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ME4462: REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

Knowledge Area: Thermo-Fluids
Spring- 2024

Department: MECHANICAL ENGINERING DEPARTMENT (FOE)

Instructor Details

Course Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Kashif

Office/Room No.: Cabin # 6. F-103

Course Details

Core/ Elective: Elective Credit Hours: 3 Contact Hours: 3

Prerequisites: Heat and Mass Transfer

1. Course Objective:
To learn fundamentals, methods and practices to be able to design, efficient and effective
solutions for air-conditioning and refrigeration needs.
2. Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs), their Mapping and Assessment:
Student will be able to

CLO STATEMENT PLO LEVEL

1 Analyse the factors affecting thermal comfort in AC zones and air 6 C4

treatment requirement for buildings.
2 Outline design requirements for HVAC and Refrigeration systems 3 C4
by performing heating and cooling load calculations.
3 Evaluate design of various HAVC systems for public, industrial 3 C5
and residential buildings.
4 Apply fundamental knowledge of thermodynamics and heat trans- 1 C3
fer to solve and refrigeration and air conditioning problems.
* C – Cognitive ; A – Affective ; P – Psychomotor
3. Course Contents:
i. Refrigeration cycles
a. Reversed Carnot Cycles, Vapour compression and vapour absorption systems,
Coefficient of Performance, Pressure- enthalpy chart, Types of refrigerants, Air
cycle refrigeration, Multiple effect compression, multi-stage compression, Heat
pumps, Refrigeration load estimation
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ii. Air-conditioning
a. HVAC fundamentals, Comfort conditions and comfort zone, Indoor air quality,
Psychometric properties of air
iii. Central air-conditioning system
a. Essential components of central air-conditioning plant, Water chiller and water
heater, air handling unit, Chilled water and hot water recirculation system, return
air supply system, fresh air supply system air mixture chamber, Supply fan, air
dust cleaning and bacteria removal, air supply and air return terminals, diffusers
and grilles
iv. Load calculation and system design
Cooling and heating load calculation procedures, Duct sizing and piping design, Pumps
and fans selection
4. Course Books:
Text Book:
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Stoecker and Jones.
2. ASHRAE Handbook – fundamentals

Reference Books:
1. ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment
2. HVAC analysis and design by McQuiston, Parker and Spitler.

5. Student Assessment Tools and their Percentage Division:

a) Sessional (Class participation, assignments and quizzes) 30%
b) Mid-Term Exam 20%
c) Final Term Exam 50%
6. Practical Applications of the Course:
a) RAC equipment design and manufacturing industry
b) Cold storages and transportation.
c) Consultancy in building design.
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7. Weekly Plan:
Week No. Topic TextBook#-
Chap
1 HVAC basics, Thermal Comfort and Indoor Environment Chap 03
Health
Water and vapor mixture Assignment 01
Chap 03
Air treatment fundamentals,
Psychrometry and related concepts
2 Space heating load Chap 04
Design conditions, Transmission heat losses, infiltration and
other heat loss and gain sources.
Space Cooling load Chap 04
Assignment 02
Thermal radiation, solar irradiation, Heat gain through fenes-
trations,
3 Design conditions Chap 04
Internal heat gain Chap 05
HVAC systems All-air systems basics
4 Single zone and reheat system Chap 05
Variable Volume, Dual duct and multi-zone system, Pressure Chap 05
loss,
Duct design and Air flow balancing Quiz 01
5 Heating and cooling Load Calculations examples Chap 04
Assignment 02 (CEP)
Heating and cooling Load Calculations examples Chap 04
Heating and cooling Load Calculations examples
6 HVAC numerical problems Chap04- 05
7 HVAC numerical problems Chap 05
Quiz 02
8 HVAC numerical problems Chap 05
MID-TERM
9 History and overview of Refrigeration Chap 01-02
Revision of basic concepts and definitions Chap 11
Chap 03-04
Ideal Carnot Cycle
10 Simple Vapour Refrigeration Cycle + Numerical Chap 11
Simple Vapour Refrigeration Cycle Numerical problems Chap 11
Quiz – 03
Simple Vapour Refrigeration Cycle Numerical problems
11 Refrigerants Chap 15
Vapour Compression cycle types and Numerical problems Chap 11-18
selected
topics
Vapour Compression cycle types and Numerical problems
Assignment 03
12 Vapour Compression cycle types and Numerical Problems
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Components of refrigeration Cycles and Systems Numerical Chap 12-13

Problems selected
topics
Components of refrigeration Cycles and Systems Numerical
Problems
13 Multistage refrigeration Cycles and Systems Numerical Chap 16
Quiz 04
Refrigeration Components Chap-12-14
Refrigeration Components
14 Refrigerants + Refrigerant Flow Control Devices Chap 13
Assignment 04
15 Vapour Absorption Cycles Chap 17
Vapour Absorption Cycles Chap 03
Vapour Absorption Cycles
16 Revision
FINAL EXAM
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8. Complex Engineering Problem related to the design of HVAC system of a com-

mercial building.
Design a HVAC system along with all the system details for an office building of shell and
core design as explained on page 18.55 in ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. The details of
the building are given schematically in Figures 17-22 in Chapter 18.

Give a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of different HVAC systems and
choose a suitable HVAC system to meet the heating and cooling load of first and second floor.
Also, perform detail calculations related to the design of HVAC system and give following
details of the system design.

i) Number of zones for each floor and their indoor design conditions with brief expla-
nation.
ii) Brief analysis of total capacity of the system required to meet the heating and cool-
ing system.
iii) What refrigeration and heating system would you recommend to meet the load.
iv) Room air distribution system (see Chapter 20) and its importance.
v) Air filters and heating and cooling coils.
vi) Location of mechanical room and the equipment installed in mechanical room. Fan
and duct design (see Chapter 21) or pipe design for chilled and hot water supply
with pump (see Chapter 22).
vii) Insulation of the whole system (see Chapter 23).
viii) Highlight any potential problems that could result in the system in the future based
on the selected configuration of the proposed design.
Also write brief answers to the following questions.

a) Give a brief analysis of different methods for calculating heating and cooling load of
commercial building (e.g. HB, RTS, TFM, TETD/TA, CLF/CLTD etc.) by giving their
advantages, disadvantages and limitations. Which of these methods is more efficient
and economical for large commercial buildings and why??
b) Considering the design of the building i.e. walls, windows, roof etc. give specific rec-
ommendations that can help reduce the heating and cooling load of the building or the
operational cost of HVAC system.
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Rubrics for marking Complex Engineering report (Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning)

Component Excellent (86 - 100%) Very good (76 - 85%) Good (66 -75%) Poor (50 - 65 %)

Well organized and clearly written. Ti-
tle page is appropriate, overall style
Technical
(font, headings, etc.) is excellent and
Quality
consistent. Page numbers, list of lab
sessions is given.
Methodology
Well-planned and well-thought out. Cal- Good overall with one or two minor errors
and Design Cal- culations are accurate, design is reasonable or observations not affecting the overall
culations and answers all the requirements. design.
Calculations, design and other elements
Response to
shows ability to respond to complex sit-
complexity of uations like teamwork, sustainability is-
issues sues, societal and professional standards
etc.
Analysis, Recommended solution is based on a
solid analysis of literature and calcula-
Conclusions
tions. The arguments and conclusions
and Observa- show an understanding of theoretical
tions and practical aspects.
Organized and clearly written report for Report is organized and proper with
the most part. Title page contains all some observations. Title page ap-
information but not well organized. propriate and contains sufficient in-
Overall style of the report is consistent formation. List of experiment given.
with some minor observations. Page Some Grammatical and spelling er-
number and list of lab sessions are given rors
Generally, no major errors or mistakes.
But many minor or a couple of major
mistakes that make final design ques-
tionable but not overtly wrong.
Generally good ability to work on
The overall work shows better than av-
complex issues involving team-
erage ability to work on complex issues
work, limited information, sustaina-
involving teamwork, limited infor-
bility and societal issues and profes-
mation, sustainability and societal is-
sional standards. Could be im-
sues and professional standards.
proved.
Conclusion and observations are rea- Analysis, conclusion and observa-
sonable and based on partial analysis tions are reasonable but lack some
but no major observation. Some of the analysis or comparison of results. In
trends and observations are not ana- short, a summary of results and no
lyzed and discussed. analysis.
Report lacks an overall organization.
Large number of spelling and gram-
matical mistakes.
Style is not consistent. Page number,
figure and table caption or other ele-
ments missing or inappropriate.
Major mistakes in methodology and
errors in calculations. No sense of or-
ganization or procedure. Poor final so-
lutions.
Poor performance in response of the
complexity of issues posed by the
problem. One or two elements are
there in the solution but missing ap-
preciation of some issues related to
sustainability, societal and profes-
sional standards etc.
The conclusions and observations
are partially correct but show a lack
of analytical capacity and under-
standing of the experimental re-
sults.

Sample table to be drawn on the bottom of Title Page of report.

Technical Quality. Methodology and Design Response to complexity Analysis, and Total Marks
Calculations of issues Conclusions