Spring 2024 - UI - Wordlist

KOÇ UNIVERSITY – ELC SPRING 2024
1
ELC UPPER-INTERMEDIATE WORDLIST: SKILLFUL 4
UNIT 1: READING & WRITING
HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 aid aid aid to ask for/give/provide aid
food/medical/financial aid
2 adjust adjust adjustment adjustable to adjust to (doing) sth
to adjust yourself to sth
3 commerce commerce commercial e-commerce
local commerce
4 comprise comprise to be comprised of sth
5 contribute contribute contribution to contribute to sth
to make a contribution
an important/big/major contribution
6 differentiate differ difference different differently to differ from/between
differentiate to differ on/over sth (disagree)
7 effect affect effect effective effectively to affect sb/sth greatly
effectiveness ineffective ineffectively to have an effect on sth
to be/seem effective/ineffective
8 empathy empathize empathy empathetic empathetically to empathize with sb
9 evidence evidence evident evidently empirical evidence
10 evolve evolve evolution evolutionary the theory of evolution
a gradual/rapid/natural evolution
to evolve from/into sth
evolutionary biology
11 firmly firmness firm firmly to be firm with sb
12 function function function functional functionally a function of sth
functionality to fulfil/perform a function
13 investment invest investor to invest in sth
investment to invest time/energy/money in sth
good/excellent/profitable investment
a big/large/potential/prospective investor
14 modify modify modification modified to modify sth
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genetically-modified food
15 necessity necessitate necessity necessary necessarily basic necessities
unnecessary unnecessarily necessity for sth
the necessity of doing sth
16 perception perceive perception perceptive to perceive clearly /easily/readily
to have/gain perception
clear/common/widely-held perception
17 pursue pursue pursuit in pursuit of sth
to pursue a career in + a field
18 range range range to range from sth to sth
to range enormously/widely
broad/enormous/extensive range of sth
19 resolve resolve resolution to resolve a conflict/dispute/crisis/problem/an issue
to resolve to do sth
to resolve sth through/by sth
*to be resolved to do sth
20 reveal reveal reveal sth about sb/sth
UNIT 1: LISTENING & SPEAKING

1 assumption assume assumption to make assumptions about sth
2 biased bias biased to be biased for/against sb/sth
political/gender/racial bias
3 conform conform conformity conformable conformably conform to/with something
conformable to
conformity to/with
4 deviation deviate deviation deviant to deviate from sth
standard deviation
5 distinct distinguish distinction distinct distinctively distinction between one thing and another
distinctive
6 dominant dominate dominance dominant dominantly to achieve/assert dominance over sth
domination to seem/become/remain dominant
to dominate sb/a place/a situation
7 evaluation evaluate evaluation evaluative to evaluate sth fully/carefully/thoroughly
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evaluation process
8 impose impose imposition to impose sth on sb
9 inclined to incline inclination inclined incline to/towards
inclination of
10 inefficient efficiency efficient efficiently to work/operate efficiently
inefficiency inefficient inefficiently
11 inhibition inhibit inhibition to inhibit sth
12 interfere interfere interference interfering interfere with
external/direct/excessive interference
13 justification justify justification justifiable to justify an action
to give (sb) justification
to provide (sb with) justification
considerable/sufficient justification
to be/seem justifiable
14 manipulate manipulate manipulation manipulative manipulatively manipulation of sth
manipulator to manipulate sb
careful/clever/deliberate manipulation
15 participant participate participant to be a participant in sth
participation to participate in sth
16 perspective perspective to have a perspective on sth
different/new/broader perspective
to see things from a different perspective
17 phenomenon phenomenon phenomenal phenomenon of sth
18 reluctant reluctance reluctant reluctantly to be reluctant to do sth
to have reluctance to do sth
19 specifically specify specification specific specifically
UNIT 1: EXTRA WORDS

1 ambiguity ambiguity ambiguous ambiguously ambiguous question/attitude/issue
2 abstract abstraction abstract abstract art/idea/concept
3 affiliated affiliate affiliation affiliated to be affiliated with/to sb/sth
4 analyze analyze analysis to analyze sth carefully/in depth/scientifically
detailed/thorough analysis
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5 compassion compassion compassionate compassionately show compassion
being compassionate to someone
6 dare dare dare to dare to do sth
7 encounter encounter encounter to encounter sb/sth
to encounter difficulties/opposition/resistance
sb’s first/close encounter with sb/sth
8 foster foster to foster sth
9 philosophical philosophy philosophical
philosopher

1 analytical analyze analytics analytical analytically
analysis
2 attribute attribute attribution to attribute sth to sb

attribute
3 availability availability available availability of sth

to be/become available
4 awareness awareness aware to have awareness
unaware to be/become aware of sth
to raise awareness (of sb) about sth
environmental/political/social awareness
a lack of awareness
5 cognitive cognition cognitive cognitively cognitive function
6 consumption consume consumer consumption of sth
consumption to protect/satisfy consumer
consumerism to boost/increase/reduce consumption
7 contemporary contemporary contemporarily a contemporary [design, painting, painter, artist]
a contemporary [version, rendition, adaptation,
example] of
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contemporary [poetry, music, dance, fiction,
furniture]
8 correspond correspond correspondence to correspond precisely/exactly/closely to sth
to correspond to/with sth
*to correspond with sb
9 demonstrate demonstrate demonstration demonstrative to demonstrate sth
demonstrator to clearly demonstrate sth to sb
to demonstrate against/for sth
10 disorder order disorder disordered a mental/physical disorder
order disorderly to have a disorder
111 dramatically dramatic dramatically to increase/rise/decrease dramatically
to have a dramatic effect/impact on sth
a dramatic increase/change/improvement
12 embrace embrace embrace
13 exceed exceed to exceed the limit
to exceed expectations
to exceed authority
14 implication imply implication to clearly/usually imply
to have a clear/obvious/crucial implication
to have/understand/assess implications
15 infer infer inference to infer sth from sth
to infer that
16 interaction interact interaction interactive interactively to interact with sb
17 isolation isolate isolation to isolate sb/sth from sth/sb
political/international/diplomatic isolation
in isolation
18 prohibit prohibit prohibition prohibitive prohibitively to prohibit sth
prohibitory to prohibit from sth
to impose/lift prohibitions
prohibition on/against sth
19 proportion proportion proportional proportionally in proportion to sth
to grow to enormous proportions
to reach serious proportions
to reduce sth to manageable proportions
20 significant significance significant significantly significance of sth
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insignificant insignificantly to attach significance to sth
21 shift shift shift shift from/towards
to shift attention/emphasis/focus
22 steadily steadiness steady steadily to increase/grow steadily
23 trend trend trend trendy to trend towards/ away from sth
24 vast vast vast majority/ amount of sth

1 eliminate eliminate elimination to eliminate a need/problem/possibility/risk
to eliminate sth/sb
2 enhance enhance enhancement to enhance sth
to enhance reputation/satisfaction/quality
3 exclude exclude exclusion exclusion of sth
to be excluded from sth
4 fundamental fundamentals fundamental fundamentally fundamental rights
to seem/remain/consider sth fundamental
5 incompatibility compatibility compatible compatibility of sth
incompatibility incompatible to be compatible with sth
6 inevitably inevitable inevitably inevitable result/consequence
7 initiative initiate initiation to initiate a project/debate
initiative to show initiative
to take the initiative
a government/an education initiative
8 instinct instinct instinctual instinctually have an instinct for
instinctual decisions/passions
9 integration integrate integration integral to integrate sth into/with sth
to encourage/achieve/require/lead to integration
10 irrelevant relevance relevant to have/lack/lose relevance
irrelevance irrelevant to be/seem/become relevant to sth
11 motivate motivate motivation the motive behind/for sth
12 prestige prestige prestigious
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13 prospective prospect prospective prospective buyers/employers
14 restrict restrict restriction restrictive to restrict sth to sth
to restrict yourself/somebody to (doing) sth
to place/impose restrictions on sth
strict/tough/tight restrictions
restricted access/area
15 ultimate ultimate ultimately the ultimate aim/solution
UNIT 2: EXTRA WORDS

1 annually annual annually annual income
an annual meeting/report
2 classify classify classification classifiable to classify sth under/as sth
3 coincidence coincidence by coincidence
pure coincidence
a set of coincidences
4 intentionally intend intention intentional intentionally Intention of
good intentions
5 mentality mentality mental mentally mentality of teenagers
mental illness
mental health/well-being
6 ministry minister ministry education ministry
7 oppose oppose opposition opposing oppose an idea
opposing sides
8 unpredictable predict prediction predictable to predict sth accurately/successfully
unpredictable to make predictions about sth
to be/seem predictable
9 valid valid to be valid for sth
invalid to be/become/remain valid
a valid argument/claim/passport

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1 adverse adversity adverse adversely adverse
effects/findings/event/factor/consequences/
comment/reaction
struggle with adversity
2 asset asset to be an asset to sth/sb
financial/capital assets
3 chemical chemical chemical chemical process
chemistry chemical interaction
to produce chemicals
to be exposed to chemicals
4 controversial controversy controversial to cause/create controversy
a highly controversial topic
5 cultivate cultivate cultivation to cultivate sth
6 diminish diminish to diminish the importance/value of sth
7 dispose dispose disposal disposable to dispose of sth
rubbish/sewage/waste disposal
disposable clothes/masks/gloves
8 erosion erode erosion erosion of sth
9 excessive excess excessive excess of sth
10 exploit exploit exploitation exploitative to be vulnerable/open to exploitation
exploitation of
11 extract extract extraction to extract sth (from sth else)
a brief/short/long extract from sth
12 generate generate generation *generational to generate something
generator to generate electricity
*generation gap
13 minimize minimize minimum minimal minimally to minimize sth
to keep/reduce sth to a minimum
14 neutral neutral neutrally to be neutral about sth
to remain/stay neutral
15 obtain obtain obtainable to obtain a degree/qualification
16 structure structure structure structural structurally the structure of sth
17 substitute substitute substitute to substitute for sth
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substitution a substitute teacher
18 sustainable sustain sustainability sustainable sustainably sustainable development
sustenance environmentally sustainable
19 technique technique technical technically to have a technique
effective/successful/simple technique
to be very/extremely technical
20 transmission transmit transmission transmit sth (from sth/sb) to sth/sb
transmitter

1 adaptation adapt adaptation adaptable to adapt successfully/well
adaptability to be highly/very adaptable
2 capability capability capable capably to be capable of (doing) sth
incapable to have capability to do sth
beyond capabilities
3 clarity clarify clarification to gain clarity about sth
4 complexity complexity complex great/extreme complexity of sth
to be/look complex
5 criteria criteria criteria for sth
6 defend defend defense defensive defensively to defend sth/sb against/from sth/sb
defender defenseless to defend yourself against/from sth/sb
7 indicate indicate indication to indicate sth
indicator to be (considered) an indicator of sth
8 obvious obvious obviously
9 order order disorder disorderly a mental/physical disorder
order to have a disorder
10 persist persist persistence persistent persistently to persist in sth
to show persistence
11 perspective perspective to have a (adjective) perspective on sth
different/new/broader perspective
to see things from a different perspective
12 stable stabilize stability stable to stabilize something
in a stable condition
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13 strategic strategy strategic strategically a strategy for sth
effective/good/successful strategy
14 tendency tend tendency to have tendency to do sth
tendency towards/to sth
15 transformation transform transformation transformative to transform sth
to undergo a dramatic/amazing transformation
16 transition transition transition transitional transition from sth to sth
17 trigger trigger trigger to trigger sth
UNIT 3: EXTRA WORDS

1 clarify clarify clarification to make a clarification
to clarify sth
2 consent consent consent consensual with/without (sb's) consent
written/prior consent
give/grant consent to/for sth
seek/apply for/obtain (sb's) consent
3 deception deceive deception deceptive to deceive sb
4 declare declare declaration declarative declare victory
declare bankruptcy
declare war (on)
declare your [independence from, support for]
5 mainstream mainstream mainstream politics
6 negotiate negotiate negotiation negotiable to negotiate with sth/sb
negotiator
7 phase phase phase to phase sth in/out a period of time
phases of the moon
8 preservation preserve preservation preservable preservation of sth
preservationist
9 recruit recruit recruitment recruit to recruit sb to do sth
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1 acknowledge acknowledge acknowledgement to acknowledge sth/sb
2 addictive addiction addictive addictively to be addicted to sth
3 allocation allocate allocation to allocate sth to sth/sb
4 boost boost boost to boost sb’s confidence/motivation/ego
5 briefly brief briefly to speak/explain briefly
6 community community the business/scientific community
the Muslim/Jewish/Christian community
7 consequently consequence consequent consequently catastrophic/devastating/severe consequences
to have/lead to/suffer consequences
8 contend contend to contend with sth/sb
9 emphasize emphasize emphasis emphatic emphatically to emphasize sth
to place emphasis on sth
10 identify identify identification identifiable to identify with sth/sb
11 inherent inherent inherently to be inherent in sth/sb
12 initially initialize initial initial initially
13 nurture nurture nurture nurtured nature or nurture
nurture children/garden
nurture ambition
14 orientation orient orientation
15 refuse refuse refusal to refuse to do sth
16 reject reject rejection to reject sth/sb
17 seek seek seeker (person) to seek revenge/damages/compensation
to seek one’s advice/help/assistance
job/attention/publicity seeker
18 struggle struggle struggle struggling struggle for/with/between
struggle along, through, out, etc.
power struggle
19 tackle tackle tackle to tackle a problem/challenge/job/issue/poverty
20 trait trait personality/character traits
genetic/inherited traits
21 undergo undergo to undergo an operation
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1 aspect aspect key/crucial aspect of sth
in every aspect of sth
to have/focus on/study an aspect
2 assign assign assignment to assign sb a task/role
to assign sb to sth
3 comprehensive comprehend comprehension comprehensive comprehensively extremely/fully/quite comprehensive
comprehensible
4 consensus consensus to build/arrive at/reach a consensus
5 context contextualize context contextual contextually
6 distraction distract distraction to distract sb from sth
7 ensure ensure to ensure sth
8 facilitate facilitate facilitator to facilitate learning/development
facilitation /communication/
9 fulfill fulfil fulfilment to fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective
to fulfil a requirement/condition/obligation
10 intervention intervene intervention intervention of sth
to intervene directly
an immediate/a government/a military/a social
intervention (to do sth)
to make an intervention
to intervene in sth
11 overall overall overall the overall effect/picture/impression
an overall result/impact/aim/strategy
the overall cost/ quality of sth
12 probable highly probable
probably probability probably
improbable probable outcome/result/consequence
13 project project project to project sth
14 reliance rely reliance reliable reliably to rely on/upon sth/sb
reliability unreliable high/poor reliability
reliant to be very reliable
to be reliant on sth/sb
15 undertake undertake to undertake a responsibility
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16 weaken weaken weakness weak to weaken against sth
UNIT 4: EXTRA WORDS

1 component component a component of sth
2 corporate corporation corporate corporate culture/world
3 exempt exempt exemption to be exempt sb from requirements/taxes/charges

4 genuine genuineness genuine genuinely genuine opinion
genuine self
genuine improvement
5 identical identical identically identical to/with sth

identical twins
6 literacy literacy literate literately visual literacy
digital literacy
highly/barely/musically literate person
7 permanent permanence permanent permanently permanent change/situation
permanent contract/job/employment/work
permanent employee/staff/worker
8 prosperity prosper prosperity prosperous prosperously economic/future/growing/great prosperity
prosperous region/country/year/family
9 relieve relieve relief to relieve pain/tension/pressure/stress
10 reputation reputation reputational earned/established/gained/acquired a reputation
as..
reputation of
enhance/damage somebody’s reputation
reputational damage/risk
11 welfare welfare welfare a welfare state
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1 accomplish accomplish accomplishment accomplishable to accomplish sth
2 account for account for account for their [actions, decisions]
accounted for the [deaths, destruction,
corruption]
(does not) account for the [disparity, difference,
mistake]
accounted for [50%] of [sales, deaths,
foreclosures]
3 advocate advocate advocate advocative advocate for [the public, women, the community]
advocate [on her behalf, on behalf of]
advocate to [ensure, improve, assist, make, help]
advocate to [reduce, increase, prevent]
advocating [in court, at trial]
advocating in [favor, support] of
animal welfare/environmental advocate
4 affordable afford affordable affordable housing/price
5 alternative alternate alternative alternative alternatively to have an alternative to sth
6 automation automate automation automatic automatically automation of sth
7 depression depress depression depressive depressively to be depressed about sth
8 domestically domesticate domestic domestically domestic market/economy/pets
9 impact impact impact to have an impact on sth
to impact sth
to have/create an impact
a considerable dramatic/enormous impact
10 implementation implement implementation effective/successful/complete implementation
to implement sth fully/ successfully/effectively
to implement a law/system/plan
11 imply imply implication implicit implicitly to imply sth
to have considerable/crucial/major/important
implications for sth
the implications of an action
implicit criticism/threat/assumption
12 inaccessible access access accessible to have access to sth
inaccessible to access sth
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to be (in)accessible
13 infrastructure infrastructure infrastructural infrastructure improvement/investment
14 inspiration inspire inspiration inspirational to be inspired by sth/sb
to be inspiration for/behind sth
to be an inspiration to sb
to get/take/draw/derive inspiration from sth
to find inspiration in sth
15 insufficient suffice sufficiency sufficient sufficiently sufficient to do sth
insufficiency insufficient insufficiently sufficient for sth/sb
16 integral integrate integration integral to integrate into/with
to encourage/achieve/require/lead to integration
17 overcome overcome to overcome difficulties/problems
18 portion portion portion a portion of sth
19 proceed proceed procedure procedural to procced with sth
to proceed to do sth

1 displace displace displacement displaced displacement of
2 distribution distribute distribution market/asset distribution
equal/regional distribution
to distribute sth to sb/somewhere
3 diversity diversity diverse diversely ethnic diversity; biological diversity
great/wide/immense diversity
to create/protect diversity
to be/become diverse
4 emerge emerge emergence emerging to emerge from/into
emerging economy
5 extinct extinct extinction extinct
6 dense density dense
7 habitat habitat natural habitat
wildlife/coastal/marine habitat
destroy/provide/protect habitat
8 hierarchical hierarchy hierarchical hierarchically hierarchical structure/organization
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9 invade invade invasion invading to invade one’s space/a country
invader fear of invasion; invasion of privacy
10 mature mature maturity mature maturely to be very (im)mature
immaturity immature
11 migration migrate migration migration migration of
migrant
12 notion notion notion of
13 policy policy foreign policy; economic/public policy
policy on/for sth
to adopt/implement new/firm policies
14 recognition recognize recognition recognizable recognition of sth
unrecognizable formal/official recognition
recognized facial recognition
15 widespread widespread widespread beliefs/support/acceptance/criticism
UNIT 5: EXTRA WORDS

1 assemble assemble assembly assembled assemble the [furniture, mechanism] from the
[parts, components, pieces]
instructions to assemble
some assembly required
requires assembly before
2 adequate adequacy adequate adequately adequacy of sth
inadequacy inadequate inadequate to be/seem adequate for sth
3 comment comment comment to comment on sth
to have/make a comment
4 compose compose composer to be composed of sth
composition
5 discriminate discriminate discrimination to discriminate against sb
to positively/unfairly discriminate
age/class/gender/race/religious discrimination
6 modest modesty modest modestly a modest increase
immodest to be modest about sth
7 precious preciousness precious preciously to be precious to sb
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precious time/moment
8 prone prone prone is prone to [mishaps, accidents, falls]
she is (quite) accident prone
accident-prone [areas, roads, regions]
the [area] is prone to [flooding, floods]
[error, injury, mistake] -prone
is prone to [errors, mistakes, failure]
(rather) prone to [mood swings, bouts of
depression]
9 sequence sequence sequence sequential sequence of events
DNA sequencing
10 superior superior/superiority superior is superior to [all others, every other one, the
competition]
[fought, defended, oversaw] from a superior
position
superior [size, speed, strength]
is made of superior quality [materials, steel]
are superior in [number, strength]
[have, possess] superior knowledge

1 accumulate accumulate accumulation accumulation of sth
to slowly/rapidly accumulate
to lead to/prevent accumulation
2 bound bound bound to be innately bound to sth
to be legally bound to sth
within the bounds/out of bounds
bound to do sth
3 categorize categorize categorization categorical categorically to categorize sth/sb (as sth)
category to put sth into a category
4 compensate compensate compensation compensatory to compensate sb for sth
5 coordinate coordinate coordination coordination of sth
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to coordinate with sb
6 disorder order disorder disorderly a mental/physical disorder
order to have a disorder
7 distort distort distortion to seriously/severely distort sth
to cause/create/lead to distortion of sth
8 engage engage engagement to engage sth/sb
to engage in sth
9 equip equip equipment to be equipped for/with sth
to equip with sth
to equip sb with sth
10 exhibit exhibit exhibition to exhibit signs/symptoms/behavior
exhibit
11 extension extend extension extensive extensively extension of sth
extent a contract extension
extensive reading/research
12 fundamental fundamentals fundamental fundamentally fundamental rights
13 indicate indicate indication to indicate sth
indicator to be (considered) an indicator of sth
14 inherit inherit inheritance to inherit sth from sb
15 precise precision precise precisely to be precise about sth
16 prompt promptness prompt promptly prompt action
17 rational rationalize rationale rational rationally the rationale behind sth
irrational a rational argument/debate/explanation
to be/seem/appear irrational
18 regulate regulate regulation strict/tight/government/school regulations
regulation of sth
19 remarkable remarkable remarkably remarkable achievement/accomplishment
20 stem stem stem to stem from sth
21 tempt tempt temptation tempt somebody into doing something
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1 acquire acquire acquisition to acquire knowledge/skills
language acquisition
2 consistent consistency consistent consistently to be consistent with sth
inconsistency inconsistent inconsistently
3 consultation consult consultation to consult with sb
consultant to consult sb about sth
4 contradiction contradict contradiction contradictory to contradict a person or idea
contradiction between sth and sth
5 determine determine determination predetermined to have determination to do sth
determiner to have/show/demonstrate determination
6 equivalent equivalence equivalent equivalently to be equivalent to/of sth
to have an equivalent
7 ethical ethics ethical ethically ethical dilemma
ethics and morals
8 interpretation interpret interpretation interpretive to interpret correctly/wrongly/differently
to make an interpretation
correct/right/valid/false/wrong interpretation
9 previously previous previously
10 purchase purchase purchase purchase of
to purchase sth
cash/credit purchase
11 range range range to range from sth to sth
to range enormously/widely
broad/enormous/extensive range of sth
12 reinforce reinforce reinforcement to reinforce a stereotype
positive/negative reinforcement
to reinforce an idea/outcome
13 skeptical skepticism skeptical skeptically to be skeptical of sth
14 strengthen strengthen strength strong strongly to strengthen a relationship/ties/bonds
to strengthen the role of sth/sb
UNIT 6: EXTRA WORDS

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1 accuse accuse accusation to accuse sb of (doing) sth
2 ailment ailment a/an stomache / emotional ailment
3 cease cease cease to cease doing sth
to cease to do sth
4 converse converse conversely to converse with sb
5 deficiency deficiency deficient deficiently Deficiency of nutrients/sleep
Dietary/ hormone/ immune deficiency
6 delicate delicacy delicate delicately delicate matter
delicate skin/features
7 deprived deprive deprivation deprived Deprive of someone or something
Deprived areas/backgrounds
Sleep deprived
8 disorder disorder disordered A blood/anxiety disorder
9 endurance endure endurance endurable physical/mental endurance
10 occupy occupy occupation to occupy sb with (doing) sth
to occupy a place
11 predictive predict prediction predictive to be predictive of sth
12 recovery recover recovery recoverable recovery from sth
to make a full/good recovery
13 reproduction reproduce reproduction reproductive reproductively reproductive system/health/organs/behavior

1 concrete concrete concretely concrete evidence
2 conscious consciousness conscious consciously to lose/regain consciousness
unconscious unconsciously to be/seem highly/very conscious of sth
3 cope cope to cope with sth/sb
to be able/unable to cope
coping skills
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4 deny deny denial to deny sth firmly/strongly/consistently
in denial
5 derive derive derivative to derive sth from sth
derivation to be derived from sth
6 estimate estimate estimate estimates of sth
overestimate overestimation difficult/hard to estimate sth
underestimate underestimation early/initial estimate
to make an estimate
7 hazard hazard hazard hazardous hazardously hazard to
a health/fire hazard
hazard a guess
8 infrastructure infrastructure infrastructural infrastructure improvement/investment
9 inhabitant inhabit inhabitant inhabitable
10 innovation innovate innovation innovative technical innovation
to encourage innovation in a field
innovative approach to sth
11 mobility mobility social/geographical/career mobility
12 neglect neglect negligence one’s neglect of sth
to neglect to do sth
13 obtain obtain obtaining obtainable to obtain a degree/qualification
14 prime prime prime time
15 scheme scheme scheme to introduce/operate/run a scheme
scheme for doing sth
16 severe severity severe severely a severe injury/illness
severe problems/depression/pain/case
17 shortage shortage shortage of sth
a severe/growing shortage
to lead to/result in shortage

1 detect detect detection to detect sth
to evade/ escape/avoid detection
2 ensure ensure to ensure sth
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3 formula formulate formulation formula for sth
4 guideline guide guideline guidelines for sth
practical/clear/helpful guidelines
to develop/draw up/offer/stick to guidelines
5 involve involve involvement to involve sb in sth
to be involved in sth
emotional involvement in sth
to admit/deny involvement in sth
6 logic logic logical logically logical explanation
7 motive motivate motivation the motive behind/for sth
8 prioritize prioritize priority prior prior to sth
prior warning/notice
prior knowledge
to prioritize sth over sth else
9 respondent respond respondent responsive to respond to sb/sth
response to elicit/draw/provoke/evoke response from sb
10 source source source the source of income/information
11 target target target the target of something
to target carefully/deliberately/particularly
to target sb
12 temporary temporary temporarily temporary job/contract/employment
temporary employee/staff/worker
UNIT 7: EXTRA WORDS

1 accurate accuracy accurate accurately absolute/complete accuracy
inaccurate inaccurately to be very/extremely/highly (in)accurate
2 autonomously autonomy autonomous autonomously to gain autonomy from sb
to increase/reduce autonomy
a demand for autonomy
autonomous learners/cars
3 capture capture capture capturing capture the attention
capture a moment
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capture film/image/record/photograph
capture somebody’s heart
4 combat combat combat combat with/against

5 countless countless countless examples of
countless opportunities (for)
6 empower empower empowerment empowered economic empowerment
sense of empowerment
empower individuals/countries
7 enable enable to enable sb/sth to do sth

8 heritage heritage heritage mixed/culltural heritage
heritage of a country
9 infinite infinite infinite number
10 invoke invoke to invoke one’s rights
11 outcome
12 outnumber outnumber outnumbered by
13 presumably presume presumption presumably rightly/wrongly presume
strong/general presumption about/against sth
14 speculate speculate speculation speculative speculatively speculate on/about
speculative theories
15 query query query query about sth
16 remotely remoteness remote remotely to work remotely
17 thorough thoroughness thorough thoroughly a thorough investigation/check-up
18 trace trace trace traceable trace the origin/process/history of sth

1 abandon abandon abandonment to abandon sb/sth completely/entirely
to be forced to abandon
2 apparent apparent apparently to be/become/seem apparent
3 competent competence competent competently academic/communicative competence
4 comprise comprise to be comprised of sth
5 conduct conduct conduct to conduct an experiment/an investigation/a
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survey/research
to conduct one’s business
6 convenient inconvenience inconvenient inconveniently inconvenience of sth
convenience convenient
7 core core core curriculum
core values
8 financially finance finance financial financially to finance largely/partially
to raise finance for sth
a financial adviser
9 focus focus focus to focus on sth
10 found found foundation the foundation of sth

founder to be founded in + year
to set up/establish foundation
a charitable/private foundation
11 incentive incentive to have an incentive for sth
big/considerable/sufficient/financial incentive
12 incorporate incorporate incorporation to incorporate sth into sth else
13 launch launch launch to launch a product
the launch of the space shuttle
14 partnership partner partnership corporate partnership
15 penalty penalize penalty to impose/face penalty
penalty of doing sth
penalty for sth
16 persist persist persistence persistent persistently to persist in (doing) sth
to show persistence
17 projection project projection projected projected rate/level/range
projected earnings/growth/increase
self-projection
18 resign resign resignation resignedly to resign from sth
to resign your position
19 reveal reveal to reveal sth about sth/sb
20 revenue revenue tax/annual/average revenue
21 terminate terminate termination terminal to terminate a contract/pregnancy
terminal
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22 withdraw withdraw withdraw to withdraw from sth

1 accumulation accumulate accumulation accumulation of sth
to slowly/rapidly accumulate
to lead to/prevent accumulation
2 achievement achieve achievement achievable to achieve a goal/a target/an objective/success
to fail to achieve sth
lifetime achievement
an achievable goal
3 campaign campaign campaign to launch/start/organize/run a campaign
campaign for/against
4 differ differ difference different differently to differ from/between
differentiate to differ on/over sth (disagree)
5 enforce enforce enforcement to enforce a law/ban
to enforce sth on sb
6 exaggerate exaggerate exaggeration exaggerated exaggeratedly highly/greatly/slightly exaggerated
7 exposure expose exposure high/massive/excessive exposure

to expose sth
to expose sb to sth
to be (directly) exposed to sth
8 insight insight insightful insightfully to have/gain/ get insight for/into sth
9 mutual mutual mutually mutual admiration/trust/respect/understanding
10 primarily primary primarily primary concern
11 sophisticated sophistication sophisticated highly sophisticated
12 strict strictness strict strictly strict with/about sth
strict rules/regulations/instructions
13 vulnerable vulnerability vulnerable to be vulnerable to sth
invulnerable
Page 25 of 33
UNIT 8: EXTRA WORDS

1 abundant abundance abundant abundantly to have an abundance of sth
2 commitment commit commitment to show/lack commitment
complete/full/lifelong commitment to sth
to be/feel committed to sth
to be deeply/highly committed
3 compound compound
4 confine confine confinement confined is confined to his [cell, room]
confined to bed rest (after the operation)
confined for [two months]
confined at home
confine the use of phone
5 counter counter counter counter counter Counter argument

Counter an argument with
research/investigation/statistics
Run counter to
6 crucial crucial crucially to be crucial for sth

to be of crucial importance
to play a crucial role/part in sth
7 devoted devote devotion devoted devotedly to be devoted to sb/sth
8 digestion digest digestion digestive digestive system/digest food
9 moderate moderate moderator moderate moderately to be of moderate ability
moderate moderate exercise/politician
10 navigate navigate navigation navigate through sth
11 pesticide pesticide
12 precaution precaution precautionary precautionary measures
precaution against
13 receptive receive receptiveness receptive receptively receptive to new ideas
receptive language
receive a phone call/email/visit/letter
Page 26 of 33
receive a ball (in sports)
14 seize seize seizure to seize power/control
15 stimulate stimulate stimulation stimulating stimulatingly help/design/intend to stimulate
lack of/direct/artificial stimulation

1 accelerate accelerate acceleration to accelerate a process
2 alter alter alteration to alter sth
to make/undergo alterations
3 conserve conserve conservation conservation of sth
wildlife conservation
4 consider consider consideration considerable considerably to take sth into consideration
considerate to deserve/need/require (serious/careful/urgent)
consideration
considerable amount/number of sth
considerable effect/variation/difference
5 controversial controversy controversial to cause/create controversy
a highly controversial topic
6 convincing convince conviction convincing convincingly to convince sb to do sth
7 decline decline decline to decline in importance/size
steep/steady/sharp decline in sth
8 eventual eventual eventually eventual outcome of sth
9 forecast forecast forecast weather forecast
sales/profit forecast
to make a forecast
10 generate generate generation generational to generate electricity
generator to generate profits/ideas/excitement/electricity
to be generated by sth
11 inhabit inhabit inhabitant Inhabited/uninhabited an (un)inhabited island/region/area
12 intensity intensify intensity intensive intensively intensive training/program/course
intensive care
Page 27 of 33
13 manufacture manufacture manufacture to manufacture sth from sth
manufacturer manufacture of sth
14 occur occur occurrence to occur to sb
to occur in/among sth/sb
15 ongoing ongoing ongoing project/research
16 pose to pose a question/threat/danger/risk
pose
17 publish publisher to publish sth
publish
newspaper/book publishing
18 resource resource resourceful to allocate resources
financial/natural/renewable resources
the distribution of resources
19 suspend suspend suspension to suspend sb from sth
to be suspended by/from sth
20 variation vary variation varied to vary widely
variety various to offer variety
to add/give/bring variety to sth
a great/wide/large/huge/enormous variety of sth
variation of sth

1 appropriate appropriate appropriateness appropriate appropriately appropriate behavior
inappropriate inappropriately
2 challenge challenge challenge to challenge sb
to be extremely/very challenging
3 consumption consume consumer to protect/satisfy consumer
consumption to boost/increase/reduce consumption
consumerism high/low consumption
4 convention convene convention conventional conventional weapons
5 domain domain domain name (computer website)
private/public domain
Page 28 of 33
6 input input input input for/into sth
to receive/get/provide input
7 overestimate estimate estimate estimates of
overestimate overestimation difficult to/hard to estimate
underestimate underestimation early/initial estimate
to make an estimate
8 rely (on) rely reliability reliable reliably to rely on sth
unreliable to assess/ensure reliability
high/poor reliability
to be very reliable
9 resistance resist resistance hard/impossible/difficult to resist
to resist the temptation/urge to do sth
10 reverse reverse reverse reverse to reverse a decision/trend
reversible the reverse side
11 sustain sustain sustenance sustainable sustainably to sustain sth
sustainable energy sources
environmentally sustainable
UNIT 9: EXTRA WORDS

1 ancestor ancestor common ancestry
ancestry to claim/have/share ancestry
2 bargain bargain bargain to make/look for/get/find a bargain
to bargain for/over sth
3 exterior exterior exterior exteriorly exterior to the main house
the exterior walls of the houses
4 diagnose diagnose diagnosis Doctor’s diagnosis /diagnose an illness
5 dispose dispose disposal disposable Rubbish/sewage/waste disposal
dispose of sth
6 horizon horizon to broaden/expand/widen horizons
7 invisible invisibility invisible invisibly invisible to sth/sb
visibility visible visibly
Page 29 of 33
8 obliged oblige obligation obliged to feel obliged to do sth
to fulfil/meet obligations
to comply with obligations
moral/social/financial/professional/mutual
obligations
9 mitigate mitigate mitigation mitigating Mitigation efforts
Mitigate the effects
10 overview overview provide/give/offer an overview of sth
a broad/general/brief overview
11 provocative provoke provocation provocative provocatively
12 remedy remedy remediable remedy for sth
remedial a cold/cough/flu remedy
13 supplement supplement supplement supplemental supplement for sth
to supplement one’s income
to supplement sth
14 tolerate tolerate toleration tolerant tolerantly to tolerate sb/sth
tolerance
15 unique uniqueness unique uniquely

1 collaboration collaborate collaboration collaborative collaboratively In collaboration with someone/businesses
Collaborate with somebody on/in/in doing
something
2 consensus consensus to build/arrive at/reach a consensus

3 constant constant constantly to remain/stay constant
4 constrain constrain constraint to be constrained by sth/sb
to place constraint on sth/sb
5 detrimental detriment detrimental detrimentally without detriment to
to the detriment of
detrimental cause/effect
Page 30 of 33
detrimental to
6 dismiss dismiss dismissal dismissive to dismiss sb for/from sth
to dismiss an idea/proposal/criticism
7 expertise expertise expert expertise in sth/doing sth
expert to lack/need/require expertise
8 incident incident incidence incidental serious/major/small/minor incident
tragic/violent/unfortunate/embarrassing incident
to deal with/handle an incident
incident report
9 obstacle obstacle to be an obstacle to sth
to pose/overcome an obstacle
10 optimize optimize optimization optimal optimally the optimization of
11 potential potential potential potentially to reach/realize/ fulfil potential

potential risks/threat/problems/benefits
12 reaction react reaction reactive reactively to have a reaction to sth
to provoke/produce/bring a reaction
to react to sth/sb
common/general/public reaction
first/initial/immediate reaction (to sth)
13 relevance relevance relevant relevant to sth
to have/lack/lose relevance to sth
to be/seem/become relevant
14 tactic tactic tactical tactically tactics for
15 tense tension tense tensely tension between sth and sth

1 adopt adopt adoption to adopt a child
to adopt an approach/policy/attitude
2 anticipate anticipate anticipation to anticipate a problem
in anticipation of sth
3 appreciation appreciate appreciation appreciative to appreciate sth
to have/show/develop/express appreciation
Page 31 of 33
deep/great/real appreciation
a lack of appreciation
4 authority authority authoritarian to have authority over sth
authoritative to deny/refuse/reject/undermine authority
5 boundary boundary national boundaries
cross/mark the boundary
6 inherent inherent inherently to be inherent in sth/sb
7 maintain maintain maintenance to maintain sth properly/well/poorly
to carry out/need/require maintenance
annual/regular/routine maintenance
8 promote promote promotion promotional promotionally to promote sth
promoter to get a promotion
promoter of sth
9 psychology psychology psychological psychologically clinical/educational/child/sport psychology
10 radical radical (a person) radical radical changes/ideas/solutions
11 violation violate violation to violate a law/rights/privacy
violation against sth
violations of sth
UNIT 10: EXTRA WORDS

1 collapse collapse collapse collapsed Collapse (bridge, building)
collapsable brink of collapse
cardiovascular collapse
2 commodity commodity commodity market
valuable commodities
3 compulsory compulsory compulsorily compulsory education
4 confess confess confession to confess to doing sth
5 conspiracy conspire conspiracy to be involved in a conspiracy
conspirator a conspiracy theory
6 convey convey to convey information/a message/an idea
7 forbid forbid forbidden to forbid sb from doing sth
to forbid sth strictly
8 inflation inflate inflation inflatable to inflate a balloon
Page 32 of 33
to inflate prices/cost/numbers etc.
9 preliminary preliminary preliminary preliminary to sth
preliminary stages
10 revolutionary revolution revolutionary to carry out/conduct revolution
successful/bloody/violent revolution
revolutionary idea/changes
11 setback
12 simulate simulate simulation simulated simulate a situation (or substance, like diamonds)
13 superficial superficial superficially superficial knowledge
superficial topic/issue
superficial damage/injuries
14 symptom symptom symptomatic symptoms of sth

to exhibit symptoms
15 the former former former formerly prefer the former
go for the former
16 the latter latter latter latterly choose the latter
the latter [point, description, category] is
in the latter half of the [day, year]
during the latter [stages, parts] of
in latter [months, years]
Page 33 of 33

Spring 2024 - UI - Wordlist

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Spring 2024 - UI - Wordlist

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KOÇ UNIVERSITY – ELC SPRING 2024

UNIT 1: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 1: EXTRA WORDS

UNIT 2: READING & WRITING

2 attribute attribute attribution to attribute sth to sb

3 availability availability available availability of sth

UNIT 2: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 2: EXTRA WORDS

UNIT 3: READING & WRITING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION

UNIT 3: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 3: EXTRA WORDS

UNIT 4: EXTRA WORDS

3 exempt exempt exemption to be exempt sb from requirements/taxes/charges

5 identical identical identically identical to/with sth

UNIT 5: READING & WRITING

UNIT 5: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 5: EXTRA WORDS

UNIT 6: READING & WRITING

UNIT 6: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION

UNIT 7: READING & WRITING

UNIT 7: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 7: EXTRA WORDS

4 combat combat combat combat with/against

7 enable enable to enable sb/sth to do sth

UNIT 8: READING & WRITING

10 found found foundation the foundation of sth

UNIT 8: LISTENING & SPEAKING

7 exposure expose exposure high/massive/excessive exposure

UNIT 8: EXTRA WORDS

5 counter counter counter counter counter Counter argument

6 crucial crucial crucially to be crucial for sth

UNIT 9: READING & WRITING

UNIT 9: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 9: EXTRA WORDS

UNIT 10: READING & WRITING

2 consensus consensus to build/arrive at/reach a consensus

11 potential potential potential potentially to reach/realize/ fulfil potential

UNIT 10: LISTENING & SPEAKING

UNIT 10: EXTRA WORDS

14 symptom symptom symptomatic symptoms of sth

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