BIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

1. Perform an experiment to isolate DNA from the given plant material. Write the
procedure and observation.

PROCEDURE :

i. Squash the fruit in a plastic bag. Once it is turned into a paste, set the bag aside.

ii. Fill a clear glass with half a cup of water slowly add 2teaspoon of dish soap and
half table spoon of table salt. Gently mix this solution without forming bubbles
until the salt dissolves.

iii. Add this solution slowly to the plastic bag containing the squashed fruit.

iv. Flatten out the bag to remove most of the air and then seal it up.

v. Let this mixture remain for 10-20 minutes to allow the soap to release a lot of
DNA.

vi. Place filter on top of beaker and pour fruit mixture into it. This solution contains
DNA.

vii. Since DNA is insoluble in water we can use alcohol to precipitate DNA from
solution. Slowly add 70 % of chilled ethanol in to the solution.
viii. The DNA will come out of the solution at the boundary layer between alcohol
and water. We can see white strings of DNA begin to appear in glass.

ix. We can collect DNA using tooth pick. (spooling )

OBSERVATION :
Appearance of DNA strands in the ethanol.
 2. Prepare a temporary stained mount of onion root tip to observe the various
stages of mitosis .Draw the labelled diagram of any one stage and write two key
feature s of it.

METAPHASE:

i. The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell i.e., equatorial plane and form
metaphase plate.

ii. Spindle fibres attach to kinetochore of chromosomes.

ANAPHASE:
i. Centromere split and chromatids separate.
ii. Chromatids move to opposite poles
iii. Once the two chromatids separate, each is called a chromosome.
iv. The daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles.
 3. Prepare a temporary mount to observe the pollen germination using the given
flower. Draw a labelled diagram to show the parts of a germinating pollen
grain.

4. Identify the type of pollination in the given flower ‘A’. Write two adaptive
features.

ADAPTATIONS IN ANEMOPHILOUS FLOWERS: (WIND)

i. Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
ii.Flowers are not attractive.
iii. The flowers are not scented and showy and not brightly coloured.
iv. Flowers are generally unisexual.
v. Flowers have large feathery stigma and style
. vi. Pollen grains produced are in large quantity, they are light in weight and
small.

ADAPTATIONS IN ENTOMOPHILUS FLOWERS: (INSECTS)

i. The petals of the flower are bright in colour. If the petals are inconspicuous
(small) other parts of plant becomes brightly coloured.
 ii. The flower secretes nectar to attract insects.
iii. Most of the nocturnal flowers are entomophilus and emit sweet scent at night
when the colour is not visible.
iv. When the flowers are small and inconspicuous, they are collected into a dense
inflorescence to become attractive and showy.

5. Identify the given slide ‘B’. Draw and label.

T.S of Mammalian Testis

T.S of Mammalian Ovary

6. Identify the slide ’C ‘and write two important features of it.

T.S OF BLASTULA:
i. The blastula appears as a spherical mass of cells surrounding a cavity.
ii. The peripheral layer of cells termed as trophoblast tTrophoblast get attached
the endometrium and helps in implantation
iii. Chorionic villi develops from trophoblast.
iv. the cells inner to the trophoblast -the inner cell mass
develops into embryo.

7. Identify and name the slide ∕specimen D and E. write the symptoms of the
disease that they cause.

I. Pathogen : Ascaris (round worm)

Disease: Ascariasis
Symptoms: internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, aneamia, and blockage of
internal passage.

II. Pathogen : Plasmodium

Disease: Malaria
 Symptoms: Haemozoin (toxin released by Plasmodium) causes chill and high
fever recurring every 3 - 4 days.

III. Pathogen : Entamoeba

Disease: Amoebiasis
Symptoms: constipation, abdominal pain, and cramps, stools with excess mucosa
and blood clots.

8. Identify the given specimen and mention the type of interaction.

1) Symbiotic association in root nodules of leguminous plants.

• Root nodules are commonly found in the roots of leguminous plants

• They are formed due to association with a nitrogen fixing bacteria,
Rhizobium
• Rhizobium helps to fix atmospheric nitrogen thus improve soil fertility.
• Root nodules contains pink colour leghaemoglobin pigment
• It also contains enzyme nitrogenase which helps in the formation of
Ammonia.

2) Parasitic Cuscuta on host- symbiotic association:

• Cuscuta commonly called dodder /amberal live as stem ectoparasite
on other plants
• Stem of Cuscuta is thin and slender shaped without cholorophyll. It
winds around the stem of host plant
• Stem of cuscuta fixes with the host plant by the special structure
called Haustoria
• Haustoria direct connection with host plant and withdraw water,
carbohydrates and other solutes.
• Cuscuta can weaken or kill host plant and reduce crop yield.
 3) Lichens – symbiotic association (Mutualism)
• Lichens are composite organisms representing a symbiotic association
between fungus and Blue green algae.
• The algal component is phycobiont and the fungal component is
mycobiont.
• Algae prepares food for fungi and Fungi provides shelter and absorbs
minerals,nutrients and water to algae.
• Main three different types are crustose, foliose, fructicose.

9. Identify the picture and comment on its evolutionary significance.

Homologous Organs in Animals:

• The structures depict the forelimbs of a man, cheetah, whale and bat in the
case of animals.
• Same structure and origin but they have different function.
• Divergent evolution.

Analogous Organs in Animals

• The structures depict the wings of a bat and wings of an insect in case of animals.
• They have different structure and origin but same function.
• Convergent evolution.
10. Project and viva.
11. Record and viva.

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