EE330 (Advanced Electrical Circuits) WEEK 1

ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖𝑅 → 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤

𝑑𝑖
Electrical Transient is a period of disturbance in an electrical 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
circuit, in which the circuit needed to settle its behavior from its d
disturbed state to a steady state. Transient disturbance is caused as V − (i)R − L (i) = 0 → eqn. 2 (take laplace transform)
dt
a result of switching on and off of electrical circuits. It usually lasts d
ℒ [V = (i)R + L (i)] → eqn. 3
for about few tenth of a second (hence it is called transient or dt
momentary). d
ℒ(V) = ℒ[(i)R] + ℒ [L (i)] → eqn. 4
dt
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 1, the circuit draws the current
i(t) after the switch is closed. Recall:
𝑐
ℒ𝑐 = → 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑠
switch on at t = 0 ℒ𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ[𝑐 • 𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝑐 • 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑
ℒ [ 𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝑠 • 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
i(t) = current at any 𝑑𝑡
DC i(t)
time “t”
Note that V in eqn. 4 is a constant since it is a dc voltage, therefore:

Figure 1: Electrical circuit V

= RI + L(sI − i(0))
s
Figure 2 shows the plotted waveform of the current after switching.
There are two components of the circuit current as shown, the I = I(s) 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
disturbed part or the transient period and the steady state period or i = i(t) 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑡)
the forced response period. Notice that after a certain time Ts, the
transient current of the circuit ceased to exist leaving the steady state i(0) = current at t = 0 or current before the switch is closed
response alone as the circuit
V
= RI + L(sI − 0) → 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
s
Transient response Steady state response
V
Current (i) = RI + L(sI)
s
Settling value /
steady state value
Solving for I;

V
I= → 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝐿
s(R + sL)
V/L
I= → 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
R
s ( + s)
L
Time (sec) V/L a b
Settling time, Ts
I= = + → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 5
R s R
s ( + s) s+
Figure 2: Output current of the circuit L L

Using algebraic computation:

V V
In general transient disturbances are produced whenever, a= and b = −
R R
a) an apparatus or circuit is suddenly connected or disconnected Taking inverse Laplace transform in eqn. 5
from the supply
b) a circuit is shorted and
c) there is a sudden change in the applied voltage from one finite V/R V/R
ℒ −1 (I) = ℒ −1 ( − )
value to another s R
s+
L
V V
DC TRANSIENTS IN R – L CIRCUIT i = − e−(R/L)t
R R
𝐕
Consider the series R – L (resistor – inductor) circuit in Figure 3. 𝐢 = (𝟏 − 𝐞−(𝐑/𝐋)𝐭 ) → 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 "𝑡"
𝐑
t=0

Food for the brain

R VR

If time “t” is allowed to approach to infinity, then the current

V
expression becomes
L VL V
i i= (1 − e−(R/L)∞ )
R
V
i = (1 − e−∞ )
R
Figure 3: Series R-L circuit
Recall that any number raised to negative infinity is approximately
equal to zero
Taking KVL in the circuit, we have:
V
V − VR − VL = 0 → eqn. 1 i= (1 − 0 )
R
EE330 (Advanced Electrical Circuits) WEEK 1

V
i= → familiar?
R
The resulting expression is the equation famously discovered by SOURCE FREE R-L CIRCUIT
Georg Simon Ohm (known as ohm’s law).
A source – free circuit is one where all independent sources have
been disconnected from the circuit after some switching action. The
voltages and currents in the circuit typically will have some transient
V i R i = V/R response due to initial conditions (initial capacitor voltages and
initial inductor currents).

Figure 4 R1 R2
a b

However, the Ohm’s law is valid only for the circuit in Figure 4, so
what happened to the inductor after the switch is closed for a very
long time? V
L

Answer

Figure 7
Recall that in DC circuits, inductors are not included in the circuit
Consider the circuit in Figure 7. When the switch is in position a, the
analysis. The main reason is that the inductor terminals will be
R-L circuit is connected to the dc source hence it draws current i
replaced by a shorted wire as time approaches infinity. That means
from the source as indicated in Figure 8.
that an inductor at steady state analysis will act as a shorted
conductor.
R1
a

R R
V i V i
L (SHORTED) V
Io L

R-L circuit At steady state

Figure 5
Figure 8
However it must be noted that before the inductor act as a shorted
wire, the inductor is known to be at the “storage phase” because
After the switch is transferred to position b, the circuit is now a
the inductor is storing energy in its magnetic field.
source free (no constant source connected) R-L circuit as shown
below. However, an inductor opposes any change in current (known
Current drawn by an R-L circuit = steady state + transient state
as inductance) thereby the initial current flowing in the inductor will
not drop to zero immediately after the transfer of switch position.
𝐕
𝐢= (𝟏 − 𝐞−(𝐑/𝐋)𝐭 ) Hence, the condition is called source free because the inductor will
𝐑
momentarily supply the external circuit with the current initially
V flowing through it.
→ steady state, means that teh inductor will be shorted eventually
R
R2
b
V −(𝐑/𝐋)𝐭
𝐞 → transient state, this will cease to exist as time goes by
R

transient steady state Io L

i(t)
Figure 9

V/R
Since the energy stored in an inductor is not constant, the current
that the inductor can inject to the external circuit will eventually
drop to zero.

Taking KVL in the circuit, we have:

t VL = VR

Figure 6: Graph of the current with respect to time d

L (i) = (i)R → (take laplace transform)
dt
d
ℒ [L (i) = (i)R]
Time constant (TC) in RL circuit = the time for the current to reach dt
63.2% of its final value or the time for the negative exponent e to d
ℒ [L (i)] = ℒ [(i)R]
become unity dt

L Recall:
TC = → RL circuit, (seconds) ℒ𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠)
R
ℒ[𝑐 • 𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝑐 • 𝐹(𝑠)
EE330 (Advanced Electrical Circuits) WEEK 1

𝑑 t i t i
ℒ [ 𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝑠 • 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
𝑑𝑡 0.061 3.997351 0.081 3.99976
L(sI − i(0)) = RI 0.062 3.997651 0.082 3.999787
0.063 3.997916 0.083 3.999811
I = I(s) 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) 0.064 3.998152 0.084 3.999832
i = i(t) 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑡) 0.065 3.998361 0.085 3.999851
0.066 3.998546 0.086 3.999868
i(0) = current at t = 0 or current before the switch is closed 0.067 3.998711 0.087 3.999883
0.068 3.998857 0.088 3.999896
L(sI − Io ) = RI → 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 (0) 𝑖𝑠 𝐼𝑜 0.069 3.998986 0.089 3.999908
0.07 3.999101 0.09 3.999918
Io (L) = RI + L(sI) 0.071 3.999202 0.091 3.999928
0.072 3.999292 0.092 3.999936
Solving for I; 0.073 3.999372 0.093 3.999943
0.074 3.999443 0.094 3.99995
Io (𝐿) 0.075 3.999506 0.095 3.999955
I= → 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝐿
R + sL 0.076 3.999562 0.096 3.99996
Io
I= → 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 0.077 3.999612 0.097 3.999965
R
s+ 0.078 3.999656 0.098 3.999969
L
𝐢 = 𝐈𝐨 𝐞−(𝐑/𝐋)𝐭 → 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 0.079 3.999695
0.08 3.999729
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
t=0

12Ω

48 V

0.1 H

Notice that the current settles to 4 A after a long period of time. This
1) For the R-L circuit given, obtain the following: is an indication that the inductor is at shorted stage where the only
a) instantaneous equation of the current acting element is the resistor thereby the current is V/R.
b) plot the graph of the current for the given circuit
c) current in the circuit 5 ms after closing the switch c)
d) voltage across the resistor at t = 5ms i = 4(1 − e−120t ) A
e) voltage across the inductor after −3
i = 4(1 − e−120(5x10 ) ) = 1.805 A
e.1) 1 TC
e.2) 2 ms
d)
f) energy consumed by the resistor from t = 0 to 5 ms
VR = iR
VR = (1.805)(12) = 21.66 V
SOLUTION 1
a)
e.1)
V
i= (1 − e−(R/L)t L 0.1
R t = 1TC = 1 ∗ ( ) = = 8.333x10−3 s
i = 4(1 − e−120t ) A R 12
d
VL = L i
dt
b) d
current can be plotted manually or using excel or any other graphing VL = (0.1) 4(1 − e−120t )|8.333x10−3 → use calcu to calculate directly
dt
software VL = 17.66 volts
t i t i t i
0 0 0.021 3.6782 0.041 3.9708 This can be done also by manually taking the derivative then
0.001 0.45232 0.022 3.7146 0.042 3.97411 substituting the time to the resulting expression
0.002 0.85349 0.023 3.7468 0.043 3.97703
0.003 1.20929 0.024 3.7755 0.044 3.97963 e.2)
0.004 1.52487 0.025 3.8009 0.045 3.98193 d
0.005 1.80475 0.026 3.8234 0.046 3.98398 VL = (0.1) 4(1 − e−120t )|2x10−3 → use calcu to calculate directly
dt
0.006 2.05299 0.027 3.8433 0.047 3.98579 VL = 37.76 volts
0.007 2.27316 0.028 3.8611 0.048 3.9874
0.008 2.46843 0.029 3.8768 0.049 3.98882 f)
0.009 2.64162 0.03 3.8907 0.05 3.99008 Energy = (power)(time) = (i2 R)t
0.01 2.79522 0.031 3.9031 0.051 3.99121
0.011 2.93146 0.032 3.914 0.052 3.9922 E = ∫ Pdt
0.012 3.05229 0.033 3.9237 0.053 3.99308 0.005

0.013 3.15946 0.034 3.9324 0.054 3.99386 E=∫ (4 − 4e−120t )2 (12)dt = 0.075 watt − sec = 0.075 J
0
0.014 3.2545 0.035 3.94 0.055 3.99456
0.015 3.3388 0.036 3.9468 0.056 3.99517
0.016 3.41357 0.037 3.9528 0.057 3.99572
0.017 3.47989 0.038 3.9582 0.058 3.9962
0.018 3.5387 0.039 3.9629 0.059 3.99663
0.019 3.59086 0.04 3.9671 0.06 3.99701
EE330 (Advanced Electrical Circuits) WEEK 1

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 f)

12Ω 10Ω
a b

120 v
1H

Figure 10

Referring to the circuit in Figure 10, assuming that the switch is in

position “a” for a very long time (infinity), obtain the following:
t i t i t i t i t i
a) current drawn by the circuit 0 10 0.21 1.2246 0.41 0.16573 0.61 0.02243 0.81 0.003035
b) energy stored in the inductor 0.01 9.0484 0.22 1.108 0.42 0.14996 0.62 0.02029 0.82 0.002747
0.02 8.1873 0.23 1.0026 0.43 0.13569 0.63 0.01836 0.83 0.002485
c) voltage across the 12 ohm resistor 0.03 7.4082 0.24 0.9072 0.44 0.12277 0.64 0.01662 0.84 0.002249
d) voltage across the inductor 0.04 6.7032 0.25 0.8208 0.45 0.11109 0.65 0.01503 0.85 0.002035
0.05 6.0653 0.26 0.7427 0.46 0.10052 0.66 0.0136 0.86 0.001841
0.06 5.4881 0.27 0.6721 0.47 0.09095 0.67 0.01231 0.87 0.001666
Assuming that the switch is transferred to position b at t = 0, obtain 0.07 4.9659 0.28 0.6081 0.48 0.0823 0.68 0.01114 0.88 0.001507
the following: 0.08 4.4933 0.29 0.5502 0.49 0.07447 0.69 0.01008 0.89 0.001364
0.09 4.0657 0.3 0.4979 0.5 0.06738 0.7 0.00912 0.9 0.001234
e) expression of the source free current 0.1 3.6788 0.31 0.4505 0.51 0.06097 0.71 0.00825 0.91 0.001117
f) graph of the source free current with respect to time 0.11 3.3287 0.32 0.4076 0.52 0.05517 0.72 0.00747 0.92 0.00101
0.12 3.0119 0.33 0.3688 0.53 0.04992 0.73 0.00676 0.93 0.000914
g) voltage across the 10 ohms resistor after 0.05 sec 0.13 2.7253 0.34 0.3337 0.54 0.04517 0.74 0.00611 0.94 0.000827
h) current after 1TC 0.14 2.466 0.35 0.302 0.55 0.04087 0.75 0.00553 0.95 0.000749
i) energy stored in the inductor at t = 0.05sec 0.15 2.2313 0.36 0.2732 0.56 0.03698 0.76 0.005 0.96 0.000677
0.16 2.019 0.37 0.2472 0.57 0.03346 0.77 0.00453 0.97 0.000613
j) energy dissipated by the 10 ohm resistor from t = 0 to t = 0.05 sec 0.17 1.8268 0.38 0.2237 0.58 0.03028 0.78 0.0041 0.98 0.000555
k) voltage across the resistor at t = infinity 0.18 1.653 0.39 0.2024 0.59 0.02739 0.79 0.00371 0.99 0.000502
0.19 1.4957 0.4 0.1832 0.6 0.02479 0.8 0.00335 1 0.000454
l) energy stored in the inductor at t = infinity

The above table can be used to plot the graph manually.

SOLUTION 2

Notice that as time goes by, the source free current drops to zero
a)
(decay exponentially).
12Ω 12Ω
120V i 120 V i g)
1H (SHORTED) V10 = iR
V10 = (10e−10t )(10)
R-L circuit At steady state V10 = (10e−10(0.05) )(10) = 60.65 V

h)
At infinity, the inductor is shorted:
t = 1TC = L/R
V 120 i = 10e−10(1/10) = 3.68 A
i= = = 10A
R 12
i)
b) 1
W = i2 L → energy stored in an inductor
1 2
W = i2 L → energy stored in an inductor 1 2
2 W = ((10e−10(0.05) )) (1) = 18.4 J
1 2
W = (10)2 (1) = 50J
2
Note: The energy stored in the inductor decreases as compared to the
c) initial energy in (b). This is because the inductor is acting as a current
V12 = (10)(12) = 120 V source to the external resistor, the inductor is basically giving off its
stored energy to the resistor.
d)
VL = 0 volt → shorted j)
Energy = (power)(time) = (i2 R)t
e) E = ∫ Pdt
10Ω
b 0.05
E=∫ (10e−10t )2 (10)dt = 31.6 watt − sec = 31.6 J
0

10 A 1H
Note: The energy initially stored in the inductor is 50 J as given in (b).
0.05 sec after switching, the inductor gives off 31.6J of energy to the
external resistor as given in (j) such that the remaining stored energy
in the inductor after 0.05 sec is 18.4J as given in (i).
Figure 11
k)
i = Io e(−R/L)t → source free current V10 = iR = 0 volts → current is zero at infinity
i = 10e−10t A
l)
1
W = i2 L = 0 J → current is zero at infinity
2