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1
目录 错误！未定义书签。
序言.....................................................................................................................................................9
410160 分钟的力量....................................................................................................................9
第一部分：基础入门...................................................................................................................... 14
第 1 章 ：支付概念基础........................................................................................................ 14
1.1 支付名词.................................................................................................................... 15
第 2 章 ：交易、清算、结算................................................................................................ 23
第 3 章：支付的账户基础...................................................................................................... 25
3.1 账户的本质................................................................................................................ 26
3.2 账户的种类.............................................................................................................. 27
3.3 账户与支付.............................................................................................................. 28
3.4 账户协同.................................................................................................................... 29
第 4 章：支付依赖的支付工具.............................................................................................. 30
4.1 货币支付依赖支付工具 .......................................................................................... 30
4.2 支付工具提升了支付效率 ...................................................................................... 31
4.4 支付工具的分类........................................................................................................ 32
4.5 非现金支付工具...................................................................................................... 32
第 5 章：支付的参与组织.................................................................................................. 32
5.1 定义.......................................................................................................................... 33
5.2 资质............................................................................................................................ 33
5.3 备付金管理 .............................................................................................................. 33
5.4 通道 .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.5 支付账户.................................................................................................................. 34
5.6 支付产品 .................................................................................................................. 35
5.7 支付机构在支付体系的位置 .................................................................................. 35
5.8 支付机构的组织构成 .............................................................................................. 36
5.9 支付机构的产品岗位设置和职责 ........................................................................ 36
第 6 章：支付涉及到的系统................................................................................................ 37
6.1 什么是支付产品........................................................................................................ 37
6.2 支付产品的基础 ..................................................................................................... 38
6.3 收单类........................................................................................................................ 38
6.4 付款类 ....................................................................................................................... 41
6.5 代扣........................................................................................................................... 43
6.6 跨境支付产品............................................................................................................ 43
6.7 银企直联.................................................................................................................... 44
6.8 钱包产品.................................................................................................................... 44
6.9 数字钱包.................................................................................................................... 44
6.10 分期支付产品.......................................................................................................... 44
6.11 分账类..................................................................................................................... 44
6.12 支付解决方案类..................................................................................................... 45
6.13 二清存管方案........................................................................................................ 46
6.14 支付产品的附属...................................................................................................... 46
第 7 章：支付需要的会计基础.............................................................................................. 46
7.1 会计恒等式及变形.................................................................................................... 46

2
 7.2.会计循环.................................................................................................................... 48
7.3.会计账簿与会计凭证................................................................................................ 49
7.4.会计科目与会计账户................................................................................................ 52
7.5.复试借贷记账法........................................................................................................ 54
7.6 对账 .......................................................................................................................... 56
7.7 结账.......................................................................................................................... 56
7.8.试算平衡.................................................................................................................... 57
7.9.财务报表.................................................................................................................... 58
7.10.银行余额调节表...................................................................................................... 58
7.11.不同科目的账务处理.............................................................................................. 59
7.12.会计基础上的账务核心设计方法.......................................................................... 62
第 8 章：从上帝视角看支付................................................................................................ 65
8.1.上帝视角-看问题的最佳位置................................................................................65
8.2 互联网支付总架构-看问题的宏观视野..................................................................66
8.3 互联网用户……好体验让用户更疯狂.................................................................. 66
8.4.第一层互联网服务平台……好产品让生活更便捷................................................67
8.5.第二层三方支付体系……好支付让交易更安全....................................................69
8.6.第三层网银联清算体系……好清算让市场更和谐..............................................72
8.7.第四层银行金融体系……好金融让支付更丰富....................................................77
8.8.第五层人行支付体系……好基础让支付更普世..................................................79
8.9.遨游支付.................................................................................................................... 83
第 9 章：一张小票看透支付架构.......................................................................................... 85
9.1.一张小票 .................................................................................................................. 85
9.2.商品 .......................................................................................................................... 86
9.3.订单............................................................................................................................ 87
9.4.交易............................................................................................................................ 88
9.5.支付............................................................................................................................ 89
9.6 履约............................................................................................................................ 90
9.7 清算............................................................................................................................ 90
9.8.账务............................................................................................................................ 93
9.9.结算 .......................................................................................................................... 94
9.10.这里涉及到的各个系统 ........................................................................................ 94
9.11.综合架构................................................................................................................ 94
拓展阅读 1：搭建“三界支付清算体系”掌握支付全局思维...................................95
拓展阅读 2：一张小票看透支付清结算架构（下）.................................................102
第二部分：交易............................................................................................................................ 117
第 10 章：交易系统设计方法.............................................................................................. 117
10.1.什么是交易............................................................................................................ 118
10.2.什么是交易系统.................................................................................................... 118
10.3.什么是交易核心.................................................................................................... 118
10.4.交易在支付体系的位置和作用............................................................................118
10.5.交易核心的业务实体结构....................................................................................119
10.6.正向交易流程........................................................................................................ 119
10.7.交易账单的创建.................................................................................................... 119

3
 10.8.账单支付记录........................................................................................................ 120
10.9.支付请求的处理.................................................................................................... 120
10.10.支付流水的生成.................................................................................................. 120
10.11.交易信息的封装.................................................................................................. 121
10.12.交易驱动账务...................................................................................................... 121
10.13.交易后台.............................................................................................................. 121
10.14 玩转“逆向交易”.............................................................................................. 122
第 11 章：订单系统设计方法.............................................................................................. 124
11.1.基于业务设计订单................................................................................................ 124
11.2.电商订单模型........................................................................................................ 125
11.3.支付订单模型........................................................................................................ 128
第三部分：支付............................................................................................................................ 130
第 12 章：收银台.................................................................................................................. 130
12.1 收银台发展史........................................................................................................ 130
12.2 从支付架构看收银台............................................................................................ 131
12.3 收银台设计之前准备............................................................................................ 132
12.4 支付流程................................................................................................................ 133
12.5 收银台的前端设计................................................................................................ 134
12.6 收银台的后端设施................................................................................................ 135
第 13 章：网关与路由.......................................................................................................... 137
13.1 支付网关定义........................................................................................................ 137
13.2 什么是路由............................................................................................................ 140
13.3 路由的架构解析.................................................................................................... 141
13.4.路由的规则体系.................................................................................................... 144
13.5.路由的流程架构和产品架构 ...............................................................................147
13.6.展示路由................................................................................................................ 147
第四部分：清结算........................................................................................................................ 151
第 14 章：清算系统设计...................................................................................................... 151
14.1.清算系统概述........................................................................................................ 151
14.2.清算系统的位置.................................................................................................... 152
14.3.清算业务架构........................................................................................................ 152
14.4.上游请求系统........................................................................................................ 153
14.5.对象模型................................................................................................................ 153
14.6.计费规则子系统.................................................................................................... 153
14.7.算账服务................................................................................................................ 155
14.8.清分结果................................................................................................................ 156
14. 9.记账服务............................................................................................................... 156
拓展阅读 3：“诈金花”中的清算思维.....................................................................156
第 15 章：结算系统设计...................................................................................................... 162
15.1.什么是结算............................................................................................................ 162
15.2.结算的模式............................................................................................................ 163
15.3.关于结算产品........................................................................................................ 163
15.4.结算场景 .............................................................................................................. 163
15.5 如何评价结算产品的好坏....................................................................................164

4
 15.6.结算的业务架构.................................................................................................... 164
15.7.结算系统系统架构................................................................................................ 164
15.8.结算系统业务实体结构........................................................................................165
15.9.业务流程................................................................................................................ 166
15.10.系统交互时序图.................................................................................................. 167
15.11.详细流程图.......................................................................................................... 168
拓展阅读 4：工资结算可以这么做.............................................................................169
拓展阅读 5：“三层式”清结算中台.........................................................................171
第 5 部分：账务............................................................................................................................ 173
第 16 章：账户系统设计...................................................................................................... 173
16.1 账户系统概述 ...................................................................................................... 173
16.2 账户主体................................................................................................................ 181
16.3 账户结构................................................................................................................ 184
16.4 费用管理和入账配置.......................................................................................... 188
16.5 冻结配置与账户流水............................................................................................ 192
16.6 后台设计................................................................................................................ 195
第 17 章:账务系统设计......................................................................................................... 196
17.1.用户场景和需求.................................................................................................... 196
17.2.会计基础知识........................................................................................................ 198
17.3.业务系统................................................................................................................ 202
17.4.账务系统................................................................................................................ 202
17.5.客户账户系统........................................................................................................ 203
17.6.会计系统................................................................................................................ 203
拓展阅读 6：从“账”上解决支付问题.....................................................................206
拓展阅读 7：让“热点账户”清凉一夏.....................................................................207
拓展阅读 8：“账户合并”这么做，必升值加薪！.................................................214
拓展阅读 9：“倒扣”的博弈.....................................................................................217
第 18 章：对账系统从入门到精通......................................................................................220
18.1 对账概述................................................................................................................ 220
18.2 对账架构图............................................................................................................ 222
18.3 对账文件获取和解析............................................................................................ 223
18.4 平台自有数据的获取............................................................................................ 227
18.5 对账数据管理........................................................................................................ 229
18.6 交易对账项目设计................................................................................................ 230
18.7 资金对账项目设计................................................................................................ 233
18.8 对账引擎及对账结果查看....................................................................................237
18.9 差错处理和差错配置设计....................................................................................240
拓展阅读 10：银行存款余额调节对账.......................................................................245
第六部分：资金与合规................................................................................................................ 249
第 19 章：“资金合规”的产品设计方法..........................................................................249
19.1.二清背景................................................................................................................ 249
19.2.什么是二清............................................................................................................ 249
19.3.二清违规后果........................................................................................................ 250
19.4.平台需求................................................................................................................ 250

5
 19.5.谁能解决合规........................................................................................................ 250
19.6.合规解决方案........................................................................................................ 251
19.7.平台改造和对接方案............................................................................................ 255
第 20 章：二清资金监管户账务处理实例..........................................................................255
20.1.交易基础信息........................................................................................................ 255
20.2.打款款支付成功.................................................................................................... 256
20.3.资金归集................................................................................................................ 256
20.4.滴滴清分处理........................................................................................................ 256
20.5.滴滴基于清分结果分账........................................................................................256
20.6.司机提现................................................................................................................ 257
20.7.申诉退款的业务平台处理....................................................................................258
20.8.退款请求监管机构做监管户的账务处理............................................................259
20.9.微信后续的资金归集............................................................................................ 260
第 21 章：调拨系统.............................................................................................................. 261
21.1.资金调拨................................................................................................................ 261
21.2.为什么要调拨........................................................................................................ 261
21.3.调拨的方式............................................................................................................ 262
21.4.资金调拨系统概述................................................................................................ 262
21.5.资金账户管理........................................................................................................ 263
21.6.调拨通道管理........................................................................................................ 263
21.7.调拨预留规则........................................................................................................ 263
21.8.调拨金额计算........................................................................................................ 264
21.9.账户调拨关系模型................................................................................................ 265
21.10.调拨发起.............................................................................................................. 265
21.11.调拨审核.............................................................................................................. 265
21.12.调拨记录.............................................................................................................. 265
21.13.调拨出款.............................................................................................................. 265
21.14.调拨异常的处理.................................................................................................. 266
第 22 章：资金线下汇入系统.............................................................................................. 266
22.1.什么是线下汇入.................................................................................................... 266
22.2.线下汇入的场景.................................................................................................... 266
22.3.线上的记账需求.................................................................................................... 266
22.4.线下汇入系统概述................................................................................................ 267
22.5.线下汇入系统架构................................................................................................ 267
22.6.线下汇入业务流程图............................................................................................ 268
22.7.商户端的支付提交................................................................................................ 268
22.8.线下汇入系统支付单管理...................................................................................269
22.9.指定收款账户........................................................................................................ 269
22.10.流水查询接入...................................................................................................... 269
22.11.对账机制 ............................................................................................................. 269
22.12.人工审核机制...................................................................................................... 270
22.13.对账成功后的业务触发......................................................................................270
第七部分：支付方法论................................................................................................................ 270
第 23 章：支付的“三字真经”.......................................................................................... 270

6
 23.1 什么是事，什么是账，什么是钱？ ..................................................................270
23.2 支付就是基于“事”记账，基于账给“钱” ................................................272
23.3 我们先说说系统 ................................................................................................ 273
23.4 我们再说说流程 .................................................................................................. 274
23.5 我们再说说逻辑 ................................................................................................ 274
第 24 章：支付金字塔.......................................................................................................... 275
24.1 支付的发展............................................................................................................ 275
24.2 几个创新手段的产生............................................................................................ 276
24.3 支付金字塔............................................................................................................ 276
24.4 几个关键认识........................................................................................................ 277
第 25 章：“故事分析法”与大型项目实施......................................................................277
25.1.学会讲故事 ........................................................................................................ 278
25.2.故事里的秘密 ...................................................................................................... 278
25.3.学会抽象业务流程 .............................................................................................. 279
第 26 章：如何主导一个大型的结算线上化项目..............................................................281
第 27 章：1 点 3 线架构....................................................................................................... 284
27.1 在顶层设计中解决理念问题................................................................................284
27.2 支付的过程............................................................................................................ 285
27.3 一点三线就是支付体系的骨骼............................................................................285
27.4 架构就是远方........................................................................................................ 286
27.5 产品的意义在于解决问题....................................................................................286
第 28 章：账户迁移的“兼平切”方法论..........................................................................287
28.1.项目概述 .............................................................................................................. 287
28.2.整体方案框架........................................................................................................ 287
28.3.方案基本原则........................................................................................................ 288
28.4.账户结构设计........................................................................................................ 289
28.5.新旧余额的核算关系............................................................................................ 290
28.6.灰度方案................................................................................................................ 290
28.7.回滚方案................................................................................................................ 290
28.8.执行........................................................................................................................ 291
28.9.复盘........................................................................................................................ 291
第八部分：实战案例.................................................................................................................... 291
第 29 章：“红包”产品设计.............................................................................................. 291
29.1.什么是红包............................................................................................................ 291
29.2.红包种类................................................................................................................ 292
29.3.红包体系涉及到的系统........................................................................................292
29.4.红包业务框架........................................................................................................ 292
29.5.红包业务流程........................................................................................................ 292
29.6.总结........................................................................................................................ 296
第 30 章：钱包的设计方法.................................................................................................. 296
30.1.什么是用户电子钱包............................................................................................ 296
30.2.用户钱包的用途.................................................................................................... 297
30.3.用户钱包的底层能力............................................................................................ 297
30.4.钱包分类与区别.................................................................................................... 298

7
 30.5.如何选择钱包类型................................................................................................ 298
30.6.钱包的架构和流程................................................................................................ 299
30.7.设计钱包的功能.................................................................................................... 300
30.8.设计钱包前端应用................................................................................................ 301
30.9.搭建钱包底层账户服务........................................................................................302
30.10.构建钱包附属支付服务体系..............................................................................302
30.11.钱包的运营后台.................................................................................................. 302
拓展阅读 11：你这是干了嘛！钱呢！.......................................................................302
第 31 章：职场这么玩.......................................................................................................... 305
31.1“效果思维”与“功能思维”.............................................................................305
31.2 新岗位初期的蜕变心法........................................................................................307
31.3 职场升级的“3·7”之道....................................................................................308
31.4 好产品经理都善于算计........................................................................................310
31.5 练武功，树战功，显神通....................................................................................311
31.6 想拿 A 只需做到这 4 个字................................................................................... 313

8
 序言
410160 分钟的力量
1.没错我们累计学习了 41 万分钟！
小鹅通新上线了周报功能，上周周报里的这个累计学习时长吓到我了，6800 个小时的累计学习，如果一天
持续学习 2 小时，相当于学习了 3400 天，约 10 年
6836 小时=410160 分钟≈10 年

2.他一周学习了 718 分钟
课堂每周都会有一个学习排名，大家可以在 h5 课堂内的学习中心查看，每周的学习第一名都在 500 分钟+，
我想再也没有如此高效的自我升级方式了，一周基本可以掌握别人四五年甚至更久的支付知识储备

3.他累计学习了 4000 分钟
有一个朋友要切换账号，想把光会员从一个微信账号换到另一个账号上，我在后台帮他操作，不经意看到
了他的累计学习时长，4113 分钟，佩服的五体投地；如果你没有学够 4000 个小时，你可能永远不知道他
收获了什么！

4.每个月会有 117 位优秀的人 22:00 在学习

在就业环境越来越激烈的时候，我想大家都有足够的需要去加速自己的升级和成长，打造自己硬实力的护
城河，这个可能不是自己学不学的问题，而是大家都在抢时间，在越早的完成支付体系的建设越有优势；
无论是在工作中还是在面试中，成体系的知识积累会让我们更容易积累后续的工作经验，就像开了一个挂
一样，获得比一般人数倍的速度

5.已经完成了 9 个专栏的录制
整个课堂计划了 24 个专栏，近期又新增了一个，相当于有 25 个专栏，目前已经完成了 9 个核心专栏的录
制，以及支付实战 45 天中 18 节的录制；后面会稍微加快速度，预计明年 6 月会完成全部专栏的上架，我
们看下已经上架的完成录制的专栏的具体情况

对账系统专栏

这是最早完成的一个专栏，系统的介绍了对账系统设计的理论基础和系统设计，可以建立对账的基础认识
和系统设计能力

9
账户系统专栏
我们都知道在现代支付时代，支付的核心是账户，这个专栏不仅系统的介绍了会计的基础知识，也系统的
介绍了账户系统的业务流程和产品架构以及系统的设计方法；已经有累计 623 人完成了学习

二清资金合规建设专栏
该专栏是对整个支付清结算的一次复盘和考验，一方面是涉及到的环节非常多，改造难度都比较大，另一
方面是整体设计涉及到的知识广度较大；掌握以后，基本也是对整个支付体系理论框架的加强

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清结算体系的建设
这是一个综合性的专栏，围绕计费清分，结算，账务等一揽子内容，如何以一个中心多个系统的模式进行
清结算体系的搭建，从熟悉概念到建设方法论再到每张表每个字段的关系详细的解读

交易系统的建设专栏
我们都知道，每一笔订单，每一笔支付，每一次活动，每一次退款，都离不开交易的推动，作为交易的中
心枢纽，基本可以说掌握了交易，就掌握了所有的系统关系；该专栏也在交易系统设计学习中掌握了与其
他系统的交互关系，比如订单系统、卡系统、优惠券系统、支付系统、清算系统等

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十看支付专栏
从十个方面阐述了支付体系所包含的内容，从支付概念，支付工具，支付账户，支付组织，会计基础宏观
与微观等分析建立支付的知识体系框架，是系统学习支付必须先建立起来的整体知识架构

还有已经上架的专栏就不再一一介绍了

支付全能班（线下）
这是一个集中线下训练营，在 2 天内完成整个支付体系的学习，共 16 个部分，16 个小时的学习，从 0 到 1
系统性的完成支付知识体系的把握，除了理论学习，还会有很多私密的非公开实战案例分享，面对面交流，
解答一切疑惑；目前课件已经完成了 43%，270 多页，全部课件预计有 600 多页；线下班的朋友有 5 大收
获

①1 次线下班集中课程
②1 年专属群深度服务

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③1 本纸质线下课 ppt 课件
④1 本纸质《开启支付之门》
⑤陈天宇宙《支付全能班结业证书》

光会员
目前上面介绍的 25 个专栏，除了线下课，加入光会员以后可以全部永久观看；光会员也是永久有效的；光
会员一共有四大权益

如果你正在从事支付产品设计工作，或者计划从事支付产品设计工作；如果还没有找到系统的学习方法，
不妨可以扫码下面的二维码访问课堂，了解一下课堂的课程以及光会员；我跟几千位光会员期待你的加
入！！！

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 第一部分：基础入门
很多朋友加我微信的第一句话是“陈老师，我是支付小白，想学习支付应该怎么开始啊？”，我一般会把
“支付概念与入门”这个话题发给他，告诉他可以先看这里面的几篇文章；今天这篇超长文，就是系统性
的从概念入手逐步过渡到支付整体框架，帮助一个支付小白快速对支付体系建立一个整体的认知，并且在
最后搭建一个支付宏观大厦，为接下来的一步一步深度学习打下知识框架，如果你对支付该兴趣，还不知
道如何下手，那就以此文为“支付体系知识框架”赶紧读一下吧......

第 1 章：支付概念基础

支付的本质就是货币在收付款人之间的转移，那为什么会转移呢，就是因为发生了经济活动有了交易；

就如我们口渴了去超市买了一瓶水，这就是经济活动，我们使用银行卡“支付工具”在超市的 pos 机上刷

卡完成了支付；这个过程转移的是电子账户货币，也就是我们的银行结算账户里的钱，转移到了商户的银
行结算账户

所以支付是在经济活动中，依赖于货币（交换媒介），使用支付工具，通过转移货币，实现商品与货币的
价值交换，这个过程就是支付的过程

我们日常生活购买生活用品，企业之间的采购，银行与银行之间的债务清偿，国家与国家之间的国债买卖
等的实现都依赖支付

所以支付首先有主体，在一定的经济活动下有了交易行为，然后使用支付工具实现支付，支付指令通过支
付系统进行传输，支付系统推动资金在账户之间完成转移

要想对一个事物有非常深刻的认识，并且能够灵活的把握；那么对其基础的概念的理解会起到非常关键的
底层作用；来认识这几个重要的支付概念

支付是社会经济活动引起的资金转移行为。支付体系是实现资金转移的制度和技术安排的有机组合。按照
转账支付的进程，支付体系的四个基本概念依次是结算账户、支付工具、支付清算系统以及资金清算方式。

结算账户:以支付主体名义开立的结算账户，其功能是存储资金、记录资金收付情况，是资金转移行为的基
础。目前，主要的结算账户类型包括：以银行卡为主体的个人结算账户、以活期存款为主体的单位银行结
算账户、个人在第三方支付机构开立的虚拟账户以及预付卡账户等。

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支付工具:是支付指令的载体。支付指令是付（收）款人支付（收取）资金的意思表示。经济活动中的银行
票据和结算凭证、银行卡和预付卡的签购单以及网上支付中提供的输入界面等都属于支付工具的范畴。

支付清算系统:是实现支付指令在收付款银行、不同结算主体之间传输的基础设施。各类支付清算系统通常
以标准化的磁码、报文或电子信息等格式进行支付信息传输。目前，我国各类支付清算系统承担着每天数
以亿计的支付指令的信息传输。

资金清算方式:是支付清算系统对通过其传输的支付指令进行资金结算处理的手段与规则。各类支付清算系
统中最常用的两类资金清算方式是：逐笔全额实时结算和批量净额轧差结算。同时，也有针对不同业务采
取不同资金清算方式的混合结算方式。

1.1 支付名词
了解一个事物最先要了解的就是这个事物所涉及到的概念

支付应用就是我们可以直接用来付款的软件，常见的有：微信 app，支付宝 app，银联闪付 APP

支付场景：在什么情况下去进行支付交易；线上场景在线购物，手机电话充值，购买水电费，会员购买等

线下场景：线下扫码付款，pos 机刷卡支付等

交易类型
支付：购买商品或者服务进行付款
退款：已经购买的订单进行逆向的退回
充值：将银行卡里的钱充到账户余额里
提现：将账户里的余额提到银行卡里
打款：特指利用付款通道给商家结算，将资金付给商家的结算卡
打款退回：原打款的逆行退回，一般因为打款失败
转账：指将银行账户的钱转给另一个银行账户，泛指账户之间余额的转移
调拨：公司将一个银行账户里的钱转到另一个银行账户用于付款业务
归集：公司将众多的收款账户里收的钱全部转到一个账户进行统一管理

支付类型（按通道类型）
快捷支付：在当前应用直接绑定银行卡即可支付
网关支付：从当前应用跳转到银行的网上银行进行支付
代扣：授权对方按照协议定期直接扣除账户里的资金，如会员自动续费
认证支付

支付类型（按业务双方类型）
B2C：个人与企业之间的收付
B2B：企业与企业对公户之间的收付
跨境：不同国家之间的用户之间的收付

支付方式
主要指用户在支付时收银台可以选择的支付手段
微信支付，支付宝支付

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银行卡支付：使用快捷支付或者网关支付，绑定银行卡进行付款
余额支付：商户平台为用户开通的虚拟账户，用户使用账户里的预充值余额付款
白条支付：使用预授权的额度进行付款
分期支付：按照约定定期分多次进行付款

支付产品
支付产品是支付公司按照行业特点或者业务特点将银行的支付通道进行包装成体验更好的支付产品，更容
易满足特定类型商户的支付场景；
一键支付：支付公司将银行的快捷支付通道包装成的产品，无需跳转网银直接绑卡支付
红包：这是很有用户场景的支付产品，像微信红包，本质是讲转账进行的包装
pos 支付：使用 pos 机进行支付交易
扫码支付
人脸支付

微信支付产品

支付宝支付产品

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聚合支付：四方支付公司将多家三方支付公司的支付产品包装到一起，成为一个支付产品

收银台类型
收银台就是直接面向用户，完成付款的工具
PC 收银台：在电脑上完成支付的收银台
H5 收银台：手机内的 H5 网页上完成支付的收银台
API 收银台：提供给商户商户自己进行包装成自己收银台的收银台底层接口
硬件收银台：pos 机，mpos 机等硬件设备，支付卡牌

支付通道
支付通道就是用来完成各类支付的支付接口或者支付接口提供方
三方支付通道：由三方支付公司向商户提供的支付接口或者三方支付本身，像微信通道，支付宝通道
银行支付通：道银行直接提供的支付接口；像快捷支付通道，网关支付通道，代扣通道，垫资通道
其他类通道：广义来说能够作为支付手段使交易完成的都可以成为通道，比如卡，券，余额支付

通道类型
单从银行通道来说，根据支付的特点及业务特点主要有以下几类
收单类通道：专门用来收款的银行通道
打款类通道：专门用来打款的银行通道
垫资类通道：使用信用备付金账户进行付款的付款通道
跨境类通道：进行跨境支付的银行通道

通道成本（费率）
就指通道使用方基于交易规模为通道支付的通道使用费，像微信的千 6 手续费，就是笔交易收取千分之六
的手续费，就是微信通道的成本

通道接入方式
直联：与通道提供方直接对接接入，像直接入微信，接入支付宝
间联：通过一个中介方接入另一家的通道，像三方支付通过网联接入各家银行的通道

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银企直联：特指企业直接接入对公户的开户行，管理自己的对公户，进行余额查询，转账等

支付路由
路由简单讲就是用户在发起支付请求时，通过预配置好的规则向收银台挑选出一条最优的支付通道；通道
的主要目的：节约成本，提升用户体验，确保渠道可用

支付限额
限额的主要目的是风险防范；像可用单笔限额，日累计限额，月累计限额

入网：按照平台的要求提交相关信息以及资质成为银行或者支付公司的签约商户的过程

开户：在银行或者三方支付公司开通各种类型账户的过程

绑卡鉴权：通过校验验证账户的可用性以及真实性的过程

订单：用户购买服务或者商品生成的记录，记录用户信息，商品信息等交易信息

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账单：账单是基于订单信息创建的用于支付收款的凭证记录，主要记录订单信息，用户信息，金额信息；
一个订单可以对应多个账单

支付明细（支付流水）
就是用户对账单的支付记录，比如一个 100 元的账单，用户用微信支付了 60 元，使用了一张 20 元优惠券，
又满减了 20 元，所以就有三条支付明细

三方流水号
支付成功后，渠道方返回的支付成功唯一的单号

支付协议
支付协议是平台与支付通道之间约定的支付参数，发起支付请求时传送这些参数

协议封装
因为收银台调用通道前用户提交的支付信息并不全，需要将一切其他的信息进行查询获取，比如设备信息，
其他的一些必填参数；获得所有信息后有渠道清算对这些信息进行组合到一起，然后再提交给支付渠道完
成支付请求的提交；这个过程称为协议的封装

支付状态
一笔支付请求的状态
待支付
支付成功
失败
异常

清算
清算就是基于交易或者支付记录算清楚应该给各方多少钱，并且将计算结果进行记录

清分：清分就是算清楚应该给谁多少钱

记账：就是将清分结果记录下来

分账：就是将一笔钱按照清分结果分给各方的动作

商户计费：计算为商户收付的每一笔交易应该收取的手续费

收费模式
就是跟商户约定按照什么方式手续手续费，什么时候收，怎么收
实收
后收
预付
预付实扣

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计费策略
就是跟商户约定的怎么样计算交易手续费，按比率，按笔，还是按阶梯
单笔固定比例
单笔固定费额
固定费额+固定比例
单笔区间费额/费率
累计阶梯套餐 A
累计阶梯套餐 B
单笔拆分

结算：基于交易收款记录明细，将钱从备付金账户打款给商户结算卡的资金转移过程
结算周期：跟商户约定好的结算时间，实时结算，第二天结算，下个月 1 号结算等
结算模式：就是怎么结算的问题，比如用户自己发起结算请求，平台主动定期主动给商家结算，平台按照
交易逐笔给商家结算

差错处理：是指在对账发现差异之后，按照实际差异原因和处理方式对差异进行消除处理的过程

差错处理类型：就是如何处理差错的分类；比如平台掉单了跟银行不一致，银行有平台没有，则差错处理
类型就是“平台补单”

长短款：就是平台与银行之间的应收应付和实收实付之间存在差异，这个差额就是长款或者短款

清算文件
银行或者三方支付机构提供给商家的一个交易周期内的交易记录明细文件

结算文件：银行或者三方支付机构提供给商家的一个交易周期内的实际已经结算入账的入账明细文件

账务类型：就是根据业务类型确定的记账类型；比如渠道收款账务，渠道收款手续费账务等

账务流水：基于业务发生记录生成的某账务类型的账务明细记录

账户类型
基于业务需要将账户分成不同的类型便于管理，账户本身并没有实质性区别；像结算账户，付款账户，运
营账户，营销账户，收入账户等

账户权限
为了迎合业务需要对某类型或者某个账户设定的功能可用性
能否透支
能否收款
能否付款

账户余额：账户里的资金数量

账户流水：账户余额变化的明细记录

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轧差
就是将过个款项按照流动方向进行汇总的处理操作，比如收款 100，手续费 6 元，那轧差后的净收款就是
96 元

入账：将计算好的账务明细记录到账户中的过程

结转：指期末结账时将某一账户的余额或差额转入另一账户。这里涉及两个账户，前者是转出账户，后者
是转入账户，一般而言，结转后，转出账户将没有余额。（百度词条）

会计分录：会计分录亦称"记账公式"。简称"分录"。它根据复式记账原理的要求，对每笔经济业务列出相对
应的双方账户及其金额的一种记录。（百度词条）
格式
借:科目 A 金额 1
贷:科目 B 金额 1

日切：通俗的来说就是更换系统记账的时间;系统从当前工作日切换到下一工作日（百度词条）

试算平衡：是指根据借贷记账法的记账规则和资产与权益(负债和所有者权益) 的恒等关系，通过对所有账
户的发生额和余额的汇总计算和比较，来检查账户记录是否正确的一种方法。（百度词条）

结账
结账是指会计期末将各账户余额结清或结转下期，使各账户记录暂告一个段落的过程。包括虚账户的结清
和实账户的结清。（百度词条）

银行卡类型
借记卡
贷记卡
理财卡

账户等级
一类户
二类户
三类户

备付金账户
存管户
收付户
汇缴户

头寸：指的是个人或实体持有或拥有的特定商品、证券、货币等的数量。

21
央行支付清算系统
央行大额实时支付系统（HVPS）用于处理同城和异地的商业银行跨行之间（也包括行内一定金额以上的）
大额贷记业务。

央行小额批量支付系统（BEPS）用来处理同城和异地纸凭证截留的借记支付业务以及每笔金额在 5 万以下
的小额贷记支付业务。大小额系统的比较大小额的开放时间不同：大额系统是工作日的 8:30 ~ 17:00，所以
在节假日经常会收到银行通知说某些业务暂停了经常就是因为央行在节假日对大额系统做维护。小额系统
全年无休，7*24 小时工作。业务处理上不同：大额是每笔交易都实时发送，实时清算的，所以基本上能实
时到账，跨行资金零在途。小额系统是在收集若干笔交易后打一个包统一处理，定时清算。所以，用小额
系统转账经常要几分钟甚至半个小时才能到账，银行间头寸交割也是非实时的。金额不同：大额系统没有
金额限制，小额系统支持的单笔金额上限是 5 万元。

网上支付跨行清算系统（俗称“超级网银”）。超级网银是对大小额支付系统的一个补充，有两大亮点：
接入机构不再限于银行。支付宝、财付通等第三方支付也可以接入，所以有的第三方支付给商户提供的提
现代发功能就是基于超级网银做的。7*24 小时实时到账，单笔上限 5 万元。这就相当于在非工作日非营业
时间增加了一种大额支付系统特性的渠道了。只不过金额限制是跟小额系统一致的。

三代
代收
代付
代扣

二次清算：是指做了 2 次清算，主要指三方支付公司给商户做了一次清算，资金进入商户的自有账户，这
是第一次清算；商户又将资金清算支付给了自己平台的店家的银行账户，这是第二次清算；因为商户没有
金融牌照，不能进行代收业务，所以属于“二清违规”

备付金集中存管：就是三方支付代商户收的交易资金放到指定银行指定账户进行监管；2019.1 月之前各家
银行都可以开设备付金账户，一个支付机构可以开设很多备付金账户，存管比例根据支付机构分级进行设
定；之后只能在央行开设一个集中存管账户，100%存管

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备付金报备
三方支付机构定期每月按照格式向央行提供改期的交易数据

网联银联虚拟账户
断直连后，网联和银联为三方支付机构设立的虚拟额度账户，其中的虚拟金由三方支付机构自主将集中存
管户里的实际资金进行分配得到

第 2 章：交易、清算、结算

从咿呀学语开始，我们都是从懵懂无知到博学睿智；同样学习支付也是，从宏观上整体认知支付，可以为
更好的掌握支付打下非常坚实的基础，今天我们就泛泛而谈的聊一聊“支付观”
随着货币形态变化支付方式的演变货币是支付的基础，货币在社会的不同阶段拥有不同的职能和形态，从
最原始的具体物体为货币下催生的物物交换支付方式，再到铸造技术发展之后的金银铜币的中间媒介支付
方式；再到近代国家信用背书下的纸质货币以及票据等近代支付方式；以及目前数字时代的数字货币形态
下的互联网支付、数字货币等的现代支付方式

时间上支付的演变：从历史发展的角度看支付在时间上的变化，能让我们预见未来，从以下这几个方面看

支付定义的演变：社会发展的不同，货币的形式和制造技术的变革；支付的定义也会随之发生变化，虽然
到目前为止还没有统一的认识，从曾经的物物交换，到现在的资金转移，支付的定义也在随着经济活动的
繁荣和技术的变革而不断丰富和更新

支付技术的演变：支付的技术依赖从有形金银货币时代的运输技术，纸质货币的制造和防伪技术，互联网
时代的数字货币存储加密和数据传输技术

支付工具的演变：从以往的以物换物工具，金银铜币工具，到现代的银行卡、票据、预付卡、互联网支付、
移动支付等多样的支付工具

支付参与者的演变：从原来的一对一参与者，到后来的钱庄镖局，到当下的央行、支付服务机构等更多的
参与群体

支付系统的演变：最明显的就是从原来的无系统，到近代的简约系统，再到近代的多层服务组织参与的复
杂支付系统，如当下中国清算体系的人行支付系统、银行支付系统、清算机构与支付机构的支付系统、交
易发起者的支付系统等

支付时代的演变：不同的社会时期催生了不同的支付时代，我们不妨将他们分为远古以物换物为支付基础
的旧支付时代，近代以金银纸币为支付基础的传统支付时代，以及现在以互联网等更多货币形态为基础的
数字支付时代 空间上支付的协同经济活动的发生催生了支付的产生，从空间上看每一次支付都是在众多参
与者的协同下完成

用户，是支付交易的消费者和发起者，他们基于生活和社会活动需要，购买商品，购买服务而发起支付动

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作

商户，是商品和服务的提供者，并且为个人以及企业用户提供商品交易线下或线上场所以及支付服务

支付服务机构，是支付服务提供者，包括支付代理商、四方支付机构、三方支付机构等非金融支付机构，
他们向商户提供效率更高、体验更好的支付服务解决方案

清算机构，是支付过程中跨行清算的重要参与者，实现银行与银行之间清算指令的传输交换以及向人行支
付系统发起清分

银行，金融基础提供者，为个人以及企业提供最基础的账户服务以及其他金融服务

人行，货币发行、支付政策、资金监管的履行者，向社会提供最基础的法律政策支持以及支付基础设施，
包含大小额支付系统以及清算账户基础等基础能力 流程上支付的联动从流程上看每一次交易的发生，每一
次支付动作都可以从这样四个维度去描述
支付的意识流动，这是交易发生的基础，是人们消费的冲动以及支付的意愿的变化；从看到一个精美的商
品到产生了购买的欲望，选择最佳的支付手动进行支付动作

支付的信息流动，整个交易过程中的单据的产生和记录，数据的产生和传送；用户购买下单先生成订单、
支付的账单、身份的验证、支付指令的发起以及传输等信息的流动，推动这交易的进程

支付的资金流动，完成最后的债券关系的清偿，消费方付出资金，销售方获得资金，资金在不同参与者的
不同账户之间完成最后的转移

支付的三流联动，整个支付过程不同的流动之间不是独立的，而是相互关联，意识、信息、资金相互联动

时空上支付的运动，我们将支付在时空上划分成三个阶段，交易，清算，结算；这也是一切支付行为的核
心组成框架

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交易，即用户进行支付的发起、身份的确认、单据的生成等一系列动作

清算，是基于生成的交易单据进行数据的交换、归集以及清分的过程；这个过程完成交易本金和手续费的
计算以及按照对象汇总生成应收应付金额，并将支付发送给清算方

结算，是按照清分结果完成最后的资金实际转移的过程

支付生于系统而又超越系统

从广义上看现代支付是超越系统的，因为支付无处不在，它永生于“观念”

从狭义上看，现代支付或是寄生于系统的，以人行支付系统为核心，以商业银行等支付参与组织支付系统
为基础，以商业活动企业支付系统为场所，以用户支付应用为起点……通过这样的跨越时空、主体、意识
的支付协同网络，成就了现代支付的繁荣

第 3 章：支付的账户基础

橘生淮南则为橘，生于淮北则为枳；也许不恰当，但可以说明，同一个事物在不同的平台或者场所会有不
同的表现和结局

同样，我们常说的人各不同，更多也是基于其性格、职业、观念、成就所言；但作为生物而言，我们都是
“一个鼻子两个眼，两只胳膊两条腿”没有本质的不同
所以，我们“人”从不同的维度可以划分出不同的个体或者群体；首先我们从系统层面来看我们都是社会
的一份子，相互协同、竞争以及依赖；从身份的角度看“我们是人”；再从角色去看，我们又有不同的角
色，同一个个体的“人”可以是丈夫、是教师、是儿子、是别人的男女朋友；不同的人在不同的角色上又

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拥有不同的信念或者观念，就如作为父亲的角色一样，有些父亲提倡散养，有的父亲提倡精致的养；不同
的观念铸就了我们会选择培养不同的能力，去做不同的事情，去适应不同的环境......所以我们要学会从不同
的层次去理解同一个事物，这个层次可以是空间上的、也可以是时间上的、更可以是观念上的

3.1 账户的本质
我们总是迷惑什么是账户，我想我们是迷惑于账户的不同角色，迷惑的原因就是没有把握住账户的本质；
就像银行的结算账户与微信的零钱账户，看起来是不同的，那是因为其承担了不同的角色，拥有不同的信
用和社会职能；但是究其本质，皆为账户，没有不同；有余额，有流水，有流水对余额的更新；所以账户
的本质是什么呢？

首先，我们来看账户存在的意义，那就是电子货币的载体，对经济活动产生的支付信息的记录；这就是账
户的本质，存储电子货币，以及支付信息；而货币存在的意义就是“等价物”，也就是支付的媒介；而作
为支付媒介，当下的货币或者电子货币本身并没有价值

其次，为什么可以作为等价物用于交换呢？那就是其本身的“信用”，不同货币的发行者就赋予了不同种

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类货币的不同的信用，不同种类的货币的存储就产生了不同种类的账户；这就是账户的不同之处，不同于
存储的货币的不同，不同于货币存储主体的不同，同样不同于货币信用的不同

3.2 账户的种类
基于账户的本质，我们知道了如何去理解不同种类账户，我们应该从其发行主体，不同货币资产，不同货
币信用去区分，如此我们可以将账户做如下的分类和分层

人行的清算账户，这是拥有国家信用的账户，存储着央行货币资产；又可以分为准备金账户和备付金账户；
准备金账户我们应该知道就是各银行在人行存储缴纳的“保证金”，确保银行有一定的抵偿能力，我们经
常听到的“降准”就是降低这个准备金账户缴纳的比例；备付金账户我想大家也都知道，就是用于银行间
或者其他支付服务组织间支付清算，支付机构在人行的监管账户就是备付金账户，目前要 100%存管

银行结算账户，这是拥有银行信用的账户，存储着银行存款货币资产；又可以分为个人结算账户和企业结
算账户；个人结算账户就是以个人为账户开户主体，存储个人存款的账户，按照开户渠道和验证条件的不
同可以分为一二三类账户，这个就不细讲了，感兴趣大家可以自行搜索；企业结算账户就是以企业为开户
主体，存储企业存款的账户，可以分为基本账户，一般账户，专用账户，临时账户四种

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支付账户，这是拥有支付机构信用的账户，存储在支付机构的虚拟货币资产；也可以分为个人支付账户和
企业支付账户；个人支付账户按照开户渠道和验证要素的不同可以分为一二三类账户，这个也不细讲其不
同了

企业虚拟账户，这是拥有企业信用的账户，存储在企业自建虚拟账户体系的账务记录；这类更灵活，但本
身并不具备多么高的信用；企业的信用相对于上面几类账户而言太弱了

3.3 账户与支付
电子账户存在的意义本身就是服务于支付，大大提升了社会经济活动的支付效率，降低了社会的交易成本；
不同的电子账户组成了支付的基础；而不同的账户基础又服务于不同的支付场景，那么不同的账户有用于
支撑哪些支付行为呢？而支付行为的发生又依赖什么呢？

支付行为的发生依赖于账户的同时，也同样依赖于支付工具，依赖于不同的支付清算系统，支付工具比如
银行卡，支票，汇票，预付卡等等，我们会在下一篇文章详细讲解支付工具；支付清算系统比如人行的大

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小额支付系统，银行的支付系统等

人行的清算账户用于进行不同组织之间的资金清算，比如银行与银行间的资金清算，支付机构与银行间的
资金清算；这个支付清算的执行就是依靠借记和贷记不同的清算账户实现；同样清算组织比如银联可以向
人行发起即时转账来促成各组织间的账户清算

银行的结算账户用于个人与企业主体间的结算，也是通过贷记或者借记对应账户实现资金的结算；比如企
业要给员工发工资，那么银行就可以借记企业对公账户贷记个人结算账户完成工资的发放

支付机构的支付账户可以用于个人的消费付款，企业的代收款以及代付款，原理与其他类型账户一样

所以以上不同的账户承载着不同的社会职能，共同支撑这社会的经济活动需要的支付能力和账户基础

3.4 账户协同
不同的账户不是独立存在的，而是相互协同，分层工作；就像我在支付宝里提现了我的账户余额到我的招
商银行卡

首先是支付宝要向银联发起付款请求，由银联将转账的支付信息转接给招商银行，支付宝扣减我在支付宝
开通的支付账户余额
其次是招商贷记我的招商个人结算账户账户余额完成入账

最后是银联要向人行发起对支付宝和招行的资金清算；人民银行要借记支付宝的备付金账户，贷记招行的
备付金账户，完成两家组织在人行的备付金存款的资金转移

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至此整个提现才真正完成

我们总是需要用不同的角度去看待事物，同样，我们又需要学会认识同一个事物的不同维度；酒桌上他不
能喝酒，你可能认为他不识时务，但他只是因为有胃炎不想因为喝酒而生病，因为生病而让妻子担心，因
为妻子担心而影响妻子的司法考试，影响了妻子的司法考试而影响了妻子希望为农民工伸张正义的梦想......

人生而不同，而又相同；换个角度，世界大不同！换个层次，必有新的意义！

第 4 章：支付依赖的支付工具

工具的意义锄禾日当午，汗滴禾下土；锄头的发明很大程度上提高了农民耕作的效率，大大的提升了生产
力；人类与其他动物最大的区别就是我们会发明和使用工具，工具发明的意义在于对生产力的提升，大大
加快了社会的进程

同样社会的经济活动要依赖于市场交易，而交易就需要进行支付行为，而支付就想耕种一样，也需要不同
的工具来完成；在不同的时期产生了不同的支付工具，支付工具的意义也就是工具本身的意义，它是为了
提升生产力而存在的；而支付工具就是为了提升支付的效率、安全性等而产生的

4.1 货币支付依赖支付工具

我们知道货币是支付的媒介，也是拥有不同信用的交换等价物，而货币本身随着历史的发展其形态和作用

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也在发生着变化；从最早的实物作为货币媒介，到近代的铸币、票据、银票，再到现代的纸币，账户货币；
而不同的货币形态用于支付就需要不同的支付工具来完成，比如银行的个人结算账户货币要是用于支付购
买商品，怎么进行使用呢，那就需要依赖可以转移支付结算账户货币资金的支付工具，比如银行卡，信用
卡，拿着银行卡在商家的 pos 机上一刷，就可以将结算账户里的资金转移给指定对象了；

4.2 支付工具提升了支付效率

非常方便，不需要你再去银行柜台，填写一个单子，拿着身份证把钱取出来，然后再去到商场把现金给到
商家；同样商家也不需要兑换很多的零钱用于找零，日终再清点货款，然后定期到银行去把钱存到银行的
结算户中；所以说银行卡支付工具的发明，大大提升了银行货币支付的效率，也提升了支付过程的安全性
和货币的安全性，因为如果没有银行卡，货币的存取都存在丢失破损等风险

4.3 支付工具的定义

由上我们如何定义支付工具呢，中国支付体系发展报告中是这样定义的

支付工具是传递收付款人支付指令，实现债权债务关系清偿和资金转移的载体

所以说支付工具是一个载体，用于传递支付指令，就如上文提到的银行卡就是支付工具的角色，其本身并
不是货币，因为货币是以数字的形态存储在银行的结算账户中，而银行卡只是作为支付工具发起结算账户
货币资金转移的请求

为了不同场景或者交易市场的支付需要，我们可以发明创造出不同的支付工具，比如我们做公交的公交卡
就是支付工具，替代了人工投递纸币，大大提升了乘车的支付效率，我们可以回忆一下在没有公交卡之前，
我们遇到过多少次因为没有零钱或者排队买票而出现的不便

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4.4 支付工具的分类

支付工具经过了改革开发几十年或者对世界先进工具的借鉴和引用，当下支付工具的种类已经琳琅满目了，
也极大的满足了社会不同市场的支付需要

支付工具可以划分为现金支付工具和非现金支付工具；现金支付工具就是我们的纸币了，非现金支付工具
我们可以称其为新型支付工具，更多是以账户货币为基础，用于高效转移账户货币资金的工具

4.5 非现金支付工具
我们知道的有卡基支付工具“银行卡、信用卡、预付卡”，纸质票据支付工具“支票、汇票、本票”等等，
如下表格罗列的目前常见的支付工具，感兴趣的朋友可以想想除了下列的支付工具以外还有哪些支付工具
呢

32
 第 5 章：支付的参与组织

人民银行，商业银行，清算机构等组织略,本部分只介绍三方支付机构，大家要明白支付是众多组织，众多
系统共同协同的结果，要对所参与的组织，涉及到的系统，以及相互之间的关系有所了解

三方支付机构风风雨雨这么多年，相比大家都已经不陌生，特别是头部的那几家企业；今天我们就从几个
维度浅谈一下支付机构的一些方面，了解即可也不必过度钻研

5.1 定义
是指非金融机构在收付款人之间作为中介机构提供下列部分或全部货币资金转移服务∶

网络支付：指依托公共网络或专用网络在收付款人之间转移货币资金的行为，包括货币汇兑、互联网支付、
移动电话支付、固定电话支付、数字电视支付等。

预付卡的发行与受理：指以营利为目的发行的、在发行机构之外购买商品或服务的预付价值，包括采取磁
条、芯片等技术以卡片、密码等形式发行的预付卡。

银行卡收单：指通过销售点（POS）终端等为银行卡特约商户代收货币资金的行为。

中国人民银行确定的其他支付服务。

5.2 资质
非金融机构提供支付服务，应当依据本办法规定取得《支付业务许可证》，成为支付机构。支付机构依法
接受中国人民银行的监督管理。

未经中国人民银行批准，任何非金融机构和个人不得从事或变相从事支付业务。

支付机构应当按照《支付业务许可证》核准的业务范围从事经营活动，不得从事核准范围之外的业务，不
得将业务外包。

支付机构不得转让、出租、出借《支付业务许可证》。

5.3 备付金管理

客户备付金的存放、归集、使用、划转等存管活动。

客户备付金，是指支付机构为办理客户委托的支付业务而实际收到的预收待付货币资金。客户备付金必须
全额缴存至支付机构在备付金银行开立的备付金专用存款账户。

备付金银行，是指与支付机构签订协议、提供客户备付金存管服务的境内银行业金融机构，包括备付金存
管银行和备付金合作银行。

专用存款账户，是指支付机构在备付金银行开立的专户存放客户备付金的活期存款账户，包括备付金存管
账户、备付金收付账户和备付金汇缴账户。

33
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the
United States of America, Volume 2 (of 9)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: History of the United States of America, Volume 2 (of 9)

During the first administration of Thomas Jefferson

Author: Henry Adams

Release date: December 24, 2023 [eBook #72499]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1889

Credits: Richard Hulse, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, VOLUME 2 (OF 9) ***
THE FIRST ADMINISTRATION
OF

THOMAS JEFFERSON
1801–1805
 HISTORY
OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DURING THE FIRST ADMINISTRATION OF

THOMAS JEFFERSON

By HENRY ADAMS

Vol. II.

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
1889
 Copyright, 1889,
By Charles Scribner’s Sons.

University Press:
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
 CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Rupture of the Peace of Amiens 1
II. The Louisiana Treaty 25
III. Claim to West Florida 51
IV. Constitutional Difficulties 74
V. The Louisiana Debate 94
VI. Louisiana Legislation 116
VII. Impeachments 135
VIII. Conspiracy 160
IX. The Yazoo Claims 192
X. Trial of Justice Chase 218
XI. Quarrel with Yrujo 245
XII. Pinckney’s Diplomacy 264
XIII. Monroe and Talleyrand 288
XIV. Relations with England 316
XV. Cordiality with England 342
XVI. Anthony Merry 360
XVII. Jefferson’s Enemies 389
XVIII. England and Tripoli 410

Index to Vols. I. and II. 439

 THE COAST OF
WEST FLORIDA
AND
LOUISIANA
(From Jeffery’s American Atlas. London, 1800.)
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
 CHAPTER I.
Congress expired; Monroe set sail March 8, 1803; Washington
relapsed into silence; and the President and his Cabinet waited
alone in the empty village, triumphing for the moment over their
difficulties. Although a French prefect was actually in New Orleans,
and the delivery of Louisiana to Bonaparte might from day to day be
expected, not an additional soldier stood on the banks of the
Mississippi, and the States of Kentucky and Tennessee were as
quiet as though their flat-boats still floated down to New Orleans. A
month passed before Madison or Jefferson again moved. Then the
President asked his Cabinet[1] what Monroe should do in case
France, as he expressed it, “refused our rights.” He proposed an
alliance with England, and suggested three inducements which
might be offered to Great Britain: “1. Not to make a separate peace.
2. To let her take Louisiana. 3. Commercial privileges.” The Cabinet
unanimously rejected the second and third concessions, but
Dearborn and Lincoln were alone in opposing the first; and a majority
agreed to instruct Monroe and Livingston, “as soon as they find that
no arrangements can be made with France, to use all possible
procrastination with them, and in the mean time enter into
conferences with the British government, through their ambassador
at Paris, to fix principles of alliance, and leave us in peace till
Congress meets; and prevent war till next spring.”
Madison wrote the instructions. If the French government, he
said,[2] should meditate hostilities against the United States, or force
a war by closing the Mississippi, the two envoys were to invite
England to an alliance, and were to negotiate a treaty stipulating that
neither party should make peace or truce without consent of the
other. Should France deny the right of deposit without disputing the
navigation, the envoys were to make no positive engagement, but
should let Congress decide between immediate war or further
procrastination.
 At no time in Talleyrand’s negotiations had the idea of war
against the United States been suggested. Of his intentions in this
respect alone he had given positive assurances.[3] Above all things
both he and the First Consul feared a war with the United States.
They had nothing to gain by it. Madison’s instructions therefore
rested on an idea which had no foundation, and which in face of the
latest news from Europe was not worth considering; yet even if
intended only for use at home, the instructions were startling enough
to warrant Virginians in doubting their authenticity. The late
Administration, British in feeling as it was supposed to be, had never
thought an alliance with England necessary even during actual
hostilities with France, and had not hesitated to risk the chances of
independent action. Had either of Jefferson’s predecessors
instructed American ministers abroad, in case of war with France, to
bind the United States to make no peace without England’s consent,
the consequence would have been an impeachment of the
President, or direct steps by Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina,
as in 1798, tending to a dissolution of the Union. Such an alliance,
offensive and defensive, with England contradicted every principle
established by President Washington in power or professed by
Jefferson in opposition. If it was not finesse, it was an act such as
the Republicans of 1798 would have charged as a crime.
While Madison was writing these instructions, he was interrupted
by the Marquis of Casa Yrujo,[4] who came in triumph to say that his
Government had sent out a brigantine especially to tell the President
that the right of deposit would be restored and continued till another
agreement or equivalent place could be fixed upon.[5] Yrujo was
instructed to thank the President for his friendly, prudent, and
moderate conduct during the excitement. He sent to New Orleans
the positive order of King Charles IV. to the Intendant Morales, that
the right of deposit should be immediately restored; the western
people were told that their produce might go down the river as
before, and thus the last vestige of anxiety was removed. In face of
this action by Godoy, and of the war evidently at hand between
France and England, the success of the peace policy was assured.
These events in some degree explained the extraordinary nature of
the new instructions of April, 1803.
Monroe was then already at Paris. In order to make clear the
situation in which he found himself, the sequence of events in
Europe needs to be understood.
Bonaparte’s expedition to Louisiana was to have sailed at the
end of September, 1802.[6] A general of division, three generals of
brigade, five battalions of infantry, two companies of artillery, sixteen
pieces of cannon, and three thousand muskets were to be collected
at Dunkirk for shipment; but as fast as regiments could be named
they were consumed by the fiery furnace of St. Domingo.
Nevertheless, all the orders and arrangements were gradually made.
Victor was to command the forces in Louisiana; Laussat was to be
prefect, charged with the civil administration. Both received elaborate
written instructions; and although Victor could not sail without ships
or troops, Laussat was sent on his way.
These instructions, which were never published, had extreme
value for the decision of disputes which were to perturb American
politics for the next twenty years. Although Victor was forced to wait
in Holland for the expedition he commanded, a copy of his
instructions was given to Laussat, and served to regulate his conduct
as long as he remained in office. Decrès, the Minister of Marine, was
the author of this paper, which unfolded the purpose that had guided
France in recovering, and was to control her in administering, this
vast possession. Nothing could be simpler, clearer, or more
consistent with French policy than this document, which embodied
so large a part of Talleyrand’s political system.
The instructions began, as was natural, by a careful definition of
the new province. After reciting the terms of the retrocession
according to the Third Article of Berthier’s Treaty, Decrès fixed the
boundaries of the territory which Victor, on the part of the French
republic, was to receive from the Marquis of Somoruelos, the
Captain-General of Cuba.[7]
“The extent of Louisiana,” he said, “is well determined on the south
by the Gulf of Mexico. But bounded on the west by the river called Rio
 Bravo from its mouth to about the 30° parallel, the line of demarcation
stops after reaching this point, and there seems never to have been
any agreement in regard to this part of the frontier. The farther we go
northward, the more undecided is the boundary. This part of America
contains little more than uninhabited forests or Indian tribes, and the
necessity of fixing a boundary has never yet been felt there. There
also exists none between Louisiana and Canada.”
In this state of things the captain-general would have to relieve
the most remote Spanish garrisons, in order to establish possession;
in other respects he would be guided only by political and military
interests. The western and northern boundary was of less
consequence than the little strip which separated New Orleans from
Mobile; and to this point the instructions specially called Victor’s
attention. Quoting the treaty of 1763 between Spain, Great Britain,
and France, when Florida was to become a British possession,
Decrès fixed its terms as still binding upon all the interested parties.
“‘It is agreed,’” said the seventh article of this treaty, “‘that in future
the boundaries between the States of his Most Christian Majesty and
those of his Britannic Majesty shall be irrevocably fixed by a line
drawn down the middle of the Mississippi River from its source to the
River Iberville, and from there by a line down the middle of that river
and of the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea. New Orleans
and the island on which it stands shall belong to France.’ Such is still
to-day the eastern limit of Louisiana. All to the east and north of this
limit makes part of the United States or of West Florida.”
Nothing could be clearer. Louisiana stretched from the Iberville to
the Rio Bravo; West Florida from the Iberville to the Appalachicola.
The retrocession of Louisiana by Spain to France could restore only
what France had ceded to Spain in 1762. West Florida had nothing
to do with the cession of 1762 or the retrocession of 1800, and being
Spanish by a wholly different title could not even be brought in
question by the First Consul, much as he wanted Baton Rouge,
Mobile, and Pensacola. Victor’s orders were emphatic:—
“There is therefore no obscurity as to our boundary on this side
any more than as to that of our allies; and although Florida belongs to
Spain, Spain’s right of property in this quarter will have as much
interest for the Captain-General of Louisiana as though Florida were a
French possession.”
 After thus establishing the boundary, as far as possible, in every
direction, the minister treated at some length of the English claim to
navigation on the Mississippi, and at last reached the general subject
of the relation between Louisiana and the world about it,—the
subject in which Jefferson would have found acute interest:—
“The system of this, as of all our other colonies, should be to
concentrate its commerce in the national commerce; it should have in
particular the aim of establishing its relations with our Antilles, so as to
take the place, in these colonies, of the American commerce for all the
objects whose import and export is permitted to them. The captain-
general should especially abstain from every innovation favorable to
strangers, who should be restricted to such communications as are
absolutely indispensable to the prosperity of Louisiana and to such as
are explicitly determined by the treaties.”
Commercial relations with the Spanish colonies were to be
encouraged and extended as much as possible, while the utmost
caution was to be observed toward the United States:—
“From what has been said of Louisiana and the adjacent States, it
is clear that the republic of France, being master of both banks at the
mouth of the Mississippi, holds the key to its navigation. This
navigation is nevertheless a matter of the highest importance for the
western States of the Federal Government.... This is enough to show
with what jealousy the Federal Government will see us take
possession of Louisiana. Whatever may be the events which this new
part of the continent has to expect, the arrival of the French forces
should be marked there by the expression of sentiments of great
benevolence for these new neighbors.”
Expression of benevolent sentiments was a pleasing duty; but it
was not to interfere with practical measures, both defensive and
offensive:—
“The greatest circumspection will be required in directing the
colonial administration. A little local experience will soon enable you to
discern the sentiments of the western provinces of the Federal
Government. It will be well to maintain sources of intelligence in that
country, whose numerous, warlike, and sober population may present
you a redoubtable enemy. The inhabitants of Kentucky especially
should fix the attention of the captain-general.... He must also fortify
himself against them by alliance with the Indian nations scattered to
the east of the river. The Chibackas, Choctaws, Alabamas, Creeks,
 etc., are represented as being entirely devoted to us.... He will not
forget that the French government wishes peace; but that if war takes
place, Louisiana will certainly become the theatre of hostilities.... The
intention of the First Consul is to raise Louisiana to a degree of
strength which will allow him in time of war to abandon it to its own
resources without anxiety; so that enemies may be forced to the
greatest sacrifices merely in attempting to attack it.”
In these instructions not a word could be found which clashed
with Jefferson’s pacific views; and partly for that reason they were
more dangerous to the United States than if they had ordered Victor
to seize American property on the Mississippi and occupy Natchez
with his three thousand men. Victor was instructed, in effect, to
tamper with every adventurer from Pittsburg to Natchez; buy up
every Indian tribe in the Georgia and Northwestern Territory; fortify
every bluff on the western bank from St. Louis to New Orleans; and
in a few years create a series of French settlements which would
realize Madison’s “sound policy” of discouraging the United States
from colonizing the west bank.
Fortified by these instructions, the Citizen Laussat set sail Jan.
12, 1803, and in due time arrived at New Orleans. Victor labored in
Holland to put his ships and supplies in a condition to follow. As
Laussat sailed, another step was taken by the French government.
General Bernadotte, a very distinguished republican officer, brother-
in-law of Joseph Bonaparte, was appointed minister at Washington.
[8] The First Consul had his own reasons for wishing to remove
Bernadotte, as he meant to remove Moreau; and Washington was a
place of indirect banishment for a kinsman whose character was to
be feared. Bernadotte’s instructions[9] were signed by Talleyrand
Jan. 14, 1803, the day after Monroe was confirmed as special envoy
to France by the Senate at Washington, and while Laussat was still
on the French coast. Although Bonaparte had been obliged to
withdraw a part of Victor’s force, he still intended that the expedition
should start at once with two thousand men;[10] and its departure
was to be so timed that Bernadotte should reach Washington as
Victor and his troops reached New Orleans. Their instructions were
on one point identical. News of the closure of the Mississippi by
Morales had reached Paris, and had already caused an official
protest by Livingston, when Talleyrand drew up the instructions to
Bernadotte:—
“Louisiana being soon to pass into our hands, with all the rights
which have belonged to Spain, we can only with pleasure see that a
special circumstance has obliged the Spanish Administration to
declare formally [constater] its right to grant or to refuse at will to the
Americans the privilege of a commercial entrepôt at New Orleans; the
difficulty of maintaining this position will be less for us than that of
establishing it.... Yet in any discussion that may arise on this subject,
and in every discussion you may have to sustain, the First Consul
wishes you to be informed of his most positive and pronounced desire
to live in good understanding with the American government, to
cultivate and to improve for the advantage of American commerce the
relations of friendship which unite the two peoples. No one in Europe
wishes the prosperity of that people more than he. In accrediting you
to its Government he has given it a peculiar mark of his good
disposition; he doubts not that you will make every effort to bind closer
the ties which exist between the two nations. In consequence of the
firm intention which the First Consul has shown on this subject, I must
recommend you to take every care to avoid whatever might alter our
relations with that nation and its Government. The agents of the
French republic in the United States should forbid themselves
whatever might even remotely lead to a rupture. In ordinary
communication, every step should show the benevolent disposition
and mutual friendship which animate the chiefs and all the members
of the two Governments; and when any unforeseen difficulty rises
which may in any degree whatever compromise their good
understanding, the simplest and most effectual means of preventing
all danger is to refer its solution to the inquiry and direct judgment of
the two Governments.”
Talleyrand’s language was more elaborate, but not clearer, than
that which Bonaparte himself used to Victor.[11]
“I have no need to tell you,” the First Consul wrote, “with what
impatience the Government will wait for news from you in order to
settle its ideas in regard to the pretensions of the United States and
their usurpations over the Spaniards. What the Government may think
proper to do must not be judged in advance until you have rendered
an account of the state of things. Every time you perceive that the
United States are raising pretensions, answer that no one has an idea
 of this at Paris (que l’on n’a aucune idée de cela à Paris); but that you
have written, and that you are expecting orders.”
These were the ideas held by the government of France at the
moment when Jefferson nominated Monroe as a special envoy to
buy New Orleans and West Florida. Jefferson’s hopes of his success
were small; and Livingston, although on the spot and eager to try the
experiment, could only write:[12] “Do not absolutely despair.”
Whatever chance existed of obtaining New Orleans seemed to lie in
the possibility that Addington’s peaceful administration in England
might be driven into some act contrary to its vital interests; and even
this chance was worth little, for so long as Bonaparte wanted peace,
he could always keep it. England was thoroughly weary of war; and
proved it by patiently looking on while Bonaparte, during the year,
committed one arbitrary act after another, which at any previous time
would have been followed by an instant withdrawal of the British
minister from Paris.
On the other hand, the world could see that Bonaparte was
already tired of peace; his rôle of beneficent shopkeeper disgusted
him, and a new war in Europe was only a question of months. In
such a case the blow might fall on the east bank of the Rhine, on
Spain, or on England. Yet Bonaparte was in any case bound to keep
Louisiana, or return it to Spain. Florida was not his to sell. The
chance that Jefferson could buy either of these countries, even in
case of a European war, seemed so small as hardly to be worth
considering; but it existed, because Bonaparte was not a man like
other men, and his action could never be calculated in advance.
The news that Leclerc was dead, that his army was annihilated,
St. Domingo ruined, and the negroes more than ever beyond control,
reached Paris and was printed in the “Moniteur” Jan. 7, 1803, in the
same active week when Bernadette, Laussat, and Victor were
ordered from France to America, and Monroe was ordered from
America to France. Of all the events of the time, Leclerc’s death was
the most decisive. The colonial system of France centred in St.
Domingo. Without that island the system had hands, feet, and even
a head, but no body. Of what use was Louisiana, when France had
clearly lost the main colony which Louisiana was meant to feed and
fortify? The new ruler of France was not unused to failure. More than
once he had suddenly given up his dearest plans and deserted his
oldest companions when their success was hopeless. He had
abandoned Paoli and Corsica with as little compunction as afterward
he abandoned the army and the officers whom he led to Egypt.
Obstinate in pursuing any object which led to his own advancement,
he was quick to see the moment when pursuit became useless; and
the difficulties that rose in his path toward colonial empire were quite
as great as those which had driven him to abandon Corsica and
Egypt. Not only had the island of St. Domingo been ruined by the
war, its plantations destroyed, its labor paralyzed, and its population
reduced to barbarism, so that the task of restoring its commercial
value had become extremely difficult; but other and greater
objections existed to a renewal of the struggle. The army dreaded
service in St. Domingo, where certain death awaited every soldier;
the expense was frightful; a year of war had consumed fifty thousand
men and money in vast amounts, with no other result than to prove
that at least as many men and as much money would be still needed
before any return could be expected for so lavish an expenditure. In
Europe war could be made to support war; in St. Domingo peace
alone could but slowly repair some part of this frightful waste.
Leclerc was succeeded at St. Domingo by General Rochambeau,
a son of the Comte de Rochambeau, who twenty years before had
commanded the French corps which enabled Washington to capture
Cornwallis at Yorktown. A brave officer, but known to be little fit for
administration, Rochambeau was incompetent for the task that fell
on him. Leclerc had warned the Government that in case of his own
retirement he had no officer fit to replace him,—least of all
Rochambeau, who was next in rank. Rochambeau wrote to inform
the First Consul that thirty-five thousand men must be sent to save
the island.[13] Without a new commander-in-chief of the highest
ability, a new army was useless; and meanwhile Rochambeau was
certain to waste the few thousand acclimated soldiers who should
form its nucleus.
The First Consul found himself in a difficult and even dangerous
situation. Probably the colonial scheme had never suited his tastes,