Aspire 008 GC II Element 3-Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

NEBOSH
International General
Certificate
MUSCULOSKELETAL HAZARDS
and RISK CONTROL
Instructor:
2015 Mr. Masood Ali Khan
Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 2
3.1-WORK
RELATED UPPER
LIMB DISORDERS
Meaning Of Musculoskeletal Disorders And WRULDS
¤ Work-related musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are disorders

of parts of the body such as muscles, joints, tendons,
ligaments, nerves, bones and the localised blood circulation
system, that are caused by work and working conditions.
¤ Most work-related MSDs are cumulative disorders, resulting
from repeated exposure over long periods of time, mainly
affecting the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs, but can
also affect the lower limbs

Exam Question
a) Identify the occupations that may expose the
employees to the risk of repetitive action. (4)

Examples Of Repetitive Actions
Who is affected by WRULDs?
¤ Keyboard operation.
¤ Assembly of small components.
¤ Bricklaying.
¤ Checkout operators.

Supermarket Checkout Staff Video 1

Supermarket Checkout Staff Video 2

Assembly line worker Video

DSE - Terminology
What is Display Screen Equipment?
Any alphanumeric display screen regardless of the display

process involved.

Exam Question
a) Give the meaning of the term “ergonomics.” (3)
b) Identify the possible health effects that may be caused by the

poor ergonomic design of display screen equipment
workstations. (3)
c) Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic

assessment of a display screen equipment workstation. (14)

Exam Question
a) Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of
display screen equipment (DSE). (4)
b) Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use

at a DSE workstation. (4)

Ill-Health Effects of DSE
Suggested Ill-Health Effects:
¤ Work Related Upper Limb Disorder (WRULD).
¤ Temporary eyestrain.
¤ Visual Fatigue and mental stress.
¤ Facial dermatitis.
¤ Photosensitive epilepsy.

DSE Workstation Improvement Video

Optimum Workstation Set-Up
Screen height adjustable so that
the monitor top is level with the
eyes,
giving a 15-20 degree drop in
Screen: glare and
vision.
reflection
Distance 50 - 70 cm. minimised.
Shoulders relaxed and
upper arm vertical. Space in front of the Screen able to
Seat height so that keyboard to rest tilt 10o – 20o and
forearms are approx. wrists (wrist swivel.
horizontal. support).
Keyboard detachable with
facilities to tilt.
Depth of desk top >60cm
with worktop height
A footrest may be approx. 60cm from the
5 star base with floor.
required to minimise
adjustable seat height
pressure on the
and backrest. Lower
underside of the
back support at belt
thigh.
height.

DSE
u DISPLAY SCREENS
u KEYBOARD
u MOUSE
u SOFTWARE
u DOCUMENT WORK
u DESK
u CHAIR
u WORKING POSTURE
u LAPTOP
u ENVIRONMENT
u INDIVIDUAL

Assessment of a DSE Workstation
Position, Character definition,
Equipment Screen
Character stability.
Keyboard Tilt-able, character legibility.
Desk Size, matt surface.
Chair Adjustable back & height, footrest.
Environment Noise Levels of noise not distractive.

Humidity Low humidity.
Lighting Levels appropriate
Space Adequate for work conducted.
Software Easy to use.
Person / Software interface
Work rate Not governed by software.
Monitoring Operator/user informed.

Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the study of the relationship between:
¤ Man.
¤ The equipment he works with.
¤ The environment.
It is the science of adapting the task (including

equipment and the workplace), to the worker.

Exam Question
a) Give the meaning of the term “ergonomics.” (3)
b) Identify the possible health effects that may be caused by the

poor ergonomic design of display screen equipment
workstations. (3)
c) Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic

assessment of a display screen equipment workstation. (14)

Ill-health Effects Of Poorly Designed Tasks & Workstations
WORK-RELATED UPPER LIMB DISORDERS (WRULD)
¤ Any condition caused by forceful, frequent, twisting and repetitive
movements. The body will be affected to a varying degree by tasks which
involve bending, reaching, twisting, repetitive movements and poor posture.
Symptoms:
¤ Pain.
¤ Soreness.
¤ Tenderness
¤ Inflammatory conditions of Soft tissues.
¤ Symptom may have slow onset.
¤ Adaptation to task affects other parts of the body.
¤ Acute stage rapidly proceeds to chronic stage.
Some Common WRULDS
¤ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
¤ Tenosynovitis.
¤ Tendinitis.
¤ Peritendinitis.
¤ Epicondylitis.
¤ Trigger Finger,
¤ HAVS

WRULDs
¤ Epicondylitis.
¤ Tendinitis.

Factors Giving Rise To Ill-health Conditions
What are the causes?
There are three risk factors and activities:
¤ Tasks.
¤ Environment.
¤ Equipment.
We will look at these in turn, next.

Ergonomic Risk Factors
Physical requirements of the task - key factors:
¤ Posture and physical action.
¤ Forces involved.
¤ Repetition.
¤ Duration and recovery time.

The environment - key problem areas:
¤ Illumination and contrast of general lighting.
¤ Glare.
¤ Flickering light.
¤ Temperature.
¤ Humidity.
¤ Ventilation.

The equipment - key factors:
¤ Physical characteristics of the equipment itself:
- Physical manipulation.
- Encouraging poor posture.
¤ Position in relation to worker:
- Requiring bending.
- Reaching down.
- Reaching up.

Control Measures
¤ WORKSTATION
¤ TEMPERATURE
¤ HAND TOOLS
¤ REPETITIVE MOVEMENT
¤ POSTURE
¤ GLOVES
¤ VIBRATION
¤ USE OF MUSCULAR FORCE
¤ MECHANICAL PRESSURE
¤ ORGANIZATION OF WORK
3.2-MANUAL
HANDLING HAZARDS,
RISKS & CONTROL
MEASURES
Manual Handling
“Transporting or supporting of a load
(including the lifting, putting down, pushing,
pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or
by bodily force.”

Manual Handling Training Video 1

Manual Handling Safety Training Video 2

Exam Question
A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal
shelves.
a) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer

while carrying out this activity. (4)
b) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the

risk of injury. (4)

Manual Handling
Common injuries:
¤ Prolapsed spinal discs.
¤ Muscle strain or sprain.
¤ Tendons and ligaments can also be over stretched and torn.
¤ Rupture of a section of the abdominal wall can cause a hernia.
¤ Loads with sharp edges can cause cuts, lacerations.
¤ Dropped loads can result in bruises, fractures and crushing
injuries.

Spine, Strain & Sprain Illustration

Hernia & Crushing Injuries

Assessments Of Manual Handling Risks
The following four factors should be considered as part of the
risk assessment.
1. Load
2. Individual Capability
3. Task
4. Environment
Remember LITE.

Manual Handling Video

Factors To Assess – The Load
¤ Is it heavy?
¤ Is it bulky or unwieldy?
¤ Is it difficult to grasp?
¤ Is it unstable?
¤ Is it sharp, hot or otherwise hazardous?

Modifying the Load
Honeycombing the load may reduce the weight, depending on
the type of material used.

Modifying the Load

Modifying the Load

Factors To Assess – The Individual
Does the task…
¤ Require unusual strength, height, etc.?
¤ Pose a risk to pregnant workers?
¤ Pose a risk to young people?
¤ Pose a risk to people with health problems?
¤ Other factors:
– Is protective clothing or equipment worn?
– Does this affect the operation?

Exam Question
A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal
shelves.
a) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer

while carrying out this activity. (4)
b) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the

risk of injury. (4)

Factors To Assess – The Task
Does the task involve:
¤ Being held at a distance from the trunk?
¤ Twisting?
¤ Stooping?
¤ Reaching upwards?
¤ Excessive lifting or lowering?
¤ Excessive carrying distances?
¤ Pushing or pulling?
¤ Sudden movement of the load?
¤ Frequent/prolonged physical effort?
¤ Sufficient rest periods?
¤ A rate of work imposed by a process?

Effect Of Distance From Trunk
Capability %
Distance from the spine in centimetres

Lifting And Lowering Filter
Assessment guideline filter - maximum weight
guidance.
These are guideline values only.

Manual Handling Operations
Carrying
¤ Guideline filter similar.
¤ Hold load against body.
¤ Rest every 10 metres.
Pushing and Pulling

Handling Whilst Seated
¤ Guideline values much reduced.
¤ Applies to area of shoulder to hip.

Bending and Twisting
45 degree twist = 10% reduction from filter guidelines.

90 degree twist = 20% reduction.
Modifying The Task

Modifying The Task

Factors to Assess
The Work Environment
¤ Does lack of space prevent good posture?
¤ Are floors uneven, slippery or unstable?
¤ Are there variations in floor level?
¤ Is it extremely hot or cold?
¤ Is it extremely humid?
¤ What is ventilation like?
¤ Are there gusts of wind or strong air movements?
¤ What is the lighting like?

Modifying The Environment

Training
Safe Lifting Technique
1. Assess the load.
2. Position the feet.
3. Adopt a good posture.
4. Get a firm grip.
5. Keep the load close.
6. Don’t jerk.
7. Move the feet.
8. Put down, then adjust.
How Can I Avoid Manual Handling?
¤ Eliminate the need to move the load.
¤ Automate the movement.
¤ Mechanise the movement.

3.3-MANUALLY
OPERATED LOAD
HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment
Pedestrian Operated Load Moving Equipment
Two-wheeled Platform Truck

Caged Platform Truck Sack Truck
Pallet Truck

People Handling Hoists

Transferring a Patient Video

Transferring a Patient Video

People Handling Aids – Slide Sheet

People Handling Aids – Walk Belt

Slide Board

3.4-MECHANICALLY
OPERATED LOAD
HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Mechanically Operated Load Handling Equipment
1.Forklift Trucks
2.Lifts and Hoists
3.Conveyors
4.Cranes

Forklift Trucks
Pedestrian Counterbalanced Truck

Pedestrian Pallet Stacker
Four-directional Truck
Reach Truck Side Loading Truck

Forklift Truck Accidents Video

Forklift Trucks
Hazards of FLTs:
¤ Overturning.
¤ Overloading
¤ Collisions
¤ Failure
¤ Loss of load

Exam Question
Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move materials in a
warehouse.
a) Identify FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-
powered forklift trucks. (4)
b) Identify precautions that may be needed to reduce the risk to

pedestrians in areas where the forklift trucks are operating. (8)
c) Identify precautions that should be taken when leaving a forklift

truck unattended. (8)

Exam Question
Forklift trucks are operating in a busy workplace.
Identify suitable control measures to reduce the risk of collision

with workers. (8)

Exam Question
Q) Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of
battery-powered forklift trucks, AND identify the precautions
necessary in EACH case. (8)

Hazards Associated battery operated FLTs
¤ Hydrogen gas:
– Ventilation, fire equipment, no smoking and signage.
¤ Sulphuric acid:
– Protective clothing, spillage procedure, clean water, first-aid
and topping up procedure.
¤ Electricity:
– Insulated tools, safe charging procedures
and isolation.
¤ Fire:
– Sparks from batteries or hot temperatures
may ignite flammable materials.
Exam Question
Q) Outline EIGHT precautions that should be taken
when leaving a Fork-lift truck unattended. (8)

FLTs - Driver Health
¤ Full movement of the trunk.
¤ Normal agility.
¤ Normal hearing.
¤ Proper vision:
– If spectacles should be worn, they must be worn at all
times.
¤ Epileptic seizure, heart problem or stroke:
– Doctor certifies a return to work.
¤ Stable mentality.

FLTs - Driver Training
¤ Basic training:
– Skills/knowledge needed for safe operation.
¤ Specific job training:
– Knowledge of the workplace and special techniques.
¤ Familiarisation training:
– On-the-job under close supervision.
¤ Managers must have:
– Basic training and knowledge of the vehicle.
– Training and information on risk assessments.
– Knowledge of any written systems of work.
Construction Lifts & Hoists

Construction Lift Accident Video

Lifts And Hoists - Hazards
¤ The lift/hoist may overturn or collapse.
¤ The lift/hoist can strike persons, during normal operations,
who may be near or under the platform or cage.
¤ The supporting ropes may fail & the platform/cage falls to
the ground.
¤ The load or part of the load may fall.
¤ The lift/hoist may fail in high position.

Lift / Hoist Precautions

Lifts And Hoists - Precautions
¤ Adequate design.
¤ Sound construction.
¤ Correct selection and installation.
¤ Competent operation.
¤ Regular inspection.
¤ Adequate maintenance.
¤ Statutory safety devices.
¤ Holdback equipment (for rope or lifting mechanism failure)
¤ Overrun tip systems.
¤ Guards on hoist/lift machinery.
¤ Landing gates
¤ Adequate lighting at landings
Types Of Conveyors
¤ Belt Conveyors
¤ Roller Conveyors
¤ Screw Conveyors

Different Types of Conveyors Video

Conveyors - Hazards
¤ Drawing-in
¤ Contact – Cuts, abrasions
¤ Entanglement
¤ Striking due to falling objects
¤ Manual handling
¤ Noise

Conveyor Belt Accident Video

Conveyors- Precautions
¤ Fixed guards at drawing points including on drums (pulleys).
¤ Enclosure of all conveyed items by side guards.
¤ Trip wires if necessary.
¤ Emergency stop buttons.
¤ Safe access at regular intervals.
¤ Do not climb, step, sit or ride on conveyor.
¤ Do not overload conveyor.
¤ Do not remove guards or safety divides.
¤ Train all operators.
¤ Avoid loose clothing and keep clothing, fingers, hair & other parts of the
body away from conveyor.
Tower Crane

Overhead Crane

Mobile (Crawler) Crane

Crane Safety Video

Horseplay with Cranes Video

Cranes - Hazards
¤ Overturning
¤ Overloading
¤ Collision
¤ Failure of load bearing part
¤ Loss of load
¤ Swing radius crushing
¤ Contact with overhead power lines

Factors That Will Affect All Cranes
¤ Ground condition:
– Level.
– Capable of bearing the load, underground voids, cellars.
– Load bearing capacity of the crane.
¤ Adverse weather conditions:
– Rain, wind, temperature, signs of corrosion.
– Erecting and dismantling the crane – use of other cranes
¤ Positioning the crane:
– Sufficient room for the lift.
– Proximity to overhead power lines.
– Personnel or members of the public nearby.
– Tower cranes near an airport or in flight path.
Exam Question
Outline the precautions that should be taken

when using mobile cranes. (8)

Requirements For Lifting Operations - Summary
¤ Control of Lifting Operations.
¤ Strong, stable and suitable equipment.
¤ Positioned and Installed correctly.
¤ Visibly marked.
¤ Planned, supervised and carried out in safe manner by
competent person.
¤ Special requirements for lifting equipment for lifting persons.
¤ The need for periodic examination/testing of lifting
equipment.

Crane Accident Video

The END

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NEBOSH

¤ Work-related musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are disorders

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 4

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 5

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 6

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 7

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 8

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 9

Any alphanumeric display screen regardless of the display

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 10

b) Identify the possible health effects that may be caused by the

c) Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 11

b) Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 12

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 13

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 14

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 15

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 16

Environment Noise Levels of noise not distractive.

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 17

It is the science of adapting the task (including

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 18

b) Identify the possible health effects that may be caused by the

c) Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 19

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 21

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 22

We will look at these in turn, next.

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 23

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 24

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 25

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 26

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 29

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 30

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 31

a) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer

b) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 32

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 33

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 34

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 35

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Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 37

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 38

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 39

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 40

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 41

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 42

a) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer

b) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 43

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 44

Distance from the spine in centimetres

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 45

These are guideline values only.

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 47

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 48

45 degree twist = 10% reduction from filter guidelines.

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 50

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 51

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 52

Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control Slide 53

¤ Automate the movement.