AI VIETNAM

All-in-One Course

Classes and Objects

TA. Khanh Duong

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Year 2024
 Outline
Ø Motivation
Ø Classes and Objects
Ø Inheritance

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Motivation
v Review procedural programming

ML Robot

CV Robot

NLP Robot

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Motivation
v Object-based Organization

ML Robot

CV Robot

NLP Robot

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Motivation
v Group the common features of the objects into a prototype

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Motivation
v Use the prototype instead of objects

ML Robot

CV Robot

NLP Robot

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 Outline
Ø Motivation
Ø Classes and Objects
Ø Inheritance

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Abstract view

Robot Class Diagram

Robot

Methods/ head
Attributes
Actions body
arm
leg
move
process
head body arm leg move process emit
emit

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Class Diagram

Class name Rectangle

+ width
Attributes + height 3 parts

+ calculate_area ( )
Methods
+ calculate_perimeter ( )

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Syntax for creating a class

Class name Rectangle

+ width
Attributes + height

+ calculate_area ( )
Methods + calculate_perimeter ( )

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Syntax for creating a class
Class

Ø A class is a template for creating object.

Ø It is possible to create multiple objects
from one class.

Ø An object is an instance of a class.

Ø Another term for object is instance.

Objects

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Classes and Objects
v Constructor

The __init__() function is called

automatically every time the class
is being used to create a new object.

The __init__() method is used to

initialize the attributes of the object
with specific values.

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All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Constructor

Note: Not all attributes have to be

initialized in the __init__() method.
Attributes can be created in other
methods.

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All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Another approach to declaring a class

How to customize the

values of the constants in
the class?

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Classes and Objects
v Self keyword

What will happen if the __init__

function is used but the self keyword
is not?

Can all the variables that appear in the

class be considered attributes?

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All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Self keyword

The self keyword is used to represent

the instance of the class.

Variables prefixed with self are the

attributes of the class, while others are
merely local variables of the class.

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All-in-One Course
Classes and Objects
v Some rules when using self keyword

The self keyword must always be the

first parameter in each method.

When invoking a method, it is not

necessary to pass the self variable.

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Classes and Objects
v Replacement for self keyword

Fun fact: We can certainly replace

self variable with another word.
Python automatically interprets the
first parameter of a method as the
instance variable.

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Classes and Objects
v The special function: __call__( ) method

__call__( ) function: instances behave

like functions and can be called like a
functions.

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Naming Conventions
v Survey the naming styles of a few popular repos

https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/models/yolo.py
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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Naming Conventions
v Survey the naming styles of a few popular repos

https://github.com/lucidrains/denoising-diffusion-
pytorch/blob/main/denoising_diffusion_pytorch/denoising_diffusion_pytorch.py 21
 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Naming Conventions
v Survey the naming styles of a few popular repos

https://github.com/lucidrains/denoising-diffusion-
pytorch/blob/main/denoising_diffusion_pytorch/denoising_diffusion_pytorch.py 22
 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Naming Conventions

SuperCat For attribute names

+ cat_name Use nouns or noun phrases

+ cat_color
+ cat_age Words separated by
underscores
+ get_name( )
+ set_name( )
For method names
For class names
Prioritize using verbs or
Including words phrasal verbs
concatenated
Words separated by
Each word starts with
underscores
upper case
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Classes and Objects

Fun fact:
In Python, everything is an object.

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Classes and Objects

Therefore, an object of this class can

be an attribute of another class.

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Lists and Classes

Is sorting like list possible?

If so, what criteria will it sort by?
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Lists and Classes
Approach 1:

Approach 2:

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 Outline
Ø Motivation
Ø Classes and Objects
Ø Inheritance

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Inheritance
v Motivation

VacuumCleaner

EggBeater
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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Inheritance
v Motivation
Chip

EggBeater Robot VacuumCleaner

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Inheritance
v Some benefits of Inheritance

Some benefits that Inheritance provides, similar to

using variables in coding.

Ø Code Reusability
Inheritance allows you to reuse previously written
code segments.

Ø Scalability
You can easily extend the functionality of classes by
modifying the SuperClass.
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Inheritance
v Definition and simple syntax

SuperClass
Inheritance is a mechanism in object-
oriented programming (OOP) that allows a
new class to inherit the attributes and
methods of an existing class.
is

SubClass

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Inheritance
v Example

Animal
+ name
+ make_sound( )

is

Cat
+ breed
+ info( )

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Inheritance
v Access Modifiers

Name Class
Ø Public data: Accessible anywhere from otside oclass.
+ public_attribute
Ø Private data: Accessible within the class # protected_attribute
Ø Protected data: Accessible within the class and its - private_attribute

sub-classes. + public_method( )
# protected_method( )
- private_method( )

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Inheritance
v Access Modifiers: Public

Cat

+ name
+ color
+ age

//..

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Inheritance
v Access Modifiers: Private
Cat

+ name
+ color
- age

//..

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 AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Inheritance
v Access Modifiers: Private

Cat

+ name
+ color
- age

//..

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Inheritance
v Access Modifiers: Protected

Animal
+ name
# color
# make_sound( )

is

Cat
+ breed
+ info( )
+ sound( )

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Inheritance
v Access Modifiers: Protected

Animal
+ name
# color
# make_sound( )

is

Cat
+ breed
+ info( )
+ sound( )

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Inheritance
v Override
Animal
+ name
+ make_sound( )

is

Cat
+ breed
+ info( )
+ make_sound( )

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Example
v Implement the two classes below

Math1 Math2

+ isEven(int): bool + isEven(int): bool

+ factorial(int): int + factorial(int): int
+ estimateE(int): double

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Example
v Implement the two classes below

Math1

+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int

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Example
v Implement the two classes below

𝑒 = 2.71828

Math2

+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double

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Example
Implement the two classes below

𝑒 = 2.71828

Math2

+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double

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Example
How to reuse an existing class?
Math1

+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int

Math2

+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
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Example
v Inheritance
Math1

Math1: super class or

parent class
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
Math2: child class or
derived class

Child classes can use

Math2
the public and protected
attributes and methods
of the super classes.
+ estimateEuler(int): double

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