<

JVGNLHFG^A] NF ^FABAIOL ML^ÝBOML O

Ogjarhléía Nosmopbogl Nfmrfta g.´ =3/30<0 nf =0 nf
Liasta
^ètuba nl Nosmopbogl Jugnlhfgtas nf ^fabaiol Mltýboml O

Mýnoia nl Nosmopbogl J^M30<

^opa nf Nosmopbogl Acroiltýrol

Gèvfb nl Nosmopbogl Bomfgmolturl

Lga Lmlnïhoma 3´ Lga

]fhfstrf Prohfora

Gôhfra nf mrïnotas = Mrïnotas/96earls

Lmlnïhomas (earls)
(^M4 <6 Earls; ^L4
^L4 :0 Earls)
Earls)

Acdfmtovas/Mahpftägmols
Acdfmtovas/Mahpftägmols nl Vgonlnf Murromublr

<.- Nlr l magefmfr l jï mltýboml.

3.- Ajfrfmfr magmfotas
magmfotas plrl l mahprffg
mahprffgsía
sía nl pfssal eeuhlgl
uhlgl à buz nl jï.
=.- ^rlgshotor a fgsoglhfgta nl Oirfdl Mltýboml, ga mlhpa Pabètoma-
Pabèto ma-samolb
samolb f Mubturlb
Prï ” Sfquosotas

Nf lmarna mah a Sfiublhfgta fh voiar, gahflnlhfgtf a lrt.´ 3<.´,

3<. ´, ‒gl VMH gía eì prfmfnägmols, osta
ï, hýnuba/nosmopbogl mudl jrfquägmol prfssupöf a lpravfotlhfgta fh autras hýnubas/nosmopbogls ‘.

Magtfôna nl Vgonlnf Murromublr

MLPÈ^VBA O4 L JÏ ML^ÝBOML
<.<. Magmfota nf Jï
<.<.<. Mrfgéls
<.<.3. ^fabaiol Moägmol f Jï
<.3. Crfvf Eostarolb nl ^fabaiol

<.3.<. Vh pauma nf Eostýrol na ^frha ^fabaiol

<.3.3. Nojfrfgtfs fstobas nf rfjbfxía tfabýioml
 3

<.3.=. ]ègtfsf nl ^fabaiol nl Ïpaml Pltrèstoml

<.3.>. L ^fabaiol fsmabìstoml hfnoìvfb
<.3.6. ^fabaiol lgto-hanfrgl nl onlnf hïnol ltï Zltomlga
Zlto mlga OO Mogma (6) sïmubas
<.=. L tfabaiol eadf
<.>. Sfvfbléía
<.>.<. Magmfota nf rfvfbléía
<.>.3. Magtfônas nl rfvfbléía
<.>.=. Ftlpls nl rfvfbléía
<.6. Nfus sf rfvfbl gl Mroléía
<.6.<. Magmfota nf Mroléía
<.6.3. Nfus ï a mrolnar
<.6.=. Mrosta progmèpoa, mfgtra f joh nl mroléía
<.6.>. Nojomubnlnfs f acdfméöfs
<.:. L nohfgsía trogotìrol nl mroléía
<.9. L Sfvfbléía fh Lcrlía, Haosïs f Prajftls
<.9.<. ^rlgshossía nl Sfvfbléía novogl
<.9.3. L ltotunf
ltot unf na eahfh plrl mah l rfvfbléía novogl
<.5. Fvfgta Mrosta
<.5.<. \ufh ï Dfsus
<.5.3. Lbiuhls rfspastls nl ïpaml pltrèstoml
<.5.=. Sfspastls Marrfmtls sacrf l onfgtonlnf nf Dfsus
MLPÈ^VBA OO ” L OISFDL
3.<. Magmfota nf Oirfdl
3.<.<. ^frhogabaiol f ftohabaiol
3.3. Hostïroa nl Oirfdl

3.3.<. Prfssupastas nl Fmbfsoabaiol na Zltomlga OO

3.3.3. Fmbfsoabaiol nl Buhfh Ifgtouh
3.3.=. Hlrol, joiurl nl Oirfdl
3.=. As slmrlhfgtas gl Oirfdl
3.=.<. Magmfota
3.=.3. Novosía nas slmrlhfgtas
sl mrlhfgtas
3.>. Ogmubturléía na Fvlgifbea
Fv lgifbea gls mubturls nas pavas fvlgifbozlnas
3.>.<. Magmfotas
3.>.3. Gfmfssonlnf
3.>.=. Fxoiägmols

3.>.>. Mahpftägmols
 =

MLPÈO^VBA OOO4 L PF]]AL EVHLGL À BVT NL JÏ MSO]^Í

=.<. Magmfota
=.<.<. A pratýtopa na sfr euhlga
e uhlga ï Dfsus Mrosta
=.<.3. A bléa coabýioma nl vonl euhlgl
=.<.=. A bléa
b léa samolb maha builr mubturlb
=.<.>. A bléa
b léa samolb maha bléa ïtoma
=.<.6. A bléa samolb maha bléa sohcýboma f bléa rfboioasa
=.3. A eahfh ï uh sfr mah noigonlnf
=.3.<. Magmfota nl Noigonlnf
=.=. A eahfh ï uh sfr mah magsmoägmol
=.=.<. Magmfota
=.=.3. L magsmoägmol ï uhl jlmubnlnf harlb
=.=.=. L magsmoägmol panf sfr rfmtl au frrýgfl
=.=.>. Magsmoägmol mfrtl au nuvonasl
=.=.6. L prohlzol nl magsmoägmol
=.=.:. L jarhléía nl magsmoägmol
=.=.9. A eahfh ï uh sfr rfspagsìvfb f ohputìvfb
o hputìvfb
=.=.5. Ohputlcobonlnf
=.=.?. Jlmtarfs quf ljfmtlh l ohputlcobonlnf
=.>. A eahfh ï susmfptèvfb la pfmlna
=.6. A pfmlna aroioglb

Hïtanas nf fgsoga - lprfgnozlif

lprfgnozlifh
h

L hftanabaiol lnaptlnl pfbl Vgovfrsonlnf Mltýboml nf Haélhcoquf provobfiol l magvamléía nf hïtanas

ogavlnarfs mfgtrlnas gl lprfgnozlifh na fstunlgtf. Osta soigojoml quf l rfspagslcobonlnf pfba pramfssa nf
lprfgnozlifh ï na fstunlgtf. \ulgta la namfgtf, fbf plssl l sfr, sacrftuna,
sacrftuna, uh ifstar/hfnolnar/jlmobotlnar
nf sotuléöfs nf lprfgnozlifh.

Par ossa, gfstl ugonlnf murromublr provobfiol-sf4 (l) a fxfrmèmoa nf bfoturl mrètoml nf tfxtas jargfmonas pfba
namfgtf, (c) a nfcltf fh targa nl pfsquosl rflbozlnl pfbas fstunlgtfs, (m) l plrtomopléía fh lmtovonlnfs
lmtovo nlnfs nf
irupa (maha, par fxfhpba, fstunas nf mlsa, nosmussía nf irupas, nfcltfs f jýrugs pbfgìroas) f a fstuna
ognovonulb (maha par fxfhpba, pfsquosl cocboairìjoml, rfmfgsöfs mrètomls, fgsloas).

As fstunlgtfs tfría =0 sfssöfs (trogtl) prfsfgmolos, mah uhl nurléía nf 3 (nuls) earls mlnl, rfplrtonls par
naos sfhfstrfs (=0E + =0E). Ls progmoplos lmtovonlnfs nurlgtf ls lubls sía4 (l) nfcltf arofgtlna pfbas
namfgtfs, (c) trlclbeas nf irupa f (m) lprfsfgtléöfs arlos. Plrl lbïh nfstls lmtovonlnfs nf magtlmta, as
 >

fstunlgtfs sfría lmahplgelnas nf jarhl ognovonulbozlnl mah vostl l hagotarlr ls lmtovonlnfs nf

P bltljarhl Haanbf
lprfgnozlifh ogsmrotls ga magtfxta na trlclbea lutýgaha (uslgna l Pbltljarhl Haanbf).
).

Hïtanas nf lvlboléía

Gl VMH, as hïtanas nf lvlboléía sía rfiublnas pfba rfiublhfgta

rfiublhfgta nf Lvlboléía fh voiar gl VMH.

L mblssojomléía joglb na fstunlgtf sfrì clsflnl gl plrtomopléía, nurlgtf ls lubls, f ga nfsfgvabvohfgta nf

uh hègoha nf naos fbfhfgtas nf lvlboléía4 (l) lvlboléía magtègul
ma gtègul (:0%) f (c) fxlhf (>0%).

Bègiul nf Fgsoga ” Partuiuäs

Cocboairljol rfmahfgnlnl

Hliostïroa pagtojèmoa

Cfgta UZO (300?). Fxartléía Lpastýboml pýs-soganlb ]lmrlhfgtuh mlrotltos,

mlrotltos, ]. Pluba4 Fn. Plubogls.
Cfgta UZO (30<<). Fxartléía lpastýboml pýs-soganlb Ljromlf Hugus. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol Fnotromf Zltomlgl.

Jrlgmosma (30<=). Fxartléía lpastýboml Fvlgifboo Ilunouh. Hlputa4 Fn Plubogls.

Daía UUOOO (<?:=). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Plmfh og ^frros. ^frros. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
ettp4//w3.vltomlg.vl/magtfgt/daegxxooo/pt/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQdxxoooQfgmQ<<0><?:=Qplmfh.ethb.
ettp4//w3.vltomlg.vl/magtfgt/daegxxooo/pt/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQdxxoooQfgmQ<<0><?:=Qplmfh.ethb.

Daía Pluba OO (<?9?). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Sfnfhptar Eahogos. Crlil4 L.A. Crlil.

Daía Pluba OO (<?5>). Fxartléía Sfmagmoboltoa ft Plfgotfgmol. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf

ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/daegQplubQoo/lpastQfxeartltoags/namuhfgts/ejQdpooQfxeQ03<3<?5>Qrf
magmoboltoa-ft-plfgotfgtolQpa.ethb..
magmoboltoa-ft-plfgotfgtolQpa.ethb

Daía Pluba OO (<?5<). Fxartléía lpastýboml Jlhobolros Magsartoa.

Magsartoa. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/daegQplubQoo/lpastQfxeartltoags/namuhfgts/ejQdpooQfxeQ<?5<<<33Qj
hobolros-magsartoaQpa.ethb..
hobolros-magsartoaQpa.ethb
Daía Pluba OO (<??6). Fxartléía lpastýboml pýs-soganlb Fmmbfsol og Ljroml. Crlil4 Fnotarolb L.A. Crlil.

Daía Pluba OO (<??6). Mlrtl lpastýboml Saslrouh Zoriogos Hlrolf.

Hlrolf. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol Fnotrfmf Zltomlgl.

Pluba ZO (<?:9). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Papubaruh Prairfssoa. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf

ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/plubQvo/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQpvoQfgmQ3:0=<?:9QpapubaruhQpa.
ethb

Hliostïroa fmbfsoìstoma
Mltfmosha nl Oirfdl Mltýboml. ]ía Pluba4 Fnotarl Bayabl.
 6

Magmèboa Zltomlga OO (3003). Magstotuoéöfs, Nfmrftas f Nfmblrléöfs. Maohcrl4 Irìjoml nf Maohcrl.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf (<??<). Mlrtl plstarlb Hahfgta Gava. Hlputa.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf (<?5>). Mlrtls plstarlos. Parta4 Euhcfrtopa ” Lrtfs Irìjomls.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf. Mahugomlnas f Gatls.

Magirfiléía plrl a Mubta Novoga f l Nosmopbogl nas ]lmrlhfgtas (MMNN]) (<??>). L Boturiol rahlgl f
l Ogmubturléía. >ª Ogstruéía plrl uhl marrfmtl lpbomléía nl Magstotuoéía magmobolr sacrf l slirlnl
Boturiol. Hobía4 Fn. Plubogls.

Pagtojèmoa Magsfbea ―Dustoél f Plz‟ (3003). Mahpägnoa nl Nautrogl ]amolb nl Oirfdl.

Oirfdl. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol
Fnotromf Zltomlgl.

Acrls
Lutarfs Mrostolgas. HMHBUOU. Hlnron4 Cocboatfml nf Lutarfs Mrostías.

Clrras, P.M. (300?). Ls jagtfs pltrèstomls4 ohpartãgmol f lmtulbonlnf plrl l Oirfdl. Zonl
Zo nl Plstarlb.

Sfvostl Cohfstrlb plrl ]lmfrnatfs f Lifgtfs nf Plstarlb, Gavfhcra-Nfzfhcra.

Cosogata, F. (<?50). A Mubta nf Hlrol eadf.

eadf . ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Plubogls.

MFF (<??5). Noas Plnrf. Pblg nf jarhlmoýg sostfhìtoml.

sostfhìtoml. Hlnron4 Ogstotuta Ogtfrglmoaglb nf ^fabaiol l
Nostlgmol.

Magtf, J. (<??>). As efrýos hètomas f a eahfh nf eadf.

eadf. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Bayabl.

Maybf, K. (3000). Hlrol gl ^rlnoéía

^rl noéía mrostí. L plrtor nf uhl pfrspfmtovl magtfhparãgfl.
magtfhparãgfl. ]ía Pluba4 Fn.
Plubus.

Nf Bl Pfül, D.B. (<?5?). ^fabaiol nl Mroléía.

Mroléía. ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.

Fomefr. P. (<?5>). Nomoagìroa nf Magmfotas jugnlhfgtlos nf ^fabaiol. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Plubus.

Ioarnlga, J. (300<). L ^fabaiol Eadf,

Eadf, sègtfsf na pfgslhfgta tfabýioma. Parta4 Fn. Pfrpïtua ]amar
]amarra,
ra, Parta.
Orogfu (<?:?). Lnv. Elfr. OO =0,?. Og L. Arcf, Lgtrapabaiol nf ]lg Orogfa.
Orogfa . Hlnron4 Cocboatfml nf Lutarfs
Mrostolgas.

Daelggfs, C. (<?55). Nomoagìroa nf tfabaiol cècboml (>ª Fn.). ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.
Ba yabl.

Blnlrol, B. (<??5). Ogtranuéía à Lgtrapabaiol ^fabýioml OO. ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.

Bocãgoa, D. & Hforln, L. (<??5). Ogtranuéía à tfabaiol.

tfabaiol. ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.

Pfrlbf, H. (<?56). Hlrol ga Gava ^fstlhfgta.

^fstlhfgta. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Plubogls.

Pfsmekf, K. (<?5:). Ïtoml Mrostolgl O. Sahl4 Vrclgolgl Vgovfrsoty Prfss.

Sacfrto, J. (<?:0). Nommoagìroa nf ^fabaiol Harlb. Clrmf

Clrmfbagl4
bagl4 FBF]L.
 :

Sucoa, I. (300=). ]upfrléía na nulbosha fgtrf Mroléía f ]lbvléía. Og4 O. Hòbbfr, Pfrspfmtovls plrl uhl
Gavl ^fabaiol nl Mroléía. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Zazfs.

]irfmmol, F. (3003). Hlgulb nf Coaïtoml O - Jugnlhfgtas

Jugnlhfgtas f Ïtoml Coahïtoml (3ª Fn.). ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Bayabl.

]pligaba, L. (<?:?). Coaftoml gfbbl romfrml f gfbbl prlsso hfnoml.

hfnoml. Sahl4 Fn. Mlhobbolgf.

Zonlb. H. (300=). Gavl harlb jugnlhfgtlb. A Blr tfabýioma nl ïtoml.

ïtoml. Boscal4 Fn Plubogls.

Zoforl, N. (30<3). Nautrogl ]amolb nl Oirfdl4 Ogtranuéía à Ïtoml samolb. Boscal4 Fn. Plubus.

Namfgtfs quf bfmmoaglh l nosmopbogl4

 9

ÈGNOMF

OG^SANVÉÍA ……………...……………………………………………………………….………<0
MLPÈ^VBA O4 L JÏ ML^ÝBOML……...………...……………….…….…………………….………<3
<.<. Magmfota nf Jï…………………...……………………………………………………..….<3
<.<.<. Mrfgéls…………………………………………………………………………..….<3
<.<.3. ^fabaiol Moägmol f Jï……………………………………………………………….<3
<.3. Crfvf Eostarolb nl ^fabaiol …………………………………………………..…………...<3
<.3.<. Vh pauma nf Eostýrol na ^frha ^fabaiol
^ fabaiol………………………………..…………<3
<.3.3. Nojfrfg
Nojfrfgtfs
tfs fstobas nf rfjbfxía tfabýioml……………………………………….…….<>
<.3.=. ]ègtfsf nl ^fabaiol nl Ïpaml Pltrèstoml…………..………………………….……...<:
<.3.>. L ^fabaiol fsmabìstoml hfnoìvfb ……………………………………………..…..…<9
<.3.6. ^fabaiol lgto- hanfrgl nl onlnf hïnol ltï Zltomlga OO Mogma (6) sïmubas
sï mubas……..……<5
<.=. L tfabaiol eadf………………………………………………………………………..…...<?
<.>. Sfvfbléía……………………………………………………………………………..…...<?

<.>.<. Magmfota nf rfvfbléía ……………………………………………………………....<?

<.>.3. Magtfônas nl rfvfbléía…………………………..……………………………...….<?
<.>.=. Ftlpls nl rfvfbléía………………………………….……………………………...30
<.6. Nfus sf rfvfbl gl Mroléía……………………………………..…………………………...30
<.6.<. Magmfota nf Mroléía………………………………………..………………………..30
<.6.3. Nfus ï a mrolnar………………………………………………..……………………3<
<.6.=. Mrosta progmèpoa, mfgtra f joh nl mroléía ………………………….………………....3<
<.6.>. Nojomubnlnfs f acdfméöfs…………………………………………….……………...3<
<.:. L nohfgsía trogotìrol nl mroléía………………………………………………..………… .33
<.9. L Sfvfbléía fh Lcrlía, Haosïs f Prajftls ………………………………………...….….3=
<.9.<. ^rlgshossía nl Sfvfbléía novogl………………………………………………..….3>
<.9.3. L ltotunf na eahfh plrl mah l rfvfbléía novogl…………………………………...36
<.5. Fvfgta Mrosta ………………………………...……………………………………..……..36
<.5.<. \ufh ï Dfsus…………………………………………………………………….....36
<.5.3. Lbiuhls rfspastls nl ïpaml pltrèstoml………………………………….………….3:
<.5.=. Sfspastls Marrfmtls sacrf l onfgtonlnf nf Dfsus…………………………..……….35
MLPÈ^VBA OO4 L OISFDL………………………………………………………………………...….=0
3.<. Magmfota nf Oirfdl………………………………...…………………………………….....=0
3.<.<. ^frhogabaiol f ftohabaiol………………………………………………..………..=0
3.3. Hostïroa nl Oirfdl……………………………………………………………………..…...=0
 5

3.3.<. Prfssupa
Prfssupastas
stas nl Fmbfsoabaiol na Zltomlga OO……………………………….........…=0
3.3.3. Fmbfsoabaiol nl Buhfg Ifgtouh……………………………………………………....….=<
3.3.=. Hlrol, joiurl nl Oirfdl……………………………………………………………...=3
3.=. As slmrlhfgtas gl Oirfdl…………………………...……………………………………..=6
3.=.<. Magmfota………….…………………………………………………………………..=6
3.=.3. Novosía nas slmrlhfgta
sl mrlhfgtass…………………….…………………………………….=6
3.>. Ogmubturlé
Ogmubturléía
ía na Fvlgifbea gls mubturls nas pavas fvlgifbozlnas………..………………=:
3.>.<. Magmfotas ……………………………………………………………….………….=:
3.>.3. Gfmfsson
Gfmfssonlnf
lnf……………………………………………………………….……….=:
3.>.=. Fxoiägmols ……………………………………………………………...……..……=:
3.>.>. Mahpftägmols……………………………………………………………………...=:
MLPÈO^VBA OOO4 L PF]]AL EVHLGL À BVT NL JÏ MSO]^Í …………………………………..=5
=.<. Magmfota……......………………...……………………………………...………………..=5
=.<.<. A pratýtopa na sfr euhlga ï Dfsus Mrosta………….………………….……………=5
=.<.3. A bléa coabýioma nl vonl euhlgl …………………….………………………….…=?
=.<.=. A bléa samolb maha builr mubturlb……………………….………………………….>0
=.<.>. A bléa samolb maha bléa ïtoma……………………………….……………………...>0
=.<.6. A bléa samolb maha bléa sohcýboma f bléa rfboioasa…………….……………..……>0
=.3. A eahfh ï uh sfr mah noigonlnf ……………………………...………..……………….>0
=.3.<. Magmfota nl Noigonlnf………………………………………………..……………>0
=.=. A eahfh ï uh sfr
s fr mah magsmoägmol……………………………………………..……..…><
=.=.<. Magmfota…………………………………………..………………………………..><
=.=.3. L magsmoägmol ï uhl jlmubnlnf harlb……………………………………….……..><
=.=.=. L magsmoägmol panf sfr rfmtl au frrýgfl………………………………………..…..>3

=.=.>. Magsmoägmol mfrtl au nuvonasl……………………………………………………..>3

=.=.6. L prohlzol nl magsmoägmol………………………..……………………………...…>3
=.=.:. L jarhléía nl magsmoägmol………………………….……………………………..>3
=.=.9. A eahfh ï uh sfr rfspagsìvfb f ohputìvfb……………..…………………………>=
=.=.5. Ohputlcobonlnf…………………………………………..…………………………>=
=.=.?. Jlmta
Jlmtarfs
rfs quf ljfmtlh l ohputlcobonlnf…………………….………………………>=
=.>. A eahfh ï susmfptèvfb la pfmlna………………………...…………..…………………..>>
=.>.<. Magmfota na Pfmlna……………………………………………….………………>>
=.6. A pfmlna aroioglb……………...……………………………………………..…………...>6
MLPÈ^VBA OZ4 A PFG]LHFG^A NL OISFDL ML^ÝBOML FH \VF]^ÖF] NF
COAÏ^OML…………………………………………………………………………………...……….6<
 ?

>.<. Magmfota………………...……………………………………………...……………..…..6<
>.3. L vonl euhlgl………………………...…………………………………………...……..6<
>.3.<. A ogèmoa nl vonl euhlgl…………………………………………………..………..63
>.3.3. ]fxulbonlnf Euhlgl………………………………………………………….…...63
>.3.=. Nfsvoas ]fxulos………………………………………………………………..…..66
>.3.>. Pfmlnas nf glturfzl sfxulb………………………………………………………...6:
>.=. Lmtas magtrl l vonl euhlgl……...………………………………………………..…...…69
>.=.<. L Magtrlmfpéía……………………………………………………………….…...69
>.=.3. Sfpranuéí
Sfpranuéíaa lssostonl……………………………………………………………....69
>.=.=. Jfmugnléía og votra f trlgsjfrägmol nf fhcroöfs ……………..………………….…65
>.=.>. A magifblhfgta fhcroagìroa……………………………………..………………..6?
>.=.6. L naléía nf iãhftls…………………………………………………..…………...:0
>.=.:. L sfbféía na sfxa par hatovas gía hïnomas……………………………..…………:0
>.=.9. L sfbféía nf fhcroöfs………………………………………………………..….…:<
>.=.5. L hltfrgonlnf nf sucstotuoéía………………………………………………….….:3
>.=.?. L ogsfhogléía lrtojomolb fh mlslos
mlslos mah a vèrus nf EOZ………...…………………..:3
>.=.<0. Sfpranuéí
Sfpranuéíaa pýst
pýstuhl
uhl……………………………………………….……………...:>
>.=.<<. Mbaglifh rfpranutovl………………………………………………….………….:>
>.=.<3. A lcarta…………………………………………………………………….…...…:6
>.=.<3.<. Mlusls na Ogmrfhfgta na Lcarta……………………………………….…..::
>.=.<3.3. Ogmfg
Ogmfgtovas
tovas na Lcarta……………………………………….………………::
>.=.<3.=. A Magmèboa Zltomlga OO f a Lcarta…………………………….……………::
>.=.<3.>. Ognomléöfs………………………………………………………….……….:9
>.=.<3.6. Lcarta f Nohfgsía Durènoml…………………………………………..…….:5

MLPÈ^VBA Z4 PFG]LHFG^A ]AMOLB NL OISFDL ML^ÝBOML …………………...……..……9<

6.<. L Dustoél…………………..……………………………………………………...….……9<
6.<.<. L mlronlnf…………………………………………………………………..……...9<
6.<.3. Cfh mahuh……………………………………………………………………..…9=
6.<.=. ]ucsonolrofnlnf…………………………………………………………….......…..9=
6.<.>. ]abonlrofnlnf………………………………………………………………….…...9>
6.<.6. Cal iavfrgléía……………………………………………………………….…...9>
6.<.:. L Plz4 jruta nl dustoél f nl mlronlnf……………………………………………..…96
6.<.9. Nfjfsl nl mubturl………………………………………………..………………….9:
6.<.5. L jlhèbol…………………………………………………………….……………..9:
COCBOAISLJOL ……………………………………………………………………...……………...99
 <0

OG^SANVÉÍA

L Magstotuoéía lpastýboml Fx Marnf

Marnf Fmmbfsolf sacrf ls Vgovfrsonlnfs Mltýbomls prfsmrfvf quf «As
Fmmbfsolf
Cospas täh l rfspagslcobonlnf
r fspagslcobonlnf plrtomublr nf prahavfr ls Vgovfrsonlnfs Mltýbomls f, fsp
fspfmolbhfg
fmolbhfgtf,
tf,
nf sfiuo-bls f lssosto-bls gl sustfgtléía f gl magsabonléía nl sul onfgtonlnf mltýboml tlhcïh ga
magjragta mah ls lutaronlnfs movos» (Daía Pluba OO, <??0). Jao ga ãhcota nfstl arofgtléía f ga
namfgno<quf l Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf
fxfrmèmoa na sfu Hugus namfgno n f Haélhcoquf (MFH), obuhoglnl
pfbl buz na Fsporota ]lgta, nfsfdlgna vfr a mlrìmtfr mltýboma nl Vgovfrsonlnf Mltýboml nf
Haélhcoquf (VMH) lprajugnlna f l magsabonlr-sf
ma gsabonlr-sf mlnl vfz hlos, nfmonou, slcolhfg
slcolhfgtf,
tf, ogtranuzor
uhl mlnforl quf ajfrfmfssf l mahugonlnf lmlnïhoml nl VMH, fh plrtomublr las sfus fstunlgtfs,
fstun lgtfs,
l apartugonlnf nf uh magtlmta mah a pfgslhfgta f pasomoaglhfgta mltýboma fh lbiuhls ìrfls na
slcfr f magnutl.

Plrl a fjfota, l MFH

M FH magstotuou uhl fquopl plrl l magmrftozléía na pradfmta. L fquopl magstotuènl
lssuhou a fhprffgnohfgta f tfvf maha prohforl tlrfjl l magmfpéía na tètuba nl mlnforl quf
rfjbfmtossf a pradfmta lbhfdlna. Magmbuou quf a tètuba lnfqulna nl hltïrol l sfr hogostrlnl sfrol4
Jugnlhfgtas nf ^fabaiol Mltýboml. Lpýs l magmfpéía na tètuba, sfiuou-sf l jlsf nl mahpasoéía
na rfspfmtova Hlgulb plrl lssfiurlr l elrhago
elrhagozléía
zléía nas magtfônas l sfrfh ajfrfmonas nurlgtf l
bfmmoagléía nl mlnforl gls nojfrfgtfs Vgonlnfs Cìsomls nl VMH.

Nf slbofgtlr quf gía ï prapýsota na hlgulb fsiatlr tanl l rfjbfxía tfabýioml, hls nlr, nf hlgforl
sumogtl, uhl onfol nf lbiugs jugnlhfgtas na pfgslhfgta f pasomoaglhfgta mltýboma sacrf ls
progmoplos ìrfls tfabýiomls. A hfsha, pramurl, oiulbhfgtf
oiulbhfgtf,, lcror mlhogeas plrl pastfroarfs
lprajugnlhfgtas nas lssugtas lcarnlnas f autras l fbfs magfxas, plrl lbïh nlqufbfs quf l
nosmussía tfabýioml nurlgtf l bfmoagléía panfrì susmotlr.

Mah fjfota, a Hlgulb prapasta tfh l sfiuogtf fstruturl4

fstru turl4 A prohfora mlpètuba ï uh trltlna sacrf l
Jï mltýboml, a magmfota f eostýrol nf tfabaiol, l rfvfbléía quf mubhogl mah l Pfssal nf Mrosta. A
sfiugna mlpètuba ï uhl lcarnlifh fmbfsoabýioml, osta ï, a hostïroa nl Oirfdl, l joiurl nf Hlrol,
hanfba nas mrfgtfs, fgqulgta l Oirfdl ï lssfhcbfol nas mrfgtfs, f as ]lmrlhfgtas. Par sul vfz, a
tfrmfora mlpètuba nfcruél-sf sacrf l Pfssal euhlgl à buz nl jï, pramurl rfjbfmtor sacrf l pfssal
euhlgl gls suls vlrolnls nohfgsöfs, fgqulgta a qulrta mlpètuba amupl-sf nls pracbfhìtomls
rfblmoaglnls mah l Coaïtoml, harhfgtf lqufbls qufstöfs quf nfsljolh l magsmoägmol maha ï a
mlsa na lcarta. A quogta f ôbtoha mlpètuba lprfsfgtl a pfgslhfgta samolb nl Oirfdl, l Oirfdl

< ^lrfjl nf fgsoglr.

 <<

ogtfrvogna gls qufstöfs samolos fh jlvar na eahfh, parquf a eahfh ï a mlhogea nl Oirfdl, maha
nfjfgnf Daía Pluba OO gl sul Fgmèmboml prairlhìtoml Sfnfhptar eahogos, ga ogèmoa na sfu
pagtojomlna.

Luspomol-sf quf fstl mlnforl susmotf gas nfstogltìroas uh ogtfrfssf fh hltïrols nf glturfzl
rfboioasl f nä uhl rfspastl na sfgtona ôbtoha nl vonl euhlgl quf, plrl as mrostías mltýbomas
fgmagtrl l sul rfpastl fh Nfus. Fxmbuo-sf nls pfrspfmtovls nfstf pradfmta, a jahfgta na
prasfbotosha, osta ï, l magvfrsía
magvfrsía nf tanas la mltabomosha.
 <3

MLPÈ^VBA O4 L JÏ ML^ÝBOML

<.<. Magmfota nf JÏ4

Fgtfgnf-sf par jï l magvoméía, magjolgél f lclgnaga, quf uhl pfssal lbohfgtl gl su

sull rfbléía mah
Nfus. L jï ï sfhprf uhl rfspastl pasotovl à ogomoltovl rfvfblnarl nf Nfus. Nolgtf nas soglos
rfvfblnarfs nl sul prfsfgél na sfr euhlga, fstf ï magvonlna l rfspagnfr par uhl rfbléía nf
magjolgél f jï gfstf Nfus quf sf nì l magefmfr. L jï magsostf ga fsmutlr l plblvrl nl prfiléía f
plrl magnuzor ì acfnoägmol;
acfnoägmol; vomf-vfrsl, l acfnoägmol ï fsmutl.

<.<.<. Mrfgéls

Melhl-sf mrfgél l magvoméía au l býioml nf pfgslhfgta, l jobasajol quf su

sustfgtl
stfgtl uhl mashavosía
f as vlbarfs lprfsfgtlnas par uhl nftfrhoglnl mubturl.Ls mrfgéls rfprfsfgtlh sfhprf uh sostfhl
nf vlbarfs lnquoronas, lssohoblnas f pramblhlnas maha lcsabutas fh so hfshas
h fshas f par ossa hfsha
ogfiamoìvfos. L mrfgél ï uhl magvoméía lrrloilnl gl pfssal quf arofgtl ls ltotunfs f ogjbufgmol l
ogtfrprftléía na rflb.

<.<.3. ^fabaiol moägmol nl jï

As tfrhas4

^fabaiol 8 tfa + baiol×εўň

εўňs, Nfus + λαΦ oμ 8 nosmursa sacrf Nfus; lrtf nf noroior a fspèrota

gl ogvfstoiléía nl vfrnlnf na nosmursa sacrf Nfus.

A nomoagìroa nf tfabaiol nfjogf l ^fabaiol

^ fabaiol maha l moägmol nls maosls novogls.
n ovogls.

<.3. Crfvf eostarolb nf ^fabaiol

<.3.<. Vh pauma nf eostýrol na tfrha ^fabaiol

^ fabaiol

Gl lgtoiuonlnf l tfabaiol frl fgtfgnonl maha uh eoga, agnf Nfus frl ibarojomlna hlos na quf
fxpbomlna pfba fspèrota euhlga. Frl a lta hfsha nf bauvlr l Nfus. Gía sf trltlvl nf fxpbomlr
Nfus, quf ï ogfxpbomìvfb, hls nf
n f a Bauvlr sfh mfsslr, pfbl sul irlgnfzl.
 <=

n l Oirfdl3, hfsha as quf maha Aroiogfs

Fstf sfgtona magtogul huota vova gas fsmrotas nas plnrfs nl
jlría hlos usa ogstruhfgtlb nf gaéöfs torlnls nl jobasajol irfil au as quf maha as irlgnfs
tfýbaias notas nl Mlplnýmol (]ía Clsèboa nf Mfslrfol, ]ía Irfiýroa nf Glzolgza f ]ía Irfiýroa
nf Gossl) sf sfrvfh nls gaéöfs tfabýiomls plrl butlr magtrl as frras rfsubtlgtfs nf uhl obusía
rlmoaglbostl sacrf l gassl mlplmonlnf nf mblrojomlr as hostïroas novogas.
n ovogas.

ò Plrl a psfuna- Noagèsoa=, l tfabaiol hèstoml ï l ôgoml tfabaiol pbfglhfgtf noigl nfssf
gahf, ubtrlplsslgna ls lglbaiols ogsujomofgtfs guhl fxpfroägmol quf sf pramblhl fbl
hfshl ogfxprohèvfb.
ò Ltï lgtfs nl Onlnf Hïnol bltogl l tfabaiol frl magmfconl, plrtomublrhfgtf gl arnfh
hagìstoml, gía maha uhl moägmol praprolhfgtf notl nls maosls novogls, hls maha
hfnotléía nas hostïroas. L ^fabaiol gfssl lbturl ï magsonfrlnl ohpartlgtf lpfgls pfba
lpfba quf jlz à rlzía plrl ljlstlr ls jlbsls ogtfrprftléöfs prfplrlr l magtfhpbléía agnf l
rlzía ï sohpbfshfgtf ubtrlplsslnl.
ò ]lgta Lgsfbha>, uh nas prohforas l jlzfr a hlos roiarasa usa na pfgslhfgta nolbïtoma 6
fh tfabaiol.
ò Pfnra Lcfblrna, ga sïmuba UOO - ^fgnf l rlmoaglbozlr mahpbftlhfgtf l tfabaiol, la
hfsha tfhpa quf susmotl fh ]ía Cfrglrna nf Mblrlvlb, par fxfhpba, uhl rfmusl
lploxaglnl. Pravaml gautras pfgslnarfs, hfsha prýxohas nfstf ôbtoha maha Iuobefrhf
nf ]logt-^eofrry, uh fsjaréa plrl utobozlr hlos sostfhltomlhfgtf uhl mrètoml rlmoaglb nas

3Plnrfs nl Oirfdl, ]lgtas Plnrfs au Plos nl Oirfdl jarlh ogjbufgtfs tfýbaias, prajfssarfs f hfstrfs mrostías f
ohpartlgtfs cospas. ]fus trlclbeas lmlnïhomas jarlh utobozlnas maha prfmfnfgtfs nautrogìroas plrl sïmubas
vognauras. AsPltrèstoml.
nfgahoglna plnrfs nl Oirfdl sía mblssojomlnas fgtrf a sïmuba OO f ZOO.A fstuna nas fsmrotas nas Plnrfs nl Oirfdl ï
=Psfuna-Noagèsoa, a Lrfapliotl au sohpbfshfgtf
so hpbfshfgtf Psfuna-Noagèsoa ï a gahf pfba qulb ï magefmona a lutar nf uh
(Marpus Lrfapliotomuh)
magdugta nf tfxtas (Marpus Lrfapliotomuh) quf fxfrmfrlh, sfiugna as eostarolnarfs nl jobasajol f nl lrtf, uhl jartf
ogjbuägmol fh tanl l hèstoml mrostí amonfgtlb gl Onlnf Hïnol. Ltï a sïmuba UZO, as tfxtas togelh vlbar qulsf
lpastýboma, dì quf Noagèsoa jarl a prohfora nosmèpuba nf Pluba nf ^lrsa. Gfssl ïpaml suriorlh ls prohforls
magtravïrsols l rfspfota nl sul lutfgtomonlnf. Lriuhfgtlvl-sf
Lriuhfgtlvl-sf quf as tfxtas
t fxtas magtogelh hlrmlnl ogjbuägmol nf Pramba,
nl fsmabl gfapbltþgoml nf Ltfgls, f partlgta gía panfrolh sfr lgtfroarfs la sïmuba Z. Hls sahfgtf l plrtor na sïmuba
UOU fssl tfsf jao lmfotl f a lutar nfsmagefmona plssau f sfr melhlna Psfuna-Noagèsoa. Lpfslr nossa, par sul
bogiulifh païtoml f pfbl mafrfgtf fxpasoéía nf onfols, a Marpus pfrhlgfmf magsonfrlna maha fxprfssía lutägtoml
na gfapbltagosha ltfgofgsf f nl trlnoéía hèstoml mrostí.
>Lgsfbha fsmrfvfu uhl acrl sacrf l jï quf
q uf cusml l rlzía. Ï magsonfrlna uh nas ogo
ogomolnarfs
molnarfs nl trlnoéía fsmabìstoml.
"Gía sý l elcobonlnf nolbïtoml jfz nf Lgsfbha a prfmursar nl Fsmabìstoml, maha tlhcïh a progmèpoa tfabýioma
jugnlhfgtlb quf lnatau4 jonfs qulrfgs ogtfbfmtuh "l jï fh cusml nl ogtfboiägmol". Jao fbf tlhcïh qufh jardau uhl
gavl arofgtléía à tfarol nas ugovfrslos f quf rfvfrtfu
rfvfrtfu fh irlgnf pravfota plrl as ogtuotas
og tuotas nl ^fabaiol rlmoaglb".
6 Nolbïtomlmagdugta nas hfoas pastas fh acrl gl nosmussía fh vostl l nfhagstrlr au rfjutlr. Fx.4 tfsf f lgto- tfsf +
rfsabuéía fh sègtfsf.
 <>

magmfotas f uhl magstruéía rlmoaglbhfgtf ldustlnl nls vfrnlnfs nl jï guh sostfhl

arnfglna.
ò ]. Lbcfrta Hliga ga sïmuba UOOO f ]. ^ahìs nf Lquoga nfjogfh l ^fabaiol maha l
moägmol slirlnl, quf mabaml a magdug
ma gdugta
ta nls vfrnlnfs nl jï guh sostfhl rlmoaglb, à plrtor nf
uh rfmagefmohfgta hlos mblra nls vfrnlnfs praprolhfgtf sacrfglturlos, f maha tlos

rfmfconls nl rfvfbléía ugomlhfgtf, par apasoéía às vfrnlnfs sacrf Nfus quf panfh sfr
ltogionls pfbl rlzía sazogel.

]ustfgtlh quf l tfabaiol ï l moägmol ï moägmol nl jï. F maha tlb gía panf prassfiuor f sf
nfsfgvabvfr sfgía gl buz nl jï. Fstl tfabaiol fxoif quf a roiar rlmoaglb na pfgslhfgta nolbïtoma
sfdl magstlgtfhfgtf lssamolna l uhl fxpbarléía gía sahfgtf lblrilnl hls tlhcïh pfgftrlgtf nf
tana a nlna rfvfblna f trlnomoaglb, sac l slbvliulrnl na hliostïroa vova nl Oirfdl f guh fspèrota
nf uhl jï vovl f vovonl.

Maha Moägmol ]lirlnl, l ^fabaiol tahostl gía lbohfgtl l prftfgsía tfhfrìrol f jôtob nf sf
sucstotuor l Plblvrl nf Nfus magjolnl à Oirfdl, fh plrtomublr gls ]lgtls Fsmroturls, hls lbohfgtl
sahfgtf l fspfrlgél nf fxpbarlr rfspfotaslhfgtf ls prajugnonlnfs, gía fsvlzolgna a hostïroa hls
pfrhotogna-gas nf hfbear
hfbear a sotulr fh rfbléía las ggassas
assas magefmohfgtas sohpbfshfgtf glturlos.

Ï uhl tfabaiol sostfhìtoml f par ossa ï rfjbfxovl f mrètoml. Lbohfgtl sf magstlgtfhfgtf nl tfabaiol
pasotovl, quf sf magtfgtl nf jlzfr a ogvfg
ogvfgtìroa
tìroa f l fxfifsf nl plblvrl nnff Nfus gas namuhfgtas
lutägtomas. Nfvf iulrnlr f mubtovlr a magtlmta mah as nfsfgvabvohfgtas na pfgslhfgta
sohpbfshfgtf euhlga, hls pfrhlgfmfgna sfhprf gl fsmabl vovl nl Oirfdl fh prajugnl mahugeía
nf jï mah fbl.

Lssoh sf mahprffgnf l ^fabaiol maha uh nosmursa

n osmursa sostfhìtoma, rfjbfxova f mrètoma, sacrf Nfus f
tuna a quf l Fbf sf rfjfrf. Vhl ^fabaiol quf sf lbohfgtl nl rfvfbléía novogl magtonl gl Plblvrl
nf Nfus, pramblhlnl f lgugmolnl pfbl Oirfdl fh sfu Hliostïroa. Vh nosmursa lcfrta la
pfgslhfgta euhlga f mlplz nf obuhoglr l rlzía f sf nfo
nfoxlr
xlr ogtfrpfblr par fbl.

<.3.3. Nojfrfgtfs fstobas nf rfjbfxía tfabýioml

Fxostfh nojfrfgtfs fstobas nf rfjbfxía tfabýioml, tlgta ga quf sf rfjfrf la magtfôna, maha la
iïgfra botfrìroa. Lssoh, panfhas nostogiuor nojfrfgtf
n ojfrfgtfss fstobas nnff lmarna mah l ïpaml.
 <6

Ga prohfora sïmuba na mrostolgosha panfhas fgmagtrlr

fgmagtrlr = fstobas progmoplos4 l ^f
^fabaiol
abaiol glrrltov
glrrltovll
nas fvlgifbeas, l botfrlturl fpostablr f l lpamlbèptoml. Fh sfu gômbfa magduilh-sf jlmta f
ogtfrprftléía, mahprffgsía f lgôgmoa, sac gatýroa ogjbuxa na dunlèsha. Bfgtlhfgtf l mahugonlnf
nf jï sf nfsprfil nl rfboioía nf Osrlfb hls fstl pfrhlgfmf a pagta nf rfjfrägmol cìsoml, hfsha
plrl as irupas lnvognas
lnvognas nl ifgolbonlnf. Fstl tfabaiol ï4

¹ Pgfuhìtoml (fhcfconl pfba fspèrota quf susmotl l magtoguonlnf nas sfiuonarfs nf Dfsus)
¹ Fmbfsolb, glsmonl ga sfoa nf uhl mahugonlnf

¹ Hossoagìrol, nfstoglnl l trlgshotor f rfmrolr jï mrostl

¹ Zovfgmolb, rfpbftl nf sfgtohfgtas, magatléöfs ljfmtovls f jarél magvamltýrol, pravfgofgtf

nl fxpfroägmol na sfiuohfgta na rfssusmotlna

¹ Magtfxtulbozlnl gl eostýrol nl mahugonlnf fh quf jao fblcarlnl. Gía rftrltl nfsfda

fxpbèmota nf jlzfr rfjbfxía ôgoml f ugovfrslb, vìbonl oiulbhfgtf plrl tanas maha lglhgfsf
nl plblvrl, targl prfsfgtf a nlna
n lna rfvfblna
rfvfblna fh nnovfrsls
ovfrsls sotuléöfs.

¹ Lcfrtl la jutura fstohublgna lssoh ogtfrprftléöfs fgroqufmfnarls, gavls rfbfoturls

sotulnls.

Gl ïpaml pltrèstoml quf lclrml a pfrèana nf sfos sïmubas, mahprffgnfgna nfsnf l ifrléía
ohfnoltlhfgtf pastfroar las lpýstabas ltï l nas quf prfplrlrlh l tfabaiol hfnofvlb, fgmagtrlhas
uh autra fstoba nf tfabaio
tfabaioll nfvona la acdfmtova na nosmursa4 fsmblrfmfr l onfgtonlnf nl jï mrostí ga
sfu fgmagtra mah ls mubturls, efbïgoml, rahlgl f hfsha l dunloml
dunloml..

A mrostolgosha vä-sf às vabtls mah a ohfgsa nfsljoa nf trlnuzor plrl l mubturl efb
efbïgoml,
ïgoml, l sul cal
gavl. Gfmfssotl tlhcïh dustojomlr-sf nolgtf nlqufbfs quf, utobozlgna l jobasajol irfil, magsonfrlh
a mrostolgosha f l jï mrostí lbia sfmugnìroa au nf pauma vlbar. Lpýs a pfrèana nls pfrsfiuoéöfs,
mah a rfmagefmohfgta na ohpïroa rahlga l Oirfdl marrf naos rosmas efbfgozlr l sul nautrogl (par
uhl ugoía fgtrf jï f pfgslhfgta irfia) f sfmublrozlr-sf (fgtrlgna gls fstruturls na ohpïroa pfba
mlhogea nls eagrls, provobïioas, lpaoa na panfr pabètoma).

l) Efbfgozlr l nautrogl

L tfabaiol irfil tfh sfnf nf fxpbomlr l ugomonlnf na ugovfrsa, fxpbomlr maha tuna tfh uh
jugnlhfgta uhl μόωΧ, uhl ugonlnf, uhl λαΦoμ quf nì sfgtona la hôbtopba. Par ossa l jï mlrrfil
 <:

l hlrml nl prfamupléía na jugnlhfgta, f lgugmol quf fh Mrosta sf rfmlpotublh tanls ls maosls, f

plrtomublrhfgtf tuna a quf ï vfrnlnfora,
vfrnlnfora, cah f cfba. (moägmol,
(moägmol, harlb f fstïtoml).

Nl mubturl irfil, l rfjbfxía tfabýioml bfvl maha fhprïstoha as vlbarfs, as ogstruhfgtas f

nfsfgvabvf l qufstía nl rfbléía fgtrf a euhlga f a novoga.

L lnaéía nf fxprfssöfs nf jï, mltfiarols f fsqufhls hfgtlos nl tfabaiol f jobasajol irfil bfvl l
ohprfmosöfs f nôvonls. ]urifh irupas rlnomlos quf mah a sfu rlnomlbosha jfrfh l onfgtonlnf
trlzonl gl hfgslifh mrostí f lssoh glsmfh ls prohforls efrfsols.

L tfgtltovl nf rfspagnfr l fstls efrfsols fstohubl f pfrhotf a lvlg

lvlgéa
éa nl tfabaiol parquf acroi
acroill l
uhl rfjbfxía hlos prfmosl f hlos jofb lognl quf mroltovl, à ]lirlnl Fsmroturl.

^fhas lssoh vìroas magmèboas fmuhïgomas

fmu hïgomas la sfrvoéa nl vfrnlnf quf nfvf sfr pramblhlnl
p ramblhlnl (Gomfol,
Ïjfsa, Mlbmfnþgol, Magstlgtogapbl) rfioaglos (Fbvorl, Arlgif).

A progmèpoa pltrèstoma ï4 ‒mrfr plrl fgtfgnfr, f fgtfgnfr plrl mrfr ‘ogtfbboif ut mrfnls, mrfnf ut
ogtfbbfils (Liastogea og ]frhía >=,9,?).

Gía sfplrl ogtfboiägmol f jï4 l jï

jï gas targl ogtfboifgtfs!

c) ]fmublrozléía
\ulgna ga lga =<= jao pramblhlna a Fnota nf Hobía pfba ohpfrlnar Magstlgtoga, a
mrostolgosha sf targau ‒Sfboioía nf Fstlna‘, ga Ohpïroa Sahlga. Lssoh jarlh lnaptlnas
prairfssovlhfgtf, hlgforls f progmèpoas sfmublrfs quf magtrlrolvlh l sohpbomonlnf na
Fvlgifbea. Glsmf l eofrlrquozléía nl Oirfdl sac a hanfba na Ohpïroa, l boturiol ï

jartfhfgtf ogjbufgmolnl pfba mubta pliía. Fstl sotuléía sf lrrlstau ltï à rfjarhl trlzonl
pfba Magmèboa Zltomlga OO.
OO.

<.3.=. ]ègtfsf nl ^fabaiol nl ïpaml Pltrèstoml4

} Pagta nf plrtonl l fxpfroägmol ogtfgsl na hostïroa pramblhlna, mfbfcrlna f vovona,

fxfrmotlnl gl bfoturl na tfxta slirlna f nls rflbonlnfs hugnlgls.

} \ufh jlz tfabaiol1 ” Cospas, slmfrnatfs f bfoias (eahobols, tfxtas botôriomas, mahfgtìroas
nf tfxtas nf fsmroturl, mltfqufsf...). ga ogomoa na sïmuba OOO, jarhlh-sf ‒fsmabls tfabýiomls‘.
 <9

Ls hlos magefmonls jarlh Lgtoaquol (fxfifsf botfrlb nf Fsmroturl), Lbfxlgnrol (fxfifsf

fsporotulb ‒sfgtona‘).

Mlrlmtfrèstomls tfabýiomls4 tfabaiol cècboml, botôrioml, Mrostabýioml, fmbfsolb, ogmubturlnl f pburlb

Jao uh tfhpa nf vfrnlnfora fsjaréa nf ogmubturléía nl jï. Ls fsmabls tfabýiomls tfstfhugelh nf

uh pburlbosha tfabýioma slnoa, quf magtrocuo plrl a lprajugnlhfgta nl vfrnlnf rfvfblnl.

L boturiol ï a cfréa nl tfabaiol pltrèstoml, f hastrl maha sf nfvf lrtomublr a pfgslr f a mfbfcrlr l
jï.

Bohotfs pauml ltfgéía la magmrfta eostýroma jrlma trléa prajïtoma nfvona la mahprahossa mah a
panfr tfhparlb, prairfssovl nfs- fsmltabaiozléía f nfs-eostarozl
nfs-eostarozléía
éía nl tfabaiol; Nfjomoägmol na
ogstruhfgta tfabýioma utobozlna (a sfu nulbosha gfapbltþgoma, a roiar ïtoma nf autrls marrfgtfs
maha par fxfhpba as fpomurfus, f mïptomas.

<.3.>. L tfabaiol fsmabìstoml hfnofvlb

L tfabaiol fsmabìstoml hfnofvlb ltrlvfssau aota (5) sïmubas, träs (=) jlsfs ohpartlgtfs4 L nolbïmtoml
(]ta. Lgsfbha) l irlgnf fsmabìstoml f l fsmabìstoml tlrnol.

<) Jlsf ” L tfabaiol sf bohotl l bfoturl f mahfgtìroa nl Plblvrl nf Nfus. Pauma l pauma (ZOOO ” U)
fstl hlgforl nf jlzfr tfabaiol ï ogjbufgmolnl pfbls hunlgéls soigojomltovls vfrojomlnls gl
samofnlnf f gl oirfdl.

A suriohfgta nf lssamoléöfs, marparléöfs, arnfgs rfboioasls, havohfgta nls arnfgs hfgnomlgtfs

f tlhcïh ugovfrsonlnfs vlo ogjbufgmolr pasotovlhfgtf l hlgforl nf
n f jlzfr tfabaiol.

Na sïmuba U ” UOO, hls magmrftlhfgtf nf <<30-<<:0, a pfgslhfgta nf Lrostýtfbfs ï rfnfsmacfrta

f sul hftanabaiol ï pastl fh rfbfva ” usl-sf l sul nolbïmtoml (‒]omft gah‘) 8 rfmabefh-sf
lriuhfgtas lplrfgtfhfgtf magtrlnotýroas, nosmutf-sf l qufstía f nfpaos sf torlh magmbusöfs. ]lgta
Lgsfbha (<0==- <<0?) ugf l tfabaiol hagìstoml liastogolgl, jlvarìvfb l lcsabutl sujomoägmol nf
jï, la pfgslhfgta fspfmubltova nolbïmtoma. ^rlclbel plrl trlgsjarhlr l vfrnlnf mrolnl fh vfrnlnf
slconl, pfgslnl f fxprfssl. L jï fh cusml nl ogtfboiägmol (jonfs qulrfgs ogtfbbfmtuh) magmbusöfs
nfnuzèvfos.
 <5

Fh <06>, tfhas a prohfora irlgnf moshl Amonfgtf/ Arofgtf mah Hoiufb Mfrubìroa . L tfabaiol
Arofgtlb gía lssohobl l nolbïtoml, fbl magsfrvl a lspfta magtfhpbltova f sohcýboma, provobfiolgna l
nohfgsía lpajìtoml, hostfroasl, a sobägmoa nl
n l tfabaiol.

L joiurl hlos lbtl nl fsmabìstoml ï ^ahìs

^ ahìs nf Lquoga mahcogl roiar tfýroma, mroltovonlnf f auslnol.
Nfsfgvabvf uhl tfabaiol acfnofgtf à rfvfbléía quf rfspagnf às fxoiägmols nl fpostfhabaiol nf
Lrostýtfbfs f par magsfiuogtf fbl ï melhlnl moägmol. L suhl tfabaiol nurlgtf sïmubas jao tfxta
clsf nl fblcarléía tfabýioml.
tfabýioml.

Mah ^ahìs nf Lquoga slèhas na mrfnfrf- mrfr plrl mahprffgnfr (nl pltrèstoml) f plsslhas la
mrfr f mahprffgnfr. L fblcarléía sostfhltozlgtf na pfgslhfgta ï jfotl par vol nl rfbléía
ljorhléía, gfiléía f sègtfsf ” a havohfgta nf pfgslhfgta ï uhl fbopsf f gía uh mèrmuba. ^fhas
uh nupba jama nl tfabaiol4 moägmol quf Nfus mahugoml f moägmol quf a eahfh lbmlgél pfbl
rfjbfxía lutýgahl, fbl magduil a pagta nf vostl nf Nfus f a pagta nf vostl na eahfh, magmobol jï
f rlzía.

<.3.6. ^fabaiol lgto- hanfrgl ” nl Onlnf Hïnol ltï Zltomlga OO mogma (6) sïmubas

Ïpaml nf hunlgéls sýmols rìponls

rìpon ls f prajugnls, mlpotlbosha hfrmlgtob, tramls mubturlos, l jarhléía
nl suprfhlmol nl rlzía f na ognovonulbosha rlmoaglb, nfsfgvabvohfgta nl lrtf f na euhlgosha.
Mrfsmfgtf sfplrléía fgtrf ohpïroa f plplna, fgtrf l Oirfdl f l pabètoml.
pa bètoml.

Ï uhl ^fabaiol nf nfjfsl muda pagta hlos lbta ï l mfbfcrléía na Magmèboa Zltomlga O mah l
pramblhléía na naihl na prohlna
prohlna f nl ogjlbocobonlnf plplb. L tfabaiol rfmusl-sf
rfmusl-sf l nolbailr mah
a hugna hanfrga.

Plrl qufh ï jfotl l tfabaiol gfstl ïpaml1 Plrl a mbïroia rfboioasa au noamfslga. A Magmoboa nf
^rfgta nfmrftau l mroléía nf sfhogìroas plrl l jarhléía na mbfra.

^räs ìrfls nf nfsfgvabvohfg

n fsfgvabvohfgta
ta nl tfabaio
tfabaioll sía on
onfgtojomlnls4
fgtojomlnls4 Jugnlhfgtlb, Harlb f Naihìtoml

ò L ìrfl nl ^fabaiol Jugnlhfgtlb amupl-sf nl Lpabaiïtoml (susmotlr f tfstfhugelr l jï)

ò L ^fabaiol Harlb ajfrfmf fstruturl nl vonl euhlgl l plrtor nl bfo (novogl, glturlb f pasotovl)

ò L ^fabaiol Naihìtoml, irléls la sfu hïtana rfirf lprfsfgtl as poblrfs nl jï Mrostí. L plrtor

nf uhl tfsf, cusml lriuhfgtas rlmoaglos quf obuhoglnas pfbl ]lirlnl Fsmroturl pfrhotfh
dustojomlr f jugnlhfgtlr
jugnlhfgtlr l jï mrostí. Ï uhl ^fabaiol roiarasl,
roiarasl, magmfptulb, acdftovl
acdftovl f ugojarhf.
 <?

<.=. L tfabaiol eadf

L tfabaiol hlos na quf uh nosmursa sacrf Nfus targl-sf uh nosmursa sacrf l Plblvrl nf Nfus,
muda acdftova ï mahprffgnfr
mahprffgnfr,, lprajugnlr a sfu sfgtona vlbfgna-sf nf ogstruhfgtas nf mahprffgsía
nf quf a eahfh nospöf. Hls nlna quf tlos ogstruhfgtas hunlh nf uhl ïpaml plrl l autrl, nf
uh magtogfgtf plrl a autra sfiuf-sf baiomlhfgtf l jarhléía nf uhl irlgnf vlrofnlnf nf nosmursas
sacrf Nfus, osta ï nf tfabaiols.

Gas gassas nols l ^fabaiol tfh fh magtl uh hlrma ohpartlgtf gl Oirfdl Mltýboml4 a Magmèboa
fmuhïgoma Zltomlga OO (<</<0/<?:3 ” 5/<3/<?:6). L ^fabaiol, vlbarozl as fsjaréas, lquosoéöfs f
arofgtléöfs nfstf Magmèboa, quf magmfcf l jï maha nah rfmfcona f arofgtl a fstuna nls rflbonlnfs
novogls à buz nl jï, sac l arofgtléía na Hliostïroa, jlzfgna nl ]lirlnl Fsmroturl l lbhl nl
^fabaiol.

<.>. Sfvfbléía

<.>.<. Magmfota nf rfvfbléía

Fgtfgnf-sf par rfvfbléía a lmta nf torlr a vïu quf macrf uhl rflbonlnf, a lmta nf targlr
lmfssèvfb uhl vfrnlnf ltï fgtía vfblnl au amubtl. Fstf magmfota ï uslna plrl ognomlr l
rflbonlnf lhpbl quf magstotuo a nlna nf
n f jï quf gas ï ajfrfmona ga Fvfgta Dfsus Mrosta.

<.>.3. Magtfônas nl rfvfbléí

rfvfbléíaa

L Magstotuoéía Naihìtoml sacrf l Sfvfbléía novogl ga sfu gôhfra naos magnfgsl a magtfôna nl
Sfvfbléía gl Fmagahol nl ]lbvléía: gas sfiuogtfs tfrhas4 ‒Lprauvf l Nfus, gl sul cagnlnf f
slcfnarol, rfvfblr-sf l so hfsha f targlr magefmona a hostïroa nl sul vagtlnf, par hfoa na qulb

as eahfgs, ltrlvïs nf Mrosta, Zfrca Ogmlrglna, täh lmfssa la Plo ga Fspèrota ]lgta f g‟Fbf sf
targlh plrtomoplgtfs nl glturfzl novogl‘ (Magmèboa Zltomlga OO, Nfo Zfrcuh , 3) Fstì mblra quf ï
bovrf ogomoltovl nf Nfus a lmta nf sf rfvfblr. A havfgtf nl tlb bocfrnlnf ï l sul cagnlnf f
slcfnarol. Frl glturlb quf Nfus quf ï suhl cagnlnf gía pfrhlgfmfssf jfmelna fh so hfsha
ftfrglhfgtf. F l slcfnarol sfhprf havf plrl a cfh. L ogtfgéía na lmta ï slbvèjoml, parquf ï plrl
quf as eahfgs tfgelh lmfssa la Plo pfba Fspèrota. Nfus jlz-sf magef
magefmfr
mfr plrl a eahfh fgtrlr ga
hugna nf Nfus.

:Melhlhas Fmagahol nl ]lbvléía la pramfssa nf rfvfbléía nl Zfrnlnf sacrf Nfus la bagia nl eostýrol nl
euhlgonlnf, tlb maha sf rfvfbau gl Eostýrol nf Osrlfb ltogiogna a sfu ìpomf fh Dfsus Mrosta.
Mro sta.
 30

L rfvfbléía novogl magmrftozl-sf par hfoa nf plblvrls f lméöfs ogtohlhfgtf boilnls fgtrf so la
bagia nl eostýrol nl slbvléía. Hls l rfvfbléía pbfgl lmagtfmf gl pfssal nf Mrosta quf ï a h
hfnolnar
fnolnar
f a lifgtf na pradfmta nf rfvfbléía na Plo. Fbf ï a hfnolnar parquf ï a fgvolna, ï a lifgtf parquf
Fbf hfsha ï Nfus fh lméía.

<.>.=. Ftlpls nl rfvfbléía

Melhlhas ftlpls nl Sfvfbléía as nojfrfgtfs hahfgtas gas qulos ls vfrnlnfs sacrf Nfus jarlh
rfvfblnls à euhlgonlnf.

<.6. Nfus sf rfvfbl

rfvfbl gl Mroléía

Vh nas lspfmtas gas qulos Nfus sf rfvfbau la eahfh ï maha a Nfus mrolnar. Fstf lspfmta nl
rfvfbléía ï mahuh às träs irlgnfs rfboioöfs4 a dunlèsha, a mrostolgosha f a Osbía.

<.6.<. Magmfota nf Mroléía

A tfrha «mroléía» ï uh magmfota praprolhfgtf tfabýioma nf jï dunloma-mrostía f trltl na

magdugta nf tanas as sfrfs mah a sogýgoha nf mrolturls. L mroléía ï «a jugnlhfgta nf tanas as
novogas nfsèigoas slbvèjomas, f hlgojfstl a lhar ahgopatfgtf f slpofgtf nf Nfus; ï a prohfora
plssa plrl l lbolgél
lbolgél na ôg
ôgoma
oma Nfus mah a ssfu
fu pava; ï a ogèmoa nl eeostýrol
ostýrol nl slbvlé
slbvléía
ía quf mubhog
mubhogll
fh Mrosta; ï l prohforl rfspastl às ogtfrrailéöfs jugnlhfgtlos na eahfh lmfrml nl prýprol aroifh
f na prýproa joh» (mjr. MOM 39?-35?
3 9?-35? =<6).

A tfrha mrolr, lssoh nfsoigl uhl lmtovonlnf prýprol f fxmbusovl nf Nfus, uhl
u hl lmtovonlnf nojfrfgtf
nf jlcromléía euhlgl. Gía sf trltl, partlgta, nf uh hfra jlzfr tfýroma f ogstruhfgtlb quf fxoif

pravls mofgtèjomls, hls soh uh lior quf fgvabvf

fgvabvf l ogtfgmoaglbonlnf na lifgtf (Nfus) pfbl prýprol
prýprol
ogomoltovl maha sfu pradfmta par Fbf ogomolna f quf fgvabvf a eahfh ltrlvïs na sfu magvotf l sfr
ma-mrolnar.

Plrl nfsoiglr l lméía mrolnarl nf Nfus, sf fhprfil a vfrca efcrloma clrí (mrolr), nl trlnoéía
slmfrnatlb, plrl nfsoiglr l mroléía nf Nfus. Fbf soigojoml l mroléía ” gía magnomoaglnl f bovrf nf
rfquosotas ” maha hlrma eostýroma nl glturfzl f na fspèrota. A quf gía fxostol plssl l fxostor gfssf
hahfgta (Fx =>,<0; Gh <:,=0; ]b 6<,<3, ftm.). Fstl
F stl lmtovonlnf novogl mlrfmf nf lglbaiols (Magtf,
<??>, p. 3=9).
 3<

Nostogiuf ”sf lssoh a ‒mrolr‘ (clrí) f ‒jlzfr‘ (lsãe). A vfrca clrí nfsoigl l tatlbonlnf nl mroléía
f ï fhprfilna fxmbusovlhfgtf qulgna sf jlbl nf Nfus, gl sul lméía mrolnarl, au sfdl, gl mroléía4
«Ga progmèpoa, Nfus mroau a mïu f l tfrrl» (Ig <,<). Nojfrfgtfhfgtf, a vfrca lsãe, ogomol ga
vfrsèmuba 3 f ï magmbuèna mah a nol nf nfsmlgsa, ognoml l rflbozléía magsfqufgtf nf uhl acrl, l
jugéía nftfrhoglnl nf uhl acrl. ]ahfgtf a jlzfr, gl hfnonl fh quf ï uhl magjoiurléía f

pranuéía, ï hanfba na trlclbe

tr lclbeaa hlgulb. Hls l lmtovonlnf mrolnarl novogl f l lmtovonlnf euhlgl
gía täh glnl fh mahuh.

<.6.3. Nfus ï a Mrolnar

L ahgopatägmol nf Nfus tfh maha ôbtohl magsfquägmol l sul lmtovonlnf mrolnarl, au hlos
fxlmtlhfgtf, l mroléía na glnl.

A fvfgta nl mroléía ï lprfsfgtlna maha mroléía hfnolgtf l plblvrl4 Fbf mrol pfbl sul plblvrl
(Clufr, <?55, p. 3==).

L onfol nl mroléía na glnl, au sfdl, na glnl tuna pravfoa, vfh nl fxprfssía Mrfltoa fx goeob,
fxprfssía quf sf fgmagtrl gl caml nl híf nas jobeas Hlmlcfus (mj. 3Hlm 9,35).

Nfus mrol bovrfhfgtf, sfh gfmfssonlnf lbiuhl, sfh maléía lbiuhl. Ga fgtlgta, l fxprfssía
mrfltoa fx goeob ognoml uh bohotf. A goeob ï bohotf ‒na glnl‘, o. ï.na pura glnl (Bl Pfül, <?5:, pp.
<=>-<=?). L prfpasoéía ‒nf‘ gía lpagtl plrl lbia prffxostfgtf, hls fxmbuo tanl
t anl hltïrol.

<.6.=. Mrosta progmèpoa, mfgtra f joh nl mroléía

L eostýrol ogomolnl mah l mroléía tfh a sfu pagta mubhoglgtf glqufbf magstotuèna par Nfus pfbl

rfssurrfoéía, Mrosta, Plblvrl quf ubtohlhfgtf Nfus jlbau (Ec<,<) f ogmbuo fh so l plblvrl sacrf l
glturfzl nl mroléía. Mrosta ï onfgtojomlna maha slbvlnar f pastfroarhfgtf ogsfrona gl nohfgsía
mýshoma-mrolnarl f, l Mroléía quf dì elvol rfmfcona l jugéía eostýroma-slbvèjoml plssl l uhl
magatléía mrostabýioml4 Mrosta ï, «la hfsha tfhpa, maha progmèpoa, a mfgtra f a joh nl mroléía»
(Mb<,<6-30). Mah l ]ul prfsfgél, l Mroléía
M roléía lssuhf gavls nohfgsöfs nl gavl mroléía.

<.6.>. Nojomubnlnfs f acdfméöfs

L nautrogl nl mroléía susmotau sfhprf irlgnfs nojomubnlnfs f acdfméöfs ga nfmursa na tfhpa ga

ãhcota na sfu nfsfgvabvohfgta. Jao gfilnl l mroléía maha acrl nf Nfus. Plrl lbïh na ltfèsha
mofgtèjoma quf l plrtor nl tfarol nl fxpbasía proharnolb noz a hugna tfr uh bagiègqua mahféa fh
 33

quf tanls ls rlnoléöfs f tanl l hltïrol fstlvlh guhl cabl proharnolb nf jaia, f na hltfrolbosha
nolbïmtoma, fgmagtrlhas autras fsmabeas (a nulbosha, a plgtfèsha
p lgtfèsha f a pracbfhl na hlb) magtrl as
qulos sfhprf fhcltf l rfjbfxía nl Oirfdl, ga quf taml à nautrogl nl mroléía.

]lgta Orogfu ljorhau quf l mroléía ï uhl ogomoltovl na Plo4 ‒L vagtlnf nf Nfus Plo ï a
sucstrlta nf tanls ls maosls‘ (Orogfu, p.>>). A Nfus mrolnar ï a Plo nf Dfsus Mrosta f tanl l ^rognlnf
apfrl gl mroléía. Plrl fbf, eì sahfgtf uh Nfus
Nfu s fh qufh tuna tfh aroifh. L fmagahol slbvèjoml
ugl nf Nfus sf fstfgnf nl mroléía ltï l sul magsuhléía joglb,
joglb, f l melvf plrl fbl ï a Jobea ftfrga,
a Zfrca quf sf jfz mlrgf f par sul fgmlrgléía, rfsuhf fh so tanl l euhlgonlnf f ltï a ugovfrsa.
A Jobea, Baias nf Nfus ï a ìpomf nf tanl l rfvfbléía, marparlbhfgtf euhlga fh Dfsus Mrosta gfbf
sf fxpfrohfgtl l slbvléía nf Nfus l vonl fh bocfrnlnf, lhar f Ohartlbonlnf.

Eadf, l tfabaiol ga sfu nfvfr, lprfsfgtl-gas l mroléía ga qulnra nas fsmrotas

gfatfstlhfgtìroas, quf tlhcïh sía l clsf nas fgsoglhfgtas na magmèboa Zltomlga OO.
]ucstlgmolbhfgtf, l mroléía sf gas lprfsfgtl mah soigojomléía nl eostýrol nl slbvléía muda mfgtra
ï hostïroa nl Ogmlrgléía. ]fiugna ls Fsmroturls, Mrosta ï l pfrjfotl «ohlifh nf Nfus ogvosèvfb, a
prohaiïgota nf tanl l mr
mrolturl»
olturl» (Mb <<,, <6.<5). Fbf jao prfnfstoglna par Nfus lgtfs nnll mroléía na
hugna, plrl rfmlpotublr magsoia tanls ls maosls, ls na mïu f nl tfrrl (Mj.
(M j. Fj <,=.<0). Osta qufr nozfr
quf ga pblga nf Nfus, l mroléía f l slbvléía fstía fgtrfblélnls nf hana quf sf onfgtojomlh. Lssoh,
l pratabaiol tfh gl fsmltabaiol l sul magmrftozléía. Fstfs sía as fbfhfgtas tfabýiomas gl nfjogoéía
nl mroléía quf gas bfvlh l fgtfgnfr l mroléía maha uh hostïroa nl jï fh targa na qulb amarrfh
nosmussöfs sacrf l sul rfbléía mah l magsfrvléía, paos, «nfpaos nl mroléía, Nfus gía lclgnagl
ls maosls f ls pfssals la sfu nfstoga, sfh sf prfamuplr hlos mah fbls» (Jrasogo, 30<<, p.<3<). Fstl
rfbléía gugml sf panf ogtfrrahpfr.

<.:. L nohfgsía trogotìrol nl mroléía

Gl magmfpéía mrostí, l mroléía nnaa hugna ï uh lmagtfmohfgta ttrogotìro

rogotìroa4
a4 a Plo mrol ppfba
fba
Jobea f ga Fspèrota
Fspèr ota slgta. Nurlgtf huota tfhpa, l trlnoéía tfabýioml mahprffgnfu l mroléía maha
acrl na Plo, ]fgear nf sul mroléía (hagatfèsha).Pastfroarhfgtf, nfsfgvabvfu-sf uhl nautrogl
fspfmojomlhfgtf mrostabýioml nl mroléía, mah ägjlsf gl mroléía ltrlvïs nl Plblvrl. Noz a MOM 33?
«Ogsogulnl ga Lgtoia ^fstlhfgta, rfvfblnl gl Gavl Lbolgél, l lméía mrolnarl na Jobea f na
Fspèrota ]lgta, ogsfplrlvfbhfgtf ugonl à na Plo, ï mblrlhfgtf ljorhlnl pfbl rfirl nf jï nl Oirfdl
‒fxostf uh sý Nfus. Fbf ï a Plo, a Mrolnar, a Lutar, a Arilgozlnar. Fbf jfz tanls ls maosls par ]o
prýproa, qufr nozfr, pfba sfu Zfrca f ppfbl
fbl sul ]
]lcfnarol,
lcfnarol, pfba Jobea f ppfba
fba Fspèrota ]lgta‘ ‒quf
 3=

sía maha ls suls hías ‘ (]lgta Orfgfu). L Mroléía ï l acrl mahuh nl ]lgtèssohl ^rognlnf»
(Jrasogo, 30<<, p.<3>).

<.9. L Sfvfbléía fh Lcrlía, Haosïs f prajftls

A pradfmta nl rfvfbléía acfnfmfu uh pblga. ‒L sfu tfhpa Nfus melhau Lcrlía, plrl jlzfr nfbf
uh irlgnf pava, pava fssf quf nfpaos nas Pltrolrmls, fgsogau par hfoa nf Haosïs f nas Prajftls
plrl quf A rfmagefmfssfh maha ôgoma Nfus, vova f vvfrnlnfora,
frnlnfora, Plo pravonfgtf f dusta duoz, f plrl
quf fspfrlssfh a ]lbvlnar prahftona‘ (Magmèboa Zltomlga OO, A.M, =). Maha sf panf nfprffgnfr
na tfxta magmobolr, Nfus sf rfvfbau prohfora l Lcrlía, fh sfiuonl l Haosïs, sumfssovlhfgtf las
prajftls f qulgna mefiau l ppbfgotunf
bfgotunf nas tfhpas, nfpaos nf tfr jlblna huotls vfzfs f nnff huotas
hanas jlbau par hfoa na sfu Jobea, Dfsus Mrosta (Efc <,<-3), a prajftl par fxmfbägmol. Gfstf
pradfmta fstía fgvabvonas l plblvrl,
p lblvrl, a fgmagtra, l fxpfroägmol guh ppfrmursa
frmursa eostýroma. As plnrfs
magmobolrfs gía nfoxlh hlrifgs plrl nôvonls quf ‒l fmagahol mrostí, maha gavl f nfjogotovl
lbolgél, dlhlos plsslrì, f gía sf eì- nf fspfrlr autrl rfvfbléía pôcboml lgtfs nl ibaroasl
hlgojfstléía nf gassa ]fgear Dfsus Mrosta‘ (Magmèboa Zltomlga OO, A.M, >).

Lcrlía rfspagnfu à melhlnl nf Nfus f acfnfmfu la sfu pradfmta plrtogna sfh slcfr plrl agnf
ol (Ifg <3). Magjoau-sf las nfsèigoas nf Nfus. A rfsubtlna nfssl sul magjolgtf lcfrturl ï sfr plo
nf uh irlgnf pava. Ï gassa plo gl jï. Ï pltrolrml, osta ï, lrquïtopa nl jï. A Nfus quf sf rfvfbl
fh Lcrlía ï a Nfus nl prahfssl. Vh Nfus quf prahftf f muhprf l sul prahfssl nf slbvléía.

Nfus rfvfbau sf l Haosïs ajfrfmfgna l bocfrtléía la pava fsmrlva ga Fiopta. A ]fu gahf ‒ ]au
Lqufbf quf ]au‘ rfvfbl uhl sabomotunf nf bocfrnlnf plrl a sfr euhlga. Par ossa a Nfus nf Haosïs
ï a Nfus Bocfrtlnar.

As Prajftls jarlh uh hahfgta ohpartlgtf gl rfvfbléía nf Nfus. Fbfs tfstfhugelh a muonlna

nf Nfus pfbl dustoél ga sfoa nl euhlgonlnf. Fbfs lplrfmfh maha as nfjfgsarfs nas pacrfs f nas
vubgfrìvfos nl samofnlnf. Lssoh sf rfvfbl uh Nfus quf tahl plrtona
plr tona nas pacrfs f ogdustoélnas.

Gas ôbtohas tfhpas Nfus sf rfvfbau fh Dfsus Mrosta maha a mfgtra f a pagta nfjogotova nl eostýrol
nf ]lbvléía (Josomefbbl, 3003, p. 5<). L Bfo f as prajftls sía arofgtlnas l fbf f sahfgtf gfbf
fgmagtrlh pbfga muhprohfgta.
 3>

Nf jlmta tanl l vonl nf Dfsus jao hlrmlnl par fvfgtas quf rfvfblh lbia trlgsmfgnfgtf. A sfu
Clptosha, l sul prfiléía, as hoblirfs, l sul hartf par lhar f joglbhfgtf l sul ibaroasl
Sfssurrfoéía sý panfh sfr rfvfbléí
rfvfbléíaa nf Nfus.

As ]ogýptomas nfsmrfvfh l lmtovonlnf rfvfblnarl nf Dfsus mah as vfrcas prfilr f fgsoglr. Dfsus
prfiau a rfoga nf Nfus f tfstfhugeau mah l sul prýprol vonl4 ‒Magvfrtfo-vas parquf a rfoga nf
Nfus fstì prýxoha ‘ (Ht >, <9).

Ga Fvlgifbea
Fvlgifbea nf ]í
]íaa Daía Dfsus ï a Baias maha sogýgoha nf Plblvrl nf Nfus. Nfus gía jfz auvor
l sul vaz hls l sul plblvrl quf sf panf rfmagefmfr sahfgtf fh Mrosta (Da 6, =9-=5). L
ogvosocobonlnf na Plo targl-sf vosèvfb gl ibýrol na
n a Jobea, paos fstf ï a ugoiïgota, osta ï, a ôgoma quf
passuo l vonl
vonl hfshl nnaa Plo, a ôg
ôgoma
oma quf panf rfvfblr a Plo nlnl l sul prffxostägmol dug
dugta
ta nf Nfus
(Da <,<-3).

Mah ]. Pluba
P luba panf sf ljorhlr quf qulgna mefiau l pbfgotunf nas tfhpas Nfus fgvoau a sfu Jobea
…
glsmona nuhl hubefr [ X plrl rfsiltlr lqufbfs quf fstlvlh sac a nahègoa nl Bfo, plrl quf
rfmfcfssfh l lnapéí
lnapéíaa nf jobeas (Ilb >>,>-6).
,>-6). Pluba onfgtojoml a tfhpa ôbtoha fspfrlna mah a tfhpa
f l eostýrol nf Mrosta.

Gl mlrtl las Efcrfus Nf

Nfus
us quf togel ddìì jlblna ggas
as tfhpas llgtoias
gtoias huotls vfzfs f nf huo
huotas
tas hanas
las plos par hfoa nas prajftls, ubtohlhfgtf, gfstfs nols, jlbau l gýs par hfoa na Jobea quf
magstotuo efrnfora nf tanls ls maosls f par hfoa na qulb jfz tlhcïh a hugna (Efc <, <-3).
< -3).

<.9.<. ^rlgshossía nl Sfvfbléía novogl

Mrosta hlgnau as Lpýstabas quf

qu f prfilssfh l tanas as eahfgs a Fvlgifbe
Fvlgifbea,
a, pprahftona
rahftona pfbas
prajftls f par fbf muhprona f prahubilna pfbl sul prýprol
prýprol caml, maha jagtf nf ttanl
anl l vfrnlnf
slbvlnarl f nf tanl l nosmopbogl nf mastuhfs, mahugomlgna-befs lssoh as nags nnovogas
ovogas (Magmèboa
Zltomlga OO, Nfo Zfrcuh, 9). As Lpýstabas jarlh joïos la hlgnlta f lgugmolrlh a Fvlgifbea
mah plblvrls f l prýprol vonl.

Plrl quf a Fvlgifbea pfrhlgfmfssf plrl sfhprf ogtfira f vova gl Oirfdl, as Lpýstabas nfoxlrlh
as Cospas maha sfus sumfssarfs, ‒fgtrfilgna-bef a sfu prýproa hliostïroa‘ (Orogfu, OOO,=).
Partlgta, l slirlnl ^rlnoéía f l ]lirlnl Fsmroturl nf lhcas as ^fstlhfgtas sía maha quf uh
fspfbea, ga qulb l Oirfdl, pfrfiroglgna gl tfrrl magtfhpbl l Nfus, nf
n f qufh tuna rfmfcf, ltï mefilr
 36

l vä-ba jlmf l jlmf, tlb qulb Fbf ï (<Da =,3).Lssoh l sumfssía Lpastýboml ogogtfrruptl au l slirlnl
^rlnoéía ï l ilrlgto
ilrlgtoll nl oogtfironlnf jonfo.
gtfironlnf na nfpasotuh jonfo.

Ga fgsoglhfgta nas plnrfs magmobolrfs, l slirlnl ^rlnoéía f l slirlnl Fsmroturl, fstía

ogtohlhfgtf ugonls f libutoglnls fgtrf so; parquf cratlgna lhcls nl hfshl jagtf novogl, rfôgfh-
sf guh hfsha mlunlb f tfgnfh plrl a hfsha joh. L ]lirlnl Fsmroturl ï l Plblvrl fgqulgta
rfnoionl sac l ogsporléía na Fspèrota ]lgta; l slirlnl ^rlnoéía, par sul vfz, trlgshotf
ogtfirlbhfgtf las sumfssarfs nas Lpýstabas l Plblvrl nf Nfus magjolnl par Mrosta ]fgear f a
Fspèrota ]lgta las Lpýstabas plrl quf fbfs mah l buz na Fspèrota nf vfrnlnf, l iulrnfh, fxpagelh
f nojugnlh jofbhfgtf gl sul prfiléía
p rfiléía (Magmèboa Zltomlg
Zltomlgaa OO; A.m.,?).

<.9.3. L ltotunf na eahfh plrl mah l rfvfbléía novogl

A eahfh gl qulbonlnf nf nfstogltìroa nl rfvfbléía tfh uhl ltotunf l tahlr. Fstf panf-sf lcror
au pfrhlgfmfr ognojfrfgtf. Hls maha l joglbonlnf nl rfvfbléía ï l slbvléía na eahfh, ga sfgto
sfgtona
na

quf ï plrl quf a eahfh tfgel lmfssa l Nfus, Nfus fspfrl na eahfh l acfnoägmol nl jï (Sah <:,
3:), osta ï lnfsía la pradfmta novoga.

A fgmagtra fgtrf Nfus f l pfssal euhlgl lmagtfmf ga marléía f uhl vfz lcfrta a marléía
prajfssl-sf mah l caml a quf sf mrä. Pluba ltfstl4 ‒Lmrfnotl-sf mah a marléía f, mah l caml, jlz-
sf l prajossía nf jï ‘ (Sah <0,<0). L lcfrturl na marléía ï hlgojfstlnl pfba tfstfhugea pôcboma.
Paos l jï gía ï uh
u h lmta provlna. Parquf a fgmagtra mah Nfus ï rfgavlnar. Nfus mahugoml-sf plrl
gas ogtranuzor ga sfu hugna. Fssf taquf na marléía ï uh lmta nf irlél. As Lmtas nas Lpýstabas
nfsmrfvfh huota cfh fssf havohfgta gl mfgl nf Bènol agnf fgmagtrlhas fxpbomotlhfgtf
ljorhlna quf ‒A ]fgear lcrou-bef a marléía plrl lnfror la quf Pluba nozol‘ (Lmt <:,<>).

A quf Nfus fspfrl na eahfh pfrlgtf l sul rfvfbléía, au par autrl qulb nfvf sfr l ltotunf na
eahfh pfrlgtf l ogomoltovl slbvèjoml nf Nfus1 Sfspastl pasotovl, lcfrturl l Nfus,
Nfu s, lclgnaglr-sf
l fbf. Ï fstl rfspastl pasotovl quf sf melhl jï.

<.5. Fvfgta Mrosta

<.5.<. \ufh ï Dfsus

Gl eostýrol nl euhlgonlnf jarlh vìrols f nojfrfgtfs ls rfspastls nlnls l fstl pfriugtl. Lognl
Dfsus vovol f fstl pfriugtl
p friugtl jao jfotl par Fbf las sfus nosmèpubas. Ls rfspastls nas nosmèpubas jarlh
ja rlh
 3:

vìrols4 «F lmagtfmfu quf, fstlgna fbf sý, arlgna, fstlvlh mah fbf as nosmèpubas;
nosmèpu bas; f pfriugtau-befs,
nozfgna4 \ufh noz l hubtonía quf
qu f fu sau1

F, rfspagnfgna fbfs, nossfrlh4 Daía a Cltostl; autras, Fbols, f autras quf uh nas lgtoias prajftls
rfssusmotau. F nossf-befs4 F výs, qufh nozfos quf fu sau1 F, rfspagnfgna Pfnra, nossf4 A Mrosta
nf Nfus.» (Bum ?, <5-3<)

Nfpaos nl hartf f nl rfssurrfoéía nf Dfsus l pfriugtl sacrf l onfgtonlnf nf Dfsus magtègul

pfrtogfgtf. Vh abelr
a belr sacrf ls rfspastls nlnls la bagia nl eostýrol, ï ôtob plrl l mahprffgsía na
hostïroa quf fgmfrrl l joiurl nf Dfsus.

<.5.3. Lbiuhls rfspastls nl ïpaml pltrèstoml

Vhl nls mlrlmtfrèstomls nl jï nl ïpaml pltrèstoml ï a hagatfèsha rlnomlb f a igastomosha. A

Hagatfèsha rlnomlb ljorhl l ugonlnf nf Nfus f vä gl ljorhléía nl ^rognlnf uh irlvf rosma plrl
p lrl
l ugomonlnf nf Nfus. F a Igastomosha4 havohfgta rfboioasa sogmrftostl ” ajfrfmf l slbvléía par
hfoa na magefmohfgta. Cusmlgna suchftfr à rlzía, a Hostïroa rfvfblna. L prfamupléía fxmfssovl
pfba hagatfèsha rlnomlb, ifrau rfspastls frrýgfls melhlnls efrfsols. ]ía lssoh melhlnls
m elhlnls pfba
Hliostïroa nl Oirfdl plrl nostogiuo-bls nls rfspastls marrfmtls sacrf l onfgtonlnf nf Dfsus.

Nfsmroéía nf lbiuhls efrfsols4

l) Igastomosha (sïm O-OO)

Ï uhl marrfgtf nf pfgslhfgta nulbostl4 prfamupl-sf

pr famupl-sf mah l rfnfgéía f slbvléía fgtfgnonas maha
bocfrtléía nl fxostägmol hltfrolb f marpýrfl. Sfdfotl tuna a quf tfh rfbléía mah a marpa f mah l
sfxulbonlnf ” nohfgsöfs quf pfrtfgmfh la hugna nfmlèna, sfiugna as igýstomas. Fstf
pfgslhfgta gía lnhotf l onfol
onfol nf fgmlrgléía nf Nfus fh Dfsus Mrosta.

c) Namftosha (sïm OO)

Fstl marrfgtf nf pfgslhfgta gía rfmagefmf a marpa rflb nf Dfsus gfh l sul euhlgonlnf. As
fxpafgtfs nfstf pfgslhfgta jlblh nf Dfsus maha tfgna uh marpa lplrfgtf au lpfgls fsporotulb.
Fbfs tlhcïh gfilh l passocobonlnf nl fgmlrgléía na Zfrca f jlzfh na sajrohfgta gl mruz uhl
obusía.
 39

m) Lnamoagosha (sïm OO)

Marrfgtf quf prfil quf Dfsus ï jobea lnaptova nf Nfus. Mrosta ï vosta maha uh sohpbfs eahfh
sacrf a qulb nfsmfu a Fspèrota nf Nfus. ]ustfgtl quf ltï a sfu clptosha Dfsus vovfu l vonl nf uh
eahfh arnogìroa fhcarl suprfhlhfgtf vortuasa. As hoblirfs par fbf prltomlnas sfrolh l pravl
nf quf a Fspèrota ]lgta au a Mrosta nfsmfrlh sacrf fbf sfh quf fbf sfdl novoga.

n) Haglrquosha (sïm OOO)

^farol quf rfovognoml l ugonlnf lcsabutl nf Nfus. (uh sý progmèpoa). Nuls marrfgtfs progmoplos4
Pltroplssoagostls f hanlbostls ” Pltroplssoagostls ljorhlh quf ï a Plo quf sajrf gl mruz. Hanlbostls
ljorhlh quf Dfsus ï melhlna jobea lpfgls plrl soigojomlr fh Nfus fstl hanlbonlnf sfiugna l
qulb fbf fgmlrgl, sajrf f harrf.

f) Lrolgosha (sïm OZ, =<5)

Nozol quf Dfsus frl ogjfroar la Plo f fgsoglvl quf Dfsus frl ‒sfhfbelgtf‘ la Plo,
P lo, f gía Nfus maha
a Plo, paos Mrosta elvol nota4 ‘ A Plo ï hloar na quf fu ‘ (Da <>, 35), rfjfrogna-sf à sul magnoéía
euhlgl, maha ‒sfrvonar‘ na Plo gl Sfnfgéía nl euhlgonlnf. Partlgta Dfsus ï uhl mrolturl, f
gía Nfus, maha a Plo Mrolnar.

j) Lpaboglrosha4

Nozol quf Dfsus gía togel lbhl euhlgl, l pfssal novogl na Jobea nf Nfus suprol l jlbtl nf uhl
lbhl euhlgl fh Dfsus Mrosta. Fstl pasoéía sf dustojomlvl pfba jlmta nf
n f pfgslr quf l lbhl euhlgl
frl pfmlhogasl. F Dfsus, par sfr jobea nf Nfus, gía panol tfr lbhl euhlgl. Fstl vorol l ‒hlgmelr‘
l novognlnf nf Mrosta.

i) Gfstarolgosha

Plrtogna na progmèpoa nf quf Dfsus tfh nuls glturfzls (euhlgl f novogl), fh Mrosta eì tlhcïh
nuls pfssals4 uhl Pfssal euhlgl ugonl à Pfssal novogl. Lssoh uhls maosls frlh jfotls par Dfsus-
Nfus f autrls par Dfsus-Eahfh. Hlrol gía sfrol Híf nf
n f Nfus, hls lpfgls Híf nf Dfsu
Dfsus-Eahfh.
s-Eahfh.
A frra fstlvl gosta4 Dfsus tfh nuls glturfzls, hls uhl sý pfssal. L glturfzl euhlgl ï lssuhonl
pfbl Pfssal Novogl na Jobe
Jobeaa nf Nfus. Fssl ug
ugoía
oía melhl-sf ugoía ‒eopastìtoml‘. A sudfota au lifgtf
nl lméía ï l pfssal, gía l glturfzl.
 35

e) Hagajosoha

Nozol quf, fh Mrosta, elvol uhl sý glturfzl. L glturfzl novogl ‒lcsarvol l glturfzl euhlgl. Frl
maha sf Dfsus tovfssf sý l glturfzl novogl. ]ul efrfsol melhau-sf hagajososha, quf soigojoml uhl
sý glturfzl.

o) Hagatfbosha

Fgsoglvl quf fh Mrosta eì uhl sý vagtlnf novogl. Nfslplrfmol, lssoh, a ‒qufrfr euhlga‘ nf
Dfsus. Fh :5<, mah a tfrmfora magmèboa nf Magstlgtogapbl, jao fgmfrrlnl l qufstía4 Jomau nfjogona
quf Dfsus tfh vagtlnf novogl f vagtlnf euhlgl.

<.5.=. Sfspastls marrfmtls sacrf l onfgtonlnf nf Dfsus

Bamlb f Nurléía na
^fhls Progmoplos
Nfsoigléía Magmèboa

Dfsus ï4 Nfus; Nfus vfrnlnfora na Nfus

30 nf Hloa l 36 nf Dubea
Gomfol O vfrnlnfora, ifrlna f gía mrolna,
nf =36
Magsucstlgmolb la Plo…

Dfsus jao magmfcona pfba panfr na Fspèrota

33 nf Dugea l <9 nf Dubea ]lgta ga sfoa nl vorifh Hlrol. Hlrol ï
Ïjfsa
nf >=< híf na Jobea nf Nfus4 Hltfrgonlnf novogl
nf Hlrol.

Magnfgléía na hagajososha. L
5 nf Autucra l < nf fxostägmol fh Dfsus Mrosta nf nuls
Mlbmfnýgol
Gavfhcra nf >6< glturfzls mahpbftls f pfrjfotls
p frjfotls gl ugonlnf
nl pfssal, quf ï novogl.

Magstlgtogapbl 9 nf Gavfhcra nf :50 l

Magnfgléía na hagatfbosha.
OOO <: nf ]ftfhcra nf :5<
 3?

Gl ]lirlnl Fsmroturl fgmagtrlhas

fgmagtrlhas l rfspastl sacrf l onfgtonlnf nf Dfsus4

Ga prýbaia nf Daía fgmagtrlhas l rfspastl4 Dfsus ï a Zfrca og

ogmlrglna,
mlrglna, ï l Plblv
Plblvrl
rl jfotl mlrgf (Da
<,<>). Dfsus ï a Jobea, l sfiugnl Pfssal nl ]lgtèssohl ^rognlnf. ]fgna Dfsus l sfiugnl Pfssal nl
^rognlnf ]lgtèssohl ï, baiomlhfgtf, Nfus. Ï lssoh quf fbf ï vfrnlnforlhfgtf Nfus f
vfrnlnforlhfgtf eahfh. Dfsus ï a Jobea nf Nfus quf tahau l mlrgf euhlgl ga sfoa nl Zorifh
Hlrol pfba panfr na Fspèrota ]lgta (Bm <,=6). Ï l ôgoml pfssal nl ]lgtèssohl ^rognlnf quf sf
ogmlrgau par gýs eahfgs f plrl l gassl slbvléía. Ï Nfus jfota eahfh. Ï Nfus hfsha quf nfsmfu
nas Mïus, vfoa fgtrf gýs, plrl mlhogelr maggasma. Parquf a Nfus nas mrostías ï uh Nfus
Nfu s prýxoha,
ï uh Nfus quf mlhogel mah a sfu pava. Nfpaos nl sul hartf gl mruz, rfssusmotau. Fbf vfgmfu l
hartf. Ï uh mahcltf quf nurau träs nols. Pfrèana quf plrl
p lrl as Dunfus, trlgsmarrona, gía elvol hlos
fspfrlgél (mj. Da <0,=?).

Fgqulgta a Plo, l prohforl Pfssal nl ]lgtèssohl

] lgtèssohl ^rognlnf ï gía ifrlnl, ï l jagtf ï aroifh nf tuna
(lifgftas), a Jobea, l sfiugnl Pfssal ï ifrlnl (ifgftas) f par sul vfz a Fspèrota ]lgta, l tfrmforl
Pfssal nl ^rognlnf pramfnf na Plo f na Jobea. Partlgta, fgqulgta a Jobea pravfh par vol nl
ifrléía a Fspèrota ]lgta ï par vol nl pramfssía.
 =0

MLPÈ^VBA 34 L OISFDL

3.<. Magmfota nf Oirfdl

3.<.<. ^frhogabaiol f ftohabaiol

A tfrha ‒Oirfdl‘ nfrovl na tfrha bltoga ‒fmmbfsol‘, f fstf, par sul vfz nfrovl na vfrca irfia
‒klbfa ‘ quf soigojoml ‒melhlr, magvamlr‘. Nfsoigl l lssfhcbfol na pava ifrlbhfgtf nf mlrìmtfr

rfboioasa.

A tfrha irfia ‒kurolkl‘ na qulb nfrovlh as tfrhas ‒meurme‘, ‒kormeof‘ soigojoml ‒pfrtfgmfgtf
la ]fgear‘. Fh efcrloma, Oirfdl noz-sf ‒qlelb‘.

Gl bogiulifh mrostí, ‒Oirfdl‘ nfsoigl l lssfhcbfol botôrioml, hls tlhcïh l mahugonlnf bamlb au
tanl l mahugonlnf ugovfrslb nas mrfgtfs.
mr fgtfs. Oirfdl ï a pava quf Nfus
Nfu s rfôgf ga hugna ogtfora. Oirfdl
ï a pava nf Nfus. Mrosta ï l mlcfél nfstf pava quf ï a sfu marpa.

3.3. Hostïroa nl Oirfdl

3.3.<. Prfssupastas nl Fmbfsoabaiol na Zltomlga OO

L magmfpéía nl Oirfdl, prfnahoglgtf gl tfabaiol mltýboml lgtfroar la Zltomlga OO, mlrlmtfrozl-sf

par uhl ltfgéía
ltfgéía provobfiolnl las ls
lspfmtas
pfmtas mrostabýiomas, f partlgta, à sul nohfgsía ogstotumoag
ogstotumoaglb
lb f
vosèvfb.

As fstunas cècbomas f pltrèstomas, bonas ga sfu magtfxta eostýroma, ldunlrlh gl rfnfsmacfrtl nl

ogtfroaronlnf nl Oirfdl fh Mrosta f ga Fspèrota.
Fspè rota. Sfpfgsl-sf l mahugonlnf fmbfsolb maha rflbonlnf

eostýroml. L Oirfdl plssl l sfr vostl maha ―slmrlhfgta‟, maha ―pava nf Nfus‟, maha ―mahugeía ‟
nf pfssals f nf oirfdls. A Zltomlga OO rfdfotlrì a fxmbusovosha nl rflbonlnf fsporotulb au nl
rflbonlnf sohpbfshfgtf vosèvfb, plrl prapar a sfu ―hostïroa‟ nf mahugeía, quf cratl nl
n l ^rognlnf
f plrl fbl tfgnf (Jartf, <??3).

A Zltomlga OO mlrltfrozau-sf nfsnf a ogèmoa maha Magmoboa nl Oirfdl. Maha sf panf bfr gfstls
plblvrls na Mlrnflb ]ufgfgs4 A Magmèboa eì-nf sfr uh Magmèboa
Magmèboa ―nf Fmmbfsol‟ f eì-nf lrtomublr-sf
sacrf naos poblrfs4 ―nf Fmmbfsol ln ogtrl‟ f nf Fmmbfsol ln fxtrl ‟. \uf ï Oirfdl1 \uf ï quf l Oirfdl
jlz1 (]ufgfgs, <?:3).
 =<

]acrf a quf ï Oirfdl, rfspagnfrì l Buhfg Ifgtouh f a quf fbl jlz1 Sfspagnfrì l Magstotuoéía
Plstarlb Ilunouh ft ]pfs.

3.3.3. Fmbfsoabaiol nl Buhfg Ifgtouh

Fstf mlpètuba lprfsfgtl a Hostïroa nl Oirfdl à buz nf Mrosta f na sfu hostïroa. L Oirfdl maha
slmrlhfgta nl rflbozléía na soglb slbvèjoma nl ^rognlnf. L Oirfdl ï a pava
pa va rfugo
rfugona
na gl ugonlnf na
Plo, na Jobea f na Fspèrota ]lgta (BI, >, fxtrlèna nf Nf nahfgoml arltoagf, 3= nf Moprolga).

Lprfsfgtlgna l Oirfdl maha hostïroa, jruta nl bfoturl nas tfxtas nf ]. Pluba, supfrl-sf l vosía
purlhfgtf vosocobostl nl Oirfdl quf
quf magmfcol l Oirfdl maha ]amofnlnf
]amofnlnf pfrjfmtl ogfqulbos.

L Oirfdl ï slmrlhfgta fgqulgta ï fxprfssía nl vagtlnf slbvèjoml nf Mrosta, uhl slbvléía ugovfrslb.

L Oirfdl ï maha uh slmrlhfgta au soglb nl ègtohl ugoía mah Nfus f nl ugonlnf nf tana a iïgfra
euhlga. Ï tlhcïh uh ogstruhfgta plrl a lbmlgmf nf tlb ugoía f ugonlnf (BI <). «L Oirfdl quf

mahprffgnf ga sfu sfoa as pfmlnarfs, slgtl la hfsha tfhpa f sfhprf gfmfssotlnl nf purojomléía,
ogmfsslgtfhfgtf sf lpboml gl pfgotägmol f ga sfu rfgavlhfgta» (BI 5).

A Magmèboa fsmblrfmfu quf gía eì maogmonägmol fgtrf a Sfoga nf Nfus f l Oirfdl. L Oirfdl ï a sfu
iïrhfg f ogèmoa.

A Magmèboa tlhcïh fsmblrfmfu quf gía eì magjbota fgtrf l Oirfdl pfrfirogl f Oirfdl mfbfstf, partlgta
fgtrf l Oirfdl vosèvfb f ogvosèvfb, pagta nf huotl magtravïrsol, luxobolgna-sf nl lglbaiol
lglbaiol na hostïroa
nl Ogmlrgléía na Zfrca, paos magstotufh uhl rflbonlnf ôgoml f mahpbfxl. F ljorhl mblrlhfgtf
quf fstl ï l ôgoml Oirfdl nf Mrosta f tlb sucsostf gl Oirfdl Mltýboml, iavfrglnl pfba sumfssar nf
Pfnra f pfbas cospas fh mahugeía mah fbf, lognl quf jarl na sfu marpa sf fgmagtrfh rflbhfgtf
vìroas fbfhfgtas nf slgtojomléía f nf vfrnlnf, fbfhfgtas quf, gl sul qulbonlnf nf nags prýproas
nl Oirfdl nf Mrosta, magnuzfh plrl l ugonlnf mltýboml (BI 5). A fhprfia na vfrca sucsost fh vfz
nf sohpbfshfgtf fst ï sfh nôvonls
n ôvonls uhl rfgavléía.

Fxostf uhl magtoguonlnf eostýroml rlnomlb gl sumfssía lpastýboml fgtrf l Oirfdl quf Mrosta jugnau
f l Oirfdl mltýboml.

A tfrha sucsost ï, parïh, hltïrol nf huotl nosmussía, paos eì qufh gía lmel huotl nostãgmol f
hfsha nojfrfgél mah a tfrha fst quf frl uslna lgtfroarhfgtf. Vriol uh fsmblrfmohfgta. A
 =3

namuhfgta Nahogus Ofsus lprfsfgtl a sfiuogtf fsmblrfmohfgta. Vslgna a vfrca ‒sucsostor‘, a

Zltomlga OO qufrol ljorhlr nuls vfrnlnfs (Nfmb. Nahogus Ofsus,
Ofsus, <:-<9)4

L Oirfdl nf Mrosta, gía acstlgtf ls novosöfs nas mrostías, magtogul l fxostor pbfglhfgtf sý gl Oirfdl
mltýboml.

Par autra blna, fxostfh guhfrasas fbfhfgtas nf slgtonlnf f nf vfrnlnf jarl nl sul mahpasoéía,
gls oirfdls f mahugonlnfs fmbfsolos quf lognl gía vovfh fh pbfgl mahugeía mah l Oirfdl mltýboml.

Ls mahugonlnfs quf gía magsfrvlh uh vìbona fposmaplna f l ifguègl f ogtfirl sucstãgmol na

hostïroa fumlrèstoma, gía sía oirfdls fh sfgtona prýproa. As quf, parïh, jarlh clptozlnas gfstls
mahugonlnfs fstía, pfba Clptosha, ogmarparlnas fh Mrosta f, partlgta, vovfh guhl mfrtl, sf cfh
quf ohpfrjfotl, mahugeía mah l Oirfdl (VS, =)
=)

Fssls mahugonlnfs gía sía Oirfdl parquf as fbfhfgtas nfstl Oirfdl dì rflbozlnl fxostfh rfu
rfugonas
gonas
gl sul pbfgotunf gl Oirfdl mltýboml f sfh fssl
fs sl pbfgotunf gls nfhlos mahugonlnfs. Parïh, a Fspèrota
gía sf rfmusl l sfrvor-sf nfbls maha ogstruhfgtas nf slbvléía (VS, =; Vt Vguh sogt, <>). Fstl
lnhossía ï uhl irlgnf gavonlnf.

L fmbfsoabaiol na Zltomlga ï mfgtrlnl gl Fumlrostol. Eì uh gfxa fgtrf l Fumlrostol f l Oirfdl

fgqulgta ï l Fumlrostol quf jlz l Oirfdl f l Oirfdl mfbfcrl l Fumlrostol.

L Oirfdl sfiugna a Zltomlga OO fstì rlnomlnl ga hostïroa nf Nfus uga f troga f gls hossöfs na
Jobea f na Fspèrota ]lgta. A Zltomlga OO supfrlgna tanas as rfnumoagoshas gl vosía nnll Oirfdl, ga
O mlpètuba nl Buhfg ifgtouh
i fgtouh jlz uhl bfoturl nf ègnabf trogotìrol nl Oirfdl. Gl vosía nl Buhfg
ifgtouh l Oirfdl vfh nl ^rognlnf, ï fstruturlnl à ohlifh nl ^rognlnf f vlo fh norfméía na
muhprohfgta trogotìroa nl eostýrol. Zogna na lbta, arofgs fx lbta, maha a sfu ]fgear (Bm <, 95),
pblshlnl na lbta
lbta f fh mlhogea ffh
h norfméía la lbta
lbta,, fgqulgta ï a rfiguh Merosto olh prlfsfgs og
hystfroa (BI 6).

3.3.=. Hlrol, joiurl nl Oirfdl

Ga sfoa na pava nf Osrlfb Nfus susmotau uhl h

hubefr,
ubefr, sfrvl eeuhobnf
uhobnf na ]fgear plrl quf nfpaos nf
tfr jlblna huotls vfzfs f nf huotas hanas punfssf jlblr pfba sfu prýproa Jobea. Hlrol nfpaos nf
uh noìbaia mah a lgda, nfmonou acfnfmfr f mablcarlr ga pradfmta nf Nfus (Bm <, 3:-=5).Magmfcfu
l Plblvrl f tfvf builr l Ogmlrgléía na Zfrca.
 ==

L Oirfdl la baia nl sul eostýrol jarhubau lbiuhls vfrnlnfs naihìtomls sacrf Hlrol híf nf Dfsus.

Lprfsfgtlhas ls hlos ohpartlgtfs4

l) Hltfrgonlnf novogl nf Hlrol (Ïjfsa->=<)

L jarhubléía nl vfrnlnf sacrf l hltfrgonlnf novogl nf Hlrol jao nfjogonl ga Magmèboa nnff Ïjfsa,
sac a tètuba nf tefatýkas. Ïjfsa lssuhou l onfol nl hloarol magmobolr nf hltroz lbfxlgnrogl quf
nfjfgnol quf Hlrol ï ifrlnarl nf Nfus. Hlrol
H lrol ifrau sfiugna l mlrgf a Zfrca nf Nfus quf sf jfz
mlrgf (N], 636). Plrl Ïjfsa, Dfsus
Dfsu s tfh nuls glturfzls4 euhlgl f novogl, ugonls sfh nostogéía gfh
sfplrléía hôtul, ugoía eopastìtoml.‒]f lbiuïh gía magjfsslr quf a Fhlgufb ï Nfus ga vfrnlnfora
sfgtona nl Plblvrl, f quf, par ossa, l slgtl vorifh ï ifrlnarl nf Nfus parquf ifrau sfiugna l
mlrgf a Zfrca nf Nfus jfota mlrgf sfdl lgìtfhl‘ (N], 363).

c) Zoriognlnf nf Hlrol

L voriognlnf ï l magslirléía na marléía f na marpa l Nfus. Fbl tfh maha joglbonlnf lmabefr
pbfglhfgtf a lhar nf Nfus. A Zltomlga OO rfljorhau a sèhcaba gomfg
gomfga-magstlgtogapabotlga
a-magstlgtogapabotlga
sfiugna a qulb ‒par gýs eahfgs
eahfgs f plr
plrll l gassl slbv
slbvléía
léía nfsmfu nas mïus, f ogmlrgau pfba Fspèrota
]lgta ga sfoa nl vorifh Hlrol‘ (BI, 63). Hlrol jao sfhprf vorifh marparlb f harlbhfgtf. L
ljorhléía nl voriognlnf nf Hlrol pfrhotf-gas jlblr nl magmfpéía vorioglb nf Dfsus pfbl jarél na
Fspèrota ]lgta.

m) Ohlmublnl Magmfoéía

L nautrogl sacrf l Ohlmublnl Magmfoéía prftfgnf ljorhlr quf Hlrol jao prfsfrvlnl na pfmlna
aroioglb, maha prfplrléía plrl l sul hltfrgonlnf novogl. Ga pradfmta nf rfnfgéía quf Nfus trléau
plrl l euhlgonlnf
euhlgonlnf frl gfmfssìroa quf l Híf na Jobea nf Nfus jassf prfsf
prfsfrvlnl
rvlnl nf tana a magtlmta
mah a pfmlna. Poa OU nfmblrau ajomolbhfgtf fstl nautrogl gl fgmèmboml Ogfjjlcobos Nfus l 5 nf
Nfzfhcra nf <56>. Nfmblrìhas quf ‒ga prohfora hahfgta nl magmfpéía, l cfh lvfgturlnl
vorifh Hlrol jao pfbl irlél sogiublr f a provobïioa nf Nfus fh vostl nas hïrotas nf Dfsus Mrosta,
]lbvlnar na iïgfra euhlga, prfsfrvlnl, ogtlmtl nf tanl l hlgmel na pfmlna
p fmlna aroioglb‘ (N], 350=).

Fbl jao melhlnl par Nfus gl qulbonlnf nf prohforl rfnohonl l magtrocuor ga pblga slbvèjoma nf
Mrosta (BI, 5).
 =>

A nosmursa sacrf l Ohlmublnl Magmfoéía gía ï uh nosmursa nf glturfzl ïtoml, hls ï uh tfstfhugea
nf jï fh jlvar nl passocobonlnf euhlgl nf sf lcror à vagtlnf nf Nfus.

n) Lssugéía nf Gassl ]fgearl-<6 nf Liasta

L Fsmroturl gía nì gfgeuhl ogj

ogjarhléía
arhléía fspfmèjoml sacrf l lssugéía nf Hlrol. Fh Dfruslbïh, eì
naos tfxtas quf sf rfjfrfh à lssugéía nf Hlrol. Vh fh sorèlma f autra na fvlgifbea lpýmroja nf
^olia. A prohfora noz quf Hlrol harrfu (narhou), hls qulgna l sfpubtlvlh, uhl guvfh
fgvabvfu a sfu marpa f nfslplrfmfu.
n fslplrfmfu. A autra tfxta noz quf Hlrol jao
ja o fgtfrrlnl, hls la tfrmfora nol
a sfu marpa dì gía fstlvl ga tôhuba.

As mrostías lmrfnotlh quf sf Hlrol tfvf uhl magmfpéía f uhl vonl fxmfpmoaglos, tlhcïh panf
tfr tona uh joh fxmfpmoaglb. Lssoh, jarlh bfvlnas l lmrfnotlr gl lssugéía nf Hlrol.

A hlos lgtoia fxlhf nl hartf nf Hlrol fstì gas fsmrotas nf Fpojãgoa (+>0=). Fbf lprfsfgtl nuls
passocobonlnfs4 quf Hlrol harrfu au gía
gía harrfu f magj
magjfssl
fssl quf gía slcf qulb ï l vfrnlnforl.

Dì ga sïm Z elvol uhl

u hl jartf magvom
magvoméía
éía nf quf a marpa nf Hlrol gía sf nfmahpþs ga tôhuba, hls
quf togel sona fbfvl
fbfvlna
na baia nfpaos nl sul hartf, rfugona à sul lbhl f trlgsjarhlna pfba panfr na
Fspèrota.

Baia mfna fh huotls oirfdls arofgtlos mahféau l sfr mfbfcrlnl l jfstl nl narhotoa nf Hlrol quf
sý mefiau l Sahl ga sïmuba ZO, fhcarl pfrsostossfh ls nôvonls, maha ga mlsa nf ]ía Cfnl
(+9=6).

L lssugéía nf Gassl ]fgearl jao nfmblrlnl naihl par Poa UOO fh <?60 gl fgmèmboml
Hugojomfgtossohus Nfus, agnf sf ljorhl4 ‒pramblhlhas (...) f nfjogo
n fjogohas
has sfr uh naihl rfvfblna
par Nfus quf qulgna l ftlp
ftlpll nf sul vonl tfrrfgl tfrhogau l ohlmublnl híf nf Nfus f sfhprf
vorifh Hlrol jao fbfvlnl nf marpa f lbhl à ibýrol na sfu Jobea‘ (N], =?0=).

Frl lpraprolna quf a marpa nf Hlrol gía jassf nfoxlna à sartf nl tfrrl. Pramblhlr l lssugéía nf
Hlrol naihl nf jï ï ljorhlr quf fbl plrtomopl nl pbfgotunf nl rfssurrfoéía quf Nfus prahftfu l
tanas as pavas qulgna rfssusmotau Dfsus.
D fsus.

L nautrogl nl lssugéía na marpa f nl lhl nf Hlrol soigojoml quf tanl l pfssal ï slbvl. Gfssf
ègtfroh, l híf nf Dfsus tlb maha fstì ga mïu dì ibarojomlnl nf marpa f lbhl ï ohlifh na mahféa
nl Oirfdl maha nfvfrì sfr magsuhlnl ga tfhpa jutura. Lssoh, tlhcïh crobel lquo gl tfrrl maha
 =6

soglb nf fspfrlgél sfiurl f nf magjarta plrl a pava nf Nfus fh pfrfirogléí

pfrfirogléíaa ltï quf mefiuf a nol
na ]fgear (BI, ::).

3.>. As ]lmrlhfgtas gl Oirfdl

3.>.<. Magmfota
]lmrlhfgtas sía soglos vosèvfos f fjomlzfs nl irlél nf Nfus ogstotuènas par Mrosta.

3.>.3. Novosía nas ]lmrlhfgtas

As slmrlhfgtas fstía novononas nf lmarna mah l sul glturfzl f irlél fh träs irupas4 ]lmrlhfgtas
nf Ogomoléía mrostí4 Clptosha, Magjorhléía f Fumlrostol. Fstfs ogtranuzfh a sfr euhlga gl vonl
mrostí. A Clptosha gas magjoiurl mah Mrosta gl sul hartf f rfssurrfoéía, ï l partl nf fgtrlnl, l
Magjorhléía vfh sfblr a Clptosha f gas targl tfstfhugels nf Mrosta f par sul vfz l Fumlrostol ï
a lbohfgta nf quf sfh magjoi
magjoiurau
urau mah Mrosta nf hana quf gía sfdl hlos fbf qufh vovf hls Mrosta

quf vovf gfbf (Ib 3,30). Fumlrostol ï a ]lmrlhfgta mfgtrlb nl vonl nl Oirfdl
Oirfdl.. ]fiugna a Plpl Cfgta
UZO fxostf uh ogjbuxa mluslb nl Fumlrostol gls prýprols aroifgs nl Oirfdl. Pfba jlmta quf ‒l
Fumlrostol ï Mrosta quf sf nì l gýs, fnojomlgna-gas magtogulhfgtf maha sfu marpa. Partlgta, gl
suifstovl mormublronlnf fgtrf l Fumlrostol quf fnojoml l Oirfdl f l prýprol Oirfdl quf jlz l Fumlrostol,
l mluslbonlnf prohìrol fstì fxprfssl gl prohforl jýrhubl4 l oirfdl panf mfbfcrlr f lnarlr a hostïroa
nf Mrosta prfsfgtf gl Fumlrostol,
Fu mlrostol, prfmoslhfg
prfmoslhfgtf
tf parquf a pprýproa
rýproa Mrosta sf nfu l fbl ga slmrojèmoa nl
Mruz‘ (Cfgta UZO, 3009, <>).

As slmrlhfgtas nl murl4 Pfgotägmol au Sfmagmoboléía f Vgéía nas Fgjfrhas tlhcïh magefmona

par ]lgtl
]lgtl ugé
ugéía.
ía. ^fh
^fhpas
pas eeauvf
auvf qquf
uf fstf slmrlhfgta jjao
ao me
melhlna
lhlna Fxtrfhl-ug
Fxtrfhl-ugéía.
éía. Fstfs gas mmurlh
urlh
nl jfronl au nafgél mluslnl pfba pfmlna.

]lmrlhfgtas nl Mahugeía au nl Hossía4 Arnfh f hltrohýgoa. A hltrohýgoa tfh l hossía nf

ilrlgtor ls ifrléöfs, maapfrlr mah a Mrolnar gl ifrléía nf sfrfs euhlgas. Fxfmutlgna a hlgnlta
‒mrfsmfo f hubtopbomlo-vas‘ (Ig <,35) f ï mahugeía fgtrf hlrona f hubefr quf gía sía naos hls
uhl sý mlrgf. A slmrlhfgta nl arnfh tfh l hossía nf trlgsjarhlr as sfrfs euhlgas ifrlnas ga
hltrohýgoa fh jobeas nf Nfus lnhogostrlgna as slmrlhfgtas nl ogomoléía mrostí f autras
slmrlhfgtas. L mahugeía gfstf slmrlhfgta ï mah Mrosta, uhl vfz quf a ]lmfrnatf magjoiurl-sf
mah Mrosta ]lmfrnatf, lboìs fbf ï lbtfr Merostus. F nlnl l ognossabucobonlnf fspagslb fgtrf Mrosta f

sul Oirfdl, tlhcïh ï mahugeí

mahugeíaa mah l Oirfdl.
 =:

3.6. Ogmubturléía na Fvlgifbea gls mubturls nas pavas fvlgifbozlnas

3.6.<. Magmfota
Ï l ogmlrgléía na Fvlgifbea gls mubturls f la hfsha tfhpa ogtranuéía nfssls mubturls gl vonl
nl Oirfdl. Ogmubturléía soigojoml uhl ègtohl trlgsjarhléía nas lutägtomas vlbarfs mubturlos ltrlvïs
nl sul ogtfirléía ga mrostolgosha f a fgrlozlhfgta na mrostolgosha gls novfrsls mubturls
(Magirfiléía plrl a Mubta Novoga f l Nosmopbogl
No smopbogl nas ]lmrlhfgtas, MMNN], >).

3.6.3. Gfmfssonlnf

Nf uhl plrtf, l pfgftrléía na Fvlgifbea guh nlna lhcofgtf sýmoa- mubturlb jfmugnl maha nf
nfgtra, jartojoml, mahpbftl f rfstlurl fh Mrosta ls qulbonlnfs na fspèrota f as natfs nf mlnl pava.
Nautrl plrtf, l Oirfdl lssohobl fssfs vlbarfs, ga mlsa quf as hfshas sfdlh mahpltèvfos mah a
Fvlgifbea, plrl lprajugnlr a lgôgmoa nf Mrosta f plrl hfbear fxproho-ba gl mfbfcrléía botôrioml
f gl vonl hubtojarhf
hu btojarhf nl mahugonlnf nas joïos.

A joh progmoplb nl Ogmubturléía ï nf ldunlr a pava l lmabefr f l vovfr hfbear l hfgslifh

fvlgiïboml. Pfrmfcf-bl mah ls suls mltfiarols hfgtlos. Nf hana quf a Fvlgifbea magtogulgna
uhl Gavonlnf (Cal Gavl) gía uhl gavonlnf fstrlgel a quf lcrf fspléa à nupbomonlnf au
ogmafrägmol. Ï oiulbhfgtf plrl plrtomoplr mah hlos fgvabvohfg
fgvabvohfgta
ta gas lmta
lmtass botôriomas.

3.6.=. Fxoiägmols

Fvotf-sf a pfroia quf l ogtranuéía nf fbfhfgtas mubturlos gía plrfél las joïos maha rftarga la uh
fstlna lgtfroar à Fvlgifbozléía (MMNN], =3). Ogmubturléía gía sf nfvf
n fvf magjugnor mah sogmrftosha
rfboioasa

3.6.>. Mahpftägmols

^ana a havohfgta nf ogmubturléía, nfpfgnf ugomlhfgtf nl lutaronlnf nl Oirfdl. ^lb lutaronlnf

mahpftf à ]ï Lpastýboml quf l fxfrmf ltrlvïs nl Magirfiléía plrl a Mubta Novoga f l Nosmopbogl
nas ]lmrlhfgtas; mahpftf tlhcïh gas bohotfs prfvostas pfba Norfota, às Magjfrägmols fposmaplos
f la Cospa noamfslga. Gfgeuh autra, lcsabutlhfgtf, hfsha sf ï slmfrnatf, lmrfsmfgtf, torf au
hunf lbia nf sul ogomoltovl, fh hltïrol botôrioml. L ogmubturléía gía ï partlgta, nfoxlnl à
ogomoltovl pfssalb nas mfbfcrlgtfs, gfh à ogomoltovl mabfmtovl nl lssfhcbfol (MMNN], =9). L gèvfb
nf uhl gléía, a pramfssa nl Ogmubturléía Botôrioml ï nl rfspagslcobonlnf nl Magjfrägmol
Fposmaplb l qulb lpaolgna-sf nf pfrotas fh novfrsls ìrfls, maha ï l nl Cècbol, Boturiol f ^fabaiol
 =9

f fxpafgtfs nls rfboioöfs gía mrostís, panf nosmfrgor, lvlbolr f bfiotohlr, fh magsagãgmol mah l
Magirfiléía plrl a Mubta Novoga f l Nosmopbogl nas ]lmrlhfgtas, uhl nlnl fxpfroägmol nf
ogmubturléía au a quf nfvf hanojomlna gls mfbfcrléöfs botôriomls nf lmarna mah ls trlnoéöfs f nl
hfgtlbonlnf na pava (MMNN], =0, :3-::).
 =5

MLPÈ^VBA OOO4 L PF]]AL EVHLGL À BVT NL JÏ MSO]^Í

=.<. Magmfota

L pfssal euhlgl ï uhl mrolturl nf Nfus, dustojomlnl par Dfsus Mrosta f prahftonl à novogoz
novogozléía.
léía.

L vosía mrostí na sfr euhlga supöf uhl fstruturl prýprol nf qufh mrä, fspfr
fspfrll f lhl.

Mrfr, fspfrlr f lhlr sía = apfrléöfs rfugonls quf täh uhl soigojomléía rfboioasl f nfsoiglh l
vfrnlnforl rfbléía la Nfus vfrnlnfora, a Nfus nf
n f Dfsus Mrosta.

Arl l rfbléía nas eahfgs l Nfus ï sfhprf nf arnfh lmtovl, nl mblssf na jlzfr f ogtranuz sfhprf
uhl nogãhom
n ogãhoml.
l.

Fstl vosía na sfr euhlga, gía nfvf sfr magjugnonl mah autrls hlgforls nf lcarnlr l qufstía na
eahfh. ^rltl-sf na quf a mrostolgosha magjfssl f mahprffgnf na mahpartlhfgta euhlga qulgna

fbf magsonfrl quf l hlgforl nf sfr eahfh gía ï sfh rfbléía l Nfus. A mrostolgosha magjfssl quf
l magnoéía euhlgl ï, maha tlb, vamléía l mrfr, fspfrlr f lhlr.

=.<.<. A pratýtopa na sfr euhlga ï Dfsus Mrosta

l) FMMF EAHA
EAHA ” Fos a Eahfh

A mrostolgosha lprfgnf l abelr l Dfsus Mrosta f nfsmacror qufh ï a sfr euhlga f a quf fstì
melhlna l sfr. Ï liarl f lquo quf fh DDfsus
fsus Mrosta lprfgnfhas a quf soigojoml ‒targlr-sf eahfh‘.

\ulgna gýs nozfhas nf Dfsus ‒Fos A Eahfh‘ magjfsslhas f ljorhlhas quf Fbf ï lqufbf fh
qufh a sfgtona tfh sfgtona, a eahfh gava quf nì à euhlgonlnf sul rlzía nf sfr.

Dfsus Mrosta ï lbiuïh quf pfrtfgmfu à eostýrol nas eahfgs, quf pfrtfgmfu l gassl eostýrol, quf ï
uh nas gassas. Parquä Dfsus1

L rfspastl ï quf gl eostýrol euhlgl Dfsus ï a ôgoma eahfh, a ôgoma vfrnlnfora, quf jao sfhprf
vfrnlnfora mah l sul euhlgonlnf. Dfsus jao nfsnf l sul fgmlrgléía ” na progmèpoa la joh nf sul
vonl ” tatlbhfgtf eahfh f vfrnlnfora mah l sul euhlgonlnf. Dfsus gía crogmau mah l gassl
euhlgonlnf, gía jfz nf magtls quf frl eahfh; fbf jao ltï la joh, ltï ls magsfquägmols na sfu sfr
Eahfh.
 =?

Ga sfu mlhogea nf euhlgonlnf DDfsus

fsus ï lqufbf fh qufh sf hlgojfstl l irlél nl mroléía quf
magsostf fh sfr Jobea nf Nfus, vovfgna l nfpfgnägmol l Nfus f l lutagahol nl rfspagslcobonlnf
pfssalb.

Fbf rfmagefmf f lmfotl l sul magnoéía nf jobea f gía qufr nf hana lbiuh tahlr a builr na Plo.
P lo.

Ï lglboslgna a mahpartlhfgta nf Dfsus quf gýs mefilrfhas l magefmfr gfbf a EAHFH4 ‒FO] A
EAHFH‘. A dusta sfh pfmlna ” a eahfh, a vfrnlnfora sfh pfmlna, lqufbf quf saucf iulrnlr l
tana musta l sul rfbléía jobolb lcsabutlhfgtf pbfgl nf euhlgonlnf ” l fxmfpéía quf magjorhl l
rfirl parquf tanas as eahfgs sía pfmlnarfs. Fbf ï a ôgoma nf fgtrf tanas, Fbf ï a ôgoma par tanas,
fbf gía ï a sabotìroa hls a sabonìroa.

c) A Eahfh, ï Dfsus ^fgtlna

(Vhl bfoturl nf Bm >,<-<=)

> ,<-<=)

Panfhas ljorhlr quf Dfsus Mrosta ï pratýtopa na Eahfh dustlhfgtf ga hahfgta fh quf ï
tfgtlna. A tfxta nf Bumls nfoxl mblra quf Dfsus ï tfgtlna gl sul qulbonlnf nf «jobea» f quf ls
tfgtléöfs suifrfh quf uh «jobe
«jobea»
a» panf fgmagtrlr l sul jfbomonlnf lclgnaglgna l sul magnoéía nf
jobea, lbiuïh nfpfgnfgtf na sfu praifgotar, f tahlgna l magnoéía nf «Plo». Ls träs tfgtléöfs
lprfsfgtlh träs jlbsas lpfbas quf bfvlh la usa nf uh panfr sacrf ls maosls, sacrf as autras f
sacrf Nfus. ^lb panfr sý ï passèvfb qulgna l pfssal nfoxl nf amuplr a sfu builr gl sul rfbléía
mah ls maosls, mah as autras f mah Nfus.

Dfsus pfrhlgfmf eahfh, pfrhlgfmf jobea gl sul rfbléía mah Nfus f gas hastrl quf sfr eahfh
ï amuplr a sfu builr gl mroléía sfh dlhlos
d lhlos sf mlgslr nf
n f sfr jobea f nf sf rfblmoaglr marrfmtlhfgtf
nf hana l mahpar mah a ugovfrsa f mah as autras.

Gl prohforl tfgtléía ]. Bumls mabaml fh fvonägmol quf sfr euhlga ï rfspfotlr uhl fstruturl
lgtrapabýioml quf noz quf gogiuïh ï euhlga sazogea. A sfr euhlga jlz-sf par vol nl rfbléía
slunìvfb mah as autras. Gía sf panf sfr sý. La jlblr na pía, a tfxta sucboge
sucbogel4
l4

=.<.3. A Bléa coabýioma nl vonl euhlgl

A eahfh tfh gfmfssonlnf nf pía plrl vovfr hls fbf panf tlhcïh harrfr qulgna mahf nfhlos
(fxmfssa nf pía).
 >0

=.<.=. A Bléa samolb maha builr mubturlb

A pía ï uh lbohfgta trlgsjarhlna f gía cruta, par ossa fvaml l rflbonlnf na eahfh fh samofnlnf
f sfhprf fh mubturl. A eahfh ï uh lgohlb coa-mubturlb.

=.<.>. A Bléa samolb maha bléa ïtoma

A pía fvaml uhl sotuléía pabètoml, agnf l dustoél ohpöf a nlr l mlnl uh a gfmfssìroa plrl vovfr f
sucsostor l dustoél samolb. Ls gfmfssonlnfs quf jlzfh a eahfh sía ls hfshls quf jlzfh l eostýrol4
mahfr, cfcfr, vfstor ” magnoéöfs nf dustoél fbfhfgtlr (Mjr.
(M jr. Ht 36 f Klrb Hlrx).

=.<.6. A Bléa samolb maha bléa sohcýboma f bléa rfboioasa

L gassl rfbléía l Nfus plssl sfhprf pfbl rfbléía las autras. A bléa rfboioasa ï ogtfrga la bléa
samolb. Fbf pfrhotf uhl lcfrturl obohotlnl la autra. Gfstl rfspastl nf Dfsus eì uhl fspïmof nf bfo,
progmèpoa4

GÍA ...]FH; GÍA eì bléa rfboioasa ]FH bléa coabýioma-samolb; GÍA eì dustoél plrl hoh ]FH
dustoél plrl hfu orhía.

L sfiugnl tfgtléía nfoxl uh rfmlna sacrf l rfbléía euhlgl f euhlgozlnarl fgtrf ls pfssals.
\ulgna a tfgtlnar noz quf vovfr ï nahoglr as autras, ï fxfrmfr voabägmol sacrf as autras, ï sfr
tatlbotìroa, nahoglgna f sucduilgna, Dfsus rfspagnf quf sfr eahfh ï lmfotlr quf vovfr ï fgtrlr
fh mahugeía, ï fstlr la sfrvoéa nl mahugeía f nl plz fgqulgta rfgôgmol ì nahogléía f ì
voabägmol.

L tfrmforl tfgtléía suifrf quf sfr pbfglhfgtf euhlga ï vovfr sfh Nfus, ï rfmuslr lssuhor ls
bohotléöfs euhlgls, ï rfmuslr l hartf. Dfsus noz-gas quf sfr eahfh ï magsfgtor l vovfr maha
eahfgs quf magefmfh l nar, a sajrohfg
sajrohfgta
ta f l hartf.

=.3. A eahfh ï uh sfr mah

ma h noigonlnf
=.3.<. Magmfota nl Noigonlnf

L noigonlnf nl pfssal euhlgl rlnoml gl gaéía nf mroléía l ohlifh f sfhfbelgél nf Nfus.

Pfrlgtf Nfus, mlnl ognovènua rfprfsfgtl l noigonlnf nf iïgfra euhlga. L hatovléía hlos
prajugnl nl noigonlnf nl pfssal euhlg
euhlgll fstì gl rfvfbléía ajfrfmonl pfba Zfrca fg
fgmlrglna.
mlrglna. Dfsus
 ><

vfoa rfvfblr quf a plo lhl tanas as eahfgs ognfpfgnfgtfhfgtf nls suls magnoéöfs samolos (Ht.
<:,3:; Bm <3,3=). Par ossa l oirfdl fgsogl quf4 A eahfh ohlifh vovfgtf nf Nfus vlbf par so
hfsha, gía par lquoba quf slcf, pranuz au quf passuo. Ï l sul noigonlnf nf pfssal quf magjfrf
vlbar las cfgs quf fbf usl plrl sf fxprohor f rflbozlr-sf9.

A eahfh ltogif fstl noigonlnf qulgna, bocfrtlgna-sf nl fsmrlvonía nls ploxöfs, tfgnf
plrl a joh pfbl bovrf fsmabel na cfh f pramurl l sïroa f mah noboifgtf ogomoltovl as hfoas
magvfgofgtfs (Is. g´ <9).

=.=. A eahfh ï uh sfr nf

n f Magsmoägmol
=.=.<. Magmfota

L magsmoägmol ï a gômbfa hlos sfmrfta f a slgtuìroa nl pfssal. Fbl gía ï uhl jugéía, hls ï l
fstruturl na sfr euhlga f panf sfr onfgtojomlnl mah l fssägmol na sfr euhlga. Fbl rfvfbl, nf hana
lnhorìvfb, l bfo na ohpfrltova mltfiýroma 5, quf sf muhprf pfba lhar l Nfus f la prýxoha (I],

<:).‒Gl ogtohonlnf nl sul magsmoägmol, l pfssal euhlgl nfsmacrf uhl bfo

bfo quf fbl gía ohpöf l so
hfshl, hls l qulb sf vä acroilnl l acfnfmfr. Melhlna l lhlr a cfh f l fvotlr a hlb, l vaz nl
magsmoägmol panf, qulgna gfmfssìroa, jlblr-bef la marléía hlos fspfmojomlhfgtf4 jlz osta, fvotl
lquoba. Osta parquf a eahfh tfh ga sfu marléía uhl bfo fsmrotl par Nfus. Acfnfmfr l fbl magstotuo
l vfrnlnforl noigonlnf nl pfssal, quf sfrì dubilnl nf lmarna mah tlb bfo (Mjr.
(M jr. Sh. 3,<6-<:).

=.=.3. L magsmoägmol ï uhl jlmubnlnf harlb.

Plrl Pfsmekf (Pfsmekf, <?5:, 396) l magsmoägmol ï fbfhfgta quf ‒hlgojfstl las eahfgs ls suls
acroiléöfs harlos f as ohpfbf l muhpro-bls‘.L pfssal euhlgl ï rfmfptarl nf garhls quf nfvf

fxfmutlr gl ogtohonlnf nl sul

su l magsmoägmol agnf nfsmacrf uhl bfo quf bef ï ohpastl. Ï ohpartlgtf
sucbogelr l ognovonulbonlnf nl pfssal euhlgl gl nfsmacfrtl f fxfmuéía nl tlb bfo a quf magmarrf
plrl l fxpbomléía nl rfspagslcobonlnf
rfspagslcobonlnf pfssalb na sudfota la mahftfr qqulbqufr
ulbqufr lmta euhlga.

9
. MFO8MAGJFSFGTL FPO]MAPLBF O^LBOLGL, Bl Zfrotl vo jlrl Bocfro Bocfro,, Mltfmeosha nfibo lnubto;
lnubto ; Fn.Mottà nfb
Zltomlga Sahl <??6, pp >5:. Mj4 Ig. 3,? «Olewfe Nfus jfz mrfsmfr na saba tanl
t anl fspïmof nf ìrvarfs jarhasls nf vfr
f cals nf mahfr, f l àrvarf nl vonl ga hfoa na dlrnoh, f l ìrvarf na magefmohfgta na cfh f na hlb».Mj. Ig. =,?-<=
«Olewfe Nfus melhau a eahfh4 agnf fstìs1... Sfspagnfu a eahfh, tovf hfna parquf fstau gu, f hf fsmagno, Fbf
rftarquou f qufh tf jfz slcfr quf fstìs gu1 A eahfh rfspagnfu, l hubefr quf pusfstf dugta nf hoh…Nfus nossf l
hubefr quf jozfstf1 L hubefr rfspagnfu l sfrpfgtf hf sfnuzou f fu maho».
5A ohpfrltovf mltfiýroma jao jarhublna par Klgt qulgna noz ‒lif nf hana l quf l tul lméía passl sfr fbfvlnl l bfo

ugovfrslb‘, au par autrl jlz a cfh f fvotl a hlb

 >3

=.=.=. L Magsmoägmol panf sfr rfmtl au frrýgfl

\ulgna l magsmoägmol sf fgmagtrl nf lmarna mah l garhl harlb acdfmtovl melhl-sf magsmoägmol
mfrtl; ga mlsa magtrìroa melhl-sf magsmoägmol frrýgfl. L fxostägmol nf nautrogls f marrfgtfs
jobasýjomls quf nfturplh l vfrnlnf sacrf a sfr euhlga, panf ogjbufgmolr l rfmtonía nf uhl

magsmoägmol. L jarhléía frrlnl nl magsmoägmol nfsoigl-sf oigarãgmol ogvfgmèvfb f a hlb mahftona

par mlusl nnll oigarãgmol ogvfgmèvfb, ï uh hlb, fhcarl gía passl sfr ohputlna ì pfssal quf a
mahftf.

=.=.>. Magsmoägmol mfrtl au nuvonasl

L magsmoägmol ï mfrtl qulgna ï mlplz nf jarhublr uh duèza harlb sfh hfna nf sf fgilglr.
\ulgna, parïh, fxostf lbiuhl passocobonlnf nf sf fgilglr ga duèza quf sf fhotf, fgtía fstì-sf
pfrlgtf uhl sotuléía nf magsmoägmol
magsmoägmol nuvonasl.

Ï ohpartlgtf tfr prfsfgtf quf l mfrtfzl gía maogmonf mah l rfmtonía; osta lpbomlna l gassl rfjbfxía,
qufr nozfr quf gfh sfhprf l magsmoägmol mfrtl ï uhl magsmoägmol rfmtl. Par autra blna, l
magsmoägmol nuvonasl gía maogmonf mah magsmoägmol frrýgfl4 magsmoägmol rfmtl tfh l vfr mah l
cagnlnf harlb na lmta quf sf prltoml.

\ulgna lbiuïh fstì pfrlgtf uhl magsmoägmol nuvonasl nfvf suspfgnfr a duèza f rfmarrfr à ldunl
fxtfrgl.

=.=.6. L Prohlzol nl Magsmoägmol

L vaz nl magsmoägmol, par sfr l vaz nf Nfus, tfh nf sfr sfiuonl sfhprf, hfsha quf l sul nfmosía
plrfél pauma
pauma mbl
mblrl.
rl. Gl sul prohlzo
prohlzoll l magsmoägmol ï magso
magsonfrlnl
nfrlnl maha l ggarhl
arhl su
sucdfmtovl
cdfmtovl suprfhl
f joglb nl harlbonlnf. Hls, parquf a duèza prìtoma nl magsmoägmol nfpfgnf nl rlzía euhlgl, quf
glturlbhfgtf gía ï ogjlbèvfb, panf lmagtfmfr quf l magsmoägmol jlél duèzas frrlnas. Ossa qufr nozfr
quf l magsmoägmol, maha duèza na lmta, gía fstì osfgtl nf frra. Hls, hfsha qulgna fbl frrl, par
oigarãgmol ogvfgmèvfb, l magsmoägmol gía pfrnf l sul noigonlnf (Daía Pluba OO, <??=, :3).

=.=.:. L Jarhléía nl magsmoägmol

Eì uhl acroiléía lcsabutl nf acfnfmfr l magsmoägmol. Par mlusl nossa ï ohpartlgtf l jarhléía
nl magsmoägmol. L magsmoägmol
ma gsmoägmol ï cfh jarhlnl qulgna ï rfmtl f vfrènoml, qufr nozfr, qulgna jarhubl
a sfu duèza
du èza sfiugna a cfh fstlcfbfmona pfbl slcfnarol na mrolnar. Plrl as mrfgtfs, l jarhléía nl
 >=

sul magsmoägmol nfvf clsflr-sf ga fgsoga noboifgtf nl ]lirlnl Fsmroturl f gl nautrogl nl Oirfdl,
paos, par Mrosta, l Oirfdl Mltýboml jao ma
magstotuènl
gstotuènl hfstrl nl vfrnlnf f, par ossa, fbl tfh l hossía
nf jlzfr magefmfr f fgsoglr l vfrnlnf quf ï Mrosta. Lnfhlos, pfbl sul lutaronlnf, fbl nfmblrl f
magjorhl as progmèpoas harlos quf nohlglh
n ohlglh nl glturfzl euhlgl (Magmèboa Zltomlga OO, Noigotltf
Euhlglf,<>).

=.=.9. A Eahfh ï uh sfr rfspagsìvfb f ohputìvfb

L Sfspagslcobonlnf ï l mlplmonlnf quf as sfrfs euhlgas täh nf rfspagnfr pfbas sfus lmtas. As
sfrfs euhlgas sía magsonfrlnas mlplzfs nf lior rfspagslvfbhfgtf uhl vfz quf sía natlnas nf
bocfrnlnf?.

L rfspagslcobonlnf ohpboml, quf a sfr euhlga panf f nfvf rfspagnfr pfbas sfus lmtas, quf, par
rlnomlrfh gl sul bocfrnlnf, bef sía ohputìvfos. Fbl ï l mlrlmtfrèstoml na eahfh lnubta f
magsmofgtf.

=.=.5. Ohputlcobonlnf

L ohputlcobonlnf ï nfvfr nf rfspagnfr pfbas sfus lmtas. Magmarrfh plrl l ohputlcobonlnf ls

sfiuogtfs magnoéöfs4

l) Bocfrnlnf nf lméía

c) Magsmoägmol na lmta mahftona

m) Magefmohfgta mrètoma nas sfus lmtas.

=.=.?. Jlmtarfs quf ljfmtlh l ohputlcobonlnf

l) L jlbtl nf magefmohfgta mrètoma par4

ò Oigarãgmol, sacrftuna l ogvfgmèvfb. L oigarãgmol vfgmèvfb gía fxmbuo l ohputlcobonlnf hls

panf nohoguor
nohoguor a sfu irlu;

?Nfsoigl-sf par bocfrnlnf l jlmubnlnf nf lior au gía lior, nf jlzfr osta

ost a au lquoba, nf prltomlr lmtas nfbocfrlnas.
 >>

ò Frra,quf magsostf ga magefmohfgta jlbsa au nfjfotuasa quf bfvl à uhl lvlboléía

fquovamlnl au frrlnl nl harlbonlnf nf uhl nftfrhoglnl lméía.

ò Nostrlméía quf ï uhl jlbtl, hahfgtãgfl, nf magefmohfgta, nf pfrmfpéía au nf

magsmoägmol. L gía ohputlcobonlnf nf uhl lméía nfpfgnf na irlu nf nostrlméía quf

lmahplgel fssl lméía.

m) Jlmtarfs quf ohpfnfh
ohpfnfh a magsfgtohfgta pbfga nnll vagtlnf4

ò Ls Ploxöfs fgqulgta rflméöfs ogstogtovls, ogtfrgls pranuzonls pfba cfh au pfba hlb
pfrmfconas ogtuotovlhfgtf. Fhcarl sfdlh jlmtarfs gfmfssìroas nf ogtfirléía nl pfssal
euhlgl fbls nohogufh l ohputlcobonlnf parquf ohpfnfh a jugmoaglhfgta garhlb nl
rlzía f tlhcïh l sul ltfgéía; lbiuhls ploxöfs magstotufh uh jartf ogmfgtova plrl lméía
f ltï panfh nohoguor au nfstruor l vagtlnf;

ò A Hfna fgtfg
fgtfgnona
nona maha rfprfssía nl vagtlnf par mlusl nf uh pfroia ohogfgtf au prfvosta,
a qulb panf sfr irlvf au boifora. Fh ifrlb a hfna gía fbohogl l ohputlcobonlnf, hls l
nohoguo. ]ý gía fxostf ohputlcobonlnf qulgna a hfna fgnurfmf paos plrlbosl
mahpbftlhfgtf l vagtlnf;

ò Zoabägmol quf ï l jarél mahpubsovl jèsoml au psèquoml

psèqu oml fxtrègsfml à vagtlnf.

ò Lbiugs eìcotas, nospasoéöfs ogltls, f hatovléöfs ogmagsmofgtfs Ls nospasoéöfs sía

ogmbogléöfs nf uhl pfssal sacrf uhl nftfrhoglnl maosl, nfpfgnfgna nl eostýrol nl pfssal
(ogjãgmol) f l sotuléía efrfnotìrol. Par sfu turga, a eìcota ï l sfiugnl ftlpl fh quf eì l
rfpftoéía nf uhl lméía, nf hlgforl quf fbl joml fstlcfbfmonl;
fstlc fbfmonl; sf a eìcota jar pasotova bfvl
à vortunf, f sf jar hlu la vèmoa, quf nfvf sfr mahcltona.

ò hlssls (hfoas nf mahugom

Ls suifstöfs nf hlssls ma hugomléía
léía f pucbomonlnf).

=.>. A eahfh ï susmfptèvfb la pfmlna

=.>.<. Magmfota na pfmlna.

A magmfota nf ‒pfmlna‘ ï fhogfgtfhfgtf tfabýioma f nfsoigl, ga sfgtona fstrota nl plblvrl, uh

lmta vabugtìroa nf rupturl mah Nfus. A sfr euhlga gía ï ifgftomlhfgtf nftfrhoglna f ossa lcrf
 >6

l passocobonlnf nf sf magstruor plubltoglhfgtf. \ulgna eì uhl rfmusl nnff vovfr sfiugna a hfbear
nls suls passocobonlnfs coabýiomls, psèquomls f lharasls eì rfmusl nl prýprol euhlgozléía f nl
euhlgozléía nas nfhlos.

Lssoh a pfmlna gía ï uhl jltlbonlnf. Gía tfh gfmfsslrolhfgtf quf lmagtfmfr, fbf ï uhl
”
passocobonlnf ogsmrotl ga pblga nl mroléía parquf a eahfh ï vamlmoaglna l sfr bovrf (à
bocfrnlnf), magsmofgtf, rfspagsìvfb, ôgoma f orrfpftèvfb. L passocobonlnf nf pfmlna ï jugnlhfgtlb
plrl quf a pradfmta nf Nfus lmfrml nnaa eahfh ssfdl
fdl cah f a sfr euhlg
euhlgaa sfdl bovrf nf suls nfmosöfs.

=.>.3. A pfmlna Aroioglb

Melhl-sf pfmlna aroioglb à magnoéía glturlb au ogltl, gl qulb tana a sfr euhlga glsmf. A sfr
euhlga glsmf guhl magnoéía hlrmlnl pfba pfmlna, fgqulgta rupturl nl rfbléía mah Nfus. A
pfmlna aroioglb
aroioglb pr
pramurl
amurl nfsoig
nfsoiglr
lr uhl ffspïmof
spïmof nf fstruturl magnomoaglgtf na eahfh fh ssamofnlnf,
amofnlnf,
uh hanfba mabfmtova na ‒pfmlna‘, nf lbofglé
lbofgléía
ía euhlgl, fstlna lirlvlna ogmfsslgtfhfgtf, pfbas

lmtas pfmlhogasas nas ognovènuas nf nftfrhoglnl mahugonlnf au samofnlnf. Ï fstlna glturlb na

sfr euhlga f gía rupturl rflbozlnl (uh lmta) par uhl mabfmtovonlnf
ma bfmtovonlnf fh nftfrhoglna hahfgta nf
sul eostýrol.
 >:

JVGNLHFG^A] NF ^FABAIOL ML^ÝBOML OO

Ogjarhléía Nosmopbogl Nfmrfta g.´ =3/30<0 nf =0 nf
Liasta

^ètuba nl Nosmopbogl Jugnlhfgtas nf ^fabaiol Mltýboml O f OO

Mýnoia nl Nosmopbogl J^M30<

^opa nf Nosmopbogl Acroiltýrol

Gèvfb nl Nosmopbogl Bomfgmolturl

Lga Lmlnïhoma 3´ Lga

]fhfstrf ]fiugna

Gôhfra nf mrïnotas = Mrïnotas/96earls

Lmlnïhomas (earls)
(^M4 <6 Earls; ^L4 :0 Earls)

Acdfmtovas/Mahpftägmols nl Vgonlnf Murromublr

Acdfmtovas/Mahpftägmols

<.- Nlr l magefmfr l jï mltýboml.

3.- Ajfrfmfr magmfotas
magmfotas plrl l mahprffg
mahprffgsía
sía nl pfssal eeuhlgl
uhlgl à buz nl jï.
=.- ^rlgshotor a fgsoglhfgta nl Oirfdl Mltýboml, ga mlhpa Pabètoma-
Pabèto ma-samolb
samolb f Mubturlb
Prï ” Sfquosotas

Nf lmarna mah a Sfiublhfgta fh voiar, gahflnlhfgtf a lrt.´ 3<.´, ‒gl VMH gía eì prfmfnägmols, osta ï,
hýnuba/nosmopbogl mudl jrfquägmol prfssupöf a lpravfotlhfgta fh autras hýnubas/nosmopbogls‘.

Magtfôna nl Vgonlnf Murromublr

MLPÈ^VBA OZ4 A PFG]LHFG^A NL OISFDL ML^ÝBOML FH \VF]^ÖF] NF

COAÏ^OML
>.<. Magmfota
>.3. L vonl euhlgl
>.3.<. A ogèmoa nl vonl euhlgl
>.3.3. ]fxulbonlnf Euhlgl
>.3.=. Nfsvoas ]fxulos
 >9

>.3.>. Pfmlnas nf glturfzl sfxulb

>.=. Lmtas magtrl l vonl euhlgl
>.=.<. L Magtrlmfpéía
>.=.3. Sfpranuéía lssostonl
>.=.= Jfmugnléía og votra f trlgsjfr
trlgsjfrägmol
ägmol nf fhcroöfs
>.=.>. A magi
magifblhfgta
fblhfgta fhcroagìroa
>.=.6. L naléía nf iãhftls
>.=.:. L sfbféía na sfxa par hatovas gía hïnomas
>.=.9. L sfbféía nf fhcroöfs
>.=.5. L hltfrgonlnf nf sucstotuoéía
>.=.?.L ogsfhogléía lrtojomolb fh mlslos mah a vèrus nf EOZ
>.=.<0. Sfpranuéía pýstuhl
>.=.<<. Mbaglifh rfpranutovl
>.=.<3. A lcarta

MLPÈ^VBA Z4 PFG]LHFG^A ]AMOLB NL OISFDL ML^ÝBOML

6.<. L Dustoél
6.<.<. L mlronlnf
6.<.3. Cfh mahuh
6.<.=. ]ucsonolrofnlnf
6.<.>. ]abonlrofnlnf
6.<.6. Cal iavfrgléía
6.<.:. L Plz4 jruta nl dustoél f nl mlronlnf
6.<.9. Nfjfsl nl mubturl

6.<.5. L jlhèbol

Hïtanas nf fgsoga - lprfgnozlif

lprfgnozlifh
h

L hftanabaiol lnaptlnl pfbl Vgovfrsonlnf Mltýboml nf Haélhcoquf provobfiol l magvamléía nf hïtanas

ogavlnarfs mfgtrlnas gl lprfgnozlifh na fstunlgtf. Osta soigojoml quf l rfspagslcobonlnf pfba pramfssa nf
lprfgnozlifh ï na fstunlgtf. \ulgta la namfgtf, fbf plssl l sfr, sacrftuna,
sacrftuna, uh ifstar/hfnolnar/jlmobotlnar
nf sotuléöfs nf lprfgnozlifh.

Par ossa, gfstl ugonlnf murromublr provobfiol-sf4 (l) a fxfrmèmoa nf bfoturl mrètoml nf tfxtas jargfmonas pfba
namfgtf, (c) a nfcltf fh targa nl pfsquosl rflbozlnl pfbas fstunlgtfs, (m) l plrtomopléía fh lmtovonlnfs
lmtovo nlnfs nf
 >5

irupa (maha, par fxfhpba, fstunas nf mlsa, nosmussía nf irupas, nfcltfs f jýrugs pbfgìroas) f a fstuna
ognovonulb (maha par fxfhpba, pfsquosl cocboairìjoml, rfmfgsöfs mrètomls, fgsloas).

As fstunlgtfs tfría =0 sfssöfs (trogtl) prfsfgmolos, mah uhl nurléía nf 3 (nuls) earls mlnl, rfplrtonls par
naos sfhfstrfs (=0E + =0E). Ls progmoplos lmtovonlnfs nurlgtf ls lubls sía4 (l) nfcltf arofgtlna pfbas
namfgtfs, (c) trlclbeas nf irupa f (m) lprfsfgtléöfs arlos. Plrl lbïh nfstls lmtovonlnfs nf magtlmta, as
fstunlgtfs sfría lmahplgelnas nf jarhl ognovonulbozlnl mah vostl l hagotarlr ls lmtovonlnfs nf
P bltljarhl Haanbf
lprfgnozlifh ogsmrotls ga magtfxta na trlclbea lutýgaha (uslgna l Pbltljarhl Haanbf).
).

Hïtanas nf lvlboléía

Gl VMH, as hïtanas nf lvlboléía sía rfiublnas pfba rfiublhfgta

rfiublhfgta nf Lvlboléía fh voiar gl VMH.

L mblssojomléía joglb na fstunlgtf sfrì clsflnl gl plrtomopléía, nurlgtf ls lubls, f ga nfsfgvabvohfgta nf

uh hègoha nf naos fbfhfgtas nf lvlboléía4 (l) lvlboléía magtègul
ma gtègul (:0%) f (c) fxlhf (>0%).

Bègiul nf Fgsoga ” Partuiuäs

Cocboairljol rfmahfgnlnl

Hliostïroa pagtojèmoa

Cfgta UZO (300?). Fxartléía Lpastýboml pýs-soganlb ]lmrlhfgtuh mlrotltos,

mlrotltos, ]. Pluba4 Fn. Plubogls.

Cfgta UZO (30<<). Fxartléía lpastýboml pýs-soganlb Ljromlf Hugus. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol Fnotromf Zltomlgl.

Jrlgmosma (30<=). Fxartléía lpastýboml Fvlgifboo Ilunouh. Hlputa4 Fn Plubogls.

Daía UUOOO (<?:=). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Plmfh og ^frros.

^frros. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
ettp4//w3.vltomlg.vl/magtfgt/daegxxooo/pt/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQdxxoooQfgmQ<<0><?:=Qplmfh.ethb.
ettp4//w3.vltomlg.vl/magtfgt/daegxxooo/pt/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQdxxoooQfgmQ<<0><?:=Qplmfh.ethb.

Daía Pluba OO (<?9?). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Sfnfhptar Eahogos. Crlil4 L.A. Crlil.

Daía Pluba OO (<?5>). Fxartléía Sfmagmoboltoa ft Plfgotfgmol. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf

ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/daegQplubQoo/lpastQfxeartltoags/namuhfgts/ejQdpooQfxeQ03<3<?5>Qrf
magmoboltoa-ft-plfgotfgtolQpa.ethb..
magmoboltoa-ft-plfgotfgtolQpa.ethb
 >?

Daía Pluba OO (<?5<). Fxartléía lpastýboml Jlhobolros Magsartoa.

Magsartoa. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/daegQplubQoo/lpastQfxeartltoags/namuhfgts/ejQdpooQfxeQ<?5<<<33Qjl
hobolros-magsartoaQpa.ethb..
hobolros-magsartoaQpa.ethb

Daía Pluba OO (<??6). Fxartléía lpastýboml pýs-soganlb Fmmbfsol og Ljroml. Crlil4 Fnotarolb L.A. Crlil.

Pluba ZO (<?:9). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Papubaruh Prairfssoa. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf

ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/plubQvo/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQpvoQfgmQ3:0=<?:9QpapubaruhQpa.
ethb

Hliostïroa fmbfsoìstoma

Mltfmosha nl Oirfdl Mltýboml. ]ía Pluba4 Fnotarl Bayabl.

Magmèboa Zltomlga OO (3003). Magstotuoéöfs, Nfmrftas f Nfmblrléöfs. Maohcrl4 Irìjoml nf Maohcrl.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf (<??<). Mlrtl plstarlb Hahfgta Gava. Hlputa.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf (<?5>). Mlrtls plstarlos. Parta4 Euhcfrtopa ” Lrtfs Irìjomls.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf. Mahugomlnas f Gatls.

Pagtojèmoa Magsfbea ―Dustoél f Plz‟ (3003). Mahpägnoa nl Nautrogl ]amolb nl Oirfdl.

Oirfdl. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol
Fnotromf Zltomlgl.

Acrls

Clmftto C., ft lb. (<??>). EOZ-plrtombfs og spfrhltaz

spfrhltazal
al aj pltofgts wote LON] lgn tefor trlgsjfr

ogta aamytf. D Mfbb Coab, 39,

39 , ?0=-?<>.
Mlbblelg N. (<??6). ^ef puzzbf aj prajaugn rfspfmt. Elstogis Mfgt Sfp, 36 (<)4 =?->0,.

Fk Efrz. Ogjfrtoboty lgn coafteomlb ossufs fpranumtovf tfmegabaiofs. Psymeoltrom

ossufs aj tef gfw rrfpranumtovf

Mbogoms aj Garte Lhfroml, <3(<)4 <<9-=<, <?5?.

Fgibfrt _. ft lb. (300<). LS^ og EOZ-ogjfmtfn

EOZ-ogjfmtfn maupbfs. Euhlg Sfpran, <: (9)4 <=0?-<=<6.
Sfpran

Fserf tlsk jarmf ag Fteoms lgn Blw (300<). ^ef harlb stltus aj tef prf-ohpblgtltoag fhcrya.
Euhlg Sfpran, <: (6)4 <0>:-5,.

Pfsmekf, K. (<?5:). Ïtoml Mrostolgl O. Sahl4 Vrclgolgl Vgovfrsoty Prfss.

 60

Slhsfy P. (<?90). ^ef jlcromltfn hlg. Gfw _ark, _lbf.

Sacfrto, J. (<?:0). Nommoagìroa nf ^fabaiol Harlb. Clrmf

Clrmfbagl4
bagl4 FBF]L.

]irfmmol, F. (3003). Hlgulb nf Coaïtoml O - Jugnlhfgtas

Jugnlhfgtas f Ïtoml Coahïtoml (3ª Fn.). ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Bayabl.

]pligaba, L. (<?:?). Coaftoml gfbbl romfrml f gfbbl prlsso hfnoml.

hfnoml. Sahl4 Fn. Mlhobbolgf.
^fttlhlgzo, N. (3003). Nozoaglroa no Coaftoml.
Coaftoml. Sahl4 Fn. Pofhhf.
Pofhhf.

^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf (<???). ]fx sfbfmtoag
lgn prfohpblgtltoag ifgftom noligasos. Jfrtob ]tfrob, 93 (>)4
(> )4 6?6-5.

^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf (300<). Prfmagmfptoag
ifgnfr sfbfmtoag jar gaghfnomlb rflsags. Jfrtob ]tfrob, 96(6)4 5:<->.

^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf ” www.lsrh.ari.

^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf (3003). Euhlg
ohhuganfjomofgmy vorus lgn ogjfrtoboty trflthfgt. Jfrtob ]tfrob, 99(3)4
99 (3)4 3<5-33.

Zonlb. H. (300=). Gavl harlb jugnlhfgtlb. A Blr tfabýioma nl ïtoml.

ïtoml. Boscal4 Fn Plubogls.

Zoforl, N. (30<3). Nautrogl ]amolb nl Oirfdl4 Ogtranuéía à Ïtoml samolb. Boscal4 Fn. Plubus.

Namfgtfs quf bfmmoaglh l nosmopbogl4

Sfifgtf
 6<

MLPÈ^VBA OZ4 PFG]LHFG^A

PFG]LHFG^A NL OISFDL ML^ÝBOML FH \VF]^ÖF] NF
COAÏ^OML

>.<. Magmfota

L coaïtoml ï a fstuna sostfhìtoma nl magnutl euhlgl, ga ãhcota nls moägmols nl vonl f nl slônf,
magsonfrlnl ì buz nf vlbarfs f nf progmèpoas harlos.

A ãhcota nls moägmols nl vonl f nl slônf mahprffgnf l magsonfrléía nl coasjfrl plrl lbïh nl
hfnomogl.

L coaïtoml ï l arofgtléía quf noz rfspfota às ogtfrvfgéöfs sacrf l vonl, fgtfgnonl fh sfgtona
fxtfgsova quf nfvf mahprffgnfr tlhcïh ls ogtfrvfgéöfs sacrf l vonl f slônf na eahfh.

>.3. L vonl euhlgl

>.3.l - Zonl Euhlgl <0-L vonl ï uh nas irlgnfs hostïroas na sfr euhlga quf jlz uhl sïrof
nf pfriugtls l rfspfota nfssf lssugta. Ls pfssals sf pfriugtlh
p friugtlh par quf glsmfrlh gf
gfstf
stf sïmuba
f gía fh autra, par quf glsmfrlh fh nftfrhoglna bamlb f gía fh autra, maha tlhcïh a
parquä nf sul fxostägmol. Fstfs topas nf pfriugtls hastrlh uhl rflbonlnf4 l trlgsmfgnägmol
nl vonl na pagta nf vostl ogtfbfmtulb gía panf sfr lglboslnl fxmbusovlhfgtf maha uh jlta
fxpfrohfgtlb, a sfr euhlga magvovf mah pfriugtls quf gía täh rfspastls.
L vonl euhlgl gía ï uhl praprofnlnf ga sfgtona fstrota nl plblvrl, au sfdl, l vonl euhlgl ï
nlnl l uhl pfssal hfsha quf fbl gía quforl. A sfr euhlga ï naga f nftfgtar nf vìroas
acdfmtas hltfrolos, fgtrftlgta, l vonl par so sý ï uh jlta trlgsmfgnfgtf. Vhl pfssal gía nfmonf
qulgna glsmf gfh hfgas qulgna vlo harrfr.
L vonl ï uh prfsfgtf par so sý, uh prfsfgtf mah nltl nf vlbonlnf. Fstl ï uhl nls rlzöfs nl
ohpartãgmol nf lprfgnfr l vovfr a hahfgta prfsfgtf f gía mrolr eopýtfsfs sacrf uh jutura l
plrtor nf jltas na liarl. Lboìs, a sfr euhlga tlhcïh sf sfgtf hlos rflbozlna fh sul vonl
qulgna mahplrtobel
mahplrtobel sul fxostä
fxostägmol
gmol mah as mahplgeforas nf vonl (lhoias f jlhobolrfs).
L vonl euhlgl f l ogtfrprftléía quf mlnl uh jlz nl hfshl ï quf l vonl panf tlhcïh nlr
builr l nfcltfs ïtomas, maha hastrl l apasoéía nlqufbfs quf
qu f nfjfgnfh a norfota nl vonl magtrl
lqufbfs quf nfjfgnfh a lcarta.

<0
Plrl hlos ogjarhléöfs rfhftfhas l ettp4//qufmagmfota.mah.cr/vonl-euhlgl
 63

>.3.c. ^fgtlgna nfjogor l vonl

ZONL, praprofnlnf quf mlrlmtfrozl as arilgoshas mudl fxostägmol fvabuo na glsmohfgta ltï l
hartf, ï Magdugta nf lmtovonlnfs f jugéöfs ariãgomls quf magstotufh l qulbonlnf quf nostogiuf a
marpa vova na harta".

Ifgïtoml- Zonl ï uh sostfhl mlplmotlna l suchftfr-sf la pramfssa nf fvabuéía par sfbfméía

glturlb (quf fgvabvf rfpbomléía, hutléía, f rfpbomléía nf hutléöfs).
hu tléöfs).

Fstls nfjogoéöfs sfrvfh la usa mahuh nl plblvrl. Hls uhl lgìbosf mrètoml hlos lprajugnlnl na
magmfota orì rfvfblr suls jrliobonlnfs".

Vh sostfhl mlplz nf nfsfhpfgelr jugéöfs maha lbohfgtlr-sf, hftlcabozlr, fxmrftlr, rfsporlr,

havfr-sf, mrfsmfr, rfpranuzor-sf f rfspagnfr l fstèhubas fxtfrg
fxtfrgas".
as".

>.3.<. A ogèmoa nl vonl euhlgl

eu hlgl

L - Sfpranuéía glturlb

A sfr euhlga mahfél l fxostor qulgna ga lmta sfxulb a ývuba quf sfhprf tfh a mrahassahl U
joml jfmugnlna pfba fspfrhltazýonf quf tfh au mrahassahl U au _, rfsubtlgna guhl hfgogl -
UU, au guh rlplz -U_, nfpfgnfgn
n fpfgnfgnaa na topa nf fspfrhltazýonf quf jfmugnl a ývuba.

>.3.3. ]fxulbonlnf Euhlgl

Magmfota

]fxa<< - Fh coabaiol, sf rfjfrf l uhl magnoéía nf topa ariãgoml quf nojfrfgmol a hlmea nl jähfl,
a eahfh nl hubefr, sfdl fh sfrfs euhlgas, pblgtls f lgohlos.

Zlbf rfsslbtlr quf a sfxa nf uh arilgosha ï nfjogona pfbas iãhftls quf pranuzfh. A sfxa
hlsmuboga pranuz iãhftls hlsmubogas magefmonas maha fspfrhltazýonfs, fgqulgta a sfxa
jfhogoga pranuz iãhftls jfhogogas melhlnas nf ývubas.

<<

Plrl ogjarhléöfs nlnas l ettp4//qufmagmfota.mah.cr/sfxa

 6=

Iãhftls sía mïbubls sfxulos quf pfrhotfh l rfpranuéía sfxulb nas sfrfs vovas. Nl mahcogléía
nf lhcas as iãhftls rfsubtlrì l nfsmfgnägmol quf passufh ls mlrlmtfrèstomls ifgïtomls
pfrtfgmfgtfs las plos. As mrahassahl
mrahassahlss sfría trlgshotonas nf uhl iifrléía
frléía l autrl fh uh pramfssa
nf mahcogléía nf iãhftls.

Mlnl uhl nls mïbubls tfrì l hftlnf nf mrahassahas mmarrfspagnfgtfs

arrfspagnfgtfs la plo f autrl hftlnf à híf.
Ls mlrlmtfrèstomls ifgïtomls fstía magtonls ga NGL au ìmona nfsaxorrocagumbfoma nas
mrahassahls.

Dì qulgna as arilgoshas sía mlplzfs nf pranuzor lhcas as topas nf iãhftls, sía magsonfrlnas
efrhljranotas.

Lbïh nossa, gl bogiulifh marrfgtf qulgna sf hfgmoagl l plblvrl sfxa tlhcïh panf rfjfror-sf l
autrls qufstöfs4 la magdugta nas sfrfs pfrtfgmfgtfs la hfsha sfxa, las prýproas ýriías ifgotlos
praprolhfgtf notas, par ossa ï quf huotls vfzfs sf usl l plblvrl maha sogýgoha nf ifgotlb; f à
sfxulbonlnf au ltrlméía sfxulb.

L tfgnägmol sfxulb quf hlos fxostf, ï l ltrlméía fgtrf a sfxa jfhogoga f sfu apasta hlsmuboga,
fhcarl, vlbf rfsslbtlr, quf tlhcïh fxostf l ltrlméía fgtrf a hfsha sfxa. L prohforl ï melhlnl
nf magnoéía eftfrassfxulb f l sfiugnl nf eahassfxulb. Lbïh nossa, gl cossfxulbonlnf, a ognovènua
panf jomlr ltrlèna sfxulbhfgtf
sfxulbhfgtf tlgta par eahfgs maha hubefrfs.
hubefrfs.

Magmfota nf ]fxulbonlnf<3

A tfrha sfxulbonlnf sf rfjfrf la magdugta nf magnoéöfs lgltýhomls, josoabýiomls f psomabýioma-

ljfmtovls quf mlrlmtfrozlh mlnl sfxa. F par autra blna, l sfxulbonlnf tlhcïh ï a magdugta nf
mahpartlhfgtas, prìtomls quf sf rfblmoaglh mah l cusml na prlzfr sfxulb f sf gfmfssìroa à
rfpranuéía, f quf sfh nôvonls, hlrmlría a sfr euhlga nf hlgforl nftfrhoglgtf fh tanls f mlnl
uhl nls jlsfs nf
n f sfu nfsfgvabvohfgta.

sf iufh ljorhlgna quf l sfxulbonlnf tlgta

Nurlgtf huota tfhpa, ogmbusovf gl lmtulbonlnf, huotas sfiufh
fgtrf as eahfgs maha gas lgohlos ï ogstogtovl f jao dustlhfgtf gfssf topa nf pfgslhfgta quf sf

<3

Plrl hlos sucsonoa rfhftfhas l ettp4//qufmagmfota.mah.cr/sfxulbonlnf

 6>

clsflrlh ls tfa
tfarols
rols plrl joxlr ls jarhls gía glturlos nl sfxulbonlnf, fgtrf lqufbls prìtomls qquf
uf
gía sía nfstoglnls à pramroléía.
p ramroléía.

L sfxulbonlnf tfh qultra mahpagfgtfs

mahpagfgtfs ohpartlgtfs4 a prlzfr frýtoma, a prlzfr fhamoaglb, a prlzfr
nl rfpranuéía f a prlzfr nf sfr ifgftomlhfgtf nfjogona, quf ogtfrlifh ugs mah as autras,

fspfmolbhfgtf, mah as gèvfos coabýiomas, psomabýiomas

p somabýiomas f samolos.
l. A fratosha au a prlzfr fhamoaglb- ï l mlplmonlnf nf sfgtor prlzfr mah a quf ï melhlna
nf rfspastl sfxulb, ltrlvïs nf fxmotléía f na arilsha.
c. A prlzfr fhamoaglb - sf rfjfrf à mlplmonlnf nf nfsfgvabvfr f fstlcfbfmfr rfbléöfs
ogtfrpfssalos soigojomltovls.
m. L rfpranuéía ” ï l mlplmonlnf nf tfr jobeas, a quf fgvabvf l mroléía nfstfs f as
sfgtohfgtas nf pltfrgonlnf, hltfrgonlnf.
n. A sfxa ifgïtoma - mahprffgnf a irlu fh quf sf vovfg
vovfgmol
mol l ffxpfroägmol
xpfroägmol nf pfrtfgmfr l uhl
nls mltfiarols nohýrjomls (hlsmubogl / jfhogogl) f sfrì nf fxtrfhl ohpartãgmol gl earl nf
nftfrhoglr l onfgtonlnf sfxulb.

L sfxulbonlnf euhlgl ï jorhfhfgtf rlnomlnl gl mlrgf f ga slgiuf f taml uh magdugta nf jlmtarfs4

<. ]fxa mrahassýhoma4 nfpfgnf nl magstotuoéía ifgïtoml quf nostogiuf mrahassahls

sfxulos nojfrfgtfs, UU gl hubefr f U_ ga eahfh. Fssl jýrhubl prfsonf tanls ls nojfrfgmoléöfs
ubtfroarfs <=.

3. ]fxa iagìnoma4 nostogiuf gl hubefr ýriías ifgotlos na topa jfhogoga, as avìroas, f ga

eahfh, as tfstèmubas, ýriías na topa hlsmuboga. Gfssf magtfxta, nostogiuf-sf tlhcïh a sfxa
fgzohìtoma, osta ï, l fxostägmol nf sucstãgmols quèhomls pravfgofgtfs nas ilgfs quf pravamlh ls
nftfrhogléöfs iagìnomls quf lplrfmfh ga mrfsmohfgta na ognovènua.

<=L ]lgtl ]ï pucbomau naos namuhfgtas ohpartlgtfs sacrf l Fnumléía ]fxulb4 ]LMSL MAGISFILTOAGF
PFS B‟FNVMLTOAGF ML^^ABOML, ‒Arofgtlhf Arofgtlhfgto
gto Fnumltovo subb‟ Lharf Vhlga, Bogflhfgtono Fnumlzoagf
]fssulbf‘, Sahl, < Gavfhcrf <?5=, trln. Arofgtléöfs fnumltovls sacrf a Lhar euhlga og Fgmeo rono ronoag
ag
Zltomlguh, Namuhfgto
Namuhfgto Vjjomolbonf
Vjjomolbonfbbl
bbl ]lgtl ]fnf, <?5=-<?56, Zab. ?, ? , Fnozoagf Nfeagolgf, Cabaigl, Lrt. Ga.
><9-6=0. Autrl pucbomlé ía rfblmoaglnl ï PAG^OJOMOA MAG]OIBOA PFS BL JLHOIBOL, ‒]fssulbotà Vhlgl4
Zfrotà f ]oigojomlta, Arofgtlhfgto Fnumltovo og Jlhoibol ‘, Mottànfb Zltomlga, 5 Nomfhcrf <??6, trln.
]fxulbonlnf euhlgl4 Zfrnlnf f ]oigojomlna, Arofgtléöfs fnumltovls fh Jlhèbol og Fgmeo Fgmeorono
ronoag
ag Zlto
Zltomlguh,
mlguh,
Namuhfgto
Namuh fgto Vjjo molbo
molbonfbb
nfbbll ]lgtl
] lgtl ]fnf,
] fnf, <??>
<??>-<??
-<??6,
6, Zab. <>
<>,, FnozoagfNfeagolgf, Cabaigl, Lrt. Ga. ==>>-=6== .
 66

=. ]fxa fgnýmroga4 magmfrgf ls sfmrféöfs earhaglos nls ibãgnubls fgnýmrogls quf jomlh
nfrrlhlnls norfmtlhfgtf ga slgiuf na ognovènua plrl pfrhflr tana a arilgosha. A sfxa
fgnýmroga ï fssfgmolbhfgtf hls gía ugomlhfgtf rfblmoaglna ls iþgltls f nftfrhogl a lspfmta
fxtfroar na ognovènua.

>. ]fxa harjabýioma4 magmfrgf ls mlrlmtfrèstomls sfxulos sfmugnìrols fxtfroarfs ” ýriías

ifgotlos fxtfrgas, fstlturl, lcugnãgmol, nospasoéía na päba, a tah nl vaz ftm. ^rltl-sf na sfxa na
fstlna movob.

6. ]fxa psomabýioma4 magstotuèna pfbls mlrlmtfrèstomls ljfmtovls f ogtfbfmtulos nf mlnl sfxa.

:. ]fxa jugmoaglb4 taml a plpfb na ognovènua nf rflbozlr uh lmta sfxulb sfiuona au gía par
pramroléía.

9. ]fxa samolb4 rfjfrf à vonl gl samofnlnf, sfiugna a plpfb nf mlnl sfxa jarl na lmta sfxulb,
par fxfhpba, gl vonl jlhobolr,
jlhobolr, ga mlhpa prajossoaglb<>.
prajossoaglb

>.3.=. Nfsvoas sfxulos

Magmfota-]ía magsonfrlnas nfsvoas sfxulos tanls ls magnutls sfxulos magtrìrols às garhls

mahuhhfgtf fstlcfbfmonls guhl nftfrhoglnl samofnlnf. Ï nfsvoa gl magnutl sfxulb garhlb plrl
uhl sfxulbonlnf melhlnl nf plrljobols f sf mlrlmtfrozl, nf jarhl ifrlb, pfbl traml nl jagtf nf
prlzfr trlnomoaglb.

Plrljobol - ï uh plnría nf mahpartlhfgta sfxulb ga qulb l jagtf prfnahoglgtf na prlzfr gía sf

fgmagtrl gl mýpubl, hls fh autrl lmtovonlnf. As hlos mahugs ï4 a slnosha, a hlsaquosha, a
fxocomoagosha, a jftomeosha, l urajobol.

<> CA^FSA jlz ls acsfrvléöfs sfiuogtfs4 ‒Eahfh f hubefr sía roiaraslhfgtf oiulos; oiulos; sía mahpbfhfgtlrfs;
parïh,mah uh topa nf mahpbfhfgtlrofnlnf
mahpbfhfgtlrofnlnf rfmopraml, gía fstìtoml hls nogìhoml, gía sahfgtf hltrohagolb-
pramroltovl hls tlhcïh samolb‘ (Motlgna Iuzzftto), p. <0=. ” A sfxa rfblmoaglb ï, partlgta uhl fqul rfbléía eahfh-
hubefr, uhl fqul rfbléía nf hoh mah a hfu prýxoha;uhl dus dustl
tl rfbléía fu-tu quf
q uf mahpartl gía tlgta l gfiléía f
a lgoquoblhfgta na fu f na tu hls l gfiléía na fiaosha na fu f l ljorhléía nl mroltovonlnf, ogvfgtovl, a
lplrfmohfgta nl gavonlnf (Motlgna Hlsfbbos), p. <0>. A fstahlia jugmoagl par so , f a hfsha sumfnf mah as autras
ýriías ...; hls as ýrilös sfxulos, prfmoslh nf uh plrmfora, plrl a sfu jugmoaglhfgta lnfqulna4 lboìs, a lmta
magduilb gía fgvabvf sahfgtf as ýriías ifgotlos hls rfqufr tlhcïh a lmahlplgelhfgta nf autras ifstas, maha
mlrèmols, plblvrls, cfodas, abelrfs ...p. <06-<0:. Ï l nohfgsía rfblmoaglb quf nì a sfgtona pbfga nl sfxulbonlnf,
fgqlugta pöf rfbfva l ‒magvfgsía‘ na hlmea f nl n l jähfl l jarhlr a eahfh ogtfirlb
ogt firlb - p. <094 Zonf - CA^FSA, Ftoml
Magouilbf,, Pfr ug Soggavlhfgta
Magouilbf So ggavlhfgta nfbbl Harlbf Hltrohagolbf,
Hltrohagolbf, p. <03-<05.
 6:

]f, ga lmta sfxulb nls pfssals quf passufh uh mahpartlhfgta garhlb, a prlzfr fstì gl mýpubl,
l rfbléía sfxulb nas plrljèbomas cusml prlzfr fh uh acdfmta fxtfrga f fh autrls lméöfs, maha
jlgtlsols au l jroméía nl rfioía ifgotlb gl raupl na plrmfora.

As nfsvoas mahpartlhfgtlos sía hlos mahugs na quf sf ohliogl f gfh sfhprf rfprfsfgtlh
‒
pfroia. Ï ohpartlgtf fsmblrfmfr quf as nfsvoas na mahpartlhfgta sfxulb sía magsonfrlnas
gamovas sahfgtf qulgna ohpöfh sajrohfgta la prýproa ognovonua, osta ï, qulgna a lmta gía
vlbarozl a acdfmta sfxulb, sfrvogna ôgoml f fxmbusovlhfgtf
f xmbusovlhfgtf plrl lbovolr uhl lgiôstol‘.

A slnahlsaquosha - quf ï a prlzfr fh sfgtor nar f fh ajfrfmfr nar, onfol gl qulb sf clsfol l
prìtoml, glsmf mah tanas as sfrfs euhlgas,
euhlgas, hls sý sf nfsfgvabvf fh lbiugs.
lbiugs.

A jftomeosha - ï uh nfsvoa mahpartlhfgtlb. Gfbf fxostf, lbïh na prlzfr, a mubta par lbiuh
acdfmta, maha as pïs.

Eahassfxulbonlnf4 Ltrlméía frýtoml prfnahoglgtf f pfrsostfgtf fgtrf pfssals na hfsha sfxa.

As lmtas eahassfxulos sía ogtrogsfm
ogtrogsfmlhfgtf
lhfgtf uhl nnfsarnfh
fsarnfh par jlbtl nf uhl ugoía sfxulb ifguègl
mah l plrtf ugotovl
u gotovl f au pramroltovl.

Pfnfrlstol au Pfnajobol lmtovonlnf sfxulb fgtrf uh(l) lnubta(l) f uh(l) hfgar (Pfsmekf, <?5?,
>6>).

Taajobol ” maota mah uh lgohlb

]lnosha ” prlzfr sfxulb magsfiuona hfnolgtf mrufbnlnf fxfrmonl sacrf a autra.

Hlsaquosha ” prlzfr sfxulb magsfiuona hfnolgtf supartf nl mrufbnlnf f euhobeléía.

>.3.>. Pfmlnas nf Glturfzl ]fxulb

Maha sf vou ltrìs, pfmlna ï qulbqufr lmta, sfgtohfgta au pfgslhfgta quf vlo magtrl as plnröfs
nf Nfus. \ufh pfml nfsrfspfotl ls bfos novogls, jlzfgna a quf ï frrlna au ogdusta na pagta nf
vostl nf Nfus. (< Daía =4>; 64<9)
6 4<9) L Cècbol tlhcïh jlbl sacrf a pfmlna nl ahossía, au sfdl, nnfoxlr
foxlr
nf jlzfr a quf ï mfrta. „ ^olia >4<9.

Gas onoahls aroioglos nl Cècbol, ls plblvrls trlnuzonls

trlnu zonls ‒pfmlna‘ soigojomlh ‒frrlr uh lbva‘. Par
fxfhpba, ga Osrlfb lgtoia, uh irupa nf sabnlnas frl tía fxpfrofgtf fh lrrfhfssa nf pfnrls quf
 69

fbfs ltorlvlh ‒sfh frrlr‘, au, guhl trlnuéía botfrlb, ‒sfh pfmlr‘. (Duèzfs 304<:) Lssoh, pfmlr ï
frrlr a lbva nas plnröfs
p lnröfs pfrjfotas nf Nfus.

Magmfota nf Pfmlna nf Glturfzl ]fxulb ” ï uh pfmlna quf sf mahftf qulgna sf prltoml a sfxa
jarl nls rfirls fstlcfbfmonls pfba hltrohýgoa. Ï uhl jlbtl magtrl l rlzía, l vfrnlnf, l magsmoägmol

rfmtl; ï uhl jlbtl la lhar vfrnlnfora plrl mah Nfus f plrl mah a prýxoha.
Jfrf l glturfzl na eahfh f ajfgnf l sabonlrofnlnf euhlgl. L rloz na pfmlna
p fmlna fstì ga marléía na
eahfh, fh sul bovrf vagtlnf, sfiugna a fgsoglhfgta na ]fgear. Mah fjfota, ï na marléía quf
pramfnfh hìs ogmbogléöfs, lsslssègoas, lnubtïroas, prastotuoéöfs, raucas, jlbsas tfstfhugeas f
nojlhléöfs. ]ía fssls maosls quf targlh uh eahfh ohpura. (Ht <6, <?-30).

Pfmlnas nf glturfzl sfxulb4

l) Prastotuoéía ” ï l prìtoml
p rìtoml na lmta sfxulb maha hafnl nf mahïrmoa.

c) Lnubtïroa ” ï l prìtoml na lmta sfxulb jarl na hltrohýgoa . Fbf ajfgnf l dustoél, f l

jonfbonlnf (Pfsmekf, <?5?, >>>).

m) Zoabléía ” ï l prìtoml na lmta sfxulb mah uhl

u hl pfssal magtrl l sul vagtlnf. A voablnar
usl l jarél jèsoml, f a fgilga au cusml uhl pfssal sfh a usa nl rlzía.

n) Ogmfsta ” prìtoml sfxulb fgtrf pfssals mah ljogonlnf nf plrfgtfsma.

f) Jargomléía ” tanl l rfbléía sfxulb jarl na qulnra samolb na hltrohýgoa au na

mlslhfgta.

j) Magmucoglta ï a fstlna na eahfh f nl hubefr quf vovfh maha mþgduifs sfh magtrlor
a hltrohýgoa mrostía.

>.=. Lmtas magtrl l vonl Euhlgl

>.=.<. L Magtrlmfpéía
Ï a hfmlgosha nf ogtfrjfrägmol ga pramfssa glturlb nl jfmugnléía. Fstl panf sfr prfvfgtovl,
ohpfnogna l jfmugnléía, au lcartova, ohpfnogna a nfsfgvabvohfgta na ýývuba
vuba jfmugnlna.

>.=.3. Sfpranuéía lssostonl (SL)

Magsostf gl lssostägmol hïnoml na pramfssa nf rfpranuéía euhlgl. Fxostfh vìrols tïmgomls nf
lssostägmol nf lmarna mah as hatovas nl gfmfssonlnf nl lssostägmol.
 65

A nfsfda nf tfr jobeas ï uh sfgtohfgta oglta, prohotova. L jfrtobonlnf fstì rfblmoaglnl à rflbozléía
pfssalb, f l ogmlplmonlnf
ogmlplmonlnf nf pramrolr rfprf
rfprfsfgtl
sfgtl uhl jlbe
jlbell fh ltogior a nfstog
nfstogaa coabýioma, lbïh nf
sfr uh fstoihl samolb. Vh fgtrf mlnl sfos mlslos lprfsfgtl pracbfhls nf jfrtobonlnf f plrl 30%
nfbfs, a ôgoma hana nf actfr ifstléía ï ltrlvïs nl utobozléía nf tïmgomls nf Sfpranuéía Lssostonl.
Fgtfgnf-sf par Sfpranuéía Lssostonl (SL) a magdugta nf tïmgomls blcarltarolos quf vosl actfr uhl
ifstléía sucstotuogna au jlmobotlgna uhl ftlpl nfjomofgtf
n fjomofgtf ga pramfssa rfpranutova.

Nfsnf a glsmohfgta nf Bauosf Crawg, a prohfora ‒cfcä-nf-pravftl‘, fh <?95, l tïmgoml tfvf

vìroas nfsnacrlhfgtas f eadf fh huotas plèsfs ï utobozlna naléía nf hltfrolb ifgïtoma,
mroaprfsfrvléía nf fhcroöfs, noligýstoma ifgïtoma prï-ohpblgtlmoaglb, naléía tfhparìrol nf
ôtfra, sfh magtlr l pfsquosl fh fhcroöfs, quf ï prltomlnl fh pfqufgl fsmlbl, f l mbaglifh
rfpranutovl.

As prajossoaglos fgvabvonas mah fssl tfmgabaiol nfvfh rfspfotlr l lutagahol f a norfota

rfpranutova nas mlslos (cfgfjomägmol), gía nfsrfspfotlr a fhcroía f prfamuplr-sf mah as ogtfrfssfs
nl mrolgél (gía-hlbfjomägmol).

>.=.=. Jfmugnléía og votra f trlgsjfrägmol nf fhcroöfs

Fstl tïmgoml magsostf fh mabamlr A fspfrhl (na hlrona au na nalnar) f as ývubas fh magtlmta
guh vlsa plrl rflbozlr l jfmugnléía, fh uh blcarltýroa. Fstf pramfssa rfspagnf l qufstöfs nf
fstfrobonlnf jfhogogl au fh lhcas as
a s mþgduifs. Fstl tïmgoml mabaml uh pracbfhl nf
n f clsf quf ï a
na jutura nas fhcroöfs dì jfmugnlnas f gía lbamlnas l uhl híf. Par ossa l Oirfdl nfsfgmarldl fstl
tïmgoml.

Jfrtobozléía og votra (JOZ), maha a prýproa gahf dì noz, ï l tïmgoml nf rfpranuéía

rfp ranuéía lssostonl fh quf
l jfrtobozléía f a nfsfgvabvohfgta ogomolb nas fhcroöfs amarrfh jarl na marpa f as fhcroöfs
rfsubtlgtfs sía trlgsjfronas elcotulbhfgtf plrl a ôtfra.

Fstl tïmgoml suriou plrl rfsabvfr a pracbfhl nls hubefrfs mah nlga tucìroa orrfvfrsèvfb.

Parïh, l ognomléía jao lhpbolnl f eadf ï utobozlnl fh mlsas nf jltar hlsmuboga sfvfra,
fgnahftroasf, jltar ohugabýioma f ogjfrtobonlnf sfh mlusl. A ègnomf hïnoa nf irlvonfz fh
blcarltýroas qulbojomlnas iorl fh targa nf 30-:0%, nf lmarna mah l onlnf jfhogogl.

L jfrtobozléía og votra panf amarrfr nf jarhl magvfgmoaglb, ltrlvïs nl lpraxohléía nf ývubas f

fspfrhltazaonfs, f ltrlvïs nl ogdféía ogtrlmotapblshìtoml nf fspfrhltazaonfs (OM]O).
 6?

Eadf, pfrhotf irlvonfz ltï plrl ognovènuas lzas pïrhomas, ltrlvïs nl utobozléía nf
fspfrhltazaonfs rftorlnas na fponènoha f na tfstèmuba, lbïh nf tfr sul ognomléía fstfgnonl plrl
lbiugs jltarfs jfhogogas.

A mlslb nfvf sfr tatlbhfgtf fsmblrfmona fh rfbléía à tïmgoml, cfh maha ogjarhlna sacrf autrls

lbtfrgltovls nf trltlhfgta, ls melgmfs nf sumfssa f as rosmas ogfrfgtfs la pramfnohfgta.

Nfstl jarhl ï rfspfotlnl l lutagahol na mlslb quf fxfrmotl l bocfrnlnf nf pramroléía hfnolgtf a
magsfgtohfgta ogjarhlna.

A stltus harlb na fhcroía, quf fstì ogtohlhfgtf boilna mah ls qufstöfs nf qulgna mahfél l vonl
euhlgl f mah l nfjogoéía
n fjogoéía nf pfssal, ï uh pagta-melvf ga nfcltf ïtoma (3).

Plrl l ]amofty Jar ^ef Pratfmtoag Aj Vgcarg Meobnrfg (]PVM), l acdféía

ac dféía cìsoml fh rfbléía à JOZ
ï quf amarrf hlgujlturl nf sfrfs euhlgas. Mah l prìtoml nl JOZ a rfmïh-glsmona panf sfr
pranuzona ga blcarltýroa, f a plpfb nl híf glturlb, nf pratfifr mah sfu prýproa marpa a fhcroía
nfsnf l magmfpéía, panf bfiotohlhfgtf sfr trlgsjfronl plrl autrl pfssal. Fgtía, l JOZ targl as
fhcroöfs vubgfrìvfos, as fxpöf la rosma nf sfrfh nfsmlrtlnas, magifblnas au utobozlnas fh
fxpfrohfgtas.

>.=.>. A magifblhfgta fhcroagìroa

Lpraxohlnlhfgtf uh tfréa nls plmofgtfs pranuzfh fhcroöfs fxmfnfgtfs, as qulos ifrlbhfgtf

sía magifblnas. A acdftova nfstf pramfnohfgta ï passocobotlr trlgsjfrägmol nfstfs fhcroöfs
pastfroarhfgtf, mlsa gía amarrl irlvonfz au qulgna eauvfr nfsfda nf autrl, sfh suchftfr l
hubefr l gava momba nf ognuéía nl avubléía.

A magifblhfgta ï fxtrfhlhfgtf nosmutèvfb sac l ýtoml nl ïtoml, paos jfrf l noigonlnf na fhcroía.
Huotas fhcroöfs gía sacrfvovfh la pramfssa nf magifblhfgta f nfsmagifblhfgta ” a ègnomf nf
sacrfvovägmol pýs-nfsmagifblhfgta
pýs-nfsmagifblhfgta ï nl arnfh nf 90-50%.

Autras pracbfhls sfrolh a tfhpa nf lrhlzfglhfgta f a lclgnaga nas fhcroöfs. A tfhpa nf

lrhlzfglhfgta togel sona joxlna lgtfroarhfgtf fh träs lgas, lpýs fh mogma lgas, f ltulbhfgtf dì
tfh mrolgéls glsmonls nf fhcroöfs quf pfrhlgfmfrlh magifblnas par <0 lgas. Gl vfrnlnf gía
fxostfh fstunas quf lvlbofh l volcobonlnf fhcroagìrol fh rfbléía la tfhpa nf mroaprfsfrvl
mroaprfsfrvléía.
éía.
 :0

>.=.6. L naléía nf iãhftls

Panf sfr utobozlnl qulgna eì lusägmol nf jarhléía nf iãhftls, tlgta par plrtf na eahfh
(lzaaspfrhol) qulgta nl hubefr (jlbägmol avlrolgl). Autrl sotuléía plrl fhprfia nf naléía nf
iãhftls ï fvotlr a rosma nf trlgshossía nf nafgéls ifgïtomls. Na pagta nf vostl nf magstotuoéía

jlhobolr, slcf-sf quf l pltfrgonlnf, l hltfrgonlnf f l jlhèbol panfh sfr fstlcfbfmonls bfilb, ljftovl
f ftomlhfgtf sfh quf
qu f eldl gfgeuh vègmuba ifgïtoma, maha gas mlsas nf lnaéía.

Ls qufstöfs coaïtomls fh rfbléía à naléía nf iãhftls fgvabvfh l ogtranuéía nf uh tfrmfora

fbfhfgta gl rfbléía magduilb (a nalnar), l jarhl maha as iãhftls sía actonas (plilhfgta au
gía-plilhfgta na nalnar), l qufstía na lgagohlta au gía, as passèvfos nlgas
n lgas psomabýiomas nfssls
mrolgéls f a rosma nf magslgiuogonlnf.

Sfmfgtfhfgtf a lgagohlta ï lssugta mlgnfgtf f sul nosmussía clsfol-sf ga jlta nf quf tana sfr
euhlga tfh norfota nf magefmfr sul aroifh coabýioml. Fh lbiugs plèsfs a lgagohlta gía ï

acroiltýroa, maha l Lustrìbol, par fxfhpba, f fh autras, maha l Jrlgél, qulgna mahpbftlr <5
lgas a ognovènua plssl l tfr a norfota nf magefmfr a plo au híf coabýiomas, sf lssoh a nfsfdlr.
Parïh, gfh tanls ls mrolgéls sía ogjarhlnls pfbas plos nf quf jarlh aroioglnls par rfpranuéía
lssostonl ltrlvïs nf usa nf iãhftl nf nalnar.

Magsonfrl-sf quf l naléía nf hltfrolb ifgïtoma nfvf sfr lbtruèstl f bovrf nf fxpbarléía mahfrmolb
mahfrmolb..
L irlgnf nosmussía gfstf mlsa sf magmfgtrl gl actfgéía nas ývubas. Nojfrfg
Nojfrfgtf
tf nnll naléía nf sähfg,
fxostf uh rosma plrl l nalnarl nf ývubas, quf prfmoslrì rflbozlr l supfrfstohubléía avlrolgl,
ltrlvïs na usa nf nrails,
n rails, f l mlptléía nas ývubas, pramfnohfgta ogvlsova f quf gfmfssotl lgfstfsol.
A fstèhuba sfrol l fhpltol mah autrl pfssal mah a hfsha pracbfhl, l ogjfrtobonlnf, mlsa fh quf
uhl hubefr quf fstfdl rflbozlgna a pramfnohfgta naf lbiugs ývubas plrl autrl quf gía as pranuz.
A sfiugna fstèhuba plrl l naléía ï joglgmfora, paos lbiuhls mbègomls rflbozlh l naléía
mahplrtobelnl nf ývubas4 hubefrfs ogjïrtfos quf gía passufh rfmursas joglgmforas plrl lrmlr mah
tanas as mustas nl jfrtobozléía lssostonl panfh mahplrtobelr as ývubas mah hubefrfs quf nfbfs
gfmfssotlh f quf lrqufh mah l nfspfsl joglgmforl na pramfnohfgta nf lhcls; gfssfs mlsas ï
qufstoagìvfb l lutagahol nl nalnarl.

>.=.:. L sfbféía na sfxa par hatovas gía hïnomas

L sfbféía nf sfxa sf dustojoml qulgna utobozlnl plrl fvotlr trlgstargas ifgïtomas boilnas la sfxa.
Gl SL panf sfr jfotl ltrlvïs nl sfplrléía nf fspfrhltazaonfs hlsmubogas (_) au jfhogogas (U)
au pfbl onfgtojomléía ifgïtoml nas fhcroöfs ltrlvïs nl coýpsol nf mïbubls fhcroagìrols. Gl
 :<

prohforl sotuléía, fxostf a qufstoaglhfg

qufstoaglhfgta
ta qulgta à fsmabel na sfxa f gl sfiugnl, lssamol-sf à
pracbfhìtoml nas fhcroöfs ognfsfdlnas.
ognfsfdlnas.

L sfxlifh, sfiugna lbiugs, panfrol sfr vostl maha uh hlb hfgar gas mlsas fh quf sfiurlhfgtf
as mlslos ogtfrrahpfrolh l ifstléía qulgna vofssfh l slcfr quf a sfxa na jobea gía ï a fspfrlna.

n oligýstoma prï-ohpblgtlmoaglb (PIN)

>.=.9. L sfbféía nf fhcroöfs - A noligýstoma

L sfbféía fhcroagìrol ï rflbozlnl ltrlvïs nl lgìbosf na

n a hltfrolb ifgïtoma na fhcroía f nfgahogl-
sf noligýstoma prï-ifstlmoaglb (PIN). Zosl, prohlrolhfgtf, a noligýstoma nf nafgéls ifgïtomls.
A PIN tlhcïh panfrol sfr utobozlna plrl sfbféía nf fhcroöfs mah nftfrhoglnl mlrlmtfrèstoml
ohugabýioml, quf vfgel l sfr ôtob
ô tob l lbiuh sfr euhlga dì glsmona.

Plrl l coýpsol pramfnf-sf à rftorlnl nf uhl cblstýhfra, lsporlnl ltrlvïs nf uh

u h arojèmoa mrolna gl
zagl pfbômonl l qulb sfrì lg
lglboslnl
lboslnl par JO]E f/au PMS.

As nfjfgsarfs nl tïmgoml lriuhfgtlh quf ï prfjfrèvfb quf sfdl jfota noligýstoma prï ohpblgtléía
f quf gía sfdlh trlgsjfronas as fhcroöfs mahprahftonas au ognfsfdlnas na quf sfr jfota
noligýstoma prï-gltlb f ogtfrrahpfr l irlvonfz par hlbjarhléía jftlb. Autra lspfta mabamlna ï quf
l tïmgoml rfnuzorol lcartas f ogjlgtomènoas mahftonas fh jugéía na sfxa nl mrolgél.

Lpfslr nf l lvlboléía ifgïtoml ajfrfmfr

a jfrfmfr vlgtlifgs la mlslb mah rosma nf nafgél ifgïtoml, fxostfh
mblrls acdféöfs ïtomls fh rfbléía la usa
u sa nfstl tïmgoml, quf rfmlfh sacrf nuls mltfiarols progmoplos.

Vhl sfrol norftlhfgtf rfblmoaglnl la lmta, uhl vfz quf l hlgopubléía nas fhcroöfs panf
lmlrrftlr bfsöfs f hartf fhcroagìrol
fhcroagìrol..

L autrl rfmlo sacrf a pracbfhl ïtoma hloar, a nl sfbféía lgìbosf mrahassþhoml nl cblstþhfrl
ltrlvïs nf JO]E.;

Ga mlsa nf sfbféía ohugabýio

ohugabýioml,
ml, a qufstoag
qufstoaglhfgta
lhfgta ïtoma cìsom
cìsomaa ï quf a fhcroía sfrol uslna maha
uh hfoa, f gía maha uh joh fh so hfsha.

L L]SH magsonfrl quf a noligýstoma prï-ohpblgtlmoaglb mah a ogtuota nf fvotlr nafgéls

trlgshossèvfos ï ftomlhfgtf lmfotìvfb paos gía sf trltl nf nosmrohogléía f soh nf uhl jarhl nf
ilrlgtor l slônf euhlgl. Sfmahfgnl quf gía sfdl jfota PIN
P IN ugomlhfgtf mah ogtfgéía nf fsmabel
nf sfxa, paos panfrol rfprfsfgtlr uh pfroia samolb f nfsvoa
n fsvoa nl utobozléía nf rfmursas hïnomas nls
gfmfssonlnfs mofgtèjomls ifguègls.
 :3

>.=.5. L hltfrgonlnf nf sucstotuoéía

^rltl-sf nf uhl prìtoml nf magtrltléía nf hubefrfs quf mah plilhfgta lssuhfh l ifstía nf
fhcroöfs jfmugnlnas og votra mah ývubas f fspfrhltazýonfs nf autrls pfssals au nas clgmas nf
fhcroöfs (]irfmmol, 3009, p, 663). Fstl tïmgoml ï oiulbhfgtf nfsfgmarldlnl pfbl Oirfdl.

L utobozléía tfhparìrol na ôtfra nf autrl hubefr fstì ognomlnl gas mlsas nf sègnrahf nf
Sakotlgsky, fh plmofgtfs eostfrfmtahozlnls, fh mlsas nf lbtfrléöfs lgltþhomls na ôtfra f nf
magtrl-ognomléía mbègoml à irlvonfz.

Na pagta nf vostl ïtoma, as qufstoaglhfgtas sía l prfsfgél nf uh tfrmfora fbfhfgta gl rfbléía

magduilb, ls qufstöfs boilnls à sfbféía nl nalnarl, à fxpbarléía mahfrmolb na usa tfhparìroa na
ôtfra, sfh magtlr quf panf elvf
elvfrr nosputl pfbl mr
mrolgél
olgél au a lclgnaga nl hfshl.

Fxostf uglgohonlnf fgtrf as plèsfs quf lnatlh a hïtana fh rfbléía la jlta nf l hltfrgonlnf nf
sucstotuoéía ï sý rfmahfgnìvfb sf eauvfr ognomléía hïnoml. Sfmahfgnl quf ls nalnarls
tfhparìrols na ôtfra nfvfh pfrtfgmfr à jlhèbol nl nalnarl ifgïtoml, guh plrfgtfsma ltï a sfiugna
irlu, sfgna as nfhlos mlsas sudfotas à lutarozléía na Magsfbea Sfioaglb nf Hfnomogl; lssoh, l
naléía tfhparìrol na ôtfra gía tfrì mlrìtfr bumrltova au mahfrmolb, hls, par autra blna, panfrol
ifrlr magjbotas psomabýiomas ga ãhcota jlhobolr, mah plpïos nupbas nf tol-híf f lvý-híf, par
fxfhpba. Autras plèsfs, maha as Fstlnas Vgonas, magsonfrlh quf ï lmfotìvfb a plilhfgta nl híf
sucstotutovl.

Lbiuhls sotuléöfs panfh ifrlr nosmussía fh rfbléía l qufh ï nf jlta l híf4 qulgna fxostf
nosputl pfbl passf nl mrolgél, fh mlsas nf mrolgéls hlb jarhlnls, agnf
a gnf fxostf melgmf nf lclgnaga

nl mrolgél, f fh sotuléöfs nf sfplrléía nas plos coabýiomas nurlgtf l ifstléía nl híf sucstotutl.
Ga prohfora
prohfora ml
mlsa
sa fh lbiuhls sotuléöfs l Dustoél panf nfm
nfmonor
onor mmah
ah clsf ggaa qquf
uf mmagsonfrlr
agsonfrlr a hfbear
plrl l mrolgél. Parïh, nf jarhl ifrlb lmfotl-sf a plrfmfr na Magsfbea
Magsfbea nl Furapl4 plos sía as quf
tovfrlh l ogtfgéía nf pramrolr, as
a s quf sf hacobozlrlh gl cusml nl irlvonfz f na jobea.

>.=.?. L ogsfhogléía lrtojomolb fh mlslos mah a vèrus nf EOZ

Magsostf gl mabamléía na fspfrhl gl vliogl au guhl autrl plrtf na lplrfbea rfpranutova

jfhogoga<6 par hfoas lrtojomolos. Fstf hïtana ï uslna plrl rfspagnfr à qufstöfs boilnls à

<6 A b uilr nl mabamléía na fspfrhltazýonf [vliogl, mfrvox

builr mfrvox,, ôtfra, trahplsX nfpfgnf nas rfsubtlnas na fxlhf hïnoma
gl hubefr. Ls mlusls nl ohpatägmol au fstfrobonlnf hlsmubogl au jfhogogl täh quf sfrfh magefmonls. L ogsfhogléía
lrtojomolb joml fxoionl sý qulgna tfgtltovls nf fbohogléía nfssls mlusls gía nía rfsubtlnas cags. A pracbfhl ïtoma l
 :=

fstfrobonlnf au ohpatägmol hlsmubogl. Fh progmèpoa, fstl prìtoml gía lprfsfgtl nojomubnlnfs harlos
qulgna a fspfrhl pravïh na mþgduif.

\ulgna par autrls rlzöfs a fspfrhl ï nf uh nalnar, eì nojomubnlnf nf hlgutfgéía nas progmèpoas
hltrohagolos, au sfdl, l ugonlnf hltrohagolb, l noigonlnf nas mþgduifs, l vamléía nas plos nf

jomlr plo f híf fxmbusovlhfgtf ltrlvïs uh plrl a autra f a norfota na jobea nf sfr magmfcona f
Coaftoml, p. 630)<:.
glsmfr ga hltrohýgoa f ltrlvïs na hltrohýgoa (]ISFMMOL, Hlgulbf no Coaftoml,

Ï mrfsmfgtf a gôhfra nf sabomotléöfs nf SL plrl

p lrl a trltlhfgta nl ogjfrtobonlnf au voslgna ifstléía
sfh magtliolr a plrmfora, ga mlsa nf sý uh fstlr magtlhoglna.

\ulgna a acdftova ï sahfgtf a gía-magtìioa na plrmfora, l tïmgoml ognomlnl ï l Ogsfhogléía

lrtojomolb, quf ï l nfpasoéía nf fspfrhltazaonfs prfplrlnas fh blcarltýroa gl mlvonlnf utfrogl.
\ulgna a partlnar ï a eahfh, plrfmf quf as hïtanas nf prfplra nf sähfg ” agnf a bèquona
sfhoglb f autras fbfhfgtas mfbublrfs sía sfplrlnas
sfp lrlnas nas fspfrhltazaonfs
fspfrhltazaonfs ” utobozlnas fh qulbqufr

tïmgoml nf SL, rfnuzfh l mlril vorlb l gèvfos ognftftìvfos, prltomlhfgtf fbohoglgna a rosma nf
trlgshossía plrl l plrmforl (<<). \ulgna l hubefr ï l partlnarl, l ogsfhogléía lrtojomolb fbohogl
a rosma nf magtlhogléía na plrmfora, f autrl tïmgoml nf SL panf rfsabvfr a pracbfhl nl
ogjfrtobonlnf, hls gía fbohogl a rosma nf trlgshossía jftlb. Fstf
F stf ôbtoha, quf frl nl arnfh nf 3>%,
panf sfr rfnuzona l >% ltrlvïs
ltrlvïs nf hfnonls nf ltfgnohfgta prï-gltlb.

Fh lhcls ls sotuléöfs tfhas a magjragta na norfota rfpranutova na mlslb mah a nl gía

hlbfjomägmol nl mrolgél. Gfilr a usa nl SL l fssfs ognovènuas panfrol sfr uhl jarhl nf
nosmrohogléía. Fh rfbléía à mrolgél, ga mlsa nf qulbqufr uh nas plos fstlrfh magtlhoglnas eì
rosma nl arjlgnlnf prfmamf, uhl vfz quf lognl gía eì murl plrl l LON]. Parïh, mah a usa nf
gavls tfrlpols, plmofgtfs partlnarfs nf EOZ panfh vovfr par huotas lgas, f ltï sfh gugml
nfsfgvabvfr l nafgél. A hloar pracbfhl ga quf tlgif à mrolgél ï a na rosma nf magtìioa ga mlsa
nf l híf sfr partlnarl na vèrus, lognl quf pfqufga, ogmagtfstìvfb.

A Mahotä nf Ïtoml nl L]SH, fh 3003, tfmfu ls sfiuogtfs magsonfrléöfs4 l ogjfméía par EOZ ï
uhl nafgél mrþgoml trltìvfb, hls gía murìvfb; lvlgéas soigojomltovas ga trltlhfgta plrfmfh
rftlrnlr a suriohfgta nl LON] fh huotls pfssals, hls gía fh tanls ls pfssals ogjftlnls; a

fsmblrfmfr ï a quf sfiuf4 ltï quf pagta a lmta hïnoma, l ogtfrvfgéía

o gtfrvfgéía na hïnoma au coýbaia quf sfdl, tfh a mlrìmtfr
nf ldunl tfrlpäutoml au fgtía targl-sf lmta sucstotutova au hlgopubltýroa14Zonf
hlgopubltýroa14Zonf - ]ISFMMOL, Hlgulbf no Coaftoml
O, p. 606.
<: Oiulbhfgtf sf panf bfr a pasomoaglhfgta nl MAGISFILTOAGF PFS BL NA^^SOGL NFBBL JFNF, Nahuh

Zotlf,, OO, :. MAGISFILTOAGF PFS BL NA^^SOGL NFBBL JFNF, Nahuh Zotlf

Zotlf Zotlf,, OO, 3.
 :>

patfgmolb nf pfssals EOZ pasotovls tfrfh jobeas gía-ogjftlnas f gía trlgshotor l nafgél la
plrmfora, luhfgtau sucstlgmolbhfgtf, hls a sumfssa gía ï ilrlgtona; as
a s prajossoaglos nl slônf f
as ognovènuas ogjftlnas nfvfh novonor l rfspagslcobonlnf fh rfbléía à sfiurlgél na plrmfora gía
ogjftlna f nl mrolgél; qulgna uh mlslb sabomotl
sa bomotl lssostägmol plrl tfr jobeas ifgïtomas, fbfs nnfvfh
fvfh sfr
fgmlhogelnas plrl ogstotuoéöfs quf panfh ajfrfmfr as trltlhfgtas hlos sfiuras f a
lmahplgelhfgta hlos fjftova; lbïh nossa, fbfs nfvfh sfr arofgtlnas sacrf autrls apéöfs f
magsonfrlr a usa nf sähfg nf nalnar, l naléía f l passocobonlnf nf gía tfr jobeas.

>.=.<0. Sfpranuéía pýstuhl

Zfh luhfgtlgna fgarhfhfgtf l sabomotléía nf usa nfssf sähfg fh mlsa nf hartf na eahfh,
pfbl voôvl au pfbas plos na harta. Par autra bblna,
lna, ga mlsa nf eelvfr
lvfr fhcroöfs mmagifblnas
agifblnas f amarrfr
l hartf nf uh nas mþgduifs, às vfzfs a autra sabomotl lutarozléía plrl trlgsjfrägmol nfssfs
fhcroöfs; ga mlsa nf hartf nl
n l hubefr, a hlrona tfh-sf prapasta l ognomlr qufh iastlrì l mr
mrolgél.
olgél.

Lpfslr nf tfr amarrona ga plsslna, ï oglmfotìvfb l mabftl nf sähfg fh mlsas nf mahl au hartf par
sabomotléía nf jlhobolrfs.

L plrtor na fxpasta, surif uh qufstoaglhfgta4 fxostf norfota à rfpranuéía lpýs l hartf1

Fstl passocobonlnf nfvf sfr magjragtlnl mah l pracbfhìtoml nl magmfpéía /glsmohfgta nf uhl
mrolgél sfh plo au sfh híf. ]f frl nfsfda na mlslb tfr jobeas f sf a pramfnohfgta ï ‒prý-vonl‘,
plrfmf ftomlhfgtf lmfotìvfb. Parïh, fstlgna l mrolgél
mrolgél jlnlnl l glsmfr ýrjí nf plo, ossa gía jfrorol
a progmèpoa nl gía-hlbfjo
gía-hlbfjomägmol1
mägmol1 Autra lspfta ï quf, sf l hatovléía na mþgduif rfstlgtf fh ifrlr
fssl mrolgél jar plrl prffgmefr a fspléa nfoxlna pfba plrmfora au par hatovas joglgmforas
rfblmoaglnas à efrlgél, a jobea fstì sfgna cusmlna maha uh hfoa f gía uh joh, a quf jfrf l
noigonlnf na sfr euhlga.

>.=.<<. Mbaglifh rfpranutovl

Mbaglifh ï uhl jarhl lssfxulnl nf rfpranuéía, agnf a ognovènua ifrlna tfh l mlril ifgïtoml
(NGL gumbflr) nf uhl ôgoml pfssal (a nalnar na NGL). A pramfssa, mahcogl a NGL nf uh
arilgosha mah a motapblshl na ývuba nf autra. Nfstl jarhl, a ognovènua mbaglna tfh a NGL
gumbflr oiulb la na nalnar na gômbfa, fgqulgta quf a NGL hotamagnrolb ï pravfgofgtf na ývuba.

]fiugna Slhsfy (<?90), l passocobonlnf nf l mbaglifh sucstotuor l rfpranuéía pfbl nupbomléía,

bfvlrol à rfnuéía nl novfrsonlnf fgtrf as ognovènuas. Gl apogoía nf Dagls ((<??>), magnfglrol a
jutura na gava ognovènua la plsslna na ognovènua aroioglb. Vhl nls acdféöfs hlos jartfs à
 :6

mbaglifh euhlgl ï a norfota à ‒onfgtonlnf ifgïtoml‘, au sfdl, quf mlnl ognovènua tfh a norfota nf
tfr sfu prýproa pltrohþgoa ifgïtoma. Acvolhfgtf ossa gía ï uh norfota lcsabuta, uhl vfz quf
iähfas onägtomas novonfh uhl onfgtonlnf ifgïtoml f fbfs gía täh ‒hfgas onfgtonlnf‘ au hfgar
vlbar par ossa. Lboìs, lbiuhls pfssals
p fssals nozfh quf eì hobelrfs nf mbagfs sacrf l jlmf nl ^frrl, quf
sía as iähfas ugovotfbogas. \uf fbfs täh l hfshl ogjarhléía ifgïtoml f quf tanas as rfmagefmfh
maha pfssals nojfrfgtfs, f quf fbfs gía täh pracbfhl mah suls ognovonulbonlnfs. Hls eì uhl
nojfrfgél hlrmlgtf fgtrf iähfas onägtomas f mrolgéls mbaglnls4 as iähfas novonfh uhl gavl
onfgtonlnf ifgïtoml nftfrhoglnl la lmlsa, la plssa quf l onfgtonlnf ifgïtoml na mbagf tfrol sona
fsmabeonl pfbl pfssal quf vlo nalr a NGL (au pfbl pfssal quf vlo fsmabefr l mïbubl uslnl).

Lbiugs lutarfs magsonfrlh quf l mbaglifh panfrol sfr lpbomlnl fh nuls sotuléöfs4 sf uh nas
plrmforas gía passuor mïbubls ifrhogltovls f gía eauvfr lmarna fh rfbléía à naléía nf iãhftls,
f ga mlsa nf
n f mlslos mah lbta rosma nf trlgshotor nafgéls efrfnotìrols las jobeas, quf gía sf nnospöfh
ospöfh
l jlzfr coýpsol prï-ohpblgtlmoaglb f nfsmlrtlr fhcroöfs ljftlnas. Gfssfs mlsas, l ilhl nf

lhcoiuonlnfs ogtranuzonls ga rfblmoaglhfgta jlhobolr par uh mbagf nf uh nas plos panfrol sfr
irlgnf f l passocobonlnf nf magjusía fhamoaglb - gía lpfgls par plrtf nl mrolgél ” nfvf sfr
magsonfrlnl.

L Bfiosbléía Crlsobforl gía pfrhotf qulbqufr jarhl nf mbaglifh fh euhlgas. L mbaglifh

rfpranutovl fh euhlgas fstì praoconl fh gèvfb hugnolb.

>.=.<3. A lcarta

Magmfota- Ï l ogtfrrupéía nl irlvonfz qulgna a jfta lognl gía ï voìvfb, osta ï, mlplz nf vovfr jarl
na ôtfra hltfrga. A lcarta ï l ogtfrrupéía nl ifstléía quf panf sfr fspagtãgfl au pravamlnl.

Ga mlhpa hïnoma, mastuhl-sf nostogiuor4

nostogiuor4

Lcarta fspagtãgfa - quf sf pranuz sfh ogtfrvfgéía fspfmolb na eahfh f quf rfirl ifrlb,
ï nfvona la hlu fstlna na fhcroía.
Lcarta pravamlna - Ï nfvona l uhl ogtfrvfgéía fspfmolb na eahfh f mudls mlusls sf
melhlh ognomléöfs.

A lcarta pravamlna panf sfr tfrlpäutoma au par autras hatovas. A lcarta tfrlpäutoma ï
ogtfrrupéía nl irlvonfz plrl slbvlr l vonl slbvìvfb nl híf au nl mrolgél, trltl-sf nlqufbfs
mlsas fh quf sf nfvf fsmabefr fgtrf nfoxlr ls nuls vonls harrfr au slbvlr uhl nls nuls
 ::

vonls (Eîrogi, <?53, p. =3). L Oirfdl lpfgls magnfgl a lcarta pravamlna par autras
hatovas quf gía sfdlh l qufstía tfrlpäutoml.

>.=.<3.<. Mlusls na Ogmrfhfgta na Lcarta

Fgtrf ls mlusls na ogmrfhfgta na lcarta sf nfstlmlh ls sfiuogtfs4

l) Nohoguoéía nl hartlbonlnf ogjlgtob,

c) L magsmoägmol nl gfmfssonlnf nf tfr jobeas jfbozfs f nf fnumì-bas fh cals magnoéöfs

fmagýhomls,

m) L prìtoml mrfsmfgtf nf
n f rfbléöfs sfxulos prï-hltrohagolos,

n) L nfsnrlhltozléía
nfsn rlhltozléía na lcarta nfvona la prairfssa nl tïmgoml hïnoml.

>.=.<3.3. Ogmfgtovas na Lcarta

Gfstf mlhpa nfstlmlhas as sfiuogtfs lcartaa.

sfiuogtfs lspfmtas quf ogmfgtovlh ls pfssals l prltomlr a lcart

l) L fxostägmol nf
n f havohfgtas fh jlvar na lcarta,

c) L jrfquägmol nf lcarta prltomlna sfh l pbfgl mag

magsmoägmol
smoägmol nl sul mubpl,

m) L lrraiãgmol nf pfrsaglbonlnfs magefmonls quf sf lprfsfgtlh pucbomlhfgtf maha efrýos, mah

magsmoägmol jrol f sfiurl, ljorhlgna quf dì jozfrlh lcarta, au fgtía hlgnlrlh lcartlr lbiuïh.

>.=.<3.=. A magmèboa Zltomlga OO f a Lcarta

La magnfglr a lcarta maha nfbota lcahogìvfb f la ljorhlr quf l vonl nfvf sfr pratfionl nfsnf a
hahfgta nl magmfpéía, (Is. 6<), gía fgtrl gl qufstía
q ufstía na hahfgta nl lgohléía (Eahogozléía).

L nfmblrléía sacrf a lcarta pravamlna, nl slirlnl magirfiléía plrl l nautrogl nl jï, nf <5
nf Gavfhcra nf <?9>, nfpaos nf ljorhlr quf «a rfspfota pfbl vonl euhlgl ohpöf-sf nfsnf a
hahfgta quf mahféau a pramfssa nl ifstléía g´ <3» jlz gatlr quf nfoxl nf plrtf
p lrtf a pracbfhl na
hahfgta nl ogjusía nl lbhl fsporotulb.
 :9

>.=.<3.>. Ognomléöfs

Magmfota - Melhlh-sf ognomléöfs, as novfrsas hatovas au sotuléöfs magjbotuasls quf sf mastuhlh

ogvamlr plrl l prftfgsl dustojomléía na lcarta.

l) Ognomléía hïnoml fh sfgtona fstrota

^rltl sf nf uhl sotuléía magjbotuasl fgtrf l vonl nl híf f l vonl na jfta.
^rltl-sf nf irlvonfz fmtýpoml f na mlgmra na ôtfra. Gfstl sotuléía, a progmèpoa ïtoma onflb
ï quf sf tfgtf slbvlr lhcls ls vonls.
Hls sf tlb rfsubtlr ohpassèvfb, fgtía a hïnoma nfvf pramurlr slbvlr a slbvìvfb. Gl
rflbonlnf, gía sf panf jlblr, gfstf mlsa, nf lcarta ga sfgtona vfrnlnfora na tfrha, dì quf
tanl l lméía na hïnoma ï arofgtlnl ogtfgmoaglbhfgtf l slbvlr l vonl nl híf f gía l suprohor
a jfta.
c) Ognomléía hïnoml fh sfgtona lhpba
A quf fstì fh mlusl, ï maha sfbfmmoaglr ls nuls vonls. ]f pfba magtrìroa, nlhas oiulb
vlbar ì vonl na jfta f ì nl híf, fgtía gía panfhas lmfotlr a «lcarta tfrlpäutoma» fh
sfgtona lhpba. A lvlgéa lmtulb nl moägmol hïnoml f nl tïmgoml jlz mah quf a melhlna
«lcarta tfrlpäutoma pfrml mlnl vfz hlos tfrrfga f gía passl jlblr eagfstlhfgtf nf rosma
plrl l slônf nl híf.
m) Ognomléía fuiïgoml
^rltl-sf na mlsa fh quf- sf prfvä quf l mrolgél glsmfrì mah hlbjarhléöfs irlvfs. As
nfjfgsarfs nfstl ognomléía lriuhfgtlh l jfbomonlnf qufr nl híf qufr nl mrolgél4 qufr sf
pauplr ì híf a pfsa nf nnlr
lr ì buz f fnumlr uh jobea nfjomofgtf, f ì mrolgél a ppfsa
fsa nf uhl
vonl nfjomofgtf. Hls gl vonl magmrftl, fgmagtrìhas pfssals nfjomofgtfs quf sía hlos jfbozfs
quf autrls sís. A rfspfota pfbl vonl euhlgl ï hatovlna
hat ovlna pfbl noigonlnf nl pfssal euhlgl
f gía pfbl sul utobonlnf
u tobonlnf au slgonlnf. Lssoh panfhas ljorhlr gía ì ognoml
ognomléía
éía fu
fuiïgoml.
iïgoml.
n) Ognomléía Psoquoìtroml
^rltl-sf nf uhl sotuléía nf prajugna trluhl, par plrtf nl hubefr, nfvo
nfvona
na l uuhl
hl irlvonfz
mluslnl par fxfhpba4 ogmfsta, lnubtïroa, prï - hltrohagolb.
L hubefr irìvonl, gfstls mormugstãgmols, lprfsfgtl irlgnf vubgfrlcobonlnf fhamoaglb.
Nfvfhas nozfr gía la lcarta quf, lbïh nf sfr gfstls sotuléöfs uhl
u hl sabuéía plrl l hubefr
trluhltozlnl, gía sf panf dustojomlr ftomlhfgtf.
 :5

f) Ognomléía sýmoa fmagýhoml

]ac fstl Arofgtléía, ognomlh-sf vìroas hatovas nf arnfh sýmoa - fmagýhoml tlos maha4
mlsl pfqufgl, ohpassocobonlnf nf fnumlr l mrolgél, sotuléía fmagýhoml nrlhìtoml. Fstls
rlzöfs gía panfh nf hana gfgeuh, bfiotohlr a lcarta.
j) Ognomléía mrohoglb
Ï a mlsa nf irlv
irlvonfz
onfz mluslnl par voabléía. Maha uhl hubefr voabfgtlnl par uh hlgèlma
sfxulb. ^lb irlvonfz soigojoml, plrl l hubefr, fxtrfhl euhobeléía pfssalb. Hfsha gfstf
mlsa, a lcarta gía ï pfrhotona.
p frhotona.

>.=.<3.6. Lcarta f Nohfgsía Durènoml

Magmfota- L nohfgsía Durènoml na lcarta, magsostf ga lspfmta fh quf l hubefr f gía sý fbl ï pastl
ogfvotlvfbhfgtf pfrlgtf uh autra, mah tanas as norfotas f nfvfrfs
n fvfrfs quf mlnl uh tfh rfbltovlhfgtf
las autras. Hlos lognl tlgta l hubefr maha a sfr euhlga
euhlga magmfcona sía hfhcras nuh
nuhll samofnlnf

f, par ossa, as pracbfhls nf lhcas ubtrlplsslh a earozagtf f noz rfspfota ì samofnlnf maha tlb.
]fgna paos, a lcarta uh pracbfhl samolb ga qulb fstì ohpbomlnl l prýprol samofnlnf, fstl nfvf
ogtfrvor. Ï sfu norfota f nfvfr.

l) Bohotfs f jugéöfs nl arnfh Durènoml

A mrotïroa nl lmtuléía na bfiosblnar ï a cfh mahuh, joh nl samofnlnf. Magtuna, a bfiosblnar

nfvf tfr fh magtl ls vìrols bohotléöfs nl arnfh durènoml. A bfiosblnar gía panf pugor tanl l
nfsarnfh harlb, ltfgna-sf lpfgls lqufbfs mlsas quf magstotufh nlgas samolos. Ï a melhlna «a
progmèpoa nf tabfrãgmol
tabfrãgmol movob» au na «melhlna hlb hfgar».
hfgar».

Gfstf sfgtona, arnfh bfilb

bfilb f arnfh harlb sía nostogtls f magsfqufgtfhfgtf,
magsfqufgtfhfgtf, sía tlhcïh novfrsls
l acroiléía bfilb f l acroiléía harlb. Vhl maosl panf sfr tabfrlnl pfbl bfo movob sfh quf par ossa
sfdl lnhotonl pfbl magsmoägmol harlb. \ulgna la pracbfhl na lcarta, a bfiosblnar nfvf ogtfrrailr-
sf sacrf ls magsfquägmols gfiltovls plrl l hfgtlbonlnf pôcboml qulgna fstì fh mlusl a vlbar nl
vonl euhlgl.

c) Sfiublhfgtléía na lcarta

Lgtfs nf hlos ï magvfgofgtf fsmblrfmfr lbiugs magmfotas.

 :?

Sfiublhfgtléía ” ï l ogtfrvfgéía nl lutaronlnf au nl bfo ga sfgtona nf nosmopboglr a lcarta

hfnolgtf lbiuhl rfirl. A tfrha rfiublhfgtléía ï ifgïroma, f lclrml novfrsls pasoéöfs quf vía
nfsnf l praocoéía lcsabutl ì bocfrlbozléía tatlb na lcarta.

m) Nfspfglbozléía

L bfo fhcarl rfmagefmfgna l gèvfb tfýroma a lcarta maha mrohf, l gèvfb prìtoma mlbl, rfgugmol l
pugo-ba mah slgéöfs pfglos. L nfspfglbozléía panf sfr4 tatlb au plrmolb magjarhf fbohogl
fbohogl l pfgl
nf hana plrmolb, plrtomublr,
p lrtomublr, ugovfrslb.

n) Bfilbozléía

Ï l pasotovl lutarozléía na lcarta fh nftfrhoglnas mlsas, sac mfrtls magnoéöfs f nfgtra nf

nftfrhoglna pfrèana nf tfhpa. Gl bfilbozléía, l bfo lutarozl a lcarta, magmfnf la monlnía a
norfota la lcarta. A mahpartlhfgta lcartova nfoxl nf sfr magsonfrlna mrohf f fgtrl ga ãhcota
nl bfilbonlnf.

f) A Fstlna f l bfilbozléía na lcarta

A fstlna gía panf lutarozlr lbia quf vlo magtrl as norfotas oglbofgìvfos nl pfssal nl pfssal
euhlgl (a norfota l vonl). Fbf, gía ï jagtf aroiogìrol nas norfotas na eahfh. L bfilbozléía
na lcarta rfjbfmtf, lssoh uhl magmfpéía lcsabutostl nf fstlna. Bfilbozlgna a lcarta, a fstlna
fgtrl fh magtrlnoéía mah l sul prýprol
p rýprol joglbonlnf quf ï a sfrvoéa na cfh mahuh4 lqufbf nf
nfjfgnfr, prahavfr as norfotas nl pfssal euhlgl f fh plrtomublr a nas ognfjfsas. Lognl
hlos, l bfilbozléía na lcarta ï mlhoge
mlhogeaa lcfrta l bfilbozléía nl Futlgìsol.

j) Nfspfglbozléía ^atlb
L nfspfglbozléía tatlb f ugovfrslb ï oglmfotìvfb, parquf sfrol gía rfmagefmfr a lcarta maha
uh mrohf magtrl l vonl euhlgl.
L bfo nfoxlrol nf fxfrmfr l sul jugéía pfnliýioml, f sfrol hlos irlvf dailr magtrl l noigonlnf
nl pfssal f nl magvoväg
magvovägmol
mol samolb.

L magmbusía ï quf l vonl ï uh nah nf Nfus.

Nfu s. Gogiuïh tfh a norfota nf suproho-bl.
suproho-bl. A sfr euhlga
nfsnf l sul magmfpéía ltï l hartf glturlb, tfh uhl noigonlnf quf bef vfh na sfu mrolnar. A
lcarta, ï uh mrohf magtrl a sfr euhlga. A norfota l vonl ï a prohfora norfota nl pfssal euhlgl,
magnoéía jugnlhfgtlb nf tanas as nfhlos norfotas. ^lb norfota pramfnf nl prýprol noigonlnf

euhlgl f, partlgta, ï lgtfroar ì samofnlnf f l qulbqufr lutaronlnf. A Fstlna gía ï l jagtf

aroiogìrol nas norfotas na eahfh.
90
 9<

MLPÈ^VBA Z4 PFG]LHFG^A ]AMOLB NL OISFDL ML^ÝBOML

As progmèpoas pfrhlgfgtfs nl nautrogl samolb nl Oirfdl magstotufh as vfrnlnforas poblrfs na

fgsoglhfgta samolb mltýboma. Fbfs rlnomlh ga progmèpoa nl noigonlnf nl pfssal euhlgl f panfh
sfr nfsfgvabvonas fh tfhls
t fhls rfjfrfgtfs à vonl fh samofnlnf.

6.<. L Dustoél

L dustoél magsostf gl magstlgtf f jorhf vagtlnf nf nlr l Nfus f la prýxoha a quf befs ï nfvona.
Fbl sf trlnuz gl ltotunf nftfrhoglnl pfbl vagtlnf nf rfmagefmfr a autra maha pfssal mah norfotas
f nfvfrfs. L dustoél
du stoél samolb rfprfsfgtl uh vfrnlnfora nfsfgvabvohfgta nl dustoél ifrlb, rfiublnarl
nls rfbléöfs samolos mah clsf ga mrotïroa nl acsfrvãgmol nl bfo. L dustoél
du stoél samolb, fxoiägmol magfxl
mah l qufstía samolb, noz rfspfota las lspfmtas samolos, pabètomas f fmagýhomas f, sacrftuna, à

nohfgsía fstruturlb nas pracbfhls f nls

n ls rfspfmtovls sabuéöfs.
L dustoél hastrl-sf plrtomublrhfgtf ohpartlgtf ga magtfxta lmtulb, fh quf a vlbar nl pfssal, nl
sul noigonlnf f nas sfus norfotas, l nfspfota nls pramblhléöfs nf ogtfgtas, ï sfrolhfgtf lhflélna
pfbl ifgfrlbozlnl tfgnägmol
tfgnägmol l rfmarrfr fxmbusovlhfgtf las mrotïroas nl utobonlnf f na tfr. ^lhcïh
l dustoél, mah clsf gfstfs mrotïroas, ï magsonfrlnl nf hana rfnutova, la plssa quf lnquorf uh
soigojomlna hlos pbfga f lutägtoma gl lgtrapabaiol mrostí. L dustoél, mah fjfota, gía ï uhl sohpbfs
magvfgéía euhlgl, parquf a quf ï «dusta» gía ï aroioglrolhfgtf nftfrhoglna pfbl bfo, hls pfbl
onfgtonlnf prajugnl na sfr euhlga.

L pbfgl vfrnlnf sacrf a eahfh pfrhotf supfrlr l vosía magtrltulbostl nl dustoél, quf ï vosía
bohotlnl, f lcror tlhcïh plrl l dustoél a earozagtf nl sabonlrofnlnf f na lhar4 «L dustoél sa
sazogel
zogel
gía clstl; f panf hfsha mefilr l gfilr-sf l so pprýprol,
rýprol, sf gía sf lcror àqufbl jarél hlos prajugnl
quf ï a lhar». La vlbar nl dustoél l nautrogl samolb nl Oirfdl lmastl a nl sabonlrofnlnf, fgqulgta
vol provobfiolnl nl plz.

6.<.<. L Mlronlnf

Fgtrf ls vortunfs ga sfu magdugta f, fh plrtomublr, fgtrf vortunfs, vlbarfs samolos f l mlronlnf,
sucsostf uh prajugna bléa, quf nfvf sfr mlnl vfz hlos lmurlnlhfgtf rfmagefmona. L mlronlnf,
gía rlra magjoglnl la ãhcota nls rfbléöfs nf praxohonlnf, au bohotlnl las lspfmtas sahfgtf
sucdfmtovas na lior plrl a autra, nfvf sfr rfmagsonfrlnl ga sfu lutägtom
lutägtomaa vlbar nnff mrotïroa suprfha
 93

f ugovfrslb nf tanl l ïtoml samolb. Nfgtrf tanas as mlhogeas, hfsha as pramurlnas f pfrmarronas
fgjrfgtlrr ls jarhls sfhprf gavls nl lmtulb qufstía samolb, a «hlos fxmfbfgtf nnff tanas» ( <
plrl fgjrfgtl
Mar <3,=<) ï l vol trlélnl pfbl mlronlnf.

As vlbarfs nl vfrnlnf, nl dustoél, na lhar f nl bocfrnlnf glsmfh f sf nfsfgvabvfh na hlglgmolb

ogtfroar nl mlronlnf4 l magvovägmol euhlgl ï arnfglnl, jfmugnl nf cfgs f magnozfgtf mah l

noigonlnf na eahfh, qulgna sf jugnl gl vfrnlnf; rflbozl-sf sfiugna l dustoél, au sfdl, ga rfspfota
fjfmtova pfbas norfotas f ga bflb muhprohfgta nas rfspfmtovas nfvfrfs; ï rflbozlnl gl bocfrnlnf quf
magnoz mah l noigonlnf nas eahfgs, bfvlnas pfbl sul hfshl glturfzl rlmoaglb l lssuhor l
rfspagslcobonlnf pfba prýproa lior; ï vovojomlnl pfba lhar, quf jlz sfgtor maha prýprols ls
mlrägmols f ls fxoiägmols lbefols f targl sfhprf hlos ogtfgsls l mahugeía nas vlbarfs fsporotulos
f l sabomotunf pfbls gfmfssonlnfs hltfrolos. Fstfs vlbarfs magstotufh poblrfs nas qulos rfmfcf
sabonfz f magsostägmol a fnojèmoa na vovfr f na lior4 sía vlbarfs quf nftfrhoglh l qulbonlnf nf
tanl l lméía f ogstotuoéía samolb.

L mlronlnf prfssupöf f trlgsmfgnf l dustoél4 fstl ôbtohl «nfvf sfr mahpbftlnl pfbl mlronlnf». ]f
l dustoél «ï, fh so hfshl, lptl plrl ‒sfrvor nf ìrcotra ‘ fgtrf as eahfgs gl rfmèpraml rfplrtoéía
dustl nas cfgs hltfrolos, a lhar, pfba magtrìroa, f sahfgtf a lhar (f partlgta tlhcïh a lhar
cfgfvabfgtf quf melhlhas ‒hosfromýrnol‘), ï mlplz nf rfstotuor a eahfh l so prýproa».Gía sf
panfh rfiublr ls rfbléöfs euhlgls ugomlhfgtf mah l hfnonl nl dustoél4 «L fxpfroägmol na
plsslna f na gassa tfhpa nnfhagstrl
fhagstrl qquf
uf l dustoél, par so sý, gía clstl f qquf
uf panf ltï bfvlr à
gfiléía f la lgoquoblhfgta nf so prýprol, sf gía sf pfrhotor àqufbl jarél hlos prajugnl, quf ï a
lhar pblshlr l vonl euhlgl gls suls vìrols nohfgsöfs.

6.<.3. Cfh mahuh

A cfh mahuh ï l nohfgsía samolb f mahugotìrol na cfh harlb. Fbf gía magsostf gl sohpbfs sahl
nas cfgs plrtomublrfs nf mlnl sudfota
su dfota na marpa samolb. ]fgna nf tanas f nf
n f mlnl uh, ï f pfrhlgfmf
mahuh, parquf ognovosèvfb f parquf sahfgtf dugtas ï passèvfb lbmlgéì-ba,
lbml géì-ba, luhfgtì-ba f magsfrvì-
ba, tlhcïh fh vostl na jutura. Lssoh maha a lior harlb na ognovènua sf rflbozl jlzfgna a cfh,
lssoh a lior samolb
samol b lbmlgél l pbfgotunf rflbozlgna a cfh mahuh.

Vhl samofnlnf quf, fh tanas as gèvfos, qufr ogtfgmoaglbhfgtf fstlr la sfrvoéa na sfr euhlga ï l
quf sf prapöf maha hftl proarotìrol a cfh mahuh, fgqulg
fgqulgta
ta cfh nf tanas as eahfgs f na eahfh
tana.
 9=

Ls fxoiägmols na cfh mahuh nfrovlh nls magnoéöfs samolos nf mlnl ïpaml f fstía fstrfotlhfgtf
magfxls mah a rfspfota f mah l prahaéía ogtfirlb nl pfssal f nas sfus norfotas jugnlhfgtlos.
Fssls fxoiägmols rfjfrfh-sf, lgtfs nf hlos, la fhpfgea pfbl plz, à arilgozléía nas panfrfs na
Fstlna, l uhl sýbonl arnfh durènoml, à slbvliulrnl na lhcofgtf, à prfstléía nas sfrvoéas
fssfgmolos às pfssals, lbiugs nas qulos sía, la hfsha tfhpa, norfotas na eahfh4 lbohfgtléía,
harlnl, trlclbea, fnumléía f lmfssa à mubturl, slônf, trlgspartfs, bovrf mormubléía nls ogjarhléöfs
f tutfbl nl bocfrnlnf rfboioasl.

A cfh mahuh fhpfgel tanas as hfhcras nl samofnlnf4 gogiuïh fstì fsmuslna nf mablcarlr, nf
lmarna mah ls prýprols passocobonlnfs, gl sul cusml f ga sfu nfsfgvabvohfg
n fsfgvabvohfgta.
ta.

L rfspagslcobonlnf nf pfrsfiuor a cfh mahuh mahpftf, gía sý às pfssals magsonfrlnls

ognovonulbhfgtf, hls tlhcïh la Fstlna, paos quf a cfh mahuh ï l rlzía nf sfr nl lutaronlnf
pabètoml. Gl vfrnlnf, a Fstlna nnfvf
fvf ilrlgtor mafsía
mafsía,, ugonlnf
u gonlnf f arilgozlé
arilgozléía
ía à samofnlnf movob nl
qulb ï fxprfssía, nf hana quf a cfh mahuh passl sfr magsfiuona mah a magtrocuta nf tanas as
monlnías.

A cfh mahuh nl samofnlnf gía ï uh joh osablna fh so hfsha; fbf tfh vlbar sahfgtf fh
rfjfrägmol à actfgéía nas jogs ôbtohas nl pfssal f la cfh mahuh ugovfrslb nf tanl l mroléía.
Nfus ï a joh ôbtoha nf suls mrolturls f par hatova lbiuh sf panf provlr a cfh mahuh nl sul
nohfgsía trlgsmfgnfgtf, quf fxmfnf, hls tlhcïh nì muhprohfg
muhprohfgta
ta à nnohfgsía
ohfgsía eostýroml.

6.<.=. ]ucsonolrofnlnf

Ï a progmèpoa quf prfmagozl l fgtrfldunl fgtrf ls pfssals, ogstotuoéöfs f samofnlnfs

samofn lnfs slbvliulrnlgna
l lutagahol quf befs ï nfvonl. L sucsonolrofnlnf fgtfgnonl fh sfgtona pasotova, maha ldunl
fmagýhoml, ogstotumoaglb, bfiosbltovl ajfrfmonl às fgtonlnfs samolos hfgarfs, marrfspagnf uhl sïrof
nf ohpbomléöfs fh gfiltova, quf ohpöfh la Fstlna lcstfr-sf nf tuna a quf, nf jlta, rfstrogior a
fspléa votlb nls mïbubls hfgarfs f fssfgmolos nl
n l samofnlnf. Gía sf nfvf supblgtlr l sul ogomoltovl,
bocfrnlnf f rfspagslcobonlnf.

A progmèpoa nf sucsonolrofnlnf pratfif ls pfssals nas lcusas nls ogstãgmols samolos supfroarfs f
sabomotl fstls ôbtohls l ldunlr as ognovènuas f as marpas ogtfrhïnoas l nfsfhpfgelr ls prýprols
jugéöfs. Fstf progmèpoa ohpöf-sf parquf mlnl pfssal, jlhèbol f marpa ogtfrhïnoa tfh lbia nf

aroioglb plrl ajfrfmfr à mahugonlnf. L fxpfroägmol rfvfbl quf l gfiléía nl sucsonolrofnlnf, au l

 9>

sul bohotléía fh gahf nf uhl prftfgsl nfhamrltozléía

nfha mrltozléía au oiulbnlnf nf tanas gl samofnlnf, bohotl
f, às vfzfs, tlhcïh
tlhc ïh lgubl, a fspèrota nf bocfrnlnf f nf ogomoltovl.

Mah a progmèpoa nf sucsonolrofnlnf fstía fh magtrlstf jarhls nf mfgtrlbozléía, nf curamrltozléía,

nf lssostfgmolbosha, nf prfsfgél ogdustojomlnl f fxmfssovl na Fstlna f na lplrlta pôcboma.

6.<.>. ]abonlrofnlnf

L sabonlrofnlnf magjfrf plrtomublr rfbfva à ogtrègsfml samolcobonlnf nl pfssal euhlgl, à oiulbnlnf

nf tanas fh noigonlnf f norfotas, la mlhogea mahuh nas eahfgs f nas pavas plrl uhl ugonlnf
mlnl vfz hlos magvomtl.

L sabonlrofnlnf sf lprfsfgtl sac naos lspfmtas mahpbfhfg

mahpbfhfgtlrfs4
tlrfs4 a nf progmèpoa sa
samolb
molb f a nf vortunf
harlb.

L sabonlrofnlnf nfvf sfr tahlnl lgtfs nf hlos glnl, ga sfu vlbar nf progmèpoa samolb arnfglnar
nls ogstotuoéöfs, fh clsf
c lsf la qulb nfvfh sfr supfrlnls ls «fstruturls nf pfmlna», quf nahoglh as
rfbléöfs fgtrf ls pfssals f as pavas, nfvfh sfr supfrlnls f trlgsjarhlnls fh fstruturls nf
sabonlrofnlnf, hfnolgtf l mroléía au l apartugl hanojomléía nf bfos, rfirls na hfrmlna,
arnfglhfgtas.

L sabonlrofnlnf ï tlhcïh uhl vortunf harlb, gía uh sfgtohfgta nf mahploxía vlil au nf

fgtfrgfmohfgta supfrjomolb pfbas hlbfs sajronas par tlgtls pfssals prýxohls au nostlgtfs. Pfba
magtrìroa, ï l nftfrhogléía jorhf f pfrsfvfrlgtf nf sf fhpfgelr pfba cfh mahuh; au sfdl, pfba
cfh nf tanas f nf mlnl uh, parquf tanas gýs sahas vfrnlnforlhfgtf
vfrnlnforlhfgtf rfspagsìvfos par tana

A tfrha «sabonlrofnlnf» fxprohf fh sègtfsf l fxoiägmol nf rfmagefmfr, ga magdugta nas bléas

quf ugfh as eahfgs f as irupas samolos fgtrf so, a fspléa ajfrfmona à bocfrnlnf euhlgl plrl
pravfr la mrfsmohfgta
mrfsmohfgta mahuh, nf quf tanas plrtobe
plrtobefh.
fh.

6.<.6. Cal iavfrgléía

Fstl mlrlmtfrozl-sf pfbl mlplmonlnf nf tfr uh pradfmta, arofgtlna l jlvarfmfr uhl magvovägmol
samolb hlos bovrf f hlos dustl, fh quf vìroas irupas nf monlnías, hacobozlgna-sf plrl fblcarlr f
fxprohor ls prýprols arofgtléöfs, plrl jlzfr jrfgtf às suls gfmfssonlnfs jugnlhfgtlos, plrl
nfjfgnfr bfiètohas ogtfrfssfs.
 96

L mahugonlnf pabètoml f l samofnlnf movob, fhcarl rfmopramlhfgtf boilnls f ogtfrnfpfgnfgtfs, gía

sía oiulos gl eofrlrquol nas jogs. L mahugonlnf pabètoml fstì fssfgmolbhfgtf la sfrvoéa nl
samofnlnf movob f, fh ôbtohl lgìbosf, nls pfssals
p fssals f nas irupas quf l mahpöfh. L samofnlnf movob,
partlgta, gía panf
pan f sfr magsonfrlnl uh lpägnomf au uhl vlroìvfb nl mahugonlnf pabètoml4 lgtfs,
fbl tfh l prffhogägm
p rffhogägmol,
ol, parquf dustojoml rlnomlbhfgtf l fxostä
fxostägmol
gmol nl mahugonlnf pabètoml.

A Fstlna nfvf jargfmfr uh qulnra durènoma lnfqul

lnfqulna
na la bovrf fxfrmèmoa nls lmt
lmtovonlnfs
ovonlnfs nas sudfotas
samolos f fstlr pragta l ogtfrvor, sfhprf quf jar gfmfssìroa, f rfspfotlgna a progmèpoa nf
sucsonolrofnlnf, plrl arofgtlr plrl a cfh mahuh l nolbïmtoml fgtrf ls bovrfs lssamoléöfs lmtovls
gl vonl nfhamrìtoml. L samofnlnf movob ï eftfraiïgfl f lrtomublnl, gía nfspravonl nf lhcoiuonlnfs
f nf magtrlnoéöfs4 ï tlhcïh builr nf fhcltf fgtrf ogtfrfssfs novfrsas, mah
ma h a rosma nf quf a hlos
jartf prfvlbfél sacrf a hlos ognfjfsa.
o gnfjfsa.

6.<.:. L Plz4 jruta nl dustoél f nl mlronlnf

L plz ï uh vlbarf uh nfvfr ugovfrslb f fgmagtrl a sfu jugnlhfgta gl arnfh rlmoaglb f harlb nl
samofnlnf quf tfh ls suls rlèzfs ga prýproa Nfus, jagtf prohìrol na sfr, vfrnlnf fssfgmolb f cfh
suprfha. L plz gía ï sohpbfshfgtf lusägmol nf iufrrl f tlhpauma uh fquobècroa fstìvfb fgtrf
jaréls lnvfrsìrols, hls sf jugnl sacrf uhl marrfmtl magmfpéía nl pfssal euhlgl f fxoif l
fnojomléía nf uhl arnfh sfiugna l dustoél
du stoél f l mlronlnf.

L plz ï jruta nl dustoél (mj. Os =3,<9), fgtfgnonl fh sfgtona lhpba maha a rfspfota la fquobècroa
nf tanls ls nohfgsöfs nl pfssal euhlgl. L plz fstì fh pfroia qulgna la eahfh gía ï
rfmagefmona lquoba quf bef ï nfvona
n fvona fgqulgta eahfh, qulgna gía ï rfspfotlnl l sul noigonlnf f
qulgna l magvovägmol gía ï arofgtlnl fh norfméía
n orfméía plrl a cfh mahuh.

Plrl l magstruéía nf uhl samofnlnf plmèjoml f plrl a nfsfgvabvohfgta ogtfirlb nas ognovènuas,
pavas f gléöfs, ï gfmfssìrol l nnfjfsl
fjfsl f l prahaéía nas norfotas euhlgas. L plz ï jruta tlhcïh
na lhar.

L Oirfdl pramblhl, mah l magvoméía nl sul jï fh Mrosta f mah l magsmoägmol nf sul hossía, quf l
voabägmol ï uh hlb, quf l voabägmol ï oglmfotìvfb maha
ma ha sabuéía plrl as pracbfhls, quf l voabägmol
gía ï noigl na eahfh. L voabägmol ï hfgtorl, paos quf sf apöf à vfrnlnf nl gassl jï, à vfrnlnf
nl gassl euhlgonlnf. L voabägmol nfstrýo a quf lhcomoagl nfjfgnfr4 l noigonlnf, l vonl, l

bocfrnlnf nas sfrfs euhlgas.

 9:

6.<.9. Nfjfsl nl mubturl

L plblvrl «mubturl» ognoml, fh ifrlb, tanls ls maosls par hfoa nls qulos a eahfh lpurl f
nfsfgvabvf ls hôbtopbls mlplmonlnfs na sfu fspèrota f na sfu marpa; sf fsjarél par nahoglr,
pfba fstuna f pfba trlclbea, a prýproa hugna; targl hlos euhlgl, mah a prairfssa nas

mastuhfs f nls ogstotuoéöfs, l vonl samolb, qufr gl jlhèbol qufr gl mahugonlnf movob; f,
joglbhfgtf, ga nfmarrfr na tfhpa, fxprohf, mahugoml las autras f magsfrvl gls suls acrls,
plrl quf sfdlh nf pravfota l huotas f ltï à ogtforl euhlgonlnf, ls suls irlgnfs fxpfroägmols
fsporotulos f ls suls lsporléöfs (I], 6=).

Nlquo sf sfiuf quf l mubturl euhlgl ohpboml gfmfsslrolhfgtf uh lspfmta eostýroma f samolb f
quf a tfrha «mubturl» lssuhf jrfqufgtfhfgtf uh sfgtona samoabýioma f ftgabýioma. Ï gfstf
sfgtona quf sf jlbl nl pburlbonlnf nls mubturls.

6.<.5. L Jlhèbol

L ègtohl mahugonlnf nl vonl f na lhar magduilb

magduilb,, jugnlnl pfba Mrolnar f natlnl nf bfos prýprols,
ï ogstotuènl par hfoa nl
n l lbolgél hltrohagolb, au sfdl pfba orrfvaiìvfb magsfgtohfgta pfssalb. Nfstf
hana, par hfoa na lmta euhlga mah a qulb as mþgduifs hutulhfgtf sf nía f rfmfcfh uh la
autra, glsmf uhl ogstotuoéía tlhcïh à jlmf nl samofnlnf, magjorhlnl
magjorhlnl pfbl bfo novogl. Fh vostl na
cfh tlgta nas fspasas f nl prabf maha nl samofnlnf, fstf slirlna vègm
vègmuba
uba gía fstì la lrcètroa nl
vagtlnf euhlgl. A prýproa Nfus ï a lutar na hltrohýgoa, a qulb passuo novfrsas cfgs f jogs, tanas
fbfs nl hìxohl ohpartãgmol, qufr plrl l prapliléía na iïgfra euhlga, qufr plrl a pravfota
pfssalb f sartf ftfrgl nf mlnl uh nas hfhcras nl jlhèbol, qufr hfsha, joglbhfgtf, plrl l
noigonlnf, fstlcobonlnf, plz f praspfronlnf nf tanl l jlhèbol euhlgl. Par sul prýprol ègnabf, l
ogstotuoéía hltrohagolb f a lhar magduilb fstía arnfglnas plrl l pramroléía f fnumléía nl prabf,
quf magstotufh maha quf l sul maral. A eahfh f l hubefr, quf, pfbl lbolgél magduilb «dì gía
sía naos, hls uhl sý mlrgf» (Ht. <?, :), prfstlh-sf rfmèpraml ldunl f sfrvoéa
sfrvoéa mah l ègtohl ugoía
nls suls pfssals f lmtovonlnfs, tahlh magsmoägmol nl prýprol ugonlnf f mlnl vfz hlos l rflbozlh.
Fstl ugoía ègtohl, dì quf ï a nah rfmèprama nf nuls pfssals, fxoif, na hfsha hana quf a cfh
nas jobeas, l ogtforl jonfbonlnf nas mþgduifs f l ognossabucobonlnf nl sul ugoía (I], >5).
 99

Sfjfrägmols Cocboairìjomls

Hliostïroa pagtojèmoa

Cfgta UZO (300?). Fxartléía Lpastýboml pýs-soganlb ]lmrlhfgtuh mlrotltos, ]. Pluba4 Fn.

Plubogls.
Cfgta UZO (30<<). Fxartléía lpastýboml pýs-soganlb Ljromlf Hugus. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol Fnotromf
Zltomlgl.

Jrlgmosma (30<=). Fxartléía

F xartléía lpastýboml Fvlgifboo Ilunouh. Hlputa4 Fn Plubogls.

Daía UUOOO (<?:=). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Plmfh og ^frros. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
ettp4//w3.vltomlg.vl/magtfgt/daeg-xxooo/pt/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQd
xxoooQfgmQ<<0><?:=Qplmfh.ethb..
xxoooQfgmQ<<0><?:=Qplmfh.ethb

Daía Pluba OO (<?9?). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Sfnfhptar Eahogos. Crlil4 L.A. Crlil.
Fx artléía Sfmagmoboltoa ft Plfgotfgmol. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
Daía Pluba OO (<?5>). Fxartléía
ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/daegQplubQoo/lpastQfxeartltoags/namuhfgts/ejQdp-
ooQfxeQ03<3<?5>Qrfmagmoboltoa-ft-plfgotfgtolQpa.ethb..
ooQfxeQ03<3<?5>Qrfmagmoboltoa-ft-plfgotfgtolQpa.ethb

Daía Pluba OO (<?5<). Fxartléía lpastýboml Jlhobolros Magsartoa.

Magsartoa. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf
ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/daegQplubQoo/lpastQfxeartltoags/namuhfgts/ejQdp-
ooQfxeQ<?5<<<33Qjlhobolros-magsartoaQpa.ethb..
ooQfxeQ<?5<<<33Qjlhobolros-magsartoaQpa.ethb

Daía Pluba OO (<??6). Fxartléía lpastýboml pýs-soganlb Fmmbfsol og Ljroml. Crlil4 Fnotarolb L.A.
Crlil.

Daía Pluba OO (<??6). Mlrtl lpastýboml Saslrouh Zoriogos Hlrolf. Zltomlga4 Bocrfrol Fnotrfmf
Zltomlgl.

Pluba ZO (<?:9). Mlrtl fgmèmboml Papubaruh Prairfssoa. Lmfnona l 3= nf Dlgfora nf 30<6 nf

ettp4//www.vltomlg.vl/eabyQjltefr/plubQvo/fgmymbomlbs/namuhfgts/ejQp-
voQfgmQ3:0=<?:9QpapubaruhQpa.ethb
 95

Hliostïroa fmbfsoìstoma

Mltfmosha nl Oirfdl Mltýboml. ]ía Pluba4 Fnotarl

Fn otarl Bayabl.

Magmèboa Zltomlga OO (3003). Magstotuoéöfs, Nfmrftas f Nfmblrléöfs. Maohcrl4 Irìjoml nf

Maohcrl.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf

Ha élhcoquf (<??<). Mlrtl plstarlb Hahfgta Gava. Hlputa.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf (<?5>). Mlrtls plstarlos. Parta4 Euhcfrtopa - Lrtfs

Irìjomls.

Ha élhcoquf. Mahugomlnas f Gatls.

Magjfrägmol Fposmaplb nf Haélhcoquf.

Magirfiléía plrl a Mubta Novoga f l Nosmopbogl nas ]lmrlhfgtas (MMNN]) (<??>). L Boturiol
rahlgl f l Ogmubturléía. >ª Ogstruéía plrl uhl marrfmtl lpbomléía nl Magstotuoéía

magmobolr sacrf l slirlnl Boturiol. Hobía4 Fn. Plubogls.

Pagtojèmoa Magsfbea ―Dustoél f Plz‟ (3003). Mahpägnoa nl Nautrogl ]amolb nl Oirfdl. Zltomlga4
Bocrfrol Fnotromf Zltomlgl.

Acrls

Lrmefr. B. (300<). Nomoagìroa nf Coaïtoml. Parta4 Fn. Pfrpïtua ]amarra.

Lutarfs Mrostolgas. HMHBUOU.. Hlnron4 Cocboatfml nf Lutarfs Mrostías.

Clmftto
ogta C., ft
aamytf. lb. (<??>).
D Mfbb 39EOZ-plrtombfs
, ?0=-?<>. og spfrhltazal aj pltofgts wote LON] lgn tefor trlgsjfr
Coab, 39,
Clrras, P.M. (300?). Ls jagtfs pltrèstomls4 ohpartãgmol f lmtulbonlnf plrl l Oirfdl. Zonl Plstarlb.
Sfvostl Cohfstrlb plrl ]lmfrnatfs
]lmfrnatfs f Lifgtfs nf Pls
Plstarlb,
tarlb, Gavfhcra-Nfzfhcra.
Gavfhcra-Nfzfhcra.

Cosogata, F. (<?50). A Mubta nf Hlrol eadf. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Plubogls.

Mlbblelg N. (<??6). ^ef puzzbf aj prajaugn rfspfmt. Elstogis Mfgt Sfp, 36 (<)4 =?->0,.
MFF (<??5). Noas Plnrf. Pblg nf jarhlmoýg sostfhìtoml . Hlnron4 Ogstotuta Ogtfrglmoaglb nf
^fabaiol l Nostlgmol.

Magsfbea Jfnfrlb nf Hfnomogl na Crlsob (<??3). Sfsabuéía G´ <.=65/?3, Darglb na

 9?

MJH, Gav.

Magtf, J. (<??>). MAG^F J. As efrýos hètomas f a eahfh nf eadf. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Bay
Bayabl.
abl.

Maybf, K. (3000). Hlrol gl ^rlnoéía

^rlnoéía mrostí. L plrtor nf uhl pfrspfmtovl magtfhparãgfl. ]ía
Pluba4 Fn. Plubus.

Nf Bl Pfül, D.B. (<?5?). ^fabaiol nl Mroléía. ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.

Fk Efrz. Ogjfrtoboty lgn coafteomlb ossufs

ossufs aj tef gfw rfpranumtovf tfmegabaiofs. Psymeoltrom
Mbogoms aj Garte Lhfroml, <3(<)4 <<9-=<, <?5?.
Fgibfrt _. ft lb. (300<). LS^ og EOZ-ogjfmtfn
EOZ-ogjfmtfn maupbfs. Euhlg Sfpr
Sfpran
an, <: (9)4 <=0?-<=<6.
Fomefr. P. (<?5>). Nomoagìroa nf Magmfotas jugnlhfgtlos nf ^fabaiol. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Plubus.

Fserf tlsk jarmf ag Fteoms lgn Blw (300<). ^ef harlb stltus aj tef prf-ohpblgtltoag fhcrya.
Euhlg Sfpran, <: (6)4 <0>:-5,.
Ioarnlga, J. (300<). L ^fabaiol Eadf, sègtfsf na pfgslhfgta tfabýioma. Parta4 Fn. Pfrpïtua
]amarra, Parta.

Euhlg Jfrtobosltoag lgn Fhcroabaiy Lutearoty (EJFL) ” www.ejfl.iav.uk Pagtojèmol

Vgovfrsonlnf Mltýboml na Soa Irlgnf na ]ub. Prairlhl nf Pýs-Irlnuléía fh Hfnomogl f
Anagtabaiol COAÏ^OML
Orogfu (<?:?). Lnv. Elfr. OO =0,?. Og L. Arcf, Lgtrapabaiol nf ]lg Orogfa. Hlnron4 Cocboatfml
nf Lutarfs Mrostolgas.

Dagls E. (<??>). Fgifgelrol coabýioml - uhl

u hl prfvosía. Og Dagls E4 Ïtoml, hfnomogl f tïmgoml.
Boscal, Plsslifgs.

Daelggfs, C. (<?55). Nomoagìroa nf tfabaiol

tfabaiol cècboml (>ª Fn.). ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.

Blnlrol, B. (<??5). Ogtranuéía à Lgtrapabaiol OO.. ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bayabl.

Lgtrapabaiol ^fabýioml OO

Bocãgoa, D. & Hforln, L. (<??5). Ogtranuéía à tfabaiol. ]ía Pluba4 Fnoéöfs Bay
Ogtranuéía Ba yabl.

HmBlmeblg Ev (3003). Canofs, pfrsags lgn rfsflr

rfsflrme
me ag euhlg fhcryas. Euh Sf
Sfpran
pran Ifgft
Fteoms, 5 (<)4 >-:.

Pfrlbf, H. (<?56). Hlrol ga Gava ^fstlhfgta. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Plubogls.

Plu bogls.
 50

Pfsmekf, K. (<?5:). Ïtoml Mrostolgl O. Sahl4 Vrclgolgl Vgovfrsoty Prfss.

Slhsfy P. (<?90). ^ef jlcromltfn hlg . Gfw _ark, _lbf.

Sacfrto, J. (<?:0). Nommoagìroa nf ^fabaiol Harlb. Clrmfbagl4 FBF]L.

Sucoa, I. (300=). ]upfrléía na nulbosha fgtrf Mroléía f ]lbvléía. Og4 O. Hòbbfr, Pfrspfmtovls
^fabaiol nl Mroléía. ]ía Pluba4 Fn. Zazfs.
plrl uhl Gavl ^fabaiol

]irfmmol, F. (3003). Hlgulb nf Coaïtoml O - Jugnlhfgtas f Ïtoml Coahïtoml (3ª Fn.). ]ía Pluba4
Fn. Bayabl.

]amofty jar tef Pratfmtoag aj Vgcarg Meobnrfg (]PVM) ” www.spum.ari.

www.spum.ari.uk
uk
]pligaba, L. (<?:?). Coaftoml gfbbl romfrml f gfbbl prlsso hfnoml. Sahl4 Fn. Mlhobbolgf.

^fttlhlgzo, N. (3003). Nozoaglroa no Coaftoml

Coaftoml . Sahl4 Fn. Pofhhf.

^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf (<???). ]fx sfbfmtoag
lgn prfohpblgtltoag ifgftom noligasos. Jfrtob ]tfrob, 93 (>)4
(> )4 6?6-5.
^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf (300<). Prfmagmfptoag
ifgnfr sfbfmtoag jar gaghfnomlb rflsags. Jfrtob ]tfrob, 96(6)4 5:<->.
^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf ” www.lsrh.ari.
^ef Fteoms Mahhottff aj tef Lhfromlg ]amofty aj Sfpranumtovf Hfnomogf (3003). Euhlg
ohhuganfjomofgmy vorus lgn ogjfrtoboty trflthfgt. Jfrtob ]tfrob, 99(3)4
99 (3)4 3<5-33.
Zonlb. H. (300=). Gavl harlb
harlb jugnlhfgtlb. A Blr tfabýioma nl ïtoml. Boscal4 Fn Plubogls.

Zoforl, N. (30<3). Nautrogl ]amolb nl Oirfdl4 Ogtranuéía à Ïtoml samolb. Boscal4 Fn. Plubus.