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transported spirit celebrates its bridal with the Queen of Heaven
—the æsthetic Mary, the Eternal Beauty.
Now that the assailants of Revelation have grown so extremely
pious, we find them zealously enlisting certain modifications of
mysticism on their side. Modern spiritualism revives the tactics of
ancient philosophy. It borrows from Christianity (as did Porphyry)
a higher moral tone than it could otherwise have reached, and
then pretends to look down upon the ethics of the scriptures. The
religious sentiment so variously evolved in every age and
country, is brought forth to overwhelm the religious truth revealed
in Christ. A philosophic church is set up. The hope full of
immortality is depreciated as low and selfish. Quietism abased
itself so profoundly that it would scarcely lift its eyes toward that
hope. Spiritualism exalts itself so ambitiously, that it will not stoop
to make that hope its own. In the seventeenth century, mysticism
was in sad earnest on this question of disinterestedness: in the
nineteenth, such indifference is the pretence of a preposterous
self-sufficiency.
But the device which failed so signally, some fourteen centuries
ago, cannot now prevail, though the hostile approach is more
artfully contrived. That antichristian sentimentalism which is too
refined for the medium of a book, and for the morality of the
Bible, was discomfited as soon as seen, and received its coup
de grace from the ‘Eclipse of Faith,’ amidst universal laughter.
But this repetition of old ideas is, after all, the most mortifying
and damnatory fact. To think; that the advocates of a philosophic
religious sentiment, in opposition to the old Book, should exhibit
as little novelty as their enemies,—that even after throwing off
the Biblical fetters, no progress should be visible,—that the
haunting Past should be with them still,—that after making their
escape from antiquated Paul and John, they should find
themselves in company with antiquated Proclus and Plotinus!
The theosophy of Swedenborg was original. Mysticism has
produced nothing really new in that direction since his day, and
the northern seer still walks alone within his circle. Franz Baader
re-clothes the bones of Behmen’s system from the materials of
modern science; and Oetinger, a student both of Behmen and of
Swedenborg, attempts to arrange a divine system of science by
the mystical interpretation of scripture. Even the ‘holy vegetation’
of oriental mysticism has been reproduced. Schelling bids man
know God ‘in silent not-knowing,’ as the plant reveals eternal
beauty in ‘stillest existence and without reflection.’ Such counsel
means much more than the maxim, ‘Il ne faut pas voyager pour
voir, mais pour ne pas voir,’ so frequent with John of the Cross
and Fénélon. Laurence Oken, a physiologist of note and a
disciple of Schelling, sees in the snail an exalted symbol of mind
slumbering deeply within itself. He beholds in that creature an
impersonation of majestic wisdom: it is ‘the prophesying goddess
sitting on the tripod.’ What reflection, what earnestness, what
timidity, what confidence! The same Oken travesties Behmen,
when he makes red = fire, love, Father; blue = air, truth, belief,
Son; green = water, formation, hope, Ghost; yellow = earth,
Satan. He imagined that he wrote his Physio-philosophy in a kind
of inspiration. Here, again, we see that this intellectual intuition,
professedly so keen, so spontaneous, so free from every
formula, does yet continually repeat itself.
Great and various have been the services rendered by mysticism
throughout the history of the Christian Church. It has exposed
pretence, it has demanded thoroughness. It has sought, amidst
surrounding formalism, what was deemed the highest form of
spirituality. Its strain has been sometimes of a mood so high as
to ‘create a soul within the ribs of death.’
But it has been influential for good in proportion to its
temperance in the doctrine concerning the outward rule and the
inner light. Wherever it has been extravagant in this respect—
has thrown off common sense or decency—been turbulent,
licentious, or ‘high fantastical,’ there good men and thoughtful
have stood mournfully aloof from it, while formal men or
designing have made its follies a plea for tightening the cords of
spiritual oppression. It has won acceptance from men when it
has been sufficiently moderate to urge intelligible arguments, and
to appeal sincerely (if not always warrantably) to that outward
Revelation which is commonly received. But the world has rarely
been disposed to receive boastful professions of spirituality or
freedom, vague declamation and rhapsodical denunciation of
reason or the schools, in the place of those definite expressions
of opinion which, though sometimes narrow, are at least readily
apprehensible. Incalculable must be the advantage of any man
or party who can manifest a clear meaning over those who
cannot.
There is danger in the present day, lest in the reaction against
logical formalism and prescription, an extravagant value should
be set on faith for its own sake. The Romanist makes mere faith,
blind and implicit, a saving virtue. The spiritualist falls into the
same error when he says, ‘Only be in earnest—get faith in an
idea—in something, at any rate—and all will be well.’ But faith is
a principle, not an instinct. Among the many claimants for my
belief, I must make an intelligent choice. It is of some
consequence whether the ‘idea’ on which I am mounted be false
or true. It can be good for no man to be recklessly earnest in the
devil’s work.
Mysticism has generally apprehended religion rather on its divine
than on its human side. It makes haste to lose humanity, and to
be glorified. Grievous afflictions have reminded some of the
mystical aspirants that they were human still. The spiritual pride
of others has betrayed them, first to ostentatious sanctity, and
then to shameful sin. Among those who would surpass humanity,
some have fallen disgracefully, others ludicrously, below it. There
have been those whose transformation proved to be downward
to a lower sphere, not upward to an element more rare. They
fare like Lucius in the Golden Ass to whom Fotis has given the
wrong witch-salve. He extends his arms, he sways himself to
and fro, he expects the next moment to find himself changing
into a bird. But his hands and feet grow horny, his thickening,
irritated skin shoots forth hairs, and behold him metamorphosed
into an ass. The theatrical devotion, so frequent among the
ornaments of Roman saintship, overlooks common duties,
sometimes despises necessary helps, generally mistakes
altogether the nature of true greatness. The Christianity exhibited
in the New Testament differs most conspicuously from the
Mystical Theology in being so much more human. It addresses
man as he is; it addresses all; it appeals to the whole nature of
every man. It knows nothing of class-religion. It does not bid men
exhaust themselves in efforts to live only in the apex of their
being—that ἄνθος νόου of which Plotinus speaks.
The history of mysticism shows us, farther, that the attempt to
escape all figure or symbol, in our apprehensions of divine truth,
is useless, or worse than useless. Such endeavour commonly
ends in substituting for a figure which, though limited and partial,
has life and heart in it, some vague abstraction, cold and lifeless,
—and itself, perhaps, ultimately a figure, after all. It is one thing
to remember that language is but language,—that behind all the
expressions of love or power lies an infinity that cannot be
expressed. It is another to leave behind (as many mystics have
striven to do) even the vital breathing metaphors of Holy Writ,
and restlessly to peer beyond, into the Unutterable—the
Illimitable. Surely the words ‘King,’ ‘Shepherd,’ ‘Father,’ express
more truth concerning God than the ‘pure Act’ of philosophy.
When I speak of God as near or distant, pleased or displeased,
the change may be in me rather than in Him. But in practical
result—in the effects I feel—it is to me as though such change of
disposition were real. And mysticism must freely grant me this, if
it would not play into the hands of scholasticism, its hereditary
foe. There is a sickly dread of anthropomorphism abroad among
us, which is afraid of attributing to God a heart.
Mysticism has often spoken out bravely and well against those
who substitute barren propositions for religious life,—who reject
the kindly truth to make a tyrant of some rigid theory or system.
But there is danger also on the other side. An imaginative,
brainsick man, may substitute religious vagaries, whims,
conceits, for religious truth. Men may be led as far astray by
mere feeling as by mere logic. While the man of method makes
an idol of his theory, the enthusiast may make an idol of his
passion or his fancy. To this latter snare we have seen mysticism
repeatedly fall a prey. The fanatic and the formalist both essay to
build a temple to the Holy Spirit. The formalist is satisfied with
raising the structure; and a sorry taper, here and there, makes
darkness visible. The fanatic kindles so many lights, and with so
little care, that he burns his edifice to the ground, as did the
Florentines their Church of the San Spirito, from excessive
illumination.
Anatomists tell us of what they term vicarious secretion in the
bodies of men. One organ is found, in some cases of injury, to
produce the secretion proper to another; and so we survive the
hurt. I think some process of the kind must supervene for the
benefit of our minds. With many of the mystics, I doubt not, the
heart performed, in their spiritual œconomy, the functions of the
head. A careful scrutiny of the mystical theology will show, I am
confident, that several of its prominent doctrines are, in fact,
most valuable correctives, and probably took or maintained their
place as such. These doctrines, some of which by no means
commend themselves to the non-mystical mind, are the
preservatives of the mystic from his peculiar dangers. Mysticism
leads to an excessive and morbid introspection. How necessary,
then, that doctrine of ‘unconsciousness’ reiterated by John of the
Cross and Fénélon,—itself an extreme, but indispensable to
counteract its opposite. Mysticism has taught many to expect a
perceptible inward guidance. How necessary, then, the doctrine
of ‘quiet,’—that the soul should be abstracted in a profound
stillness, lest the hasty impulses of self should be mistaken for a
divine monition. Mysticism exalts the soul to a fervour and a
vision, fraught with strange sweetnesses and glories. How
necessary, then, that doctrine of the more elevated Quietism
which bids the mystic pass beyond the sensible enjoyments and
imaginative delights of religion—escape from the finer senses of
the soul, as well as the grosser senses of the body, into that
state of pure and imageless contemplation which has no
preference or conception of its own. If Quietism is not to become
a fantastic selfishness, a sensuous effeminacy, a voice must cry,
‘Haste through the picture-gallery—haste through the rose-
garden—dare the darkness, wherein the glory hides!’
The lawless excesses of which mysticism has been occasionally
guilty should not serve to commend spiritual despotism. The
stock alternative with the Church of Rome has been—‘Accept
these fanatical outbreaks as divine, or submit to our rule.’
Unfortunately for this very palpable sophism, the most monstrous
mystical extravagance, whether of pantheism, theurgy, or
miracle, is to be found in the Romish Church. Angelus Silesius,
Angela de Foligni, and Christina Mirabilis, are nowhere
surpassed in their respective extremes. The best of the Romish
mystics are questionable Romanists. Tauler and Madame Guyon
were more Protestant than they were aware. Even the
submissive Fénélon is but a half-hearted son of the Church,
beside that most genuine type of her saintship—the zealous
Dominic. Innocent folk are sometimes inclined to think better of a
system which could produce a man like Fénélon. They forget
that, as a product of the system, Fénélon was a very inferior
specimen—little better than a failure.
There is a considerable class, in these restless, hurrying, striving
days, who would be much the better for a measure of spiritual
infusion from the Quietism of Madame Guyon. She has found an
excellent expositor and advocate in Mr. Upham. The want of
leisure, the necessity for utmost exertion, to which most of us are
subject, tends to make us too anxious about trifles,
presumptuously eager and impatient. We should thank the
teacher who aids us to resign ourselves, to be nothing, to wait, to
trust. But it is to be feared that such lessons will have the
greatest charm for those who need them least—for pensive,
retiring contemplatists, who ought rather to be driven out to
action and to usefulness. There is a danger lest passivity should
be carried too far—almost as though man were the helpless
object about which light and darkness were contending, rather
than himself a combatant, armed by God against the powers of
night. It seems to me, too, better to watch against, and suppress
as they arise, our selfish tendencies and tempers—our envy,
pride, indifference, hate, covetousness—than to be always
nervously trying (as Fénélon does) to catch that Proteus, Self,
in the abstract.
Finally, in the mischievous or unsuccessful forms of mysticism
we have the recorded result of a series of attempts to substitute
the inner light for the outer. When mysticism threw off external
authority altogether, it went mad—as we have seen in the
revolutionary pantheism of the Middle Age. When it incorporated
itself more and more in revealed truth, it became a benign power
—as on the eve of the Reformation. The testimony of history,
then, is repeatedly and decisively uttered against those who
imagine that to set aside the authority of Scripture would be to
promote the religious life of men. The Divine Spirit is with us yet;
and the healing, elevating wisdom of the inspired page
unexhausted still. The hope of our age lies, not in a conceited
defiance of controul, but in our ability more fully to apprehend the
counsels God Himself has given us. Argument may be evaded.
To speak in the name of religion may seem to beg the question.
But to resist the verdict of the past is not the part of any
thoughtful man. He who hopes to succeed in superseding letter
by spirit—in disseminating a gospel more spiritual than that of
scripture, by somehow dispensing with the vehicle which all truth
requires for its conveyance,—who hopes to succeed in any
attempt approaching this, where more powerful minds,
sometimes more favourably situated, have met only with defeat
—such a fanatic must be dismissed with pity as totally incurable.
It grows late. Good night all. If I can get back earlier I will.
Yours,
Henry Atherton.
CHAPTER II.
Browning.