NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AGARTALA

Manufacturing Technology
Project 1

Paper
Manufacturing Submitted by:-
Name:-Bishal Debnath
Enrolment No:-22UME034
Registration no:-2215291
Section:-A
Manufacturing
of Paper

M A N U FA C T U R I N G
T E C H N O L O GY
Importance of paper in daily life

➢ Sacred Knowledge Preservation:

- Paper has been instrumental in preserving knowledge throughout
history.

➢ Communication and Sharing Knowledge:

- Newspapers, periodicals, magazines, and books are all made
possible by paper.

➢ Hygienic Disposable Goods:

- Everyday items like paper cups, plates, and napkins provide
convenience.

➢ Environmental Impact:
- The demand for paper affects the environment significantly.
- Approximately **35% of trees** cut down annually feed the paper
industry.

➢ Trash and Recycling:

- Paper constitutes the largest single material in municipal waste
(28%).
Let’s dive into the fascinating HISTORY OF PAPER:-

➢ Papyrus: The earliest precursor to paper was papyrus, which originated in

ancient Egypt. Papyrus was made from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus
plant.

➢ China's True Papermaking: The first true papermaking process was

documented in China during the Eastern Han period. This breakthrough is
traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. The process involved
combining milled plant and textile fibers to create a plant-puree
conglomerate. This material was used for writing, drawing, and even as
currency.

➢ Spread to Islamic World and Europe: By the 8th century, Chinese

papermaking had spread to the Islamic world, gradually replacing papyrus.
By the 11th century, it reached Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-
based parchment and wooden panels. Waterwheel-powered paper mills
emerged in Spain during the 13th century.

➢ Wood-Based Papers: In the 19th century, Europe witnessed further

improvements in papermaking with the invention of wood-based papers.
These innovations transformed the industry.
 Let's explore the primary raw materials
used in the fascinating process of paper
manufacturing:
➢ Pulpwood as a Raw Material:
- Pulpwood, also known as timber or logs, is one of the
primary raw materials used in paper manufacturing.
➢ There are different types of pulpwood utilized in paper
production:
- Softwood: Examples include pine and spruce. Softwood
has long fibers, contributing to the strength of paper.
- Hardwood: Varieties like eucalyptus and birch are used
for their short fibers, which add bulk to paper.
➢ To transform pulpwood into paper pulp, various
methods are employed:
- Mechanical Pulping: Involves grinding and refining the
wood.
- Chemical Pulping: Breaks down the lignin in the wood
using chemicals to extract cellulose fibers.
- Sustainable forestry practices are crucial to ensure the
long-term availability of pulpwood as a raw material. These
practices include selective harvesting, reforestation, and
biodiversity conservation.
STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS OF PAPERMAKING
➢ Preparation of Raw Materials:
- The process begins by separating useful fibers (such as cellulose) from raw materials like
wood, cotton, or recycled paper.
- These fibers are then broken down into pulp in water.

➢ Diluting Paper Fibers:

- The paper machines remove water from the fiber solution.
- Initially, the solution contains roughly 1% fiber and 99% water.
- Diluting the fibers allows the production of thin, uniform paper.

➢ Wire Section:
- At the wet end of the paper machine, a headbox distributes a uniform jet of watery stock.
- Foils (hydrofoils) beneath the wire remove water and improve fiber uniformity.
- The wire passes over suction boxes that vacuum out water, leaving a soft mat of pulp—the
paper web.

➢ Press Section:
- The paper web passes through a series of nip rollers that squeeze water out of the pulp
mat.
- This pressure also compresses the fibers, forming a dense, smooth sheet.
- Water content is reduced to 45-55%.
➢ Drying Process:
- The paper web travels through an enclosed space with
steam-heated drying cylinders.
- These cylinders warm up to 130°C, ensuring the paper is 80-
85% dry.
- Wet sizing solution (starch) is applied to enhance stiffness
and fiber bonding.
- After sizing, the paper passes through another set of heated
drying cylinders.
- In total, the paper web may travel 400 meters through the
dry end, losing 93% of its water.

➢ Paper Finishing:
- To optimize the paper for printing, it passes through a set of
smooth rollers.
- These rollers press the paper, embossing a smooth face on
the paper surface.

➢ Real-Time Quality Control ensures the final product meets

high standards.
 PAPER PRODUCTS:
➢ Printing Paper :
Used for everyday printing, photocopying, and
documents.

➢ Recycled Paper:
Made from reused paper products.

➢ Tracing Paper:
Thin, translucent paper.

➢ Gloss-coated Paper :
Has a shiny finish.

➢ Greeting Card Paper:

Sturdy paper for making greeting cards and invitations.

➢ Tissue Paper:
Lightweight and delicate.

➢ Drinking Cup Paper:

Used for disposable cups.
Environmental considerations in paper manufacturing:
➢ Sustainable Forestry Practices:
One of the most critical environmental considerations is ensuring that
paper comes from sustainable forestry practices.

➢ Recyclability:
When selecting paper, consider its recyclability.
Using recycled paper reduces the need for virgin pulp and minimizes waste.

➢ Carbon Footprint:
The carbon footprint of paper is another crucial environmental factor.

➢ Chemical Usage and Pollution:

The papermaking process involves chemicals for pulping, bleaching, and
sizing.

➢ Water Consumption:
Paper manufacturing requires substantial amounts of water.
Water-efficient processes and recycling water within the mill are essential.

➢ Efficient Energy Use:

Energy-intensive processes contribute to environmental impact.
Thankyou