: ASSOCIATION OF ATTRIBUTES :

*Association of Attributes : The phenomena which cannot be measured or represented numerically is

known as ‘attributes’ and these total of attributes we called ‘association’ which is help to measure the data
increase or decrease.

* Types of Association :
(a) Positive association.
(b) Negative association.
(C) Independent association.
*Methods of studying Association :
(i) Comparison of observed and expected frequencies method.
(ii) Comparison of proportion method.
(iii) Yule’s coefficient of association method.
(iv) Yule’s coefficient of colligation method.
:[ Rules for the methods of studying association ]:
(i) Comparison of observed and expected frequencies method :
(𝐴).(𝐵)
➢ Positive : (AB) >
𝑁

(𝐴).(𝐵)
➢ Negative : (AB) <
𝑁

(𝐴).(𝐵)
➢ Independent : (AB) =
𝑁

(ii) Comparison of proportion method :

(𝐴𝐵) (𝐴𝛽)
➢ Positive : >
𝐵 𝛽

(𝐴𝐵) (𝐴𝛽)
➢ Negative : <
𝐵 𝛽

(𝐴𝐵) (𝐴𝛽)
➢ Independent : =
𝐵 𝛽
 (iii) Yule’s coefficient of association method : [ Denote as ‘Q’ ] :
(𝐴𝐵)(𝛼𝛽 )−(𝛼𝐵)(𝐴𝛽)
Q=
(𝐴𝐵)(𝛼𝛽 )+(𝛼𝐵)(𝐴𝛽)

*Note : [ Q = 1 i.e. Positive, Q = −𝟏 i.e. Negative, Q = 0 i.e. Independent and

Q = 0.5 or something i.e. Partial Positive, Q = − 0.5 or something i.e. Partial Negative Association ]
So, Q lie between ′ − 𝟏 to +1’ i.e. [ −𝟏 ≤ Q ≤ 1 ].

(iv) Yule’s coefficient of colligation method : [ Denote as 𝜸 (gamma) ] :

√(𝐴𝐵)(𝛼𝛽 )−√(𝛼𝐵)(𝐴𝛽 )
𝜸=
√(𝐴𝐵)(𝛼𝛽 )+√(𝛼𝐵)(𝐴𝛽 )
𝟐𝜸
*Note : [ Help of colligation, coefficient of association ⇒ Q = 𝟏+𝜸𝟐 ]

* Consistency of data : No data in the table is in (− ve) then Consistent.

* Inconsistency of data : Any data in the table is in (− ve) then Inconsistent.

: [ Questions ] :
1. For two attributes A and B , it is given (AB) = 56, N = 160, (A) = 88 and (B) = 104. Compute the missing
values in the following nine-square table :
A 𝛼 Total
B (AB) = 56 (𝛼B) = ? (B) = 104
𝛽 (A𝛽) = ? (𝛼𝛽) = ? (𝛽) = ?
Total (A) = 88 (𝛼) = ? N = 160
2. 2000 persons lived in a town. The number of educated persons 904 and that of unemployed persons is
600. Of the unemployed 300 are educated. Present the data in a nine-square table and find the other
class frequencies.
3. You are given the following data :
N = 1200, (A) = 400, (B) = 500, (AB) = 250
Prepare the nine-square table and find the missing frequencies.
4. You are given the following information :
(AB) = 70, (𝛼B) = 30, (A𝛽) = 10, (𝛼𝛽) = 140
Prepare the nine-square table and find the missing frequencies.
5. For two attributes A and B , it is given A = 200, (AB) = 125, (B) = 250, N = 600. So calculate these data,
either consistent or inconsistent ?
6. For two attributes A and B , it is given (A) = 27, (B) = 54, (AB) = 36, N = 180. Calculate these data either
consistent or inconsistent ?
7. Out of 1000 persons 650 were inoculated against disease, 400 persons were not inoculated still they
were not attacked by diseases. In all 250 persons were attacked. So find out these data either
consistent or inconsistent.
8. From the following ultimate class frequencies find the frequencies of the positive and negative classes
and the total number of observations :
(AB) = 140, (𝛼B) = 112, (A𝛽) = 70 and (𝛼𝛽) = 56.
9. From the following ultimate class frequencies, determine the frequencies of the positive and negative
classes and the total number of observations :
(i) (AB) = 9, (𝛼B) = 4, (A𝛽) = 14, (𝛼𝛽) = 37.
(ii) (AB) = 100, (𝛼B) = 80, (A𝛽) = 50, (𝛼𝛽) = 40.
10. Out of 360 persons, 200 were residing in industrial area. In 80 persons were suffering from asthma and
of them 60 were from industrial area. Compute the association between persons residing in an
industrial area and suffering from asthma. Also calculate these data either positive or negative or
independent.
11. Find the Yule’s coefficient of association between proficiency in English and Hindi from the following
data :
Number of students passed in Hindi 245
Number of students failed in Hindi 285
Number of students failed in Hindi but passed in English 190
Number of students passed in both subjects 147.
12. For two attributes A and B , the following data are given :
N = 140, (A) = 72, (AB) = 32 and (𝛼𝛽) = 20
Determine Yule’s Coefficient of association.
13. Given N = 500, (A) = 128, (B) = 120 and (AB) = 12. Prepare 2 × 2 contingency table. Calculate Yule’s
coefficient of association and interpret the result.
14. From the following data compute Yule’s coefficient of association :
N = 250, (A) = 80, (AB) = 70 and (𝛼𝛽) = 140
15. Calculate coefficient of colligation (𝛾) using the following data. Hence show that the coefficient of
association between the attributes A and B is 0.6 .
(A𝛽) = 32, (𝛼B) = 24, (AB) = 48 and (𝛼𝛽) = 64

: [ Answers ] :
[1] (A𝛽) = 32, (𝛼𝛽) = 24, (𝛼B) = 48 (𝛽) = 56 and (𝛼) = 72.
[2] (𝛼) = 1096, (𝛽) = 1400, (A𝛽) = 604, (𝛼B) = 300, (𝛼𝛽) = 796.
[3] (A𝛽) = 150, (𝛼B) = 250, (𝛼𝛽) = 550, (𝛼) = 800, (𝛽) = 700.
[4] (A) = 80, (B) = 100, (𝛼) = 170, (𝛽) = 150, N = 250.
[5] consistent.
[6] inconsistent.
[7] inconsistent.
[8] (A) = 210, (B) = 252, (𝛼) = 168, (𝛽) = 126 and N = 378.
[9]i) (A) = 23, (B) = 13, (𝛼) = 41, (𝛽) = 51 and N = 64.
ii) (A) = 150, (B) = 180, (𝛼) = 120, (𝛽) = 90 and N = 270.
[10] Q = 0.5 and slightly or partial positive.
[11] Q = − 0.143 .
[12] Q = − 0.5 .
[13] Q = − 0.6 and slightly or partial negative.
[14] Q = 0.94 .
1
[15] 𝛾 = or 0.33 .
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