Drying

Prof. Zuchra Helwani., ST., MT., PhD

 Purpose of drying
1. Removal of relatively small amounts of water
from process materials and others
substances. The water is usually removed as
a vapor by air.
2. Removal of other organic liquid, such as
benzene or organic solvents, from solid.
 General methods of drying
1. Heat is added by direct contact with heated
air at atmospheric pressure, and the water
vapor formed is removed by the air
2. In vacuum drying, the evaporation of water
proceeds more rapidly at low pressure, and
the heat is added indirectly by contact with a
metal wall or by radiation
3. In freeze drying, water is sublimed from the
frozen material
 Equipment for drying
1. Tray dryer
2. Vacuum-self indirect dryers
3. Continuous tunnel dryers
4. Rotary dryers
5. Drum dryers
6. Spray dryers
Humidity and humidity chart
Definition
of humidity

Saturation
humidity

Percentage
humidity

Percentage
relative humidity
Adiabatic Saturation Temperatures
Wet Bulb Temperature
Equilibrium moisture content of materials
Bound and unbound water in solids
RATE OF DRYING CURVES
 Drying in the constant rate period

Method using experimental dring curve

Method using predicted transfer coefficients for
constant rate period
Effects of process variables on constant rate period
Calculation method for falling rate period