EE 4: DC MACHINES

Total conductors (Z) PROBLEM 2: A six pole, lap wound armature has 250 2. Self excited generators are those generators
DC GENERATORS conductors when driven at 400 rpm the emf generated is whose field magnets are energized by the current
Z = (elements per slot) * (total number of slots) 260 volt. What is the useful flux per pole produced by the generators themselves.
A. 50 mWb C. 52 mWb
ARMATURE WINDINGS B. 51 mWb D. 53 mWb These generators can be divided in accordance with
Number of brushes how the field winding is connected into generators, as
Lap Winding: In lap winding, the conductors are PROBLEM 3: A six pole, wave sound armature has 640 follows:
joined in such a way that their parallel paths and poles conductors. If the flux per pole is 16 mWb at what speed
Lap winding = P i. Series wound generators
are equal in number. The end of each armature coil is must be driven in order to generate 256 volts
Wave winding = 2 ii. Shunt wound generators
connected to the adjacent segment on the commutator. A. 480 rpm C. 600 rpm iii. Compound wound generators
It forms a loop as it expands the armature core. B. 500 rpm D. 550 rpm
Number of Parallel Paths in the armature A) Short shunt B) Long shunt

Lap winding = mP
Wave = 2m
Series wound:
Types of Winding m TYPES OF D.C. GENERATORS
Simplex 1 (i). Ia = ISe = IL = I
According to method of excitation D.C. generators are
Duplex 2
classified as follows: (ii). VL = Eg – I (Ra + Rse)
Triplex 3
(iii). Power developed, Pdev = Eg I
1. Separately excited generators are those
Wave Winding: In wave winding, only two parallel generators whose field magnets are energized from (iv). Power delivered, Pdel = V I
paths are provided between the positive and negative E.M.F. EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR
an independent external source of D.C. current.
brushes. The finishing end of the one armature coil is
connected to the starting end of the other armature coil E.m.f. equation of a generator is given as follows:
commutator segment at some distance apart.
𝐏𝐍𝐙𝛗
𝐄=
𝟔𝟎𝐚
where Eg = generated e.m.f. per parallel path in
armature,
p = number of poles,
 = flux/pole, Wb,
Z = total number of conductors,
N = rotational speed of armature. r.p.m.,
a = number of parallel paths in armature
Number of Conductors per slot if not specified PROBLEM 4: The terminal voltage of a separately
excited DC generator with constant excitation is PROBLEM 5: A dc series generator is supplying a
constant and is equal to 250 V. Determine the current of 5 A to a series lighting system through a
Types of Winding Elements per slot PROBLEM 1: A four pole wave wound armature has 122 feeder of total resistance, 1 ohm. The terminal voltage
percentage reduction of speed when the load changes
Simplex 2 conductors and runs at 1200 rev/min. If the flux per pole is is 2500 volts. The armature and series field resistances
from 250 kW to 150 kW. The armature resistance is
Duplex 4 25 mWb, find e.m.f generated are 18 and 15 ohms, respectively. A 30 ohm diverter
A. 120 volts C. 122 volts 0.012  and total contact drop at brushes = 2V.
Triplex 6 resistance is shunted across the series field. Determine
B. 121 volts D. 123 volts Neglect armature reaction.
A. 1.82% C. 2.52% the generated power of the generator.
B. 2.22 % D. 1.52% A. 13.23kW C. 10.36 kW
B. 11.24kW D. 14.62kW

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 EE 4: DC MACHINES

II. Shunt wound: III. Compound Wound: B. Long Shunt Compound LOSSES IN A D.C. GENERATOR

(i). Ish = V / Rsh A. Short Shunt Compound (i). Ish = V / Rsh The total losses in a D.C. generator are
(ii). Ia = IL + Ish (ii). Ia =Ise = IL + Ish summarized below:
(iii). VL = Eg – IaRa (i). Ise = IL (iii). VL = Eg – IaRa -IaRse Armature copper loss (= Ia2
Ra): 30 to 40% of full load
(iv). Power developed, Pdev = Eg Ia (ii) Ish = (VL + Ise Rse )/ Rsh (iv). Power developed, Pdev = Eg Ia Copper losses
losses
20 to
30% of
Shunt copper loss (= Ish2 Rsh
(v). Power delivered, Pdel = VL IL (iii). Ia = IL + Ish (v). Power delivered, Pdel = VL IL or VIsh in shunt generators),
full load
losses
practically constant
(iv). VL = Eg – IaRa– IseRse Series copper loss (= Ise2 Rse
in series generators)
(v). Power developed, Pdev = Eg Ia (The loss due to brush
contact resistance is usually
(vi). Power delivered, Pdel = VL IL included in the armature
copper loss) 1.6
Hysteresis loss (Ph =  B max f V)
Total Iron
losses Eddy current loss (Pe = k B2max f2 t2 V)
losses

(These losses are practically constant for

shunt and compound wound generators)

Mechanical Friction
10 to 20% of full load
losses
Windage losses

PROBLEM 6: A shunt generator supplied 500 A at 500

V. Calculate its generated e.m.f. if its armature and
shunt field resistances are 0.02  and 125  PROBLEM 9: A long shunt compound generator is POWER STAGES AND EFFICIENCIES
respectively. connected with the terminal voltage of 300 V and
A. 514.08 V C. 512.08 V supplies the current of 80 A. The armature, series field The various power stages in case of a D.C. generator
B. 502.08 V D. 510.08 V and shunt field have resistance, 0.05 ohm, 0.03 ohm are given below:
PROBLEM 8: A short shunt compound dc generator and 60 ohm, respectively. Calculate the generated emf.
PROBLEM 7: An 8-pole dc shunt generator with 778 A. 316.8 V C. 306.8 V
wave connected armature conductors and running at delivers a load current of 30 A at 220 V and has Mechanical power Iron & Electrical power Electric
armature, series field and shunt field resistances of B. 308.4 V D. 307.4 V input friction developed in Cu power
500 rpm supplies a load of 12.5 ohms resistance at a (Output of driving armature output
terminal voltage of 50 V. The armature resistance is 0.05 ohm, 0.03 ohm, and 200 ohms respectively. engine) losses = EgIa losses VI Watts

0.24 ohm and the field resistance is 25 ohms. Find the Calculate the generated voltage (allow 1 V for brush
flux per pole in mWb. contact drop).
A. 9.83 C. 12.36 A. 223.45 V C. 220.45 V Power stages in a D.C. generator

B. 7.24 D. 10.62 B. 225.45 V D. 218.45 V

1. Mechanical efficiency (m) :

electrical power developed by armature

m 
total mechanical power input
EgIa

B.H.P. of power mover × 746

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 EE 4: DC MACHINES

2. Electrical efficiency (e) : PROBLEM 11: The output of a shunt generator is 66 DC MOTORS ARMATURE TORQUE AND POWER
amp at 100 volts. Armature resistance 0.04 ohm., shunt DEVELOPED IN DC MOTOR
useful electrical power output VI field resistance 25 ohm. If the total efficiency at this
e  
electrical power developed E gIa load is 88% find Iron and friction losses E.M.F. EQUATION OF A MOTOR Power developed in the armature
A. 301 watts C. 303 watts
B. 302 watts D. 304 watts E.m.f. equation of a generator is given as follows:
𝐏𝐝 = 𝐄𝐛 𝐈𝐚
3. Overall or commercial efficiency
(og=m x e) :
𝐏𝐍𝐙𝛗
PARALLELING OF DC GENERATORS 𝐄𝐛 = Power in relation to Torque and Speed
𝟔𝟎𝐚
The overall efficiency of generator can be
1. The polarities of the generators must be same. where Eg = generated e.m.f. per parallel path in
expressed as follows:
2. The voltages should be nearly identical so that each
𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐓
armature, 𝐏𝐝 =
useful electrical power output machine will contribute. p = number of poles 𝟔𝟎
ηog =
total mechanical power input 3. The change of voltage with change of load should be  = flux/pole, Wb,
useful power output of the same character. Z = total number of conductors, Torque, Armature Current and Flux relationship
og  4. The prime movers that drive the generators should
useful power output  total losses = number of slots x number of
have similar and stable rotational speed characteristics. conductors/slot,

VI 𝐏𝐙𝛗𝐈𝐚
VI  total losses N = rotational speed of armature. r.p.m., 𝐓=
PROBLEM 12: Two shunt generators are operating in a = number of parallel paths in armature 𝟐𝛑𝐚
For good generators the value of overall or commercial parallel to deliver a total current of 3000 A. The rating
efficiency may be as high as 95%. of each generator are as follows: Generator 1: No load For simplex lap winding, a = P Z, P and a are held constants
voltage = 125 V, Rated voltage = 110 V, Rated kW = Simplex wave winding, a = 2 𝐓𝟐 𝐈𝐚𝟐 𝛗𝟐
200; Generator 2: No load voltage = 125 V, Rated Let m = multiplexing of the winding, then 𝐓 = 𝐤 𝛗𝐈𝐚 =
voltage = 115 V; Rated kW = 250. Find the bus bar 𝐓𝟏 𝐈𝐚𝟏 𝛗𝟏
For a Lap winding, a = mP
where E = generated e.m.f. voltage. For a wave winding, a = 2m
g A. 112.36 V C. 110.36V Equivalent Output Torque or Useful Torque
V = terminal voltage B. 118.56 V D. 116.14 V
I = load current
I = armature current INDUCED EMF, SPEED AND FLUX RELATIONSHIP 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐓
a PROBLEM 13: Two identical shunt generators A and B 𝐇𝐩 =
are connected in parallel to supply a total load current
Eb = kNφ 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟎
PROBLEM 10: The field current of a 180 kW, 250 of 1000 A. Each machine has a field resistance of 80 Ω
volts DC shunt generator is 6 A when running full-load and an armature resistance of 0.02 Ω. The induced emf N, Speed in rpm
at rated terminal voltage. If the combined armature of generators A and B are 250 and 240 V, respectively. 𝐄𝐛𝟐 𝐍𝟐 𝛗𝟐 T, Torque in N-m
and brush resistance is 0.02 ohm, solve for the Determine the current delivered by generator A. =
mechanical efficiency of the generator. A. 750 A C. 550 A 𝐄𝐛𝟏 𝐍 𝟏 𝛗𝟏 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐓
Select one: B. 650 A D. 700 A 𝐇𝐩 =
A. 91.87% C. 94.05% 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
B. 92.13% D. 93.73% PROBLEM 14: A dc motor is running at a speed of
1200 rpm at a given flux and back emf. If the flux is N, Speed in rpm
increased by 40% while the back emf is reduced by T, Torque in lb-ft
20%, the motor speed will become____.
A. 585.71 rpm C. 758.51 rpm
B. 685.71 rpm D. 857.51 rpm

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PROBLEM 15: A motor develops a torque of 120 lb-ft PROBLEM 19: A series motor, having an armature PROBLEM 21: A shunt motor, which has a field
and is subjected to a 15% reduction in the field flux, SERIES WOUND MOTORS resistance of 0.1 ohm and a field resistance of 0.15 resistance of 220 ohms and an armature resistance of
which in turn resulted to 30% increase in armature ohm, takes 48 A at 230 V and 720 rpm. The total core 0.8 ohm takes 26 A from a 260 V supply when running
current. Calculate the new torque produced as a result (i) Back e.m.f.: and friction losses are 650 W, neglecting stray-load and at 500 rpm on full load. In order to control the speed of
of this change. E = Vs – Ia (R + R ) brush-contact losses, calculate output power at the the motor a 1.2-ohm resistor is connected in series with
A. 125.6 lb-ft C. 115.7 lb-ft b a se shaft. the armature. Calculate the speed at which the motor
B. 132.6 lb-ft D. 155.4 lb-ft (ii) I = I = Is A. 13.16 HP C. 15.16 HP will run when supplying full load torque.
a se
(iii) Power Input = VsIs B. 14.16 HP D. 12.16 HP A. 438 rpm C.424 rpm
PROBLEM 16: A simplex lap wound armature has 580 B. 445 rpm D. 472 rpm
(iv) Power developed,
conductors and carries a current of 125 ampere per
P =E I
armature current path. If the flux per pole is 20 mWb, dev b a SHUNT WOUND MOTORS PROBLEM 22: A 220 V DC shunt motor draws a no-
calculate the electromagnetic torque developed by the load armature current of 2.5 A when running at 1400
armature. (i) IS = Ia + Ish rpm. Determine its speed when taking an armature
A. 210.64 N-m C. 230.77 N-m current of 60 A, if armature reaction weakens the flux
(ii) Ish = Vs/Rsh
B. 252.72 N-m D. 207.63 N-m by 3%. Take armature resistance = 0.2 .
(iii) Back emf, Eb = Vs – IaRa A. 1368 rpm C. 1468 rpm
(iv) Power Input = VsIs B. 1268 rpm D. 1168 rpm
TYPES OF DC MOTORS (v) Power developed = EbIa
PROBLEM 23: A shunt motor has an armature
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR resistance of 0.2 . It takes 120 A from 440-V supply
and runs at 800 rpm. If total torque developed is
(i) Back e.m.f.: unchanged, calculate the speed if the magnetic field is
E = Vs – Ia (R ) reduced to 60% of the initial value.
b a A. 1282 rpm C. 1232 rpm
(ii) I = I B. 1152 rpm D. 1212 rpm
a s
Also, in series motors, Torque is proportional to the
armature current.
𝐓 = 𝐤 𝛗𝐈𝐚
But for series,
𝛗 = 𝐤 𝛗𝐈𝐚

Thus, 𝐓 = 𝐤 𝐈𝐚 𝟐 PROBLEM 20: The shaft power of a shunt

motor is 7.8 hp. It draws 50 A from 120 V. The
field winding draws 1.2 A. What is the efficiency
of the motor?
PROBLEM 18: A 400 V series motor has a field A. 94.7% C. 96.9%
PROBLEM 17: A separately excited motor at 1045 resistance of 0.2 ohm and an armature resistance of B. 93% D. 98.2%
rpm, with a constant field current, while taking an 0.1 ohm. The motor takes 30 A of current at 1000 rpm
armature current of 50 A at 120 V. the armature while developing full-load torque. What is the motor
resistance is 0.1 ohm. If the load on the motor speed when this motor develops 60% of full load
changes such that it now takes 95 A at 120 V, torque?
determine the motor speed at the load. A. 1297.6 rpm C. 1257.6 rpm
B. 1197.6 rpm D. 1217.6 rpm
A. 994 rpm C. 1104 rpm
B. 1014 rpm D. 1004 rpm
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 EE 4: DC MACHINES

COMPOUND WOUND MOTORS: Short Shunt Compound

(i) Is = Ia + Ish
Long Shunt Compound (ii) Ish = Vs/Rsh

(i) Is = Ia + Ish (iii) Back emf, Eb = Vs – Ia Ra - Is Rse

(ii) Ish = Vs/Rsh (iv) Power Input = VsIs

(iii) Back emf, Eb = Vs – Ia (Ra + Rse) (v) Power developed = EbIa

(iv) Power Input = VsIs

(v) Power developed = EbIa

PROBLEM 25: The input current to a 220 V, short

shunt compound motor at no-load is 6 A. The shunt
PROBLEM 24: A long shunt compound motor takes a field circuit resistance is 220 ohms, the armature
current of 42 A from a 230 V source. Armature, series resistance is 0.10 ohm and the series field resistance is
field and shunt field resistances are 0.1 ohm, 0.2 ohm 0.08 ohm. What is the stray power loss?
and 50 ohms respectively. If the friction and windage A. 1.07kW C. 1.27 kW
losses amount to 400 W, determine the over-all B. 1.57kW D. 1.77 kW
efficiency of the machine.
A. 79.55 % C. 82.55 %
B. 75.55 % D. 80.55 %

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