hoede and
Wang introduced the graph-theoretical approach of definition
graphs (Hoede and Wang, 2006). Accordingly, E is the set of ele-
ments that occur in a given set D of definitions. If elements occur in
some definitions but do not occur in all definitions, they talk about
fuzzy concepts. In this case the membership function of an element
x is the function m(x). The function takes values in the interval [0,1],
meaning that if elements not belonging to the set have the value 0
and elements belonging to it have the value 1. If m only consists of
the values 0 and 1, we call it a crisp set. Otherwise it is called fuzzy
set. For preparing a definition graph, the number of occurrences of
an element of E in some or all definitions of D is calculated. If an
element e, e˛E, occurs n times the membership function can be
calculated as follows:
n
mðeÞ ¼ where N ¼ jDj:
N 2007 on, the IS field started to cover the PSS topic. The years of 2008
On this basis the definition graphs can be created, whereas
concepts are nodes of the graph and pairs of concepts are the edges.
Zarvi
c et al. (2012) used this method to derive definition graphs in
the context of IT governance. We adopted their procedure. The
definitions found in the PSS literature have been assigned to one of
the three disciplines. For each discipline one definition graph will
be created. For doing so, the occurring concepts in the definitions
have been investigated. These are the nouns which have been
identified on synonymy. If two nouns are closely related to each
other or if a noun appears in form of an adjective, like for example
“marketable product”, a pair <marketability, product> is extracted.
A similar procedure can be applied in case of verbs or prepositions.
3. Results
3.1. General findings
In total, we investigated 265 articles out of which 140 (without
duplicates) have been retrieved through a comprehensive database
search (cf. Table 1). No direct results have been found searching the
WISO Database, Wiley InterScience, IEEEXplore, INFORMS, and
ProQuest databases. With the help of the backward and forward
search (Webster and Watson, 2002) again 125 additional highly
relevant articles have been added to the list (cf. Fig. 2). In the fol-
lowing, general findings in terms of statics are described. This helps
in getting a first overview on the field.
Out of the 265 investigated articles, 41 (15%) can be assigned to
the field of IS, 77 (29%) to BM and 147 (55%) to ED. One first gets an
impression that the latter field has the strongest e in terms of
quantity e contribution to the PSS field. If one looks at the fre-
quencies of publications (cf. Fig. 3) one recognizes that this high
number only has been achieved recently. While the first article of
ED has been published in 1997, publications of BM have started in
1973. The peak of publications in ED in 2006 can be explained by a
special issue of the journal “Journal of Cleaner Production” with 7
articles. Furthermore, a lot of articles haven been published in 2009
(20 papers), 2010 (17 papers), and 2011 (19 papers). From the year
and 2011 have been very productive in the result of 12 articles each
year. The BM field has been covering PSS related issues for the
longest time e between 1973 and 1996 there have been 24 articles
in total. However, also here one recognizes a rise of papers from the
year 2001 on. In 2006, the highest amount of articles in one year (6
articles) has been published. By cumulating the numbers of pub-
lications, one recognizes that in 2011 most articles (36) have been
published. The years 2009 (32) and 2006 (30) have been very
productive, too. Although the year 2012 has only been covered until
August, there have been already 10 articles. Hence, it can be con-
cluded that the PSS topic is still highly relevant and many
researchers are working on this.

Table 1
Identified articles per search term and source.

Source Search term

Product-Service Value Covalent Servicification Post mass Hybrid Hybrid value

systems bundle product production product bundle
paradigm
EbscoHost 24
(Business Source Complete)
Springer Link 26
ScienceDirect 10
AIS Electronic Library 6 7 2 1
EmeraldInsight 15
Google 31 1 1 2
Google Scholar 5 4 1 1 2 1
Sum 117 11 1 1 1 5 4 140
 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260 249

Fig. 3. Frequency of publications on PSS over time.

Within the top 10 of most productive authors 6 of them are from
the IS field (cf. Table 2). In our study, the assignment of authors to a
discipline depends on the discipline of the respective papers’ out-
lets. The most productive authors have written 11 articles. By
extending the list to those authors with more than 5 publications
one recognizes that there is no author from the BM discipline.
Andrew Davies is the highest ranked author in this field with 4
articles. In the list of the most productive authors (cf. Table 2) 62% of
the authors are from the field of ED. As IS researchers are also
ranked quite high one can conclude that in these fields relatively
few researchers cover the PSS topic. Especially in the IS field, few
publications have been written by few researchers. This can be
verified by looking at the average number of authors per article.
Here, on average 3.63 authors write one article in the IS field. In
contrast, in BM the number is 2.26 and in ED 3.04. Hence, the BM
and ED fields are more diversified. By looking at all articles it can be
seen that 70.8% of the total 473 authors have one paper, 16.9% two,
and 5.1% three. Only 21 authors (0.04%) wrote 5 or more articles.
More than half of the 473 authors come from ED (57%); 28% of the
authors come from BD and only 14% from IS. Nearly all of the 265
articles have been written solely by researchers (91.7%). For 17
articles (6.4%) researchers and practitioners collaborated. This has
been done mostly in the ED field (10 articles), followed by BM (5)
and IS (2). Only five articles from the BM discipline have been
published by practitioners (1.9%).
The publication media is mostly a journal or conference pro-
ceedings. Only a small number of articles have been published in
periodicals (like it is the case form 7 articles of the BM discipline,
which have been published in Harvard Business Review, McKinsey
Quarterly, or Sloan Management Review) or books (59 articles).
Within the IS discipline the journals Wirtschaftsinformatik
respectively Business & Information Systems Engineering mostly
publish PSS articles (in total 8 papers). IS conferences also have
published PSS articles in their proceedings: Wirtschaftsinformatik
(9), Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (4), Americas Confer-
ence on Information Systems (3), European Conference on Infor-
mation Systems (2), Australasian Conference on Information
Systems (1), Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
(1), and Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (1). Within
the BM field there are no conference proceedings with PSS articles.
However, there are much more journals: Industrial Marketing
Management (6), International Journal of Operations & Production
Management (4), European Management Journal (3), and Journal of
Marketing (3). There are 27 further journals which published 1 or 2
articles. The Journal of Cleaner Production is the journal with the
highest absolute number of articles (15 articles in total). However,
also other journals like Journal of Manufacturing Technology
Management (11), The International Journal of Advanced Manu-
facturing Technology (10), or Journal of Engineering Design (5) have
published are relatively high number of papers. Furthermore, there
are 26 other journals which published 2 or 1 articles. Within the ED
conferences, like for example International Design Conference (6),
LeNS Conference (5), or CIRP International Conference on Industrial
Product Service Systems (4), in total 39 articles have been published
in their proceedings. From our data we now know that there is not a
single medium which publishes articles from researchers of all
three disciplines. Moreover, often hardly any interchange between
them can be recognized.
Of course, most publications (83%) are written in English lan-
guage. However, as we wanted to explicitly include the German-
speaking IS community, 45 articles (17%) are written in German
language. Within the IS articles the relation is 43.1% English articles
vs. 56.1% German. In the other disciplines the proportion of German
articles is much lower (19.5% in BM and 4.8% in ED). Fig. 4 visualizes
the country of the respective first author. It can be seen that a
strong fraction comes from Europe (78.9%). Authors from Germany,
United Kingdom, Sweden, Netherlands, and Denmark strongly
contributed to the PSS field. There are 26 contributions (9.8%)
respectively from the U.S. and Asia.
German authors have the strongest share within the IS dis-
cipline (95%). Authors from the U.S. are especially active in BM
(31%). Within ED, authors from Germany (22%), United Kingdom
(18%), and Sweden (18%) contributed nearly to an equal extend.
By analyzing the articles more deeply it can be noted that
research designs are across all disciplines in most cases not
empirical (cf. Fig. 5). The classification of research designs is based
on (Palvia et al., 2004). Multiple classifications are possible in case
of mixed research designs. Conceptual research is predominant:
66% of all papers use this design. Within the ED discipline, even 70%
of the articles are conceptual. Qualitative empirical designs are

Table 2
Author charts.

Rank Author Discipline Publications Rank Author Discipline Publications

1 Sakao, Tomohiko ED 11 11 Mont, Oksana ED 6
Thomas, Oliver IS 11 Müller, Patrick ED 6
3 Sundin, Erik ED 10 Ölundh, Gunilla ED 6
4 Knackstedt, Ralf IS 9 Shimomura, Yoshiki ED 6
Krcmar, Helmut IS 9 Tukker, Arnold ED 6
Lindahl, Mattias ED 9 Walter, Philipp IS 6
7 Becker, Jörg IS 8 17 Berkovich, Marina IS 5
Beverungen, Daniel IS 8 McAloone, Timothy Charles ED 5
Roy, Rajkumar ED 8 Meier, Horst ED 5
10 Leimeister, Jan Marco IS 7 Shehab, Essam ED 5
Vezzoli, Carlo ED 5
250 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
Fig. 4. World map.
used only in 19% of the cases. Quantitative designs (5%), Design
Science (4%) and other methods (2%) are used rarely. A similar
picture can be found in BM discipline. Here, conceptual designs are
utilized in 65% of the articles, followed by qualitative empirical
designs (19%) and quantitative empirical designs (9%). Design Sci-
ence (3%) and other designs (4%) again do not play a key role. A
different picture can be found within the IS discipline. Here, con-
ceptual designs are still prevailing but can only be found in 54% of
the cases. Design Science research is second mostly used (32%).
Qualitative empirical designs (10%) and quantitative empirical
designs (2%) are less often employed as well as other designs (2%).
The dominance of conceptual designs itself in all disciplines is not
surprising, but the extent of proportion is.
In order to better understand the used research designs, also the
employed research methodologies are investigated. Here, the
classification schemes by Palvia et al. (2004) and Gräning et al.
(2011) have been adopted. In general, the three methods of creat-
ing models, architectures, frameworks (115 articles, 43.3%), library
research (86, 32.5%), and speculation/commentary (62, 23.4%) are
most often used. By comparing the three disciplines one recognizes
that creating models, architectures, frameworks is only prevalent in
IS (41% of the articles in this discipline) and ED (27%). In BM most
articles employ a speculation/commentary method (26%). Library
research is also used in all disciplines quite often. For example in
ED, it is the second most often utilized method (23%). In contrast,
the more sophisticated method of literature analysis or theory-
based research, which covers a critical analysis of existing liter-
ature and building new groundwork, is in total only used in 14
articles (5.3% of all articles). In general, methods like laboratory
experiments, qualitative research, or content analysis are only used
in respectively one paper in the ED discipline. Field experiments are
even conducted in none of the investigated articles. Additionally,
surveys and prototyping are two further methods which are rarely
utilized. Within the IS discipline, of course creating models,
Fig. 5. Frequency of research designs.
architectures, frameworks and library research are most often
employed. However, in this discipline prototyping is the method
which is used the third most times (10% of the articles in this dis-
cipline). Within ED, prototyping is employed by a higher absolute
number of articles (8 in comparison to 7 in IS), but the relative
proportion is smaller (4%). Here, creating models, architectures,
frameworks (27%), library research (23%), and speculation/com-
mentary (12%) are used most often. Within BM, the order is only
slightly different: speculation/commentary (26%) is followed by
creating models, architectures, frameworks (20%) and library
research (17%). In conclusion one can say that past research has
strongly focused on a limited set of research methods.
As described before, the 265 contributions have been assigned
to the three disciplines. Each discipline has its specific character-
istics and preferences. In order to compare the research of the three
disciplines the perspectives taken in by each article have been
analyzed. For doing so, Velamuri et al. have already elaborated a set
of views on PSS research (Velamuri et al., 2011). We added the
meta-level view as a perspective for example other literature
reviews to their list:
 Strategic view (competitive advantage, concepts & barriers),
organizational view (organizational design, networks, organ-
izational capabilities, system integration),
 Marketing view (pricing, customer satisfaction), design view
(strategic perspective, design process, design attributes),
 Innovation view (innovation management, transition),
 Business level view (business models, viability in specific
industries, engineering & information technology),
 Sustainability view (human behavior & consumption, evalua-
tion of sustainability),
 Macroeconomic perspective (prevalence & effect, policy mak-
ing), and
 Meta-level view.
 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
By looking at the results (cf. Fig. 6) one recognizes that the
strategic and business level view are most often taken in. IS
research usually focusses on the business level view (54% of the
articles in this discipline), followed by the organizational view
(15%) and strategic view (7%). Sustainability view is least often
taken in (3%). Within BM, the strategic view has the biggest pro-
portion (60%). The remaining perspectives like design view (9%) or
organizational view (6%) only have relatively low shares. Innova-
tion view and meta-level view are not taken in very often (3%).
Within ED, 3 views are nearly equally often represented: business
level view (24%), design view (22%), and strategic view (20%). The
macroeconomic perspective is here the one with the lowest pro-
portion (3%). From this analysis one can see that BM focusses nearly
solely on the strategic view, IS concentrates on the business level,
and within ED a broad mixture of several views is taken in. The
remaining views have been underrepresented in past research
so far.
3.2. Toward a unified definition of PSS
After getting an overview on the field of PSS, now a unified
definition of the term PSS is derived. Giving crisp definitions (Zarvi c
et al., 2012) is crucial for every discipline and the starting point for
future research. For the PSS field this is insofar difficult as there is
no unified and widely accepted definition. Moreover, there is a
variety of different terminology and concepts which mean more or
less the same (Thomas et al., 2008a). While the term Product-
Service System is used by most authors (Goedkoop et al., 1999;
Mont, 2000; Manzini et al., 2001; Manzini and Vezzoli, 2002; Mont,
2004; Weber et al., 2004b; Wong, 2004; Besch, 2005; Steinbach,
2005; Maxwell et al., 2006; Morelli, 2006; Tukker et al., 2006;
Baines et al., 2007; Botta, 2007; Evans et al., 2007; Doultsinou et al.,
2009; Maussang et al., 2009; Müller et al., 2009; Botsman and
Rogers, 2010; Kuo et al., 2010; Müller and Sakao, 2010; Berkovich
et al., 2011a; Creusen, 2011; Sun et al., 2011), there are several
other closely related expressions. Bundling (Schmalensee, 1982;
Guiltinan, 1987; Venkatesh and Mahajan, 1993) and Bundle (Eppen
et al., 1991) is mostly used in Marketing literature of BM, Compack
(complex package) has been presented by Bressand (1986), or
Integrated Product and Service Offering (IPSO) have been coined by
North European engineering researchers (Lindahl et al., 2006a,b,
2007, 2008; Sundin, 2006). Furthermore, the engineers also often
use the term Industrial Product-Service Systems (IPS2) to highlight
the manufacturing-based business to business (B2B) context (Meier
and Kortmann, 2007; Rese et al., 2009; Meier et al., 2010; Müller
et al., 2010; Müller and Stark, 2010; Meier et al., 2011; Sadek and
Köster, 2011). Within the IS discipline terms like hybrid products
(Bullinger, 1997; Kersten et al., 2006; Schenk et al., 2006; Spath and
Demuß, 2006; Böhmann and Krcmar, 2007; Burianek et al., 2007;
Böhmann et al., 2008; Leimeister and Glauner, 2008;
Schaefermeyer and Rosenkranz, 2008; Schmitz, 2008; Berkovich
et al., 2009; Langer et al., 2010), hybrid value bundles (Becker
et al., 2009b; Langer et al., 2009; Becker et al., 2010b; Schuh
Fig. 6. Frequency of perspectives.
251
et al., 2010; Schrödl and Turowski, 2011; Soth, 2011), and hybrid
value creation (Thomas et al., 2007; Zellner, 2008; Becker et al.,
2009a; Knackstedt et al., 2009; Walter et al., 2009; Fellmann
et al., 2011) are utilized. This list could be extended by much
more terms and references.
In order to derive a unified definition of PSS we use the definition
graph method. By analyzing the 265 articles, we identified 8 defi-
nitions from the IS discipline, 23 definitions from BM, and 43 defi-
nitions from ED. This is the foundation for the creation of the
definition graphs. In order to do so, first the membership values for
each concept (noun, verb, or preposition in the 74 definitions) are
calculated (cf. Table 3). Because no concept occurred in all defi-
nitions, m cannot become 1. As one might have expected, the con-
cepts service and product can be found in most definitions. However,
there are differences between the disciplines. In IS, only the service
concept is named in nearly all definitions. The product concept can
only be found in 6 definitions. Concepts like value bundle, problem
solving, or hybridity are also found quite often. Within BM, service
and product concept are given in nearly all definitions. However, the
concepts of bundle und customer occur quite often, too. Here, the
different focus of the discipline in comparison to IS becomes obvi-
ous. Within ED, the concepts of product, service, and system are
named relatively often, although there is not one concept that occurs
in nearly all definitions. The variation among the definitions is the
highest in this discipline. Similar to BM, also in ED concepts like
function fulfillment and user are named quite often.
Having determined the relevant concepts in the definitions of
the 3 disciplines as well as having noted the frequency of occur-
rences by means of membership values, definition graphs can be
created to extract all-embracing meanings or “core” definitions. In
order to do so, one takes each concept from Table 3 as a node and
pairs between concepts as edges. Multiple edges are drawn if a pair
of concepts occurs more than once. In the final definition graph (cf.
Fig. 7) only those concepts are linked that are used together in
definitions. For example in Fig. 7c, “eco-efficiency” is linked to
“service” and not to “product” because in our analysis we found out
that the term is only used with reference to services and not to
products. Only multiple edges make up core definitions of a term
(Zarvic et al., 2012). The core definitions are highlighted in the
respective definition graphs in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7a shows the definition graph for PSS in the IS discipline.
According to this graph, a PSS in the IS discipline is a hybrid product
and service, combined to a value bundle. This bundle is an inte-
gration of the components and can be seen as a transaction or an
offer. It solves a problem and offers therefore as a solution customer
utility.
Next, Fig. 7b represents the PSS definition graph of the BM
discipline. This graph shows, as the other two ones too, a common
basis structure. Products and services are combined to a bundle or
system. Within the BM discipline, the focus is set to the problem
solving ability and added value. By doing so, the needs of customers
should be satisfied. Additionally, PSS is seen here as a paradigm and
organizational frame and strategy.
252 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260

Table 3
Membership values.

m Information Systems Business Management Engineering & Design

0.81e0.9 Service Service e
Product
0.61e0.8 e Bundle/system Product
Customer/client Service
System
0.41e0.6 Product Problem solving/solution/added value Function fulfillment/utility
User/client/customer
0.21e0.4 Value bundle Needs integration Needs integrated view
Problem solving/solution Customization
Hybridity
Integration
Customer utility/value
Transaction/offer
Software
0.2 Price Paradigm/organizational frame/strategy Lower environmental impact
Marketability Satisfaction (Value) network
Design-based Hybridity (User-centric) life-cycle
Business strategy Producer ownership .
Single-component-based hardware .

Finally, in Fig. 7c the definition graph for PSS in the ED discipline
is shown. As mentioned before, this discipline is the one with the
highest variants in the definition. Nevertheless, again the core
structure of products, service and system can be detected here. The
emphasis is also on the function fulfillment and utility as well as the
fulfillment of user needs. Also the lowered environmental impact
and sustainability are highlighted. Furthermore, aspects like (user-
centric) life cycle management, value propositions, supporting
(value) networks, and the (technological) infrastructure as well as
the business model character as an innovation strategy are named.
The aspects of marketability and integrated view on products and
services in terms of planning, development, delivery, and usage are
characteristic for PSS.
From the analysis of the literature one can conclude that in each
discipline there are very different definitions of the PSS concept.
However, there are also a high number of definitions which mean
more or less the same. This is acceptable as long as one wants to get
a first insight into the PSS concept. With the help of the definition
graphs a crisp definition for each discipline can be derived (Hoede
and Wang, 2006). The question is now, what the core definition of
PSS across all disciplines could be. This can be answered by
comparing the three graphs. Accordingly, the core definition of a
PSS can be formulated as follows: A Product-Service System (PSS) is
an integrated bundle of products and services which aims at cre-
ating customer utility and generating value.
The aim of the derived core definition is to show the lowest
common denominator of the definitions that the three disciplines
provide about PSS. This definition can be therefore used as a
starting point for the derivation of more specific delineations.
Table 4 shows a comparison of main and often used definitions of
each discipline. This helps to understand main the differences and
similarities. One recognizes the universal character of the core
definition because at least some parts of it can be found in every
other definition. Of course, each author of the different disciplines
derived their own more detailed understanding for their respective
purposes.
3.3. Notion of PSS
Having derived a unified core definition of PSS the notion of PSS
needs to be clarified more deeply. For doing so the main topic areas
and findings of each article are analyzed.

Fig. 7. Definition graphs for PSS in IS discipline (a), BM discipline (b), and ED discipline (c).
 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260 253

Table 4
Comparison of PSS definitions.

Definition: PSS (and related concepts) are defined as. Reference

an integrated bundle of products and services which aims at creating customer utility and generating value. This article
ED “a marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user’s need.” (Goedkoop et al., 1999)
“a business innovation strategy offering a marketable mix of products and services jointly capable of (Manzini et al., 2001)
fulfilling a client’s needs and/or wants e with higher added value and a smaller environmental impact
as compared to an existing system or product.”
“a system of products, services, supporting networks and infrastructure that is designed to be: (Mont, 2002a)
competitive, satisfy customer needs and have a lower environmental impact than traditional business
models.”
“a concept that integrates products and services in one scope for planning, development and delivery, (Müller et al., 2009)
thus for the whole life-cycle.”
“a functional solution that fulfills a defined customer need. The focus is, with reference to the customer (Sakao et al., 2008)
value, to optimize the functional solution from a life-cycle perspective.”
“products that comprise combinations of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ elements. Typically, they are described as (Alonso-Rasgado et al., 2004)
comprising hardware combined with a service support system.”
BM “the set of all potential additional services a supplier can supplement his product offering with, in order (Frambach et al., 1997)
to differentiate his offering relative to the competitors’ as perceived by (potential) customers and
distributors.”
“comprehensive bundles of products and/or services, that fully satisfy the needs and wants of a customer (Stremersch et al., 2001)
related to a specific event or problem.”
“integrated combinations of products and/or services that are unusually tailored to create outcomes (Miller et al., 2002)
desired by specific clients or types of clients.”
“a set of customer-supplier relational processes comprising (1) customer requirements definition, (Tuli et al., 2007)
(2) customization and integration of goods and/or services and (3) their deployment, and
(4) post-deployment customer support, all of which are aimed at meeting customers’ business needs.”
IS an ordered set of products and services, developed and manufactured as solution of a problem and (Botta, 2007)
can be a subset of a superior socio-technical system.
the intelligent interlocking of physical products and services that are already in the design and (Leimeister and Glauner, 2008)
development phase closely linked. Their individual components can be decoupled from each other
only with difficulty.
“offerings that provide both tangible goods as well as services and intangible assets in an integrated (Schrödl and Turowski, 2011)
manner.”

3.3.1. Notion within the IS discipline
Within the IS discipline, modeling of PSS (Becker et al., 2008;
Becker et al., 2009b; Langer et al., 2009; Becker et al., 2012) and
requirements engineering (Berkovich et al., 2009, 2011a, 2011b,
2011c) have been widely discussed. For each topic, 4 valuable
contributions can be found. For example, Becker et al. discuss the
integration of reference models for PSS modeling by combining
Event-Driven Process Chain (EPC) and the Service Blueprinting
approach (Becker et al., 2010a). In another paper by these authors, a
new modeling language for PSS is proposed which integrates
requirements of different perspectives (Becker et al., 2009b). Fur-
thermore, 4 novel PSS engineering methods are presented by Botta
(2007), Böhmann et al. (2008), Thomas et al. (2008b), Gräßle et al.
(2010). Topics like developing IT solutions using PSS methods
(Herzfeldt et al., 2010) or discussing hybrid products (Leimeister
and Glauner, 2008; Schmitz, 2008) can also be found.
A framework for hybrid value creation has been developed by 15
German researchers in the field who all work on PSS research
projects (Becker et al., 2009a): Development, usage, and replace-
ment are the core processes. These processes are supported by
technology management, relationship management, and informa-
tion management etc. Strategy and managerial accounting coor-
dinate all activities.
Leimeister and Glauner provide a foundational paper which
discusses the concept of hybrid products. They claim that the
concept has not found its wide acceptance yet. Furthermore, it is
said that more research needs to be done because in practice
products and services are still developed separately and often
services are added to the former value creation process as an add-
on (Leimeister and Glauner, 2008).
The IS discipline often emphasizes that IT is a prerequisite for
many PSS (Schuh et al., 2010) and, hence, many examples are
provided: A PSS for the support of the customer service (Thomas
et al., 2007; Fellmann et al., 2011) has been described as well as a
PSS for sustainable IT infrastructures (Boehm et al., 2011a), a soft-
ware infrastructure architecture based on semantic web services
(Lee et al., 2007), or a PSS for home care applications (Breitschwerdt
et al., 2011). One of the rare surveys in this discipline is the ques-
tionnaire by Sturm and Bading which covered the potential of PSS
for small and medium-sized enterprises (Sturm and Bading, 2008).
Unfortunately, it is limited to the investment good industry and
does not follow a clear understanding of the PSS term.
3.3.2. Notion within the BM discipline
Within the BM discipline, mostly services understood as com-
bination of products and services (Mattsson, 1973; Shostack, 1982;
Quinn et al., 1990; Shostack and Kingman-Brundage, 1991; Samli
et al., 1992; Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 1994; Kellogg and Nie,
1995; Zahn and Stanik, 2006) are discussed. Also the solutions
concept is considered (Shepherd and Ahmed, 2000; Mathieu, 2001;
Galbraith, 2002; Foote et al., 2003; Johansson et al., 2003; Davies
et al., 2006; Sawhney, 2006; Tuli et al., 2007). Furthermore, 5
articles cover the transformation of business to service orientation
(Vandermerwe and Rada, 1988; White et al., 1999; Oliva and
Kallenberg, 2003; Davies, 2004; Windahl et al., 2004). Topics like
bundling (Schmalensee, 1982; Guiltinan, 1987; Eppen et al., 1991;
Venkatesh and Mahajan, 1993) and the integration of products and
services (Bressand, 1986; Léo and Philippe, 2001; Spath and
Demuß, 2006; Fang et al., 2008) can also be found.
Interestingly, three articles cover the field of PSS Engineering
(Schenk et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2008a; Kim and Yoon, 2012),
which used to be a main research field of the ED discipline. The
marketing view on the transition from products to services is
prevalent in BM discipline (Quinn et al., 1990; Vargo and Lusch,
2004). Process models for the transition from product manu-
facturer to service provider are discussed (Oliva and Kallenberg,
2003) as well as refinements of the service engineering concept
(Shostack and Kingman-Brundage, 1991) or requirements of
254 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
organizing the business process to develop hybrid products in a
company (Schenk et al., 2006).
Furthermore, significant management challenges in the process
of a manufacturer becoming a service-focused business are pre-
sented (Brax, 2005). There are marketing, production, delivery,
product-design, communication, and relationship challenges.
Additionally, business models are also widely discussed in BM lit-
erature (Lay et al., 2009; Botsman and Rogers, 2010). In BM, basi-
cally manufacturing and aerospace industry as well as capital and
industrial goods sector are taken as industries of application. While
Wise and Baumgartner focus on business models for the so called
downstream market (Wise and Baumgartner, 1999), Tukker pres-
ents 3 main types of PSS business models (Tukker, 2004):
 Product-oriented PSS. The product is sold in traditional manner
and the service is added, e.g. in form of after-sales services.
 Use-oriented PSS. The provider does not sell the product but
the use or availability of it and therefore he keeps the owner-
ship. Products are leased, rented or shared.
 Result-oriented PSS. The result or capability is sold instead of a
product. This is the most sophisticated business model because
not a washing machine is sold but laundered clothes, for
example.
3.3.3. Notion within the ED discipline
The ED discipline clearly focuses on the discussion of the con-
cept of PSS (Goedkoop et al., 1999; Manzini et al., 2001; Manzini
and Vezzoli, 2002; Mont, 2002a; McAloone and Andreasen, 2004;
Weber et al., 2004a; Matzen et al., 2005; Kanda and Nakagami,
2006; Tukker et al., 2006; Park and Lee, 2009; Catulli, 2010) and
PSS engineering methods (Morelli, 2003; Weber et al., 2004b;
Steinbach, 2005; Steinbach et al., 2005; Aurich et al., 2006; Maxwell
et al., 2006; Rexfelt and Hiort af Ornäs, 2009; Yang et al., 2009;
Geng et al., 2011; Bandinelli and Gamberi, 2012).
Questions on what a PSS is actually, why a PSS is beneficial
(benefits for companies, government, society, consumers, and
environment) as well as drivers for PSS, what the elements of PSS
are, which characteristics PSS have, and what the barriers are
answered comprehensively (Goedkoop et al., 1999; Mont, 2002a,
2004). PSS business models are also described (Meier et al., 2005,
2011). Furthermore, PSS design (Krucken and Meroni, 2006;
Maussang et al., 2007, 2009; Cho et al., 2010; Davis et al., 2010; Kim
et al., 2010; Kim and Won Lee, 2011; Sakao, 2011; Kim et al., 2012)
and PSS Engineering (Lindahl et al., 2006b; Matzen and McAloone,
2006; Sundin et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2006; Lindahl et al., 2008;
Müller and Schmidt-Kretschmer, 2008) are widely examined and
highlighted as extremely important.
A method for effectively and efficiently designing PSS in man-
ufacturing is investigated in practice, for example (Sakao et al.,
2009a). Sustainability and product innovation (Stahel, 1997; Roy
and Potter, 2002; Hammerl et al., 2003; Maxwell and van der
Vorst, 2003; Thompson et al., 2011) is also a major issue in this
discipline. Even different models of sustainable PSS are discussed
(Roy, 2000), although it is acknowledged that an environmentale
economical winewin is somewhat simplistic (Tukker, 2003).
Manufacturing industry is taken as the sample industry for
application in more than 30 articles of this discipline. Further
applications for PSS are described for the health sector (B2B and
B2C) (Mittermeyer et al., 2011), car Sharing services (Meijkamp,
1998, 2000), a telecenter (Morelli, 2003), automotive industry
(Williams, 2006, 2007), office copy machines (Kuo, 2011), oil and
gas industries (Bandinelli and Gamberi, 2012), and even teaching
(McAloone, 2006). For example, the case of office copy machines
includes additional services like maintenance, recycling, reverse
logistics, and final waste disposal (Kuo, 2011).
Noticeable is the fact that research in ED is in some cases closely
related to the IS discipline. For example, an architecture for a
software tool for realizing product-oriented PSS and use-oriented
PSS is presented (Yang et al., 2009), a web-based bandwidth
management system that can be used to manage bandwidth on the
network to support the rural quality of digital learning services is
conceptualized (Ariwibowo and Bandung, 2011), or four possible
relationships between product and service design and the use of
ICT in a PSS are shown (Hernández Pardo et al., 2012). Belvedere
et al. claim that investing in ICTs to servitize the product offering
can be a valuable opportunity (Belvedere et al., 2013). Finally, some
researches in this field self-critically reflect that they need to be
more rigorously: focusing solely on case studies and models is not
sufficient and, for example the linkage between PSS and sustain-
ability has to be uncovered and proven (Tukker and Tischner,
2006c). Sakao et al. propose that more research in the topics of
PSS-offer modeling, PSS development, and PSS potential is neces-
sary (Sakao et al., 2009b).
3.3.4. Summary
In order to summarize those research streams, each of the 265
contributions has been tagged with three to four keywords. One
author conducted the tagging and the other cross-checked it.
Conflicts have been discussed and solved.
The final keyword concept matrix according to Webster and
Watson (2002) is depicted in Table 5. In this table, black cells
indicate the concept which occurs most often in the respective
discipline. Dark gray represents the second most often concept and
light gray the third most often concept. Altogether, 19 concepts
have been identified by analyzing the keywords for each article.
This procedure has been done by the authors independently and
results have been afterward discussed and integrated.
The concept “PSS engineering approach” includes all articles
dealing with methods to develop PSS. Similarly, the concepts of
“PSS concept”, “PSS design”, “PSS management”, “PSS perspective
on IS” and “PSS development process” can be explained. “Related
concepts” covers all papers which deal with closely associated
concepts on PSS, like for example compack paradigm, bundling, or
functional sales. Contributions focusing on green developments
have been subsumed to the concept “Sustainability”. The concept
“Meta level analysis” covers review articles that discuss the PSS
topic on a meta level. Those papers dealing the modeling of PSS
are associated to the concept of “Modeling”. The concepts of
“Business models”, “Requirements engineering”, “Life-cycle
approaches”, and “Solutions” can each be found in a high number
of articles and therefore have been recorded as independent
concepts. There are also papers which focus on one aspect of PSS:
“Service concept”, “Service design”, “Products vs. services”, and
“Product services”. Finally, there are also articles explicitly dealing
with consumers. Therefore, the concept of “Consumer research”
has been noted.
One first recognizes that PSS engineering approaches is the
concept that is most widely discussed. However, if one looks at each
discipline separately certain differences can be observed. Within
ED, the engineering approaches are indeed most often discussed.
However, sustainability followed by the PSS concept in general are
considered also quite often. The picture is completely different in
analyzing BM. Here, related concepts like bundling or servicisation
are mostly discussed. Additionally, a strong focus is on the service
concept and on solutions. Within IS, modeling, PSS engineering
approaches, requirements engineering, and PSS design are mostly
considered concepts. From this examination one can conclude that
in each discipline, certain concepts are in the center of concern.
However, in nearly all of them, engineering approaches and design
aspects play major roles.
 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260 255

Table 5
Concept matrix.

3.4. Meta-analysis of previous literature reviews
In analyzing the 265 articles of course also previous literature
reviews have been investigated. In total 12 reviews on the state-of-
the-art of PSS concept or PSS engineering have been identified. To
show the differences between those reviews and this one we want
to compare the applied methodology and gained results. Table 6
gives an overview on this.
Although there are the most reviews within the ED discipline,
these are also the least systematic ones. In 4 out of 6 reviews, a
description of the used methodology is missing. However, also one
review from IS respectively ED lacks a comprehensive description of
the way of conducting the review. Furthermore, one could criticize
that assignment of labels to articles is sometimes not reproducible
(cf. for example Park and Lee, 2009; Velamuri et al., 2011; Cavalieri
and Pezzotta, 2012) or multi-disciplinary review are said to be
conducted but IS research is often neglected in these cases (cf. for
example Pawar et al., 2009; Müller and Sakao, 2010). In comparing
the previous reviews with this review one first recognizes that it has
the longest time frame and, hence, the highest number of consid-
ered articles. The applied method is comparable to other con-
tributions. Finally, one can say that although there are several other
literature reviews on PSS, the analysis which has been conducted
here has never been done before in this breadth and deepness.
4. Research agenda
After presenting the results of the comprehensive literature
review, in the following it is demonstrated how these results
extend past research and give new directions for future research.
Ways are shown how theory can be empirically examined and how
implications for practice and future theorizing can be drawn.
The research agenda is based on the presented findings and
additional notes recorded while analyzing the articles. The authors
independently analyzed this data and searched for gaps and pos-
sible future research opportunities. Afterward, the results have
been discussed and condensed into one list. Then, argumentation
for each issue has been developed and references in literature have
been searched in order to ensure even a better motivation for the
issues.
The research agenda covers 11 issues which are relevant for the
future based on our data:
 Integrating other disciplines’ results. The major issue for future
contributions in the PSS field is to look across borders and
integrate results from other disciplines. In the literature review
we found out that for example engineering approaches which
have been developed within the IS field are often not consid-
ered at all in publications of ED. Since IS and ED are closely
related e as we identified in our examination e the respective
results need to be integrated in each other’s work. A recom-
mendation from us is here to avoid citation syndicates: In many
articles we found that some authors always cite in their articles
the same set of contributions. Here, a citation analysis might
help in future to uncover this issue more rigorously.
 Clarifying the terminology. We recognized that often the
results of different contributions are not comparable because of
the usage of different terms. In future, a common foundation

Table 6
Comparison of previous literature reviews to this contribution.

Source Method Time frame Articles

IS (3 þ 1) Berkovich et al. (2009) e e e
Berkovich et al. (2011b) Database search (only Google Scholar) e 15
Bensch and Schrödl (2011) Selection of highly ranked IS journals and conferences 1998e2010 11
This article Database search and Internet search; systematic review 1973e2012 265
BM (3) Pawar et al. (2009) Key papers analysis and further extension with relevant articles e e
Velamuri et al. (2011) Database search; systematic review 1995e2010 169
Cavalieri and Pezzotta (2012) e 2001e2011 79
ED (6) Baines et al. (2007) Database search; systematic review 1995e2006 40
Baines et al. (2009) Database search; systematic review 1988e2008 58
Sakao et al. (2009b) e e 100
Park and Lee (2009) e e e
Meier et al. (2010) e e e
Müller and Sakao (2010) e e 50
256 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
has to be achieved in which all the different concepts are
clearly distinguished. Otherwise, the transferability of research
is impeded. Additionally, closely related concepts to PSS, like
for example hybrid products or Post Mass Production Paradigm
could be either integrated into the PSS conception or have to be
more clearly separated. A first step into this direction has been
achieved by the derivation of the core definition for PSS. More
work is necessary here for a further clarification.
 Changing perspectives. A broader set of views should be taken
in Velamuri et al., (2011): Innovation view, organizational view,
or sustainability view have been mostly neglected so far.
Authors should look beyond the rim of their teacups. This could
enhance research in PSS by getting a more comprehensive and
holistic picture of the concept.
 Explicating the methodology. Even today there are a number of
articles which do not clearly postulate their applied method-
ology (cf. for example Manzini and Vezzoli, 2002; Alonso-
Rasgado et al., 2004; Gebauer et al., 2005; Sundin and Bras,
2005; Tan et al., 2006; Sakao and Shimomura, 2007;
Berkovich et al., 2009; Rese et al., 2009; Sakao et al., 2009b;
Catulli, 2010; Ceschin, 2010; Cortesi et al., 2010; Davis et al.,
2010; Schuh et al., 2010). Especially while creating new PSS
approaches for example this is problematic because the pro-
cedure is not traceable and, hence, not applicable in practice
(cf. for example Cho et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2012).
 Concretizing results. So far, several high-level articles have
been published (cf. for example Luiten et al., 2001; Abdalla,
2006; Meier and Kortmann, 2007; Park and Lee, 2009). Oth-
ers offer for example only a vague understanding of the PSS
concept or PSS engineering approaches. In general, more in
depth analysis are required.
 Conducting an evaluation. We recognized that in many cases
developed PSS engineering approaches are applied solely in
one case. This hampers the validity of the proposed procedure
considerably. Of course, a comprehensive evaluation is time-
consuming and costly. But it is necessary for achieving more
practically relevant results.
 Extending international collaboration. Often studies within the
PSS field are conducted explicitly for one industry in one country.
Although there are projects and studies like the EU projects
SusProNet (Tukker and Tischner, 2006b) and MEPSS (van Halen
et al., 2005), which involved companies from more countries and
adopted a multidisciplinary approach, in general the collabo-
ration between international researchers on papers is limited.
There are only a very few contributions which compare two or
more cases of different countries (cf. for example Lindahl et al.,
2009; Bayraktaroglu and Bayazit, 2010). However, this is nec-
essary in order to avoid the creation of results which are appli-
cable only in culture. Furthermore, this helps overcoming
barriers such as language problems or cultural uncertainties.
 Overcoming research-practice gap. Current research in the PSS
field is in most cases conducted without the participation of
practitioners. More collaboration between researchers and
practitioners is necessary in order to ensure more practical
relevance (Gill and Bhattacherjee, 2009).
 Changing research design. We identified a lack of quantitative
empirical research designs. So far, a strong focus has been on
conceptual designs. This is true for all disciplines. Of course, the
adoption of a research method depends very much on the
research questions. In some cases qualitative methods are
more appropriate than quantitative ones. Nevertheless, it
seems that researches have been concentrating on non-
empirical methods because they are easier to conduct in the
field of PSS. Research questions have to be adapted in order to
conduct a more balanced mix of quantitative and qualitative
research. In future, more empirical and especially quantitative
work needs to be done in order to validate the achieved results
or test theories or models.
 Enhancing set of research methods. Similar to a lack of
empirical research designs, also an unbalanced usage of
research methods can be identified. While concentrating on
models, architectures, frameworks or speculation/commentary
methods like field studies or experiments nearly have been
completely neglected. Though, these methods could be
extremely helpful in future to better understand the PSS
concept.
 Discovering of future PSS. Research on PSS has to move for-
ward. In future, technology will offer new opportunities for
companies to offer new products and services (Sztipanovits,
2012). One direction is the advent of cyber-physical systems
(CPS). CPS are understood as the integration of embedded
systems with global networks such as the Internet (Broy et al.,
2012). Complex interactions and dynamics of how cyber and
physical subsystem interact with each other are one possible
future direction of research (Sha et al., 2009). Additionally,
within fields like mobility further research is necessary. One
keyword is here eMobility (Stamp et al., 2012). As everything
becomes a PSS there are also other fields for future research.
The above mentioned issues should be applied by researchers of
all three disciplines. However, each discipline should focus on their
individual strengths and collaborate with others.
Every research has its limitations. Although we tried to capture
as much articles as possible, not all contributions to the PSS field
could be identified and analyzed. For a detailed overview on the
engineering discipline we refer to Meier et al. (2010) and for a
business view see Velamuri et al. (2011). By comparing these
reviews with this article, it can be stated that a good proportion of
contributions in each field have been covered. Furthermore, pub-
lications in other languages than German speaking articles should
be included in future. In order to do so, international collaborations
between researchers are necessary.
Several implications for theory and practice can be derived from
this analysis. The results help researchers, and especially but not
exclusively novice researchers, to understand the concept of PSS.
The suggested upcoming research directions with the presented
research agenda is a solid foundation for future research. Addi-
tionally, the overview on previous literature reviews and compar-
ison with this contribution is useful especially for other researchers
who want to get a quick overview on relevant articles of the PSS field.
Also practitioners can profit from our results. The derived defi-
nition and elaborated notion of PSS is a useful basis for practitioners
in order to develop PSS. Core definition, overview of the research
field, and meta-analysis are also a good starting point in discussing
the PSS area in practice.
5. Conclusion
Technological advancements, globalization, and a changed user
demand lead to a new paradigm which is often called PSS. Research
in this field has been conducted for more than 50 years but is still
one of the highly relevant topics. This contribution aimed at
investigating this long history and giving recommendations for
future research by conducting a rigorous literature review. Because
PSS is a multi-disciplinary topic we separately analyzed the three
disciplines IS, BM, and ED. A comprehensive literature search has
been conducted and resulted in a list of 265 relevant articles.
The presentation of the most productive authors, often used
journals and conference proceedings is especially valuable for
novice researchers who want to start in this field. Our derivation of
 M. Boehm, O. Thomas / Journal of Cleaner Production 51 (2013) 245e260
a core definition of PSS is one of the main contributions of our
research. Furthermore, the notion of PSS in the three disciplines has
been described and analyzed. By comparing these notions one
recognizes tremendous differences which have to be consolidated
in future. Of course, each discipline should stay independent, but a
viable exchange could be beneficial for all participants. After put-
ting this research in context and comparing it to previous reviews a
research agenda has been developed and presented. This list is a
solid basis for future research.
In conclusion, one can say that our research offers new insights
on the PSS concept and especially on the role of the three dis-
ciplines. By following a systematic procedure the logic and thor-
oughness of the review can be ensured. In future, the authors
themselves will cover some issues which have been raised in our
research agenda.
Acknowledgments
This paper was written in the context of the research project
IMUCON which is funded by the European Regional Development
Fund (ERDF). The authors are pleased to acknowledge the support
by ERDF and all involved project partners. Furthermore, we would
like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and
constructive comments.
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