CHAPTER 7: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
7.1 PRODUCTION OF ENERGY THROUGH CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
-All living organisms require energy for various activities and living processes.
-Energy is required for:
 The excretion of ……………………….
 Muscle contraction (locomotion)
 ………………………………… (growth and development)
 ………………………… (nerve impulses)
 Absorption of digested food (……………………………)
-Cellular respiration is the ……………… process of organic molecules
through several stages to release…………….
-The main substrate for cellular respiration is glucose.
(a) In humans and animals, glucose is obtained from the digestion of
…………………..
(b) In plants, it is synthesized during the process of …………………..
-Carbohydrates contain chemical energy which oxidised to produce energy.
• There are two types of respiration:
(a) ……………………….. (breakdown glucose with presence of oxygen
produce more energy)
(b) ……………………………… (produce energy with absence of oxygen)
FORM 4ST MODULE NTM
i) ………………….. is an alternative pathway of obtaining energy
besides cellular respiration.
(In fermentation, the breakdown of glucose is ………………….. in
conditions of limited oxygen or ……………………..)
7.2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
-breakdown of ………… involving oxygen to produce chemical energy.
-Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and
energy.
Aerobic respiration(2 STAGES)
1) ……………… (cytoplasm)-One glucose (C6H12O6 )molecule is
broken down into two pyruvate (C3H403) molecules. (Produce 2 ATP)
2) Oxidation of ………………….. (mitochondrion) -pyruvate
produced from glycolysis is then oxidized(broken down) through a series
of reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.
-A large amount of this energy is used to produce
………………………………… (ATP) molecules.
2 pyruvate 36 ATP
1
 CHAPTER 7: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SO TOTAL ATP =38 MOLECULES=2898kJ
-A larger portion of energy is used to synthesis ATP from adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate.
-ATP molecules have weak phosphate links.
-When the phosphate links on ATP molecules are broken, the energy released is
supplied to cells to help us carry out our daily activities.
FORM 4ST MODULE NTM
-Heat energy is used to maintain normal body temperature while ATP is the main
form of chemical energy that is used in cellular metabolic reaction.
- ATP formation in cellular respiration
• (a) All types of living organisms use energy in the form of ATP. Without
ATP, the organisms will die.
• (b) Only a small amount of ATP is stored in the body cells of the
organisms and hence ATP must be continuously produced for survival of
the organisms.
7.3 FERMENTATION
1. All cellular respiration starts with glycolysis in cytoplasm, which is the
breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate to release a little energy
(2 ATP).
2. In the ……………………… pyruvate enters the mitochondrion to carry out
aerobic respiration.
3. In the ……………………., pyruvate will carry out the fermentation process.
-……………………………..=Incomplete breakdown of glucose in
conditions of limited oxygen or without oxygen.
-After glycolysis, the pyruvate produced will undergo either alcohol
fermentation or lactic acid fermentation.
2
 CHAPTER 7: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION IN YEAST
1. When yeast is stored in anaerobic conditions with glucose, alcoholic
fermentation occurs with the aid of ………….
2. Alcohol fermentation will break down glucose to ethanol, carbon dioxide and
energy.
(a) Each glucose molecule is broken down incompletely to two ethanol
molecules to produce two ATP molecules.
(b) The total energy released is about ……………….
FORM 4ST MODULE NTM
(c) A large amount of energy is stored as chemical energy in ………………..
molecules.
3. The large accumulation of ethanol is toxic to the yeast and can kill the yeast.
4. ………………………. is useful in industries for bread, beer and wine
production.
5. The released ……………………. makes bread dough rise.
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION IN PLANT
-Paddy plants that grow in …………………….areas with less oxygen are able
to carry out ……………………..
-………………… produced in the tissues during the fermentation process is
toxic to most plants but the cells of paddy plants have a higher tolerance for
ethanol compared to other species.
-Paddy plants produce plenty of alcohol ………………………. enzymes that
can break down ethanol molecules into non-toxic carbon dioxide.
3
 CHAPTER 7: CELLULAR RESPIRATION FORM 4ST MODULE
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION IN LACTOBACILIUS SP.
1. Lactobacillus sp. can carry out lactic acid fermentation on sugar. (for
example glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, lactose) in anaerobic conditions
to produce lactic acid and energy.
2.Lactobacillus sp. is added to ……….. where it utilises lactose sugar in milk
as a substrate for ……………..
3.The presence of ……………. (sour taste) reduces the pH of milk and this
causes protein in milk to coagulate (curd/yogurt).
4.Food created through the fermentation process has a unique and delicious
taste, is easier to digest and high ………………..
5.Tempe is a food product of soya beans which is produced by anaerobic lactic
acid fermentation by the ………………………
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION IN THE HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS
1. Muscle cells can carry out lactic acid fermentation in a short period of time
if the oxygen supply for …………………………………………..
2. During prolonged and repeated muscle cell contraction (that occurs during a
runner's 200 m sprint), the requirement of the muscle cells for ATP supply will
………………… suddenly.
NTM
3. The supply of ……………. (by blood circulation and lungs) is unable to
meet the …………………. of the muscle cells to produce ATP that is needed
through aerobic respiration to enable muscle contraction.
4. The situation where the need for oxygen exceeds the supply of oxygen
causes ………………….. to occur.
5. In the condition of the lack of oxygen, the muscle cells will carry out
…………………………. to produce ATP needed for muscle cell contraction
to prolong.
(a) Each glucose molecule is ………………broken down into two ………….
molecules to produce two …………….. molecules.
(b) The total energy released is about …………………….
(c) A large amount of energy is stored as chemical energy in …………….
6. The accumulation of a high level of lactic acid in the muscle cells, due to
lactic acid fermentation causes …………………………………………….
8. Hence, lactic acid must be ………………… from the body.
9. As soon as the activity is over, the athlete breathes deeply and rapidly to
obtain excess amounts of oxygen in order to ……………… the oxygen debt.
10. The excess oxygen is used ………………. the lactic acid into carbon
dioxide, water and energy (occurs in the liver).
4
 CHAPTER 7: CELLULAR RESPIRATION FORM 4ST MODULE NTM

11. A part of the lactic acid is eliminated by converting it into glucose and the DIFFERENCES
glycogen to be stored in the liver and the muscle cells. Aerobic respiration Fermentation
12. Oxygen debt is paid after ………….. is taken in to eliminate all the The breakdown process of glucose .
…………… that accumulated in the muscle cells. is completed in the presence of
oxygen.
Occurs in cytoplasm.
Produces water.
Glucose is not oxidised completely into
ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.
One molecule of glucose generates
2898 kJ of energy

Lactic fermentation:
Comparison between aerobic respiration and fermentation
Glucose —lactic acid + Energy
• SIMILARITIES Alcohol fermentation:
• The breakdown process of glucose and its conversion to chemical energy Glucose —► Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
• + Energy
• Occurs in yeast, bacteria, animals and plants
•
• The process begins with glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate