ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL

+
ART AND CULTURE

ANCIENT HISTORY----
2011--4QUE
2012—4QUE
2013—6QUE
2014—3QUE
2015—3QUE
2016—7QUE HAR 2-3 SAAL BAAD NO. OF QUESTIONS BDHE
2017—3QUE
2018—2QUE
2019—2QUE
2020—9QUE
2021—3QUE
2022—3QUE

TOTAL AVERAGE---
4QUE PER YEAR
TOPICS OR CHAPTERS---- PYQ NUMBERS
1] STONE AGE 0 QUE
2]THE HARAPPAN OR IVC 3 QUE
3]THE ARYANS 4 QUE
4]BUDDHISM AND JAINISM 12 QUE
5]MAGADH AND 16 MAHAJANPADHS 0 QUE
6]MAURYAS 4 QUE
7]INVASION OF OTHER TRIBES 0 QUE
8]SATVAHANAS AND SOUTH 2 QUE
9]GUPTA AGE 8 QUE
1O]HARSHA AND HIS TIMES 2 QUE
11]FORMATION OF NEW STATES 1 QUE
12]SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION 3 QUE
13]INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 2 QUE

STARTING OF TIMELINE AND ACTIVITES

PRE HISTORY –5LAKHBC -6000BC

PALEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC NEOLITHIC

5LAKH TO 10K BC 10K TO 6K 6K TO 3K BC

USKE BAAD 400 SAAL KA GAP RYA

THE INDUS VALLEY OR HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

2600BC TO 1800BC

CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE 1800-1500BC

ADVENT OF ARYANS 1500 BC [START OF VEDIC]

EARLY VEDIC PERIOD [1500-1000BC]
LATER VEDIC PERIOD [1000-600BC]

RISE OF RELIGIONS LIKE BUDDHISM AND JAINISM

[563BC—483BC]

RISE OF 16 MAHAJANPADHS WITH RELIGION ONLY

6TH CENTURY [MOST POWERFUL MAGADH]
MAGADH HARYANKA DYNASTY

SHISHUNAGA DYNASTY

NANDA DYNASTY

MAURYA DYNASTY [321 BC]

MAURYA DYNASTY [321BC]

CHANDRA GUPTA MAURYA

BINDUSAR

ASHOKA [ 232BC]

MAURYA DYNASTY ENDED IN 185BC

AFTER MAURYAS INDIA WAS DIVIVED AND RULLED BY MANY

DYNASTY AND DIFFERENT DYNASTY WERE RULLING
DIFFERENT PARTS OF COUNTRY AT TIME.

LAST RULER WAS KILLED BY PUSHYAMITRA SHUNGA AND

ESTABLISHED SHUNGA DYNASTY

INDIA WAS DIVIDED IN 3 INSIDE AND 4 OUTSIDER DYNASTY

1]SHUNGA[185 BC—73BC] later defeated by kanva

RULLED AREA-- BELOW

2] KANVA [72BC TO 28 BC] later defated BY SATVAHANAS
3] SATVAHANAS[30 BC TO 225AD] defeated by sakas.

4]INDOGREEK[180BC—55BC] LATER INDOGREEKS WERE

DEFEATED BY SHAKAS AND RULLED THEIR AREA
5]SHAKAS OR INDO SCYTHIANS[55BC—78AD] LATER
DEFEATED BY KUSHANAS AND PARTHIANS.

6] PARTHIANS [NOT CLEAR 1ST CENUTRY ME HI KHTM]

CAME ON THE PLACE OF SHAKAS AND RULLED
THERE LATER DEFEATED BY KUSHANS

7] KUSHAN EMPIRE[30AD—232AD]

ATER ALL THESE ALL TRIBES WERE DEFEATED AND GUPTA

RULE WAS STARTED IN MOST OF INDIA EXCEPT SOUTH.

GUPTA PERIOD
 [230AD—550AD]

AS WHOLE INDIA WAS RULLED BY GUPTAS ONLY

SOUTH WAS LEFT
DURING GUPTA RULE IT WAS RULLED BY
PALLAVAS AND CHALUKYAS
BUT LATER THEIR AREA WAS ACQUIRED AND
SOUTH WAS DIVIDED INTO 3 DUNASTIES—
CHOLA[9TH CENTURY TO 13TH CEN]
CHERA [9TH CENTURY TO 12TH CEN]
PANDAYA[6TH CENTURY TO 13TH CEN]
AFTER THE DECLINE OF GUPTAS MOST OF THE
INDIA WAS VACANT TO RULE AS IT WAS RULLED
BY-----
PUSHYABHUTI DYNASTY[550CE-647CE]
HARSHAWARDHANA MOST IMP
RULER

AFTER PUSHYABHUTI COMPLETE NORTH WAS

SHARED BETWEEN 3 DYNASTY---
three major kingdoms rose to prominence:
the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty in western India,[700AD]
the Pala dynasty in eastern India,[750AD]
the Rashtrakuta dynasty in central India.[750AD]

ANCIENT TIMELINE ENDS

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS AND OPTIONS.

TOPICS----------
1] THE STONE AGE --- 0 QUESTIONS.

2] THE HARAPPAN IR IVC---

Q1] Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:
1. It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present, did not
dominate the scene.

2. During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India. Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 ANSWER [C]

ANSWER YES IVC WAS A SECULAR CIVILIZATION, BUT RELIGION Indus valley
civilization lacks any monumental palaces, even though they had the engineering knowledge.
The religious ceremonies were largely confined to individual homes or small temples or in the
open air. Though the religious elements were present, there are no pieces of evidence of
religious dominance in any discovered settlement

• Farmers in indus valley civilization were the first to weave cotton textiles.
• Some of cotton textiles were unearthed in 1929 in mohemjodaro site which is
now in Pakistan. There was widespread use of cotton for manufacturing textiles in the
Harappan Civilisation.

Q2] Which of the following characterizes/characterize the people of Indus Civilization?

1. They possessed great palaces and temples

2. They worshipped both male and female deities

3. They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare

Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) None of the statements given above is correct.

ANSWER-[B]
1. They possessed great palaces and temples --Indus valley people did not possess great
palaces and temples rather the civilization was noted for its cities built of brick, roadside
drainage system and multistoried houses

2]
. They worshipped both male and female deities

They worshipped both male and female deities -Indus valley seals show swastika, animals
which is suggestive of their religious beliefs.
In view of large number of figurines found in Indus valley, some scholars believe they
worshipped mother goddess symbolizing fertility. They worshipped a father God who
might be a progenitor of the race and was a probably a prototype of Siva as the Lord of
the Animals.
3] They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare--- Indus valley people were peace loving.
They were never engaged in any war. However speculations have been rife that some tectonic
forces destroyed the civilization. Some historians are of the view that invasion of Aryans, sea
level changes, earthquakes might have brought the civilization to its end therefore people
employing horse drawn chariots in warfare is not true. Remains and artifacts ascribed to
domesticated horses are limited to Late Harappan times EARLY IVC PEOPLE DON’T
KNOW ABOUT HORSES.

Q3] 1.Which one of the following is not a Harappan site?

(a) Chanhudaro

(b) Kot Diji

(c) Sohgaura

(d) Desalpur

Answer: C

There are seven important cities in the Indus valley civilization:

1. Mohanjodaro
2. Harappa
3. Kalibangan
4. Lothal
 5. Chanhudaro
6. Dholavira
7. Banawali

IVC COMPLETE

3] THE ARYANS OR VEDIC PERIOD.

Q1] With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and Indus Valley people,
which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley
Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.

2. Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew only copper and
iron.

3. Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people
having been aware of this animal.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

ANSWER ) 1 and 3 only

[I] THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF USE OF COAT OF MAIL AND HELMET IN WARFARE INFACT USE OF
SWORDS ARROWS AND BOWS ALSO FOUND BY RIGVEDIC ARYANS AND NOT BY IVC PEOPLE.

[II] IVC PEOPLE KNEW COPPER AND GOLD BUT NOT IRON WHILE ARYANS KNEW IRON COPPER GOLD
AND SILVER SO STATEMENT 2 IN INCORRECT.

[III] NO EVIDENCE OF DOMESTICATION OF HORSES IN FOUND BY IVC PEOPLE BUT ARYANS USE HORSE
DOOWN CHARRIOTS .

Q2] 53. With reference to the guilds (Shreni) of ancient India that played a very important role in
the country’s economy, which of the following statements is/are correct?
 1. Every guild was registered with the central authority of the State and the king was the chief
administrative authority on them.

2. The wages, rules of work, standards and prices were fixed by the guild.

3. The guild had judicial powers over its own members.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below

(b) 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

(a) 1 and 2 only

ANSWER—2 AND 3 ONLY

Shrenis or Trade Guilds: The Ramayana and many plays from the Gupta period and Tamil
Sangam literature write in detail about the trade guilds or shrenis. These were professional
bodies of jewelers, weavers, ivory carvers, or even salt-makers who came together to
control quality production, create sound business ethics, maintain fair wages and prices,
sometimes operated as a cooperative, and controlled the entry of newcomers by laying
down high standards of craftsmanship and enforcing rules regarding
apprenticeship. Hence, statement 2 IS CORRECT.
Each guild had its own chief, assisted by others. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
These functionaries were selected with great care. Guild members were even entitled to
impeach and punish a chief found guilty of misconduct. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Q3] The religion of early Vedic Aryans was primarily of

(a) Bhakti

(b) image worship and Yajnas

(c) worship of nature and Yajnas

(d) worship of nature and Bhakti

ANSWER-[C]

The correct option is C Worship of nature and yajnas

Vedic deities were predominantly Indra, Agni (fire), Soma, Mitra – Varuna, Aryaman,
Bhaga & Amsa. They used to worship nature deities such as Surya (Sun), Vayu (Wind)
and Prithvi (Earth). Rivers specially Saraswati, were worshipped as the goddess. Yajna
was the mode of worship, which was the performance of sacrifices. It included Vedic
chants, samans singing and sacrificial mantra i.e. yajus.
Yajna involved sacrificing havan samagri in the fire while chanting the Vedic mantra
 Q4] The “dharma” and “rita” depict a central idea of ancient Vedic civilization of India. In this
context, consider the following statements:

1. Dharma was a conception of obligations and of the discharge of one’s duties to oneself and to
others.

2. Rita was the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the universe and all it
contained.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

ANSWER- [C] BOTH 1 AND 2

. 'Dharma' was a conception of obligation and of the discharge of one's duties to

oneself and to others.
22. 'Rita' was the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the
universe and all it contained.
Dharma (personal actions) signifies cosmic ordinance, often in connection with the sense of
natural law. Rita (impersonal law) refers to universal harmony in which all things in the world
have a proper function and place.

VEDIC PERIOD OR ARYANS COMPLETE.

4] BUDDHISM AND JAINISMQ1]

Q1] With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts

: 1. Nettipakarana 2. Parishishtaparvan

3. Avadanashataka 4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana

Which of the above are Jaina texts ?

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 2 and 4 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Answer – B
Option 1 is incorrect: The Nettipakarana is a Buddhist scripture contains methods
were taught by the Buddha’s disciple Kaccana as approved by the Buddha and that it
was recited at the First Buddhist Council.
Option 2 is correct: The Parishishtaparvan also known as the Sthaviravalicharitra is a
12th-century Sanskrit mahakavya by Hemachandra which details the histories of the
earliest Jain teachers.
Option 3 is incorrect: The Avadānaśataka (A Hundred Glorious Deeds) are Jataka
Stories (Buddhist tales). The stories are thematically organized into ten “books” that
portray the truth of the doctrine of karma (action) and the power of religious dĀna
(giving), faith, and devotion.
Option 4 is correct: Trishashthilkshana Mahapurana is a major Jain text composed
largely by Acharya Jinasena during the rule of Rashtrakutas

Q2]With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: Historical person Known as

1. Aryadeva __ Jaina scholar

2. Dignaga— Buddhist scholar

3. Nathamuni Vaishnava scholar

How many pairs given above are correctly matched ?

(a) None of the pairs

(b) Only one pair

(c) Only two pairs

(d) All three pairs

Answer - C Pair 1 is incorrect: Āryadeva (3rd century), a disciple of Nāgārjuna, is a

central figure in the development of early Indian Madhyamaka
philosophy. The Madhyamaka school of Buddhism, the followers of which are called
Mādhyamikas, was one of the two principal schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism
Pair 2 is correct: Dignāga, (born c. 480 CE—died c. 540), was a Buddhist logician
and author of the Pramāṇasamuccaya (“Compendium of the Means of True
Knowledge”), a work that laid the foundations of Buddhist logic.
Pair 3 is correct: Nathamuni founded a Sanskrit-Tamil school at Srirangam (Tamil Nadu
state), which continues to be a great Vaishnavite centre in South India.

Q3] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:

1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.

2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism

3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: b

Buddhism is majorly divided into Mahayana and Hinayana Sects. Hinayana, also called as
Theravadins, accept as authoritative the Pali canon of ancient Indian Buddhism and trace their
sectarian lineage back to the Elders (Sanskrit: Sthaviras; Pali: Theras), who followed in the
tradition of the senior monks of the first Buddhist sangha, or community. Thus, Theravada is
also called Sthaviravada. They don’t belong to Mahayana Buddhism. Hence, statement 1 is not
correct.

Lokottaravadins was one of the early Buddhist schools and was a branch of Mahasanghika
sect. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Mahasanghika was the early Buddhist school in India that, in its views of the nature of the
Buddha, was a precursor of the Mahayana tradition. The Mahasanghikas believed in a plurality
of buddhas who are supramundane (lokottara). The two main aspects of the Buddha can be
seen in Mahasaṃghika teachings: the true Buddha who is omniscient and omnipotent, and the
manifested forms through which he liberates sentient beings through his skillful means (upaya).
For the Mahasaṃghikas, the historical Gautama Buddha was merely one of these
transformation bodies (nirmanakaya), while the essential real Buddha was equated with the
Dharmakaya. Hence, statement 3 is correct

. Therefore, the correct answer is (b)

Q4] Consider the following:

1.Deification of the Buddha

2.Treading the path of Bodhisattvas

3.Image worship and rituals

Which of the above is/are the feature/ features of Mahayana Buddhism?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D
Mahayana Buddhism is one of the two major branches of Buddhism, the other being Theravada
Buddhism. It originated in India around the 1st century BCE and spread to various parts of Asia,
including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Mahayana Buddhism is characterized by its
emphasis on compassion and the liberation of all beings, as well as its belief in the existence of
bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who delay their own liberation to help others attain
enlightenment. The features of Mahayana Buddhism are as follows:

1. Deification of the Buddha: Mahayana Buddhism believes in the existence of multiple

Buddhas who have attained enlightenment and are worshipped as divine beings. This is in
contrast to Theravada Buddhism, which emphasizes the historical Buddha, Siddhartha
Gautama, as the only Buddha.
 2. Treading the path of Bodhisattavas: Mahayana Buddhism places a strong emphasis on the
ideal of the bodhisattva, an individual who seeks to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all
beings. Bodhisattvas are seen as compassionate beings who delay their own liberation to help
others attain enlightenment.
3. Image worship and rituals: Mahayana Buddhism has a rich tradition of image worship and
rituals, including the use of statues, paintings, and other visual representations of Buddhas and
bodhisattvas. These images are often used as objects of meditation and devotion. In
conclusion, Mahayana Buddhism is characterized by its emphasis on the deification of the
Buddha, the ideal of the bodhisattva, and the use of image worship and rituals.
These features have contributed to the development of a rich and diverse tradition of Buddhist
practice and philosophy.

Q5]With reference to the Indian History, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come
to save the world?

(a) Avalokiteshvara

(b) Lokesvara

(c) Maitreya

(d) Padmapani
ANSWER [C] MAITREYA

The universe of the Great Vehicle contains numerous Bodhisattvas, chief of whom, from the
earthly point of view, is Avalokiteshwar ("The Lord who Looks Down"), also called Padmapani
("The Lotus-Bearer") also called Lokesvara in Sanskrit (The Lord of the World). His special
attribute is compassion, and his helping hand reaches even to Avici, the deepest and most
unpleasant of the Buddhist purgatories.

Vajrapani, a sterner Bodhi-sattva, is the foe of sin and evil, and, like the god Indra, bears a
thunderbolt in his hand
The gentle Maitreya, the future Buddha, is worshipped as a Bodhisattva. Also worthy of mention
is Ksitigarbha, the guardian of the purgatories, who is thought of not as a fierce torturer, but
rather as the governor of a model prison, doing his best to make life tolerable for his charges,
and helping them to earn remission of sentence.

Q6] With reference to the religious practices in India, the "Sthanakvasi" sect belongs to

(a) Buddhism

(b) Jainism

(c) Vaishnavism

(d) Shaivism
ANSWER [B] JAINISM
Sthānakavāsī is a sect of Śvētāmbara Jainism founded by a merchant named Lavaji
in 1653 AD.
It believes that idol worship is not essential in the path of soul purification and
attainment of Nirvana/Moksha.
The sect is essentially a reformation of the one founded on teachings of Lonka, a
fifteenth-century Jain reformer.
Sthānakavāsins accept thirty-two of the Jain Agamas, the Śvētāmbara canon.
Śvētāmbarins who are not Sthānakavāsins are mostly part the Murtipujaka sect.

Q7] 8. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.
2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but
existed forever in a latent form.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER- [B]2ONLY
Sautrantikas and Sammtiyas as Buddhism sects.
So first statement is wrong. And Sarvasivadin sect of Buddhism believes that all
things exist, and exist continuously, in the past and the future as well as in the
present.
So second statement is right.

Q8] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.
3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to
it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER- [B]
The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana sect of Buddhism, not Hinayana. Therefore,
statement 1 is incorrect.
The correct statements are: 2
.Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment. This statement is correct.
Bodhisattva is a being who is motivated by great compassion and seeks to attain enlightenment
for the benefit of all sentient beings.
2. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.
This statement is also correct. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation until all
sentient beings have been liberated from suffering.
3. Therefore, the correct answer is option B - 2 and 3 only.
Q9] Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha?
1. Avanti
2. Gandhara
3. Kosala
4. Magadha
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 3 and 4 only
ANSWER-
Correct option is B)
Both the kingdoms of Gandhara and Kosala were related to Gautama Buddha's
life. His mother was a princess from the Kosalan dynasty. But the kingdoms of
Avanti and Magadha were not directly related to the life of Buddha. Instead
Magadha is closely related with Mahavira.

Q10] Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine?

1. The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance

2Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul.

3] Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

ANSWER-[D]
The Jain doctrine has so much stress on Karma, which is known by its uncompromising
sincerity and steadfast faith in dealing with Karma through penance and austerities. This
doctrine has no place for God's grace or God as the dispenser of fruits of deeds. This is
how the Santhara is one of the most revered acts in Jainism. The second and third
statements are also correct. The jain doctrine says that the Karma particles cover the soul
and to liberate the soul, that had to be ended.

Q11] With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common
to both Buddhism and Jainism?

1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment

2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas

 3. Denial of efficacy of rituals

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

ANSWER-Correct option is B)

Commonalities between Buddhism and Jainism

1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment: Buddhism advocated a middle path
that is the avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment.
On the other hand, Jainism advocated extreme penance and asceticism.
2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas: Both Buddhism and Jainism rejected the authority of
the Vedas, which were considered the sacred texts of Hinduism. They believed that true
knowledge and liberation could be attained through personal experience and introspection, rather
than relying on external scriptures.
3. Denial of efficacy of rituals: Both Buddhism and Jainism rejected the efficacy of rituals and
sacrifices in attaining spiritual liberation. They believed that true liberation could be attained
through inner purity and detachment from worldly desires.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B - 2 and 3 only.

Q12] . The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by
(a) Universal Law
(b) Universal Truth
(c) Universal Faith
(d) Universal Soul
ANSWER-Jainism does not support belief in a creator deity. According to the Jain doctrine, the
universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and motion) have always existed. All the
constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws.
Jainism is one of the oldest religions in the world and it is believed to have originated in India. It
is a religion that emphasizes on non-violence, compassion, and respect for all living beings.
One of the fundamental principles of Jainism is the belief in the existence of a universal law that
governs the world. Explanation:
• According to the Jain philosophy, the world is created and maintained by a universal law known
as Dharma. Dharma is the fundamental principle that governs the universe and everything that
exists within it.
• Dharma is believed to be eternal and unchanging, and it is the same for all living beings. It is
the force that controls the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and it is responsible for the existence
and maintenance of the universe.
• The Jain philosophy also believes in the existence of karma, which is the law of cause and
effect. According to this law, every action has a consequence, and the consequences of our
actions determine our future.
• The Jain philosophy emphasizes the importance of living a life of non-violence, compassion,
and respect for all living beings. It believes that all living beings, regardless of their size or form,
have a soul and should be treated with kindness and compassion.
• The Jain philosophy also believes in the existence of a universal soul, which is the source of all
life and consciousness. This universal soul is believed to be present in all living beings, and it is
the ultimate goal of Jainism to achieve a state of enlightenment where one can merge with the
universal soul. In conclusion, the Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained
by a universal law, which is responsible for the existence and maintenance of the universe. This
law is eternal and unchanging, and it governs the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. The Jain
philosophy emphasizes the importance of living a life of non-violence, compassion, and respect
for all living beings, and it believes in the existence of a universal soul, which is the ultimate goal
of human life.
Q13] Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism?
(a) The extinction of the flame of desire
(b) The complete annihilation of self
(c) A state of bliss and rest
(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension
ANSWER--
The correct option is A. The extinction of the flame of desire
Nirvana is the earliest and most common term used to describe the goal of the Buddhist
path. This term means the extinction of craving, or the extinction of the fires of
attachment, aversion and ignorance. In the Buddhist view, when these fires are
extinguished, suffering comes to an end, and one is released from the cycle of rebirth.
BUDDHISM AND JAINISM ENDS HERE
5]MAGADH AND 16 MAHAJANPADHS
0 QUESTIONS

6]MAURYA POST MAURYA---

Q1] 4. Consider the following pairs: Site of Ashoka's major rock edicts — Location in the State of
1. Dhauli —Odisha 2. Erragudi — Andhra Pradesh

3. Jaugada — Madhya Pradesh 4. Kalsi — Karnataka

How many pairs given above are correctly matched ?

(a) Only one pair

(b) Only two pairs

(c) Only three pairs

(d) All four pairs

Answer – B

Option b is the correct answer

The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka as well
as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire during
his reign from 269 to 232 BC
Pair 1 is correctly matched: Dhauli Rock edict is located in dhauli hills, close to 10
kms from Bhubneshwar in Odisha. The edicts are engraved on a large peace of rock,
written in Pali. The rock edict is located near the historical sight of the Kalinga war which
is said to transform Samrat Ashok
Pair 2 is correctly matched: Erragudi or Yerragudi rock edict is located in Kurnool
district in Andhra Pradesh. The inscriptions were one of the important treasures of
Mouryan king Ashoka (269-231 BCE) falling under major and minor rock inscriptions.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Jaugada is the second place in Odisha where there is
a major Ashokan rock edict. Ashoka’s inscription in Jaugada is on a rock face about 30
feet long and 15 feet high. The rock edict inscriptions, engraved in Prakrit language in
Brahmi script, have information about the better administrative policies based on
Ashoka’s humanitarian consideration.
Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: Kalsi is a small town located in between Chakrata and
Dehradun on the banks of Yamuna River in Uttarakhand. The site of Ashoka’s
inscriptions at Kalsi is singularly unique as it is the only place in North India where the
great Mauryan emperor has inscribed the set of the 14 rock edicts.

Q2] With reference to the scholars/litterateurs of ancient India, consider the following
statements:
1. Panini is associated with Pushyamitra Shunga.
2. Amarasimha is associated with Harshavardhana.
3. Kalidasa is associated with Chandra Gupta-II.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c
Pushyamitra’s Guru, Patanajali, one of the greatest geniuses in Indian history was a student of
another very famous genius Panini, has written Mahabhashya, a commentary on Panini’s
grammar and a very celebrated work on Sanskrit literary. 1 is incorrect.
Amarasimha was a Sanskrit grammarian and poet from ancient India, of whose personal history
hardly anything is known. He is said to have been "one of the nine gems that adorned the throne
of Vikramaditya," and according to the evidence of Xuanzang, this is the Chandragupta
Vikramaditya who flourished about CE 375. 2 is incorrect.
Chandragupta II (also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya) was one of the most powerful
emperors of the Gupta Empire in India. His rule spanned c. 380 – c. 415 CE during which the
Gupta Empire reached its peak. Kālidāsa was a Classical Sanskrit writer, widely regarded as the
greatest poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit language of India. His plays and poetry are primarily
based on the Vedas, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. 3 is correct.

Q3] Who among the following rulers advised his subjects through this inscription?
“Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other sects out of excessive devotion to his
own sect, with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather injures his own sect very
severely.”
(a) Ashoka (b) Samudragupta
(c) Harshavardhana (d) Krishnadeva Raya
Answer: a
Ashoka has been credited with the propagation of the tenets of the Buddhist sect.
Ashoka's dhamma (way of life) did not involve any worship to God or sacrifices, and
he thought that his duty towards his subjects was like that of a father towards his
son.
Ashoka's edicts and inscriptions contained instructions on religious matters
especially Buddhism and rules for the conduct of Bhikshuks.
Ashoka's inscriptions can be classified into Pillar Edicts. Major Rock Edicts, and
Minor Rock Edicts.
James Prinsep was the first person to decipher Ashoka’s edicts. The excerpt from
the12th Major Rock Edict reads: "Whosoever praises his religious sector blames
other sects out of excessive devotion to his own sect, with the view of glorifying his
own sect, he rather injures his own sect very severely".
Growth in essentials can be done in different ways, but all of them have as their root
restraint in speech, that is, not praising one's own religion, or condemning the
religion of others without good cause.
And if there is cause for criticism, it should be done in a mild way. But it is better to
honour other religions for this reason. By so doing, one's own religion benefits, and
so do other religions, while doing otherwise harms one's own religion and the
religions of others.
The inscriptions of other major rock edicts read-
First- Prohibits animal slaughter
Second- Care for man and animals
Third- Generosity to Brahmins
Fourth- Sound of Dhamma
Fifth- Slave right
Sixth- Welfare measure
Seventh- Tolerance for all religions
Eighth- Ashoka's first visit to Bodh Gaya
Ninth- Condemns popular ceremonies
Tenth- Disapproves of the individual's desire for glory
Eleventh- Elaborates on Dhamma
Thirteenth-Ashoka's victory over Kalinga
Fourteenth- Engraving of inscriptions installed in various parts of the country.

Q4] Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
(a) Georg Buhler (b) James Prinsep
(c) Max Muller (d) William Jones

ANSWER-The correct option is B

James Prinsep In 1837, James Prinsep deciphered the edicts of Ashoka

Q5] Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of
Sunga dynasty?
(a) Swapnavasavadatta (b) Malavikagnimitra

(c) Meghadoota (d) Ratnavali

ANSWER—[B] Malavikagnimitra.
Malavikagnimitra: It is the Sanskrit play written by Kalidasa in the 5th-century CE. It narrates the
love story of King Agnimitra, the Shunga Emperor at Vidisha. Agnimitra was the son of
Pushyamitra Shunga, founder of the Sunga dynasty. Kalidasa is the most distinguished dramatist
and he treated the rasa of love in all its possible manifestations.
Svapnavasavadattam is a Sanskrit play of six acts written by Bhasa.
Meghadoota is a Sanskrit poem by Kalidasa.
Ratnavali is a Sanskrit drama about a princess Ratnavali, and a king Udayana, written by
Harshvardhana.

MAURYA COMPLETE--------------

7] INVASION OF OTHER TRIBES 0 QUESTION

8] SATVAHANAS AND SOUTH

Q1] Consider the following events in the history of India
1. Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja

2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I

3. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka-I

4. Pala dynasty founded by Gopala

What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time?

(a) 2-1-4-3 (b) 3-1-4-2 (c) 2-4-1-3 (d) 3-4-1-2

Answer: c
The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th
century. They ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj. Under Bhoja (836-885 CE) and his
successor Mahendrapala I, the Pratihara Empire reached its peak of prosperity and power.
The Pallava dynasty existed from 275 CE to 897 CE in South India. Mahendravarman I (r. 600–
630 CE) contributed to the greatness of the Pallava dynasty. Some of the most ornate
monuments at Mamallapuram.
Parantaka Chola I (c. 907–955 CE) ruled the Chola kingdom in Tamil Nadu for forty-eight years,
annexing Pandya. Gopala (ruled c. 750s–770s CE) was the founder of the Pala Dynasty of
Bengal region of the India.
Therefore, the correct answer is (c).

Q2] With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements:

1. Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.

2. Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

ANSWER The twelfth century witnessed the emergence of a new movement in Karnataka, led by
a Brahmana named Basavanna (1106-68) who was initially a Jaina and a minister in the court of
a Chalukya king.

His followers were known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats (wearers of the
linga).The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the “pollution” attributed to certain groups
by Brahmanas. They also questioned the theory of rebirth.
These won them followers amongst those who were marginalised within the Brahmanical social
order. Siddhas (Sittars) Saiva school in Tamil Nadu which held the monotheistic puritan creed
and roundly condemned idolatry, there history are not known they seem to be known as most
active during 16th and 17th century.

SANGAM AND SOUTH DONE----

9] GUPTA AGE---
Q1] From the declines of Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh century,
which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India?

1. The Guptas of Magadha

2. The Paramaras of Malwa

3. The Pushyabhutis of Thanesar

4. The Maukharis of Kanauj

5. The Yadavas of Devagiri

6. The Maitrakas of Valabhi

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 5 (b) 1, 3, 4 and 6
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 5 and 6

ANSWER-Ans) b
Exp) Option b is correct.
From the decline of Guptas until the rise of Harshvardhanas, new ruling dynasties
emerged in different part of Northern India. The most prominent ones were-
The Pushyabhutis of Thaneshwar, Maukharies of Kannauj, Maitrakas of Vallabhi, etc.
The Maitrakas were tributary chiefs of the Guptas, who established an independent
kingdom in western India. Dhruvasena II was the most important ruler of the Maitrakas.
He was a contemporary of Harshavardhana and was married to his daughter.
The Maukharies ruled over Kanauj, a city in western Uttar Pradesh, which gradually
replaced Pataliputra as a political center of north India. Maukharies were also the
subordinate rulers of the Guptas and used the title of samanta. Harshavardhana’s sister
Rajyashri was married to Grihavarman.
An important ruling family to gain prominence after the fall of the Gupta was that of
the Pushyabhutis who had their capital at Thanesar (Thanesvara in Kurukshetra). The
dynasty became influential with the accession of Prabhakarvardhana, who was able to
defeat the Hunas and strengthen his position in the regions of Punjab and Haryana.
Yadava dynasty ruled in deccan near Devgiri (Daultabad) between 12th–14th-century
AD.
The Paramara dynasty ruled Malwa and surrounding areas in west-central India
between 9th and 14th centuries AD.

Q2] In reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following statements is/are
correct?
1. Mitakshara was the civil law for upper castes and Dayabhaga was the civil law for lower
castes.
2. In the Mitakshara system, the sons can claim right to the property during the lifetime of the
father, whereas in the Dayabhaga system, it is only after the death of the father that the sons
can claim right to the property.
3. The Mitakshara system deals with the matters related to the property held by male
members only of a family, whereas the Dayabhaga system deals with the matters related to
the property held by both male and female members of a family.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 [B] 2 ONLY
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 Only Answer:
Option b is correct
Statement 1 is incorrect. Mitakshara is the oldest schools of Hindu law and is practiced
in India except in the state of West Bengal and Assam. Dayabhaga is also important
schools of Hindu law mainly practiced in Assam & West Bengal. Both law deals with
upper and lower castes.
Statement 2 is correct. In the Mitakshara school of inheritance, property is inherited by
the successors (coparceners) only when they were born in the family of the property
holder thus when a son is born, he receives right in the property. So he can inherit
during the lifetime of a father. In the case of Dayabhaga school of inheritance,
property is inherited by the successors (coparceners) only when the holder of the
property is dead.
Statement 3 is incorrect. Both Mitakshara and Dayabhaga deals with male and
female property rights. Mitakshara school is orthodox school .It is biased against
women & gave them very less right to inherit property. Dayabhaga is also biased, but
it is a liberal school and it gives more rights to women to inherit property compared
to Mitakshara.

Q3] With reference to the history of India, the terms “kulyavapa” and “dronavapa” denote
(a) measurement of land
(B]) coins of different monetary value
(C] classification of urban land
(D)religious rituals
Answer: a

The primary resources created by society were agricultural crops, which

also provided a significant portion of the state's revenue.

The inscriptions refer to a variety of land types, including cultivable land

(Kshetra), uncultivable land (Khila), forest land or jungle (Aprahata),
grazing land in the Gopata Sarah, and habitable land (Vasti).

In several places, including Kulyavapa, Nivartana, and Dronavapa, varied

land measurements were known.

• The words used for large distances are-

o Dronavapa (1½–2 acres)
o Kulyavapa (12–16 acres)
o Adhavapa (3/8–1/2 acre)
• The "Dronavapa" and the "Kulyavapa" were the areas needed to
plant one kulya and one drona, respectively, of grain.

Q4] With reference to the period of Gupta dynasty in ancient India, the towns Ghantasala,
Kaduraand Chaulwere well known as

1. Ports handling foreign trade 2. Capitals of powerful kingdoms

3. Places of exquisite stone art and architecture 4. Important Buddhist pilgrimage
centres

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Both the coasts of India have been studded with a string of ports since the ancient time and
involved in foreign trade. During the Gupta era, the ports of the east coast, Tamralipti,
Ghantashala, and Kadura handled the north-Indian trade with south-east Asia, and those of the
west coast, Broach, Chaul, Kalyan and Cambray, traded with the Mediterranean and west Asia
but the more southerly of these ports were outside Gupta control.

The export of spices, pepper, sandalwood, pearls, precious stones, perfumes, indigo, and herbs
continued as before but the commodities that were imported differed from those of earlier times.
Chinese silk came in greater quantity, as did ivory from Ethiopia. The import of horses, coming
from Arabia, Iran, and Bactria, either overland to centres in the north-west or by sea to the west
coast, increased during this period.

Therefore, the correct answer is (a]

Q5] Which one of the following was a very important seaport in the Kakatiya kingdom?

(a) Kakinada (b) Motupalli

(c) Machilipatnam (Masulipatnam) (d) Nelluru

Motupalli: A Significant Seaport in the Kakatiya Kingdom The Kakatiya dynasty ruled over a
major part of South India from the 12th to the 14th century CE. They were great patrons of art,
architecture, and literature, and left behind a rich legacy of monuments and inscriptions. One of
their important achievements was the establishment of a thriving trade network that linked the
inland regions with the coastal areas and beyond. To facilitate this trade, they built several
seaports along the Bay of Bengal and the ArABIAN SEA. One of these seaports was Motupalli,
which was a very important center of commerce and culture in its time.

Q6] In the context of the history of India, consider the following pairs:
Term Description

1. Eripatti Land, revenue from which was set apart for the maintenance of the village tank
2. Taniyurs Villages donated to a single Brahmin or a group of Brahmins

3. Ghatikas Colleges generally attached to the temples

Which of the pairs given above correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3

ANSWER [D]

Taniyur, is a large village under Chola administrative division. Eripatti was a special category of
land known in South india. This land was donated by individuals, revenue from which was set
apart for the maintenance of the village tank.

Land grants and generous donations were given to educational institutions like Ghatikas and
Mathas.
Mathas were residential schools for early education in Pallava kingdoms.

Q7] With reference to the cultural history of India, the term 'Panchayatan' refers to

(a) an assembly of village elders

(b) a religious sect

(c) a style of temple construction

(d) an administrative functionary

ANSWER-The correct option is C a style of temple construction

Panchayatana is a style of temple construction that has a central shrine
surrounded by four subsidiary shrines.

Q8] With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India, consider the following
statements regarding Sankhya school:

1. Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or transmigration of soul.

2. Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior
influence or agent.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

The correct option is C

c) Both i and ii

Ans: C
Sankhya yoga believes that self –knowledge leads to liberation. Almost all the rest of
philosophies of India adopted Sankhya as its main base. Sankhya yoga also believes in
rebirth. According to Sankhya darshan each purusha experiences bhoga, apavarga and
takes birth repeatedly until kaivalya.(moksa).

GUPTA AGE DONE----------------

10] HARSHA AND HIS TIMES---
Q1] The Chinese traveler Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) who visited India recorded the general
conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements is/are
correct? [HARSHWARDHANA]

1. The roads and river-routes were completely immune from robbery.

2. As regards punishment for offences, ordeals by fire, water and poison were the instruments for
determining the innocence or guilt of a person.

3. The tradesmen had to pay duties at ferries and barrier stations.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

ANSWER—option 'B
Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) made the following observations of India:
There were different types of houses constructed of wood, bricks, and dung.
The streets of the city were circular and dirty.
New cities grew up in place of the old ones which got ruined.
Prayag and Kannauj (capital) were important cities where he witnessed the assemblies.
Nalanda and Valabhi were the important centres of Buddhist learning.
Indians wore garments made of cotton, silk, and wool and are lovers of education, literature,
and fine arts.
He also praised the emperor Harsha and his administration.
He wrote that the criminal law was severe and the offenders were given imprisonment, also
trial by ordeals was in vogue, but still the roads were not safe and he himself got robbed
more than once Also, the emperor maintained a large, powerful, and well-equipped army.
According to him, the government was liberal in the case of tax and revenue collection.
Tradesmen had to pay light duties at ferries and barrier stations.
The people did not include meat in their diet, the society was divided based on caste, and
women were respected in general.
Brahmanical system of religion was prominent and Sanskrit was the language of the
cultured classes.
The Chinese traveler Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) visited India during the reign of emperor
Harsha Vardhana and stayed for almost 15 years from 630-645 A.D.
After returning back to China he wrote the book 'Si-yu-ki' (Record of the Western Countries)
in which he wrote a detailed description of India.
His prime objective to visit India was to secure genuine Buddhist scriptures and visit places
of Buddhist interest as he was interested in Mahayana Buddhism.
Q2] Which of the following phrases defines the nature of the ‘Hundi’ generally referred to in
the sources of the post-Harsha period?

(a) An advisory issued by the king to his subordinates

(b) A diary -to be maintained for* daily accounts

(c) A bill of exchange

(d) An order from the feudal lord to his subordinates

Answer: c

Hundis refer to financial instruments evolved on the Indian sub-continent used in trade and credit
transactions.

They were used As remittance instruments (to transfer funds from one place to another), As
credit instruments (to borrow money), For trade transactions (as bills of exchange).

Technically, a Hundi is an unconditional order in writing made by a person directing another to

pay a certain sum of money to a person named in the order.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c)

HARSHA DONE-----
11]FORMATION OF NEW STATES-
QUE1] India maintained its early cultural contacts and trade links with Southeast Asia across
the Bay of Bengal. For this preeminence of early maritime history of Bay of Bengal, which of
the following could be the most convincing explanation/explanations?

(a) As compared to other countries, India had a better ship-building technology in ancient
and medieval times

(b) The rulers of southern India always patronized traders, brahmin priests and buddhist
monks in this context

(c) Monsoon winds across the Bay of Bengal facilitated sea voyages

(d) Both (a) and (b) are convincing explanations in this context

ANSWER- The most convincing explanation for India's pre-eminence in the early maritime
history of the Bay of Bengal is the monsoon winds.

This can be explained as follows: Monsoon Winds: - The monsoon winds across the Bay of
Bengal facilitated sea voyages as they blew southwest from June to September, and then
northeast from October to December. - These winds made it easier for Indian traders to sail
across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia and back during the monsoon season. - The traders
could take advantage of the winds to sail to Southeast Asia, where they exchanged goods and
ideas with the local people. – This facilitated the spread of Indian culture, religion, and
technology to Southeast Asia, and vice versa.

Ship-building Technology: - While India did have better ship-building technology in ancient and
medieval times than some other countries, this would not have been enough to explain India's
pre-eminence in the early maritime history of the Bay of Bengal. - Ship-building technology alone
could not have facilitated the spread of Indian culture, religion, and technology to Southeast Asia.

Patronage of Traders, Brahmin Priests, and Buddhist Monks: - While the rulers of southern India
did patronize traders, Brahmin priests, and Buddhist monks, this too would not have been
enough to explain India's pre-eminence in the early maritime history of the Bay of Bengal. -
Patronage alone could not have facilitated the spread of Indian culture, religion, and technology
to Southeast Asia.

Therefore, the most convincing explanation for India's pre-eminence in the early maritime history
of the Bay of Bengal is the monsoon winds

12]SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION—

Q1] Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of
water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into
connected reservoirs?

(a) Dholavira (b) Kalibangan

(c) Rakhigarhi (d) Ropar

ANSWER- Option a is correct.

The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the most remarkable and well-preserved urban
settlements in South Asia dating from the 3rd to mid-2nd millennium BCE (Before
Common Era). Discovered in 1968, the site is set apart by its unique characteristics,
such as its water management system, multi-layered defensive mechanisms,
extensive use of stone in construction and special burial structures. It has a complex
system for collecting and storing rain water within several reservoirs. Planners in
the ancient city of Dholavira had conceptualised an amazing system of drains, dams
and tanks to manage water.

Q2] With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs:

1. Aurang — In-charge of treasury of the State

2. Banian — Indian agent of the East India Company

3. Mirasidar — Designated revenue payer to the State

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: b

Aurang was a Persian term for a warehouse – a place where goods are collected before being
sold; also refers to a workshop. Thus, pair (1) is not correct.

Banians (banias) were agents of the company. “A Banyan is a person…by whom the English
gentlemen in general conduct all their business. He is interpreter, head book-keeper, head
secretary, head broker, the supplier of cash and cash-keeper, and in general also
secretkeeper….They might appear to have become their masters’ servants, merely managing
their trade for them; but the reality was often less that of master and servant than of trading
partners.

The banian brought his skill and his capital to the partnership; the European contributed his
privileges.” [ P.J.Marshall – East Indian Fortunes (1976) p.45]. Thus, pair (2) is correct.

Mirasdar in Urdu means hereditary landowner, co-proprietor. In Persian, miras̱ is inheritance,

estate. He was also a revenue payer to the state. Thus, pair (3) is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b).

Q3] Who of the following founded a new city on the south bank of a tributary to river
Krishna and undertook to rule his new kingdom as the agent of a deity to whom all the land
south of the river Krishna was supposed to belong?

(a) Amoghavarsha I

(b) Ballala II

(c) Harihara I

(d) Prataparudra II

ANSWER— [C]

Vijayanagara or “city of victory” was the name of both a city and an empire. The empire was
founded in the fourteenth century. In its heyday it stretched from the river Krishna in the north to
the extreme south of the peninsula, in the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab. It was founded by
Harihara and Bukka, in 1336. In the memories of people living in the KrishnaTungabhadra doab,
they remembered it as Hampi, a name derived from that of the local mother goddess,
Pampadevi.

COMPLETE-------
13INDIAN PHILOSPOHY—
Q1] With reference to the scientific progress of ancient India, which of the statements given
below are correct?

1. Different kinds of specialized surgical instruments were in common use by 1st century AD.

2. Transplant of internal organs in the human body had begun by the beginning of 3rd century
AD.

3. The concept of sine of an angle was known in 5th century AD.

4. The concept of cyclic quadrilaterals was known in 7th century AD.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

ANSWER Option D. (d) 1st, 3rd and 4th are correct.

Different kinds of specialized surgical instruments were in common use by the 1st century AD.

The concept of sine of an angle was known in 5th century AD.

The concept of cyclic quadrilaterals was known in 7th century AD.

Q2] . Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian
Philosophy?

(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta

(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika

(c) Lokayata and Kapalika

(d) Sankhya and Yoga

ANSWER-[C]
STARTING OF BOOK

THE STONE AGE---

THE BEGINNING OF HUMAN TOOK PLACE IN AFICA ABOUT
3MILLION YEARS AGO. BUT ITS LATE IN CASE OF INDIA .

ON BASIS OF EVIDENCES 1ST MAN IN INDIA WAS NEAR 1.4MILLION

YEARS AGO AND WAS A HUNTER AND FRUIT DEPNEDENT AND
WAS A FOOD GATHERER.

THE FIRST CULTIVATION STARTED 9000BC.

PALEOLITHIC CULTURE WAS FOLLOWED TILL PLEISTOSCENE

PERIOD. THE TROPICAL REGIONS WERE FREE FROM ICE.

[1]PALEOLITHIC AGE IS DIVIDED INTO 3 STAGES ON BASIS OF

STONE TOLLS USED BY MEN—

I] LOWER PALEOLITHIC—5,00,000BC—50,000BC

USE OF ---HAND AXES,CLEVERS, CHOPPERS. FOUND IN SOHAN

VALLEY.IN PAKISTAN.
II] MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC—50,000BC—40,000B—

BASED ON FLAKES---BORERS, SCRAPERS, AND BLADES

ARE FOUND.

III]UPPER PALEOLITHIC---40,000BC----10,000BC—

LESS HU,ID LAST ICE AGE, HOMOSAPIENS APPEARED IN THIS

PHASE USE OF CAVES FOR SHELTER, BLADES, BURINS FLAKES,

AND PALEOLITHIC PHASE ENDS HERE

[2]MESOLITHIC PHASE--- [10,000BC –6,000BC]

NOW THE CLIMATE WAS WARM AND DRY,IN THIS PHASE THEY
STARTED DOMESTICATING ANIMALS,AS THEY STARTED USING
MICROLITHS WHICH WERE BETTER AND MADE HUNTING EASY.

[3]NEOLITHIC PHASE—[6,000BC – 3000BC]

STONE AXES AND POLISHED WEAPONS AND BONE MADE

WEAPONS WERE USED IN THIS STAGE

IT WAS THE PHASE WHEN FARMING STARTED, POT MAKING

STARTED IN THIS PHASE, AND HERE NEOLITHIC ENDS

CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE—
IT WAS STONE AND COPPER CULTURE PHASE COPPER WAS 1ST
METAL USED BY MEN AND IT STARTED IN CHAL.

SOME STONE AND FEW COPPER SMALL TOOLS WERE FOUND IN

THIS PHASE.
THEY KEPT COWS SHEEP GOATS PIGS ETC AND HUNTED
DEER,BUT NOT HORSE OR DONKEY, EOPLE EAT BEEF,

BAJRA WHEAT RICE WAS CULTIVATED, AND GRAAMS AND PEA

WERE WERE ALSO PRODUCED. COTTON WAS ALSO MADED.

BURNT BRICKS WAS NOT KNOWN TO THEM. AS THE HOUSES

WERE MADE OF MUD BRICKS, AND MOTHER GODDESS WAS
WORSHIPED.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY WAS THERE. ALL USE WHEEL TURNED

BLACK AND RED POTTER.

MIL AND DAIRY PRODUCTS FROM DOMESTICATED ANIMALS WAS

NOT USED BY THEM, ALSO THEY DON’T KNOW MAKING OF
BRONZE BY MIXING COPPER AND TIN.

CHALCOLITHIC ENDS HERE-----

3] THE HARAPPAN CULTURE-2600-1800BC
HARAPPAN IS OLD THEN CHALCOLITIHC CULTURE BUT ITS MORE
DEVELOPED THEN THEM SO ITS CONSIDERED AFTER THEM,

THEY WERE URBAN IN NATURE, THEY

LIVE IN TOWNS HAD CITADEL WHICH
WAS OCCUPIED BY RULLING CLASS,
BELOW CITADEL ALOWER TOWN WAS
MADE WHICH CONTAIN BRICKHOUSES,
WHERE COMMON PEOPLE LIVE, THEY
HAD PROPER RIGHTANGLE CUTTING
ROADS,THEY MOBILIZE LABOUR AND
ALSO COLLECT TAXES, AND
HIERARCHIAL RULLING SYSTEM WAS
THERE, KING AND JANTA ETC.
MOST IMPORTANT PLACES ARE -GREAT BATH- MADE IN CITADEL, IT
WAS MADE UP OF BRICKS, AND HAD SIDE ROOMS FOR CHANGING
CLOTHES,
 WAREHOUSES FOR STORAGE F
GRAINS WITH AIRPASSAGE
VENTILATION AND FLOOR WITH
BRICKS, EVEN EVERY HOUSE
HAD ITS OWN BATHROOM, AS
THE WASTE WATER FLOWS TO
DRAINS WHICH EVEN HAD MAN
HOLES.

FLOODS TOOK PLACE

ANNUALLY AS THE LAND WAS
EARLIER MORE FERTILE THEN
NOW, AND THEY USE WOODEN
PLOUGH[ HALL KHET JOTTAN AALA] AS THE IV PEOPLE MAINLY PRODUCE-
WHEAT, BARLEY ,PEA, SEASUM AND MUSTARD. CEREALS WERE TAKEN AS
TAX FROM PEASANTS AND FARMERS, EVEN THEY WERE THE EARLIEST
PEOPLE TO PRODUCE COTTON,

ANIMALS LIKE OXEN, BUFFALOAS, GOATS, SHEEP, AND PIGS WERE

DOMESTICATED ON LARGE SCALE, DOGS AND CATS WERE USED AS PETS
; BUT THEY DON’T KNOW ABOUT HORSES ,

TOOLS—BRONZE TOOLS WERE MADE BY MIXING COPPER AND TIN,

KNIVES, AXES, SAWS, UTENSILS AND IMAGES WERE ALSO PRODEUCED

SEAL MAKING AND TERRACOTA MAKING WAS ALSO IMP CARFTS; GOLD
SILVER , AND PRECIOUS STONE JEWELLERY WERE ALSO MADE, THEY EVEN
MADE THEIR OWN POTTERY ,TRADE AND POLITICAL—BARTER SYSTEM
WAS USED , THEY USE WHEELS,

NO TEMPLE OR ANY RELIGIOUS MONUMENT IS THERE EXCEPT GREAT

BATH , MERCHANTS WERE THE RULERS OF SOCIETY.

RELIGION—THEY WORSHIP EARTH OF MOTHER GODDESS AS DEITY OF

FERTILITY , A YOGI OR ANIMAL MALE GOD IS ALSO SHOWN CALLED
PUSHUPATI MAHADEVA, PHALLUS WORSHIP WAS ALSO FOUND,
TREE,ANIMALS AND NATURE WAS ALSO WORSHIPED , BUT THEY WERE
NOT PLACE IN TEMPLES , AMULETS[TABIZ], ALSO FOUND.

THE HARAPPAN DISCOVERED THE ART OF WRITING, THEY DON’T WRITE

LONG INSCRIPTIONS AS THEY WRITE ON SEALS AND STONES, THEIR
SCRIPT IS NOT ALPHABATICAL BUT PICTOGRAPHIC.

DUE TO NATURE CALAMITIES OR INVASION THEY DISAPPEARED AS THEY

NEVER INVESTED IN FIGHTING, THE LATE HARAPPAN CULTURE WAS ALSO
CHALCOLITIHC IN NATURE PRIMITIVE AND RURAL . THEY KNEW ABOUT
WRITING

IVC COMPLETE ------------

ARYANS OR VEDIC CULTURE----
ARYANS CAME FROM CENTRAL ASIA OR STEPPES OF RUSSIA HAVING
DIFFERENT TRIBES BUT SAME CULTURE, THEY WERE NOMANDS
,PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURE BASED MALE DOMINATING SOCIETY,

RIGVEDA CONSISTS OF COLLECTION OF PRAYERS DEVOTED TO INDRA

AGNI VARUN ETC AND THEY INTRODUCED HORSES AND CHARIOTS FIRST
IN INDIA.

THEY USE HORSE DAWN Chariots , SWORDS AXES ETC FOR FIGHT , AND
ALSO EQUIPPED WITH ARMORS[MADE OF BRONZE] , AS THEY FIRST
SETTLED IN LAND OF 7 RIVERS, AS THEY CAME TO INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
IN SEVERAL GROUPS AROUND 1600 BC AND CONQUEROR AND MADE
INHABITANTS THEIR DASAS[ARYANS WHICH ARE DEFEATED ] AND
DASYUS[ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF THAT LAND NON ARYANS].

THE DASYUS WORSHIP PHALLUS AND DONOT KEEP OR WORSHIP CATTLE

FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS.

INDIA WAS NAMED AFTER CLAN BHARATA , AS LATER BHARATA CLAN

FOUGHT A FAMOUS FIGHT WHERE BHARATA ALONE AND 10
CLANS[5ARYANS AND 5NON ARYANS ] FOUGHT AGAINST AND BHARAT
DEFEATED THEM AND RULLED WHOLE INDIA,

LATER BHARAT JOINED HANDS WITH PURUS AND CALLED KURUS,

COW WAS MOST IMP FORM OF WEALTH, AS MANY WARS WERE FOUGHT
FOR COWS ,

2 FAMOUS PRIESTS WERE VASISTHA AND VISHVAMITRA [HE COMPOSED

GAYATARI MANTRA]

IN RIGVEDA MENTIONED , BRAVE SONS AND CATTLES WERE DEMANDED

AGAIN AND AGAIN FROM GOD, SOCIAL INEQUALITY WAS ALSO THERE

THIS WHOLE WAS EARLY VEDIC PHASE[1600-1000BC] ,

THE COLLECTION OF HYMNS IS CALLED SAMHITAS, IN THIS PHSE IRON

WAS DISCOVERED AND IT COMPLETELY CHANGED HISTORY AS THEY
STARTED MAKING WEAPONS OUT OF IRON IT FIRST APPEARED IN
KARNATAKA.

MAHABHARATA WAS FOUGHT AROUND 950BC BTW KAURAVA AND

PANDAVAS , AS A RESULT WHOLE KURU CLAN WAS WIPED OUT ,

RICE , WHEAT AND BARLEY WERE PRODUCED AS THESE WERE CHIEF

CROPS,
Gotra appeared in later vedic times. And society was also divided in hierarchy of 4
varnas , but as we see in later vedic phase indra and agni lost their importance , and
Prajapati the creator and god of animals and Vishnu became important ,

And they even started living settled life, sacrifices became important.

ARYANS DONE------------
BUDDHISM AND JAINISM--------
DIFFERENT RELIGIONS EMERGED OUT IN NORTHERN GANGATIC PLAINS IN
6TH CENTURY BC OUT OF ALL BUDDHISM AND JAINISM EMERGED OUT TO BE
MOST IMPORTANT---

REASON—AS THE SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED INTO 4 VARNAS AS BRAHMANS[I]

KSHATRIYA[II] VAISHYA[III] THE DVIJ ALLOWED TO WEAR THREAD AND READ
VEDAS AND SHUDRAS[IV] THE UNTOUCHABLES, THE REVOLT AGAINST
BRAHMANS AND THEIR PREVILIGES BY KSHATRIYAS AND VAISHYAS
BECAME THE REASON OF MAKING IF NEW RILIGIONS.

VARDHAMANA MAHAVIRA [FOUNDED JAINISM]

GAUTAM BUDDHA [FOUNDED BUDDHISM] BOTH WERE KSHATRIYAS AND

BOTH WERE AGAINST BRAHMANS, THE OTHER REASON WAS EMERGENCE
OF NEW AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY AS ANIMALS WERE SACRIFISED AND IT
NEEDED TO BE STOPPED,

FIRST BOTH JAINISM AND BUDDHISM ATTACHED NO IMPORTANCE TO

EXISTING VARNA SYSTEM ,,, SECONDLY THEY PROMOTED NON VIOLENCE
THIRD BOTH BUDDHISM AND JAINISM SUPPORTED SIMPLE LIVING INSTEAD
OF LUXURY,,, AS THEIR FOLLOWERS REBELLED AGAINST MATERIALISTIC
LIFE ,, THEY WERE NOT ALLOWED TO TOUCH GOLD AND SILVER,

VARDHAMANA MAHAVIRA[JAINISM]----------- JAINISM BELIEVE IN 24

TIRTHANKARAS [TEACHER] FIRST TIRTHANKAR WAS RISHABHADEV FROM
AYODHYA AND LAST WAS MAHAVIRA WHO WAS CONTEMPORARY OF
BUDDHA, MAHAVIRA IS 24TH TEACHER AND ATTAINMENT OF NIRVANA IS
TARGET OF JAINISM , MAHAVIRA WAS BOTN IN 540BC IN VAISHALI.

MAHAVIRAS MOTHER WAS DAUGHTER OF KING OF LICHCHHAVI AND HIS

FAMILY WAS ROYAL FAMILY OF MAGADHA

MAHAVIRA ABONDENED THE WORLD IN SEARCH OF TRUTH AT AGE OF 30,

HE MEDITATED FOR 12 YEARS AT AGE OF 42 IN 13TH YEAR HE ATTAINED
KAIVALYA[JUAN]. AND HIS FOLLOWERS ARE CALLED JAINS.

HE PROPOGATED HIS RELIGION FOR 30 YEARS AND TOOK HIM TO

MAGADHA ,,,MITHILA,,,CHAMPA,,, AND PASSED AWAY AT 72 AT PAVAPURI
DOCTRINES OF JAINISM--- TOTAL[5]

I] DO NOT STEAL

II] DO NOT LIE

III] DO NOT ACQUIRE PROPERTY

IV] OBSERVE CONTINENCE

V] DONOT COMMIT VIOLENCE

ONLY 4TH IS ADDED BY MAHAVIRA OTHERS ARE TAKEN BY OTHER

TEACHERS AND ADDED MOST IMP TO NON VIOLENCE TO LIVING BEINGS
MAHAVIRA EVEN ASKED THEM TO DISCARD CLOTHES, AND A LATER KING
PARSHVA ASKED HIS FOLLOWERS TO COVER THE UPPER AND LOWER
PORTIONS OF BODY , DUE TO THIS LATER JAINISM DIVIDED INTO 2SECTS –

SHVETAMBARAS [WHO PUT WHITE DRESS]

DIGAMBARAS[WHO STAY NAKED]

JAINISM RECOGNIZED GODS BUT KEPT THEM UNDER JINA.

THEY WERE NOT AGAINST THE VARNA SYSTEM AS BUDDHA WAS, AS A MAN
BORN IN HIGHER OR LOWER VARNA IS RESULT OF HIS ACTIONS OF
PREVIOUS BIRTH,

JAINISM AIMS FREEDOM FROM WORLDLY BONDS, AS CAN BE OBTAINED

FROM [RIGHT ACTION, KNOWLEDGE, FAITH]- 3 JEWELS OF JAINISM.

AGRICULTURE AND WAR WAS PROHIBITED BY FOLLOWERS AS IT INCLUDE

KILLING ANIMALS,

JAINISM WAS SPREAD IN SOUTH AND WEST INDIA AND HAD LESS
FOLLOWERS, IT SPREAD MAINLY LATER DUE TO CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA,

IT IS IN FEW STATED ORISSA MAGADH TAMIL ANDRA KARNATAKA ETC.

CONTRIBUTION – THEY DISCARDED SANSKRIT AND VEDAS , AND ADOPTED

PRAKRIT AND TEXTS WERE COMPILLED IN GJ[VALABHI].

THE JAINS ARE NOT IMAGE WORSHIPERS AND LATER THEY BEGAN TO
WORSHIP MAHAVIRA AND 23 TIRTHANKARAS ..
BUDDHISM—
BORN IN 563BC IN SHAKYA IN KSHATRIYA FAMILY IN LUMBINI HIS FATHER
WAS RULER OF KAPILVASTU AND MOTHER WAS PRINCESS OF KOSHALAN
HE WAS MARRIED EARLY, CAT AGE OF 29 HE LEFT HOME, HE WONDERED
FOR 7 YEARS AND ATTAINED KNOWLEDGE IN BODHGAYA UNDER A PEEPAL
TREE AT AGE OF 35YEARS

HE DELIVERED HIS TEACHINGS AT BANARAS SARNATH, HE RESTS ONLY

DURING RAINY SEASONS AND KEEP ON WONDERING THE WORLD, HE
PASSED AT THE AGE OF 80 IN 483BC IN KUSINAGAR [KASIA].

HE NEVER DISCRIMINATED BETWEEN RICH AND POOR MAN AND WOMAN,

DOCTRINE------- HE SAID WORLD IS FULL OF SORROWS AND PEOPLE

SUFFER ON ACCOUNT OF DESIRES, IF DESIRES ARE CONTROLLED
NIRVANA IS ATTAINED, AND THAT MAN WILL BE FREE FROM THE CYCLE OF
BIRTH AND DEATH.

GAUTAM BUDDHA RECOMMENDED 8FOLD PATH, FOR ELIMINATION OF

HUMAN SOCIETY. IT COMPRISED RIGHT
OBSERVATION,,,DETERMINATION,,,,SPEECH,,,,,ACTION,,,EXERCISE,,
LIVELIHOOD,,,MEMORY AND RIGHT MEDITATION.

BUDDHA TOLD TO AVOID LUXURY HE PRESCRIBED MIDDLE PATH.

MAIN----[I]DO NOT COVET THE PROPERTY OF OTHERS

[II]DO NOT COMMIT VIOLENCE

[III]DO NOT USE INTOXICANTS

[IV]DO NOT SPEAK A LIE

[V]DO NOT INDULGE IN CORRUPT PRACTISES

FEATURES—BUDDHISM DIDN’T ACCEPT THE EXISTENCE OF GOD AND SOUL

THIS CAN BE TAKEN AS REVOLUTION IN HISTORY OF INDIAN RELIGIONS.

IT WON THE SUPPORT OF LOW CLASS PEOPLE BUDDHISM WAS LIBERAL

AND DEMOCRATIC. AS A LOT OF PEOPLE OF MAGADH CONVERTED TO
BUDDHISM.

PALI LANGUAGE, 3MAIN ELEMENTS BUDDHA , SANGHA, DHAMMA.

200 YEARS LATER SHOKA SPREAD BUDDHISM INDIA TO SRILANKA, JAPAN

CHINA TIBET ETC
CAUSE OF DECLINE-- THEY MOVED FROM PRAKRIT TO SANSKRIT AND
STARTED IDOL WORSHIP WHICH LED TO THE DECLINE. THE NEW BUDDHISM
EMERGED VAJRAYANA THE HUNA KING ALSO KILLED HUNDREDS OF
BUDDHISTS. Buddha passed at kushinara.

IMPORTANCE—BUDDHISM ASKED PEOPLE NOT TO COLLECT WEALTH DUE

TO NEW AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY. BUDDHISM ALSO TOLD ALMS TO
PEOPLE THAT IF THEY DONATE MONKS THEY WILL BIRTH RICH IN NXT LIFE.

MONKS CANNOT TAKE GOLD AND SILVER AND THE OBJECTIVE OF

BUDDHIST TEACHING WAS TO SECURE THE SALVATION OF NIRVANA.

DOORS FOR WOMEN AND SHUDRAS WAS OPEN FOR BUDDDHISM.

THE FIRST [HUMAN] STATUES WORSHIPPED IN INDIA WERE OF BUDDHA.

BUDDHISM AND JAINISM DONE-------

MAGADH AND 16 MAHAJANPADHS—
DUE TO IRON BETTER WEAPONS AND BETTER MILITARY FORM OUT WHICH
LED TO EMERGENCE OF WARRIOR CLASS AS AGRICULTURE ALSO
IMPROVED AND EXTRA TAXES FROM FOOD GRAINS GIVEN TO PRINCE AND
IMPROVED STANDING ARMY IN THE 6 TH CENTURY BC ONLY THERE WERE
16 MAHAJANPADHS—

MAGADH WAS REGION NEAR PATNA KOSHLA AND LICHHAVI WAS ALSO IMP.

ULTIMATELY MAGADH EMERGED OUT AS ,MOST IMP—

1ST RULER WAS BIMBISARA WHO BELONG TO HARYANKA DYNASTY A

HE WAS CONTEMPORARY OF BUDDHA. MAGADH RIVAL WAS AVANTI. BUT

LATER BOTH BECAME FRIENDS, BIMBISAR ALSO SENT JIVIKA TO UJJAIN .

MAGADH WAS SURROUNDED WITH MOUNTAINS. LATER HE WAS KILLED BY

HIS SON AJATSHATRU. HE DESTROYED VAISHALI ,

LATER HE WAS SUCCEDDED BY UDAYIN

LATER THE SHISHUNAGAS WERE SUCCEDDED BY NANDAS , 1ST

MAHAPADMA NANDA, LATER THEY BECAME WEAK nd defeated by Maurya

DONE---
MAURYAS------
THE MAURYA DYNASTY WAS FOUNDED BY CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA WITH
THE HELP OF CHANAKYA[KAUTILYA] HE DEFEATED THEM. H MAINTAINED
HUGE STANDING ARMY, AND ALSO MAINTAINED A NAVY, TAXATION , ARMY
EVERYTHING WAS DONE UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF KAUTILYAS
ARTHSHASTRA, TOLLS WERE TAKEN, LATER HE WAS SUCCEEDED BY
BINDUSAR AND HIS SON ASHOKA IS THE GREATEST,

THE HISTORY OF ASHOKA IS RECREATED ON BASIS OF INSCRIPTIONS,

TOTAL 39 , ROCK EDICTS, THESE INSCRIPTIONS ARE FOUND IN
AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN NEPAL INDIA .

HE ABONDENED PHYSICAL OCCUPATION DUE TO KALINGA WAR WHICH

CHANGED HIS LIFE , NOW HE TRIED TO CONQUEROR THEM
IDEOLOGICALLLY, HE TOOK STEPS IN HELPING THEM, BUDDHISM WAS
STRONGLY FOLLOWED AND PROPAGATED BY HIM.

HE ASKED TRIBAL PEOPLE TO FOLLOW ROUTE OF DHAMMAA, HE LATER

BECAME A BUDDHIST MONK, 3RD BUDDHIST COUNCIL IS HELD BY HIM. HIS
DHARMA BROAD OBJECTIVE WAS TO PROMOTE SOCIAL ORDER,

ARTHASHASTRA WAS FOLLOWED FOR MAKING ECONOMIC ACTIONS. THE

SAMAHARTA WAS THE HIGHEST OFFICER AND AND SANNIDHATA WAS THE
CHIEF OF TREASURY AND STORE HOUSE. THE SPREAD OF STEEL LEAD TO
BETTER CLEARENCE OF JUNGLE.

CAUSES OF FALL OF MAURYAN EMPIRE—BRAHMANICAL REACTION DUE TO

ASHOKA THE ANTISACRIFISIAL ATTITUDE OF ANIMALS BROUGHT LOSS TO
BRAHMANS,

EXCESS EXPENDITURE OF ARMY LED TO FINANCIAL CRISIS, AND ASHOKA

DIDN’T PAY ATTENTION TO KINGDOM.

THE MAURYA EMPIRE WAS FINALLY DESTROYED BY PUSHYAMITRA

SHUNGA, IN 185BC. AND SHUNGA RULLED IN PATLIPUTRA, AND THEY WERE
SUCCEDDED BY KANVAS WHO WERE ALSO BRAHMANS.

MAURYA DONE----------------
INVASION OF OTHER TRIBES------
THE PERIOD OF 200BC DIDN’T WITNESS ANY LARGE DYNASTY LIKE
MAURYAS ,

THE INDOGREEKS--- THEY WERE FIRST TO INVADE INDIA

[BACTRIANGRREKS] THEY OCCUPIED LARGE PART OF NORTHWEST INDIA

MINANDER WAS IMP RULER AND HAD CAPITAL AT SIALCOT, LATER HE WAS
CONVERTED TO BUDDHISM, AND THEY WERE THE FIRST TO ISSUE COINS
WHICH CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO KING , AND THEY WERE THE FIRST TO
ISSUE GOLD COINS,

THE SHAKAS------- THEY FOLLOWED GREEKS IN INVASION, THEY

CONTROLLED MORE AREA THAN GREEKS AND CAME IN DIFFERENT
BRANCHES, THEY ISSUED LARGE NO OF SILVER COINS, RUDRADAMAN 1
WAS THE MOST IMP RULER, HE ALSO REPAIRED SUDARSHAN LAKE,

THE PARTHIANS--- ORIGINALLY THE LIVED IN IRAN FROM THERE THEY

MOVED TO INDIA, NOT MUCH INFO KNOWN.

THE KUSHANAS------THEY ALSO FOLLOWED PARTHIANS THEY DISPLACED

SHAKAS AND SLOWLY REPLACED GREEKS, THEY HAD 2 BRANCHES
KADPHISE AND LATER IT WAS SUCCEEDED BY KANISHKA, HE STARTED
SHAKA ERA .

INVASION COMPLETE
SOUTH DYNASTIES AND
SATVAHANAS-----------
IN DECCAN MAURYAS WERE SUCCEEDED BY SATVAHANAS, GRADUALLY
THEY EXTENDED THEIR POWERS TILL MAHARASHTRA KARNATAKA AND
ANDHRA PRADESH. THEIR BIGGEST COMPETITION WAS SHAKAS,
GAUTAMIPUTRA SATKARNI WAS THE MOST IMP RULER OF SATVAHANAS.

SATVAHANAS WERE METRILINEAL IN NATURE, AND THEY RUN THEIR

ADMINISTRATION ON DHARMASHASTRA BASIS, THEY ALSO RETAINED
SOME PRVISIONS FROM ASHOKA TIMES, [DISTRICT WAS CALLED AHARA ,
OFFICIALS WERE MAHAMATRAS].

THEY GRANT TAX FREE VILLAGES TO BRAHMANS, AND MONKS. VEDIC

SACRIFICES LIKE ASHVAMEDHA VAJAPEYA ALSO DONE AS THEY WERE
BRAHMANS. AND GODS LIKE KRISHNA VISHNU WERE ALSO WORSHIPPED.

EVEN MAHAYAN BUDDHISM WAS ALSO PROMOTED BY THEM. PRAKRIT WAS

THEIR OFFICIAL LANGUAGE.

THE CHOLAS CHERA AND PANDAYAS WERE DYNASTY OF LATER MEGALITH

PERIOD, AS MEGALITHS BURRY POTS IRON AXES AND OTHER THINGS IN
GRAVES WITH THEIR DEADS AS IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THEY WILL NEED
THESE THINGS IN THEIR AFTER LIFE JOURNEY,,

CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH

WERE CALLED TAMIZHAKAM, AS IT BECAME VERY IMP IN 4TH CENTURY BC.

THE SOUTHERN END WAS MAINLY OCCUPIED BY 3 DYNASTIES AFTER ALL-

THE CHOLAS , THE CHERA OR KERELAS ,,, THE PANDYAS

THE PANDYAS PERFORM VEDIC SACRFICES, AS TRADE WITH ROMANS WAS

ALSO THERE, AS THEY SEND EMBASSIES TO AUGUSTUS.

THE CHOLAS EVEN RULLED SRI LANKA ALSO FOR 50 YEARS, THEY
MAINTAINED EFFICIENT NAVY AND MAIN TRADE WAS TRADE OF COTTON.
THEY WERE ATTACKED BY PANDAVAS PALLAVAS AND CHERAS AS THEY
WERE ALMOST WIPED OUT NEARBY 9TH CENTURY.

THE CHERAS ALSO USED TO TRADE WITH ROMANS AS THEY ALSO MADE A
TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS, THEY WERE ALSO CONTINUOUSLY IN FIGHT WITH
CHOLAS AND PANDAYAS . SENGUTTUVAN WAS THE GOOD CHERA OR BEST
KING , THEY GREW SPICES LIKE PEPPER AND TRADE IT WITH WESTERN
DYNASTIES, BUT WITH THE DECLINE WITH TRADE THESE KINGDOMS ALSO
STARTED LOOSING THEIR POWERS.

ELEPHANTS CHARIOTS AND HORSES WERE IMP IN WARS FOR THESE

KINGDOMS AS HORSES WERE IMPORTED BY THEM .

SOUTH COMPLETE-----------
THE GUPTAS AGE--------
AFTER MAURYAS SATVAHANAS AND KUSHANS WERE THE MOST
POWERFUL DISTRICTS BUT LATER ON THEY ALSO STARTED LOOSING
THEIR POWERS NEAR 3RD CENTURY AD, AND A NEW DYNASTY EMERGED
OUT, THIS WAS THE GUPTA DYNASTY, THEY SUCCEEDED KUSHANS IN
NORTH.

THEY WERE EXCELLENT HORSEMEN AS THEY ADAPTED FEW WEARS FROM

KUSHANS, THE KUSHANS CAME TO AN END NEAR 230AD, AND NEARLY
275AD GUPTAS CAME TO POWER.

THE FIRST IMP KING OF GUPTAS WAS THE CHANDRA GUPTA 1 HE MARRIED
LICHCHAVVI PRINCESS FROM NEPAL, AS THE GUPTAS WERE VAISHYAS.

THE SECOND WAS CHANDRAGUPTA SON SAMUDRAGUPTA AS HE WAS

OPPOSITE OF SHOKA AS HE BELIEVED IN VIOLENCE AND CONQUEST. HE
CAPTURED MOST OF THE AREAS FOR THE GUPTA DYNASTY.

SAMUDRAGUPTA NEVER KNEW ANY DEFEAT IN HIS LIFETIME AS HE IS ALSO

KNOWN AS NAPOLEAN OF INDIA.

AFTER SAMUDRAGUPTA COMES THE CHANDRAGUPTA 2 AS GUPTA EMPIRE

WAS AT ITS PEAK UNDER HIM HE ALSO INCREASED HIS INFLUENCE BY
MARRIAGE AND ALLIANCE HE EVEN CONQUERED MALWA AND GUJARAT.
HE MARRIED HIS DAUGHTER TO VAKATAKA DYNASTY KING WHERE HIS
DAUGHTER PRABHAVATI INDIRECTLY RULLED KINGDOM AND FAVOURED
HER FATHER. HE ALSO ACQUIRED THE TITLE OF VIKRAMADITYA.

IT WAS HIS RULLING TIME WHEN CHINESE PILGRIM FA-HSEIN VISITED INDIA.

BUT AFTER HIM ALL HIS SUCCESSORS WERE WEAK AND THEY
CONTINUOUSLY FACE INVASION FROM HUNA TRIBE AS A RESULT THEY
STARTED LOOSING TERITORY. AND SLOWLY THEY LOST THEIR WHOLE
GLOWRY , AND POWER AFTER A CENTURY.

ADMINISTRATION OF GUPTAS – THEY GAVE ENORMOUS TITLES TO THEM LIKE-

PARAMESHVARA MAHARAJADHIRAJA ETC. KINGSHIP WAS HEREDITARY BUT
DONOT DIRECTLY GO TO ELDER SON.

THEY GAVE ENORMOUS GIFTS TO BRAHMINS. GOD VISHNU AND LAXMI ARE
DEPICTED ON THEIR COINS, TAXES WERE LESS AND WHENEVER ARMY
PASS THE LOCALS HAVE TO FEED THEM.

JUDICIARY WAS BETTER AS THERE WERE CEVERAL LAW BOOKS, AND

FIRST TIME IN HISTORY CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAWS WERE DEMARCATED .

BUT BUREAUCRACY WAS NOT MUCH ELABORATE. EVEN SOME POSTS

WERE HEREDITARY IN BUREAUCRACY.

EVEN ADMINISTRATION WAS DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL BHUKTIS.

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY ------- THE TRADE OF SILK WITH ROMANS

DECREASED AS ROMANS HAS LEARNED MAKING SLIK FROM CHINESE
PEOPLE,

BRAHMANS WERE SUPREME AS THEY GET LAND GRANTS. THE POSITION

OF SHUDRAS ALSO IMPROVED, BUT THE UNTOUCHABLES INCREASED, AS
TOLD BY CHINESE FA-HISEN. THE FIRST CASE OF SATI PRATHA WAS ALSO
SEEN DURING GUPTAS.

WOMEN LACKED PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND EVEN THE BUDDHIST MONKS

ALSO STOPPED GETTING DONATIONS,

BUT THE MAJOR THING HAPPENED DURING GUPTAS WAS THE GROWTH OF
BHAGVATISM

WORSHIP OF VISHNU LATER MERGED WITH NARAYANA LATER VISHNU WAS

MERGED WITH KRISHNA AND MAHABHARATA WAS RELATED TO HIM, BY 6TH
CENTURY VISHNU BECAME A MEMBER OF TRINITY. IDOL WORSHIP OF
HINDUS BECAME IMP AT THIS POINT OF TIME.

GUPTAS ATTITUDE WAS TOLERANT TOWARDS OTHER RELIGIONS,

SHAKUNTALAN , BHAGVADGITA , AND KALIDASA LITERATURE WAS
PUBLISHED DURING GUPTA ERA AND BECAME WORLD FAMOUS.

GUPTA DONE---------------
HARSHA AND HIS TIMES-----
ONE DYNASTY OF THANESWAR IN HARYANA EXTENDED ITS TERRITORIES
AND THE RULER WAS HARSHAVARDHANA AND MADE KANAUJ AS SEAT OF
HIS POWER . HIS RULE WAS LIMITED TO KASHMIR PUNJAB UP, HARYANA,
RAJASTHAN ,BIHAR AND ORISSA.

HE FACED OPPOSITION FROM SHASHANK GAUDA, IN EAST, HIS RULE

DECLINED DUE TO FINANCIAL CRISIS DUE TO DECLINE IN TRADE.

ADMINISTRATION- HE RULLED ON LINES OF GUPTA BUT IT WAS LESS

DECENTRALIZED, LAND GRANTS WERE GIVEN AS SALARY TO PEOPLE,

CHINESE TRAVELLER -HSUAN TSANG VISITED HIS TIME AS PUNISHMENTS

WERE DEADLY BUT STILL CRIME RATE WAS HIGH, BUT LATER ON UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM PUNISMENTS WERE RELAXED, SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION WAS THERE, AS UNTOUCHABLES ALSO LIVE
OUTSIDE THE TOWN.

NALANDA WAS FAMOUS BUDDHIST UNIVERSITY, THEY WERE TAUGHT

MAHAYAN BUDDHISM, AS NALANDA WAS MAINTAINED FROM REVENUE OF
100 VILLAGES,

HARSHA COMPLETE-----------
SCIENCE--------------
RELIGION—IT LET TO THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL CLASSES .

DONE------