Digestive System

• Oral Cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
• Small intestines
• Large intestines
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anal canal
Embryonic Derivatives of the Gut Tube
• Foregut:
• Esophagus
•
A Midgut:
• Duodenum (distal half of 2nd part, 3rd
• Stomach and 4th parts)
• Jejunum
• parts)
Duodenum (1st and 2nd
• Ileum
• Gallbladder • Cecum
• Liver • Appendix
• Pancreas • Ascending colon
• Spleen • Transverse colon (proximal two-thirds)
• Celiac trunk • Superior mesenteric artery

•Hindgut:
• The distal one third of the transverse colon
• The splenic flexure
• The descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
• Upper two third of the anal canal

•Inferior mesenteric artery

Embryonic Derivatives of the Gut Tube

• Foregut: Esophagus - proximal

duodenum: Celiac artery, greater
splanchnic nerve (enter T5-9)

• Midgut: Distal duodenum to

transverse colon: Superior mesenteric
artery, lesser splancnic nerve (enter T8-11)

• Hindgut: Descending colon to anus:

Inferior mesenteric artery, least splancnic
nerve (enter T12-L3)
Arteries of the Digestive System

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric
artery
8
Abdominal aorta

Inferior mesenteric
artery
Embryonic Derivatives of the Gut Tube
• Structures
•
of the foregut are:
Esophagus
• Stomach
• Duodenum (1st and 2nd parts)
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• Spleen (note that it is located in the foregut
region, but is not a gut organ)

• Arterial supply from the celiac trunk T5-9

• Venous drainage by the portal venous system.

• Lymph drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes

• Sympathetic innervation is from the thoracic

splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)

• Parasympathetic innervation is from vagus.

• Pain in the foregut is typically referred to the

epigastric region.
Embryonic Derivatives of the Gut Tube
• Structures
•
in the adult midgut
Duodenum (distal half of 2nd part, 3rd and 4th parts)
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Cecum
• Appendix
• Ascending colon
• Hepatic flexure of colon.
• Transverse colon (proximal two-thirds)

• Arterial supply from the SMA

• Venous drainage is to the portal venous system.

• Lymph from the midgut drains to prevertebral superior

mesenteric nodes
T8-11

• Sympathetic innervation is from the thoracic

splanchnic nerves (T8-T11)

• Parasympathetic innervation is from vagus.

• Pain in the midgut is referred to the umbilical region

(around the umbilicus (belly button).
Embryonic Derivatives of the Gut Tube
• Structures
•
in the adult hindgut
The distal third of the transverse colon
• The splenic flexure
• The descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum

• Arterial supply by the IMA

• Venous drainage is to the portal venous

system.

• Lymphatic drainage is to the cisterna chyli.

• Sympathetic innervation is from the Lumbar

splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

• Parasympathetic innervation is from S2-S4.

• Pain in the hindgut is referred to the hypogastric

region (T12-L3) T12-L3
Overview of the Digestive Tract

• The Digestive System

• Consists of the muscular digestive tract assisted
by various accessory organs.

• Digestive functions include:

•
Ingestion

• Mechanical processing
• Digestion
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Excretion
Overview of the Digestive Tract

• Digestive Tract Components

• Oral cavity

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

• Rectum

• Anus
Overview of the Digestive Tract
• The Components of the Digestive System and Their Functions
Overview of the Digestive Tract
• The Structure of the Digestive Tract
Overview of the Digestive Tract

• Movement of Digestive Materials

• Involuntary control of smooth muscle of
muscularis externa.

• Two kinds of movement

• Peristalsis
tract.
propels material along the

• Segmentation
small intestine.
churns material in the
Oral Cavity

• Oral region includes the:

• Oral cavity (mouth)

• Teeth

• Gingivae (gums)

• Tongue

• Palate

• Parts of palatine tonsils

Oral Cavity
• Chewing
• The first part of the digestive process
• Food is prepared as bolus for easy
swallowing.
• Bolus is formed by chewing and addition of
saliva.

• Deglutition (swallowing)
• Initiated in the oral cavity, its
• First part is voluntary and the food is
transmitted to the pharynx.

• Phonation
• All contents of oral cavity participates
phonation.
Lips and Vermilion Zone

• •Vermilion:
The red part of the lips

• It is covered with a specialized stratified

squamous epithelium, which is in continuity
with the oral mucosa of the gingivolabial
groove.

• Confusingly, the vermilion itself is also

often referred to as the lips.

• •Vermilion Border:
The rim of paler skin that demarcates the
vermilion from the surrounding skin.

• •Cupid's Bow:
The contour of the line formed by the
vermilion border of the upper lip.
Lips and Vermilion Zone
Lips and Vermilion Zone
• The vermilion border (sometimes
spelled vermillion border) is the normally sharp
demarcation between the lip and the adjacent
normal skin.

• It is thus the edge (border) of the red (vermilion) of

the lip.

• It represents the change in the epidermis from

highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized
internal skin.

• It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or facial

hair.
Lips and Vermilion Zone
• There are two reasons for the border being red:
• The epithelium is thin.
• This epithelium contains eleidin which is
transparent and the blood vessels are near the
surface of the papillary layer, revealing the "red
blood cell" color.

• At the angles of the mouth, there are sebaceous

glands, without hair follicles, which are
called Fordyce's spots.

• The vermilion border is important

in dentistry and oral pathology as a marker to
detect disease, such as in actinic cheilitis.

• Vermilionectomy
• A vermilionectomy (sometimes
spelled vermillionectomy) is the surgical
removal of the vermilion border. It is
sometimes performed to treat carcinoma of
the lip.
Oral Cavity
• Has two parts
• Oral Between
vestibule
• the teeth, gingiva, cheeks
and lips

• Oral Between
cavity proper
• the upper and lower
dental arches.
• Roof is formed by the palate.
• Posteriorly communicates with
oropharynx through the opening
called isthmus fauceum.

• The• The
rima oris
opening between the
lips
Oral Cavity

• OralBetween
vestibule
• and lips the teeth, gingiva, cheeks Superior labial frenulum
(mucobuccal fold)
Oral Cavity
• OralBetween
vestibule
• the teeth, gingiva, cheeks and lips
Lingual and inferior labial frenula
(mucobuccal fold)
Oral Cavity
• The
•
absence of the lingual and inferior labial frenula
Absent in people with EDS

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a disease that weakens the connective tissues

of your body. These are things like tendons and ligaments that hold parts of your
body together. EDS can make your joints loose and your skin thin and easily
bruised. It also can weaken blood vessels and organs.
Lips
• Lips are externally covered with skin and
internally by mucosa.

• Arterial supply is mainly from the branches

of the facial artery.

• Lymph from the upper lip and lateral parts of

the lower lip drains into the submandibular
lymph nodes

• Whereas lymph from medial part of the lower

lip drains into the submental lymph nodes.
Lymph Nodes of Head and Neck
Cleft Lip

• Is a congenital anomaly of the upper lip that is seen

1/1000 of births.

• 60-80 % of the cases are male.

• May occur as a small notch in the transititional zone.

• Severe ones may extend up to the nose and might be

associated with cleft palate.

• May be unilateral or bilateral.

• Treatment is surgical.
Clinical Notes
• Carcinoma of the lip
• Usually involves the lower lip.
• Matastasis to the submandibular and
submental lymph nodes are common.

• Cyanosis of the lips

• Improper oxygenation of the of the capillary
blood leads to dark-bluish or purplish
coloration of the lips.

• Exposure to excessive cold may also lead to

discoloration of the lips due to the decreased
blood supply and increased consume of
oxygen.
Oral Cavity
• Cheeks (buccae) form the lateral wall of the
oral cavity.

• Numerous buccal salivary glands lie within

the mucosa.

• Arterial supply comes from the buccal

branches of the maxillary artery.

• Sensory innervation is from the buccal

nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
Oral Cavity
• Gingivae (gum) are composed of fibrous tissue
covered with mucosa.

• They are firmly attached to the alveolar process of

the jaws and necks of the teeth.

• Inflammation of the gingivae may occur due to the

improper oral hygiene, resulting with swelling and
reddening.
Teeth are classified according to shape and function

• Incisors: chisel-shaped for chopping off

pieces

• Canines: cone shaped to tear and pierce

• Premolars (bicuspids) for grinding

• Molars: broad crowns with 4-5 rounded

cusps for grinding
Functions of Teeth

• Incisors
• Present incisal edge
• Cutting
• Biting
• Canines (cuspids)
• Tearing
Present roughened surface (cusps = tubercles)
•
• Breaking
• Biting
• Premolar (bicuspids) and molar (tricuspids) teeth
• Grinding
Present roughened surface (cusps = tubercles)
•
• Chewing
Functions of Teeth

• Incisors
• Present incisal edge
• Cutting
• Biting
• Canines (cuspids)
• Tearing
Present roughened surface
•
• Breaking
• Biting
• Premolar and molar teeth
• Grinding
Present roughened surface (cusps = tubercles)
•
• Chewing
Teeth
• On each jaw (half)
• Two incisors (erupting at
about 6-8 months)

• One canine (erupting at

about 10 months)

• Two premolars (erupting at

about 20-24 months)

• Three molars (erupting at

about 6-25 years)
Teeth
• TwoPrimary
sets:
• • or deciduous
“Baby” teeth
• Start at 6 months.
• 20 are out by about 2 years.
• Fall out between 2-6 years.

• Permanent:
•
32 total
All but 3rd set of molars by end of
adolescence.
• 3rd set = “wisdom teeth”
• Variable
• Some can be “impacted” (imbedded
in bone).
Primary Teeth
Permenant Teeth
Structure of the Teeth
• Two main regions
• Crown (exposed)
• •
Enamel (substantia adamantina)
99% calcium crystals
• Hardest substance in body
• Contains no cells.

• Root (in socket)

• Cementum: Surrounds the root.

• Connected to the periosteum via

periodontal ligament.

• Neck (between crown and root)

• Dentin
•
(substantia eburnea)
Bulk of the tooth (bone-like
but harder than bone, with
collagen and mineral)
Structure of the Teeth
• Two main regions
• Crown (exposed)
• •
Enamel (substantia adamantina)
99% calcium crystals
• Hardest substance in body
• Contains no cells.

• Root (in socket)

• Cementum: Surrounds the root.

• Connected to the periosteum via

periodontal ligament.

• Neck (between crown and root)

• Dentin
•
(substantia eburnea)
Bulk of the tooth (bone-like
but harder than bone, with
collagen and mineral)
Structure of the Teeth
• Two main regions
• Crown (exposed)

• Root (in socket)

• Dentin
• Bulk of the tooth (bone-like
but harder than bone, with
collagen and mineral)

• Pulp cavity with vessels and

nerves

• Root canal: the part of the

pulp in the root
Structure of the Teeth

• Two main regions

• Crown (exposed)

• Root (in socket)

• Dentin
• Bulk of the tooth (bone-like
but harder than bone, with
collagen and mineral)

• Pulp cavity with vessels and

nerves

• Root canal: the part of the

pulp in the root
Structure of the Teeth
Structure of the Teeth
Surfaces of A Tooth
• Occlusal (masticatory)

• Meet during chewing.

• Vestibular (facial = outer)

• Lingual (oral = inner)

• Surfaces of contact
• Mesial: toward the center the dental arch

• Distal: towards the ends the arch

Surfaces of A Tooth
Surfaces of A Tooth
Vessels and Nerve of the Teeth

• Arteries of the teeth are branches of the maxillary

artery
• Superior and inferior alveolar arteries

• Veins follow the arteries with same names

• Lymphatics mainly drain into the submandibular

lymph nodes
Innervation of Teeth
• Nerves are branches of the trigeminal nerve.
• Superior alveolar nerves (br of infraorbital nerve which is the continuation of the
maxillary nerve)

• Inferior alveolar nerve (br of mandibular nerve)

Trigeminal nerve
Palate
• Forms the roof of the mouth and the floor of
the nose.

• Nasal surface is covered with respiratory

mucosa, whereas the oral surface is
covered with oral mucosa.

• Has two parts,

• Hard palate (anterior)

• Soft palate (posterior)

Hard Palate

• Forms the anterior 2/3 of the palate.

• Formed by two bones

• Palatine processes of the
maxillary bones

• Horizontal plates of the palatine

bones
Hard Palate

• Three foramina are visible on the oral

aspect of the hard palate.

• Incisive fossa (or foramen): leads

to the incisive canal

• Greater palatine foramen

• Lesser palatine foramina

Hard Palate
• Incisive foramen and canal
• Greater palatine artery (br of descending palatine artery)

• Posterior septal branches of the sphenopalatine artery (passes through the sphenopalatine
formen to reach the nasal cavity) communicate in the canal.
Hard Palate
• Incisive foramen and canal
• Greater palatine nerve and nasopalatine nerve communicate in
the canal
Hard Palate
• Greater palatine foramen
• Three structures pass through this
foramen:
• Descending palatine artery
• Greater palatine artery

• Descending palatine vein

• Greater palatine vein

• Greater palatine nerve

Hard Palate

• Lesser
•
palatine foramina
Structures passing through this foramen
are
• Lesser palatine arteries

• Lesser palatine nerves

Soft Palate
• Forms the posterior 1/3 of the palate.

• Formed of palatine aponeurosis (anterior)

and muscles (posterior).

• Under the mucosa there are numerous

palatine glands that secrete mucus.

• Ends with a postero-inferior curve, called the

uvula.

• During swallowing, the soft palate is elevated

postero-superiorly against the wall of the
pharynx and prevents the food passing to the
nasopharynx.
Soft Palate

• The hard palate (yellow arrows) forms the roof of the oral
cavity and is continuous anteriorly with the maxillary alveolar
arches and posteriorly with the soft palate (black arrow).
Soft Palate
• During swallowing, the soft palate is first
drawn inferiorly so that it is in contact with
the tongue.

• Than it is elevated postero-superiorly against

the wall of the pharynx, contacting with it,
thereby preventing the food passing to the
nasopharynx.
Soft Palate

• Crista palatopharyngeus = Passavant’s tubercle

Passavant, Philippas G., German
physician, 1815-1893.
Soft Palate

• Soft palate is laterally continuous with

the pharyngeal wall.

• There are two mucosal folds (arches)

extending between the soft palate and
the root of the tongue and pharynx:
• Palatoglossal arch (anterior)

• Palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)

Soft Palate

• Soft palate is laterally continuous with

the pharyngeal wall.

• There are two mucosal folds (arches)

extending between the soft palate and
the root of the tongue and pharynx:
• Palatoglossal arch (anterior)

• Palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)

Soft Palate
• Fauces (throat) is the passage from the mouth to the pharynx.

• Isthmus of fauces is the narrow part of the passage and is between the
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.
Soft Palate

• Tonsillar fossa (bed) is the fossa

between the palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal arches, and the root of
the tongue.

• Palatine tonsils (masses of lymphoid

tissue) lie in this fossae on each side.
Muscles of the Soft Palate
• The 5 muscles of the soft palate arise from the base of the
skull and descend to the palate.
• Levator veli palatini muscle
• Tensor veli palatini muscle
• Palatoglossus muscle
• Palatopharyngeus muscle
• Uvular muscle
Muscles of the Soft Palate

• Levator veli palatini muscle

• O: Cartilage of the pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tube and petrous part of the
temporal bone
L
• I: Palatine aponeurosis
L
• N: Pharyngeal plexus

• F: Elevates the soft palate (during swallowing

and yawning), helps opening of the
eustachian tube.
Muscles of the Soft Palate
• Tensor veli palatini muscle
• O: Medial pterygoid plate and auditory tube
• I: Palatine aponeurosis
• N: Medial pterygoid nerve (a branch of
mandibular nerve)
T
• Functıon:
• Tenses the soft palate, assists the
levator veli palatini in elevating the
palate to occlude and prevent entry of
food into the nasopharynx during
swallowing.

• It assists in opening of auditory tube

during swallowing or yawning to allow
air pressure to equalize between the
tympanic cavity and the outside air.

• Equalization of air pressure in the

tympanic cavity is essential for
preventing damage to the tympanic
membrane and a resulting loss of
hearing acuity.
Muscles of the Soft Palate
• Palatoglossus
•
muscle
Mucosa covering this muscle forms the
palatoglossal arch

• O: Palatine aponeurosis

• I: Side of the tongue

• N: Pharyngeal plexus

• F: Elevates the posterior part of the tongue

and draws the soft palate towards the
tongue
Muscles of the Soft Palate

• Palatopharyngeus muscle

• Mucosa covering this muscle forms the

palatopharyngeal arch

• O: Hard palate and palatine aponeurosis

• I: Lateral wall of the pharynx

• N: Pharyngeal plexus

• F:Tenses the soft palate and pulls the wall of

the pharynx anterior, superior and medially
(during swallowing)
Muscles of the Soft Palate

• Uvular Muscle
• O: Posterior nasal spine of the
palatine bone and palatine
aponeurosis

• I: Mucosa uvula

• N: Pharyngeal plexus

• F: Shortens the uvula and pulls it

superiorly
Vessels of the Soft Palate

• Arterial supply mainly comes through the

greater palatine and lesser palatine arteries
(brs of the descending palatine artery)

• Veins drain into the pterygoid venous plexus

Vessels of the Soft Palate

• Nerves arise from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

• Greater and lesser palatine nerves

• Nasopalatine nerve
Pharyngeal Plexus

Formed by the axons of the

cranial nerves 9, 10 (11).
All the motor neuron bodies
localized in nuc. ambiguus
The Tongue

• Mobile and muscular organ

• Functions in:
• Articulation

• Taste

• Mastication

• Deglutition
The Tongue

• Tongue has three parts

• Root
• Body
• Apex

• There is a V-shaped groove at its

dorsum, referred as the terminal sulcus

• At the midportion of the terminal sulcus

there is a nonfunctional foramen called
the foramen cecum (remnant of the
thyroglossal duct)
The Tongue

• The dorsum of the tongue has a rough

surface due to the presence of numerous
lingual papillae
The Tongue
• There are four types of papillae at the dorsum of the
tongue (except the filiform papillae, all contain taste
buds)

• Filiform
•
papillae:
Smallest and hair-like
• Does not contain taste buds,
but has numerous nerve endings sensitive
to touch

• Vallate
•
papillae:
Largest
• Lie parallel to the terminal sulcus

• Foliate
•
papillae:
Located on the lateral part of the tongue

• Fungiform
•
papillae:
Mushroom-shaped
• Scattered among the filliform papillae and
most numerous at the apex
Tongue

• Posterior to the lingual sulcus there are no lingual

papillae.

• At this part of the tongue there are lymph

follicles under the mucosa.

• This lymphoid tissue is called the lingual

tonsil
Tongue
Tongue

• At the inferior surface there is a midline mucosal fold

called the frenulum of tongue.

• On each side of the lingual frenulum lies a papilla

called the sublingual caruncule, where the ducts of
each submandibular gland open.

• Lateral to each sublingual caruncule are the

sublingual folds.
• Small openings of each sublingual gland lie on
these folds
The Muscles of the Tongue

• The structure of the tongue is muscle

covered by mucosa.

• There are two groups of muscles

moving the tongue:

• Intrinsic muscles (change the shape

of the tongue).

• Extrinsic muscles (move the

tongue).
The Muscles of the Tongue
The Muscles of the Tongue

• Intrinsic muscles
• Superior longitudinal muscle
• Curls the apex of the tongue
superiorly.

• Inferior longitudinal muscle

• Curls the apex of the tongue
inferiorly.

• Transverse muscles of the tongue

• Narrows, elongates and increase
the tongue height.

• Vertical muscle of the tongue

• Flattens and broadens the tongue.
The Muscles of the Tongue

• Septum lingua
•Separates:
• The muscles at the two sides of the tongue
• The branches of two lingual arteries.
• Midline sectioning of the tongue causes
little bleeding.
The Muscles of the Tongue

• Extrinsic muscles
• Genioglossus muscle
• Fibers of both side protrude the
tongue, unilateral contraction
deviates and prodrudes the tongue
to the other side.

• Hyoglossus muscle
• Depresses
retraction.
the tongue and aids in its

• Styloglossus muscle
• Retracts the tongue.
• Palatoglossus muscle
• Elevates the posterior part of the
tongue and commonly the both sides
act together to narrow the isthmus of
the fauces.
Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy

• The tongue can be protruded in the midline

only if the muscles of both sides work
together.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerves of the Tongue
Nerves of the Tongue
Nerves of the Tongue
The Tongue: Innervation
The Tongue: Innervation
The Tongue: Innervation
Innervation of the Tongue
Motor innervation
• All muscles of the tongue are
innervated by the hypoglossal
nerve (CN XII), ( except the
palatoglossal muscle which is
innervated by the VAGUS
nerve - pharyngeal plexus
-formed by CN IX, X and XI)
Sensory innervation
• GSA
•Anterior 2/3 by lingual nerve (br of
mandibular nerve)
•Posterior 1/3 glossopharyngeal
nerve (CN IX)
• SVA (taste)
• Anterior 2/3 by facial nerve (CN
VII) (fibers join to the lingual nerve
to reach the tongue)
• Posterior 1/3 glossopharyngeal
nerve (CN IX)
• GSA and SVA fibers from the vagus
nerve (CN X) supply a small area at
the most posterior part of the tongue
The Distribution of Gustatory Papillae

• The distribution of gustatory

papillae, their innervation,
and the regions of maximum
sensitivity to different
submodalities of taste on the
human tongue.
Lymphatic Drainage of Tongue
Lymphatic Drainage of Tongue
1. Posterior third of the tongue
drains into the superior deep
cervical lymph nodes.

2. Medial part of the anterior two

thirds drains directly into the
inferior deep cervical lymph
nodes.

3. Lateral part of the anterior two

thirds drains into the
submandibular lymph nodes.

4. Apex and frenulum drain into the

submental lymph nodes

1.What are the 4 routes of drainage of lymph from the tongue?

Lymphatic Drainage of Tongue
Salivary Glands
• Intrinsic
•
salivary glands
Located within mucosa.

• Secrete saliva all the time to keep

mouth moist.

• Extrinsic salivary glands

• Paired (2 each)
• Parotid
• Submandibular
• Sublingual
• External to mouth
• Ducts to mouth
• Secrete saliva only right before or
during eating.
Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands

• Saliva:
• Contains mixture of water, ions,
mucus, enzymes.

• Keeps mouth moist.

• Dissolves food so can be tasted.
• Moistens food.
• Starts enzymatic digestion.
• Buffers acid.
• Possesses
activity.
antibacterial and antiviral
Parotid Gland
• Largest of the salivary glands.

• Lies antero-inferior to the external acoustic

meatus

• Parotid duct extends antero-inferiorly,

pierces the buccinator muscle and enters
the oral cavity
• Opens with a small orifice opposite to
the 2nd maxillary molar tooth
Parotid Gland

• Structures within the parotid gland

are:
• Facial nerve

• External carotid artery

• Retromandibular vein

• Parotid duct

• Parotid lymph nodes (drain into

both the superficial and deep
cervical lymph nodes)
Submandibular Gland
• Lies medial to the body of the mandible.

• Its duct runs medially to open at the side of

lingual frenulum (at the lingual caruncule).
Submandibular Duct ( Wharton)
Sublingual Gland

• Lies in the floor of the mouth

• Numerous sublingual ducts open with

small foramina on the sublingual fold
Innervation of Glands
Facial Nerve and Pterygopalatine Ganglion

• Parasympathetic
• Lacrimal glands
fibers innervate

• Nasal glands
• Palatine glands

• Preganglionic neurons
• Superior salivatory nucleus
• Ganglionic neuron bodies
• Pterygopalatine ganglion

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Facial Nerve and Pterygopalatine Ganglion
• Greater petrosal nerve
+
• Deep petrosal nerve

• Vidian verve (n. canalis pterygoidei)

• Parasympathetics synapse in
pterygopalatine ganglion.

• Postganglionic parasympathetic
fibers travel to and innervate:
• Lacrimal glands
• Nasal glands
• Palatine glands

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Facial Nerve and Submandibular Ganglion
• Parasympathetic fibers innervate
•Submandibular ganglion
•Sublingual ganglion

• Preganglionic neurons
•Superior salivatory nucleus

• Ganglionic neuron bodies

•Submandibular ganglion

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Facial Nerve and Submandibular Ganglion
• Chorda tympani

• Joins to lingual nerve

• Reach to submandibular ganglion via rr.

ganglionares ad ggl. Submandibulare

• Parasympathetics synapse in
submandibular ganglion.

• Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

travel to and innervate:
• Sublingual gland
• Submandibular gland
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Facial Nerve and Pterygopalatine & Submandibular Ganglia

Greater petrosal nerve Deep petrosal nerve

Pterygopalatine ganglion Vidian

Chorda tympani
Lingual nerve

Submandibular ganglion
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Facial Nerve and Pterygopalatine & Submandibular Ganglia

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Otic Ganglion

• Parasympathetic
• Parotid gland
fibers innervate

• Preganglionic neurons
• Inferior salivatory nucleus
• Ganglionic neuron bodies
• Otic ganglion

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Otic Ganglion
• Parasympathetic fibers of 9th cranial
nerve reaches to

• Otic ganglion via lesser petrosal

nerve

• Preganglionic neurons synapse here

• Postganglionic neurons join to

auriculotemporal nerve to reach

• Parotid gland
Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Otic Ganglion
Lesser petrosal nerve

Auriculotemporal nerve

Tympanic plexus

Tympanic nerve

Otic ganglion

Deep petrosal nerve

Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Otic Ganglion

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings