Lideta Catholic

Cathedral
School
Title: - Harmful Traditional practice
Group Members Roll no
1.Barkot Yidnekachew--------------------------------------8
2.Bilen Fisseha-----------------------------------------------11
3.Elroe Dereje-----------------------------------------------17
4.Kiburgeta Habtamu--------------------------------------27
5.Melkam Gebeyaw---------------------------------------35
6.Mihret Zewdu---------------------------------------------36
7.Yanet Birhanu---------------------------------------------50
Submission date:
Submitted to:

Table of content
Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Harmful Traditional Practices-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
-Early marriage-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
-Marriage by Abduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
-Gender based violation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
-Illegal Abortion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
-Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)-----------------------------------------------------------------------5
-Uvula removal-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
-Milk Teeth Extraction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
-Rape---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Family planning----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Effect of Alcohol use----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Effect of Chewing chat--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Effect of Drug use-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
-Stimulants--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
-Depressants-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
-Opioids------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
-Cannabis (Marijuana)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
-Hallucinogens----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
-Inhalants----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
-Club Drugs-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Reference-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
 INTRODUCTION
-Traditions are the threads that weave together the rich tapestry of cultures around the world. But
sometimes, harmful customs rooted in tradition can cause immense suffering. These practices,
known as Harmful Traditional Practices (HTPs), disproportionately affect the health, education,
and rights of women and girls. Some examples are: Early marriage, Female genital mutilation,
Gender based violation and many more.
-Family planning, the conscious decision about the number and timing of children, is more than
just birth control. It's a cornerstone of individual empowerment, improved health outcomes, and
sustainable development.

-At the heart of family planning lies access to a wide range of contraceptive methods. This
allows individuals and couples to make informed choices about their reproductive health. By
preventing unintended pregnancies, family planning reduces maternal and infant mortality rates,
especially for young mothers.

-The benefits extend beyond health. Family planning empowers women to pursue education and
careers, fostering economic independence and gender equality. Smaller families, with well-
spaced births, allow parents to invest more resources in each child's education and well-being.
This can lead to a more skilled workforce and a brighter future for communities.

-However, access to family planning services remains a challenge in many parts of the world.
Cultural taboos, misinformation, and lack of resources can prevent individuals from exercising
their reproductive rights.

-Alcohol, a deeply ingrained element in many cultures, presents a complex picture. While
moderate consumption can have some social benefits, the reality is that alcohol's effects range
from the positive to the profoundly negative. However, these benefits are outweighed by the
significant downsides of alcohol misuse. Even moderate drinking can impair judgment and
coordination, increasing the risk of accidents, injuries, and violence.

- chewing khat can lead to a heightened mood, increased energy, and sharpened focus. This is
due to the presence of cathinone, a stimulant similar to amphetamine. However, these effects are
short-lived, often followed by anxiety, insomnia, and irritability. Chronic use can worsen these
side effects, leading to paranoia, psychosis, and even heart problems.

-Illegal drugs, by their very nature, operate outside the regulations and safety measures put in
place for controlled substances. Their use carries a multitude of negative consequences,
impacting not only the individual's physical and mental health but also their social and legal
well-being.

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 Harmful Traditional practices
1.Early Mariage
-Early marriage is a common practice in many regions, particularly in rural Ethiopian
communities where it is thought to ensure virginity. Parents often wish to see their
daughters married and to see grandchildren before they die. People also practice early
marriage for traditional reasons. If a girl is not married at an early age, other members
of the community may think she must be too unattractive or ill-behaved to get a
husband. This attitude usually causes shame to both the girl and her family.
-In Northern Ethiopia, girls as young as seven are married to teenage boys or older
men. Hence marriage happens when the young adolescent or preadolescent girl is not
ready, physically and psychologically, for intercourse, pregnancy, or childbearing and
rearing.
-This quote from an Ethiopian girl, aged 11, married at age five shows the long-term
psychological damage caused by early marriage. Now read Case Study 5.2, which
describes the problems another young girl had because of early marriage.

Young woman suffering from obstetric fistula

-Obstetric fistula is a condition in which a woman continuously leaks urine and/or
feces, which often follows prolonged obstructed labor. An obstetric fistula is a hole or a
defect that forms in the wall of the vagina communicating with the bladder (vesico-
vaginal fistula) or with the rectum (recto-vaginal fistula) as a result of obstructed
labor. A fistula is created when the vaginal tissues are crushed between the bony
plates formed by the fetal head and the pelvic bones for prolonged periods of time.
Obstetric fistula is more common among young women as they are likely to have
prolonged and obstructed labor because of their underdeveloped pelvis.
-Because of the constant leakage of urine and/or feces, and frequent urinary tract
infections, victims of fistula have a terrible odor, which is one of the reasons why their
communities isolate them
-Fistula victims suffer profound psychological trauma resulting from their complete
loss of status and dignity. The majority of women who develop fistulas are abandoned
by their husbands because of their inability to have children. Facing familial and
social rejection and unable to make a living by themselves, the women who develop
fistula live for years without any financial or social support. Many falls into extreme
poverty.

Health impacts of early marriage:

-Early pregnancy, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies for the mother and child
-Increased risk of death due to pregnancy-related causes

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-Risks to baby include premature birth, low birth weight (reflecting poor nutritional
status), fetal loss, and neonatal mortality (death of the newborn within the first 28
days of life)
-Vaginal tear and fistula
-Sexual abuse
-Young married girls are less likely to participate in decision making.

2.Marriage by Abduction
Marriage by abduction is the unlawful carrying away of a woman for marriage. It is a
form of sexual violence against the woman. The would-be abductor forms a group of
intimate friends and relatives to kidnap the girl without the slightest clue or
information being given to the girl’s family, relatives or friends. In some cases,
abduction is followed by rape.

The reasons for marriage by abduction include:

-Refusal or anticipated refusal of consent by the parents or the girl
-To avoid excessive wedding ceremony expenses and ease the economic burden of the
conventional bride price
-To outsmart rivals when the girl has many suitors or potential spouses and/or the
inclination of the girl or her parents is not predictable
-Difference of economic status of partners.

Some of the harmful effects include:

-Maltreatment of the girl including beating, inflicting bodily harm, severe disabilities
and death
-Conflicts between families may lead to quarrels lasting for generations
-Unhappy, unstable and loveless marriage
- Psychological stress on the girl resulting in suicide

-Expenses related to conflict resettlements as compensation to the family or for court

cases
-Discontinuation of schooling and other opportunities for the girl.

3.Gender based violence

Gender-based violence is enacted under many different manifestations, from its most
widespread form, intimate partner violence, to acts of violence carried out in online
spaces. These different forms are not mutually exclusive and multiple incidences of
violence can be happening at once and reinforcing each other. Inequalities experienced
by a person related to their race, (dis)ability, age, social class, religion, sexual

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orientation or gender identity can also drive acts of violence. This means that while
women face violence and discrimination based on gender, some women experience
multiple and interlocking forms of violence.

Physical violence
Any act which causes physical harm as a result of unlawful physical force. Physical
violence can take the form of, among others, serious and minor assault, deprivation of
liberty and manslaughter.

Sexual violence
Any sexual act performed on an individual without their consent. Sexual violence can
take the form of rape or sexual assault.

Psychological violence
Any act which causes psychological harm to an individual. Psychological violence can
take the form of, for example, coercion, defamation, verbal insult or harassment.

Economic violence
Any act or behavior which causes economic harm to an individual. Economic violence
can take the form of, for example, property damage, restricting access to financial
resources, education or the labor market, or not complying with economic
responsibilities, such as alimony.
It is also important to recognize that gender-based violence may be normalized and
reproduced due to structural inequalities, such as societal norms, attitudes and
stereotypes around gender generally and violence against women specifically.
Therefore, it is important to acknowledge structural or institutional violence, which
can be defined as the subordination of women in economic, social and political life,
when attempting to explain the prevalence of violence against women within our
societies.

4.Illegal abortion
-Abortion is illegal in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, except in cases where the mother's life is
at risk. However, there are a number of methods and ways of illegal abortion that are
used in the city.
-One of the most common methods of illegal abortion in Addis Ababa is the use of
misoprostol, a drug that is used to induce labor. Misoprostol can be purchased over-
the-counter in Ethiopia, and it is often used by women who are seeking an abortion.
However, misoprostol can be dangerous if it is not used correctly, and it can lead to
serious complications, including uterine rupture and hemorrhage.

-Another common method of illegal abortion in Ethiopia is the use of a sharp

object to puncture the amniotic sac. This method is often used by traditional
healers, and it can be very dangerous. Puncturing the amniotic sac can lead to
infection, sepsis, and even death.

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-In addition to these methods, there are a number of other ways that women in Addis
Ababa seek illegal abortions. These include:
• Using herbal remedies,
• Taking high doses of vitamins or other supplements,
• Inserting foreign objects into the vagina,
• Having sex with a man who is known to have a sexually transmitted infection.
-Illegal abortion is a serious public health problem in Ethiopia. It is estimated that
thousands of women in the city have abortions each year, and many of these abortions
are unsafe. Unsafe abortions can lead to serious complications, including death.

5.Female Genital Mutilation

-Is the removal of the external female genital or other injury to the female genital
organ for non-medical reason.
-The procedures are generally performed by a traditional circumciser (cutter) in the
girls’ homes, with or without anesthesia. The cutter is usually an older woman, but in
communities where the male barber has assumed the role of health worker, he will
also perform FGM. When traditional cutters are involved, non-sterile devices are likely
to be used, including knives, razors, scissors, glass, sharpened rocks, and fingernails,
which in terms lead to other problems other than the physically seen problems like
acquiring HIV and other disease.
-Mainly there are 4 types of FGM:

Type I
-Also known as clitoridectomy, is a harmful practice involving the partial or total
removal of the external part of the clitoris and/or its prepuce (the fold of skin
surrounding it). This procedure has no medical benefits and can cause lasting
physical and psychological trauma.
-Is often carried out on young girls, typically before puberty, with unhygienic tools and
without anesthesia. The immediate risks include severe pain, bleeding, and infection.
Long-term consequences can include chronic pain, difficulty urinating and
menstruating, sexual dysfunction, and psychological distress.
-It is rooted in complex social and cultural beliefs. It's often seen as a rite of passage
or a way to ensure purity and control female sexuality. However, these justifications
hold no medical weight and violate girls' rights to bodily autonomy and health.

Type II
-Also known as excision, is a harmful traditional practice affecting millions of girls and
women globally. It involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris, the most
sensitive part of the female genitalia, along with the inner labia minora (the inner folds
of the vulva). In some cases, it may also extend to the outer labia majora.

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-This practice is often carried out by traditional practitioners using crude instruments
and without anesthesia, leading to severe physical and psychological consequences.
These can include immediate complications like bleeding, infection, and difficulty
urinating. Long-term effects range from menstrual problems and pain during
intercourse to decreased sexual satisfaction and emotional trauma.
-FGM type II is rooted in deep-seated cultural beliefs and social pressures. It's
mistakenly seen as a rite of passage or a way to ensure purity and control female
sexuality. However, it violates a girl's human rights and has no health benefits.

Type III
-Also known as infibulation, is the most severe. It involves the narrowing of the vaginal
opening by creating a seal formed through cutting and repositioning the labia. This
procedure, often performed without anesthesia in non-sterile conditions, has
devastating physical and psychological effects on the girls and women who endure it.
-The immediate health risks of infibulation are significant. Pain, bleeding, and
infection are common. Long-term complications include scarring, difficulty with
urination and menstruation, increased risk of childbirth complications, and decreased
sexual satisfaction. In some cases, de-infibulation, the surgical opening of the sealed
vaginal opening, might be necessary for sexual intercourse or childbirth, but carries
its own risks.
-The psychological impact of FGM Type 3 is profound. Girls who undergo infibulation
can experience trauma, anxiety, and depression. The practice reinforces harmful
notions of female sexuality and control, and can negatively impact their relationships
and self-esteem.
-There are no health benefits associated with FGM. It is a violation of human rights
and a practice that needs to be eradicated. Efforts to end FGM require education and
community engagement to challenge deeply rooted social norms. Access to healthcare
services, including support for de-infibulation when desired, is crucial. By raising
awareness and advocating for girls' rights, we can work towards a future where FGM
Type 3, and all forms of FGM, become a relic of the past.

Type IV
refers to "all other procedures involving harmful alteration of the female genitalia for
non-medical reasons" according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This is the
broadest category and includes a variety of procedures that are difficult to define or
categorize. Here's what we do know:
Due to the difficulty of studying these practices and the desire to avoid glamorizing
them, WHO has not provided specific details about what procedures fall under type IV.
Some of the practices reported include:
Cauterization: Burning the genitals with a hot iron.

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Introduction of corrosive substances: This can be for various reasons including
tightening the vagina or as a "folk remedy" for conditions.
Pricking/piercing: Creating small punctures in the genitals.
Stretching/enlargement: This can involve stretching the labia majora or inserting
objects into the vagina.

Consequences of FGM
Socially
Pressure to Conform: In communities where FGM is prevalent, there can be immense
social pressure for families to have their daughters undergo the procedure. This can
lead to feelings of isolation and shame for those who don't conform.
Marriage Prospects: In some cultures, FGM is mistakenly believed to be necessary for
marriage. This can make girls who haven't undergone FGM feel ostracized and worried
about their future prospects.
Secrecy and Shame: The trauma of FGM is often shrouded in secrecy, leading to
feelings of shame and isolation. Girls and women may be reluctant to talk about their
experiences, further perpetuating the cycle of silence.
Impact on Relationships: FGM can cause physical and emotional pain that can
strain relationships with partners, friends, and family members.
Social Stigma: In some communities, girls who have undergone FGM may face social
stigma, particularly if they experience complications.
Physically
-Immediate physical consequences of FGM can include:
Severe pain and bleeding
Shock
Difficulty passing urine
Infections
Injury to nearby organs
Death
-Long-term physical consequences of FGM can include:
Chronic pain
Recurrent urinary tract infections
Keloid scar formation
Blocked vagina (making sexual intercourse and childbirth difficult)

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Increased risk of childbirth complications
Fistula (an abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum or bladder)
Sexual dysfunction
Mentally
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): PTSD is a common mental health problem
that is triggered by a terrifying event. Symptoms of PTSD can include flashbacks,
nightmares, and severe anxiety.
Anxiety: Anxiety is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease. It can be a normal
reaction to stress, but it can also become a chronic problem that interferes with daily
life.
Depression: Depression is a mood disorder that causes feelings of sadness and/or a
loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can also lead to changes in sleep, appetite,
and energy levels.
Low self-esteem: FGM can damage a girl or woman's sense of self-worth. She may feel
ashamed or dirty, or she may believe that she is not good enough.
Sexual dysfunction: FGM can make sex painful or difficult. This can lead to problems
in a woman's relationships and can also contribute to feelings of anxiety and
depression.
Social isolation: Women who have undergone FGM may feel isolated from others,
especially if they do not feel comfortable talking about their experience.

6.Uvula removal
Uvula removal, also known as uvulectomy, is a surgical procedure that involves
removing all or part of the uvula. The uvula is the small, teardrop-shaped piece of
tissue that hangs down from the back of the soft palate in your throat.
Reasons
There are a few reasons why someone might get their uvula removed. The most
common reasons include:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): If you have a large or elongated uvula, it can vibrate
and block your airway during sleep, which can cause OSA. Uvulectomy may be
performed in combination with other procedures to open up the airway.
Severe snoring: An enlarged uvula can contribute to snoring. Uvulectomy may be an
option if other treatments, such as lifestyle changes or CPAP therapy, haven't been
successful.
Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE): This is a rare genetic disorder that causes
swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and airway. In severe cases, uvulectomy may be
necessary to prevent airway obstruction.

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Social influence: In some ethnic groups (like Ethiopia) its common to remove uvula
for many reasons that can and cannot be a doctor’s advice.
Effects
-Even though its not painful relative to other practices like FGM it has a short-term
consequence in the body but there isn’t that much of a problem when we come to the
long-term or mental problems it faces. Some of the short-term effects are:
Pain and discomfort at the surgical site
Bleeding
Infection
Difficulty swallowing
Dryness or a burning sensation in the throat
Changes in speech (rare)

7.Milk teeth extraction

Traditional milk teeth extraction is a practice carried out in some cultures by non-
medical professionals. It's important to note that this is generally discouraged by
modern dentistry due to the potential health risks.
Causes
There are several reasons why traditional milk teeth extraction might be practiced.
Some of these include:
Misconception about cause of illness: In some cultures, there's a belief that baby
teeth can cause health problems like fever or diarrhea. Extracting the tooth is thought
to cure the illness.
Ritualistic purposes: In some cultures, milk teeth extraction is a coming-of-age
ritual.
Lack of Access to Dentistry: In areas with limited access to modern dental care,
traditional healers might be the only option for families seeking treatment for teething
problems.
Effects
Traditional milk teeth extraction can have several negative effects on a child's health.
Here's a breakdown of some key consequences:
Infection: This is a major concern. Traditional extractions often happen without
proper sterilization of tools or a clean environment. This opens the door for bacteria to
enter the bloodstream through the extraction site, potentially leading to serious
infections.

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Bleeding: Uncontrolled bleeding can occur if the person performing the extraction
isn't trained in proper techniques. Excessive bleeding can be scary for a child and
could require medical attention.
Damage to permanent teeth: Milk teeth play a crucial role in guiding the eruption of
permanent teeth. If a baby tooth is removed prematurely, it can disrupt the normal
development and positioning of the permanent tooth underneath. This can lead to
crowding, misalignment, or even impaction (permanent tooth gets stuck and can't
erupt).
Speech problems: Missing teeth, especially front teeth, can make it difficult for a child
to form certain sounds properly. This can impact their speech development and
communication skills.
Pain and trauma: The extraction process itself can be painful for a child, especially if
done without anesthesia. This can cause emotional distress and even dental anxiety in
the future.
Other potential issues: Depending on the specific practices involved, there could be
other risks like nerve damage, jaw problems, or even transmission of diseases if
instruments aren't properly sterilized.

9.Rape
-Rape is a serious crime that involves unlawful sexual activity, typically sexual
intercourse, carried out against a person without their consent.
Types of Rape
Date rape: It refers to a rape action done by someone the victim knows or love them.
Gang rape: It occurs when a group of people participate in the rape of a single victim.
Rape involving two or more violators (usually at least three) is widely reported to occur
in many parts of the world.
Martial Rape: It’s a kind of rape between couples who are married or about to get
married.
Children Rape: It’s a kind of rape that is sexual abuse of children. Its done either by
another child or by a grown up.
Prison rape: Kind of rape done between prison inmates.
War rape: are rapes committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during
armed conflict or war, or during military occupation. It also covers the situation where
girls and women are forced into prostitution or sexual slavery by an occupying power.
Effects
The effects of rape can be devastating and long-lasting, impacting survivors physically,
emotionally, and psychologically. Here's a breakdown of some common effects:
Emotional:

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and
uncontrollable thoughts are common.
Depression: Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities.
Anger and blame: Survivors may feel angry at themselves, the perpetrator, or the
world around them.
Guilt or shame: Rape is a violation of trust and control, and survivors may blame
themselves for what happened.
Physical:
Injuries: Depending on the severity of the assault, there may be physical injuries.
Sleep problems: Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or having nightmares.
Eating disorders: Changes in eating habits due to stress and trauma.
Pain: Survivors may experience physical pain in the areas where they were injured.
Behavioral:
Relationship difficulties: Rape can damage trust and intimacy, making it difficult to
form or maintain relationships.
Self-harm or suicidal thoughts: Rape can lead to feelings of despair and hopelessness.
Substance abuse: Survivors may turn to drugs or alcohol to cope with the emotional
pain.
Social withdrawal: Survivors may isolate themselves from friends and family.

Family planning
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-Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to
have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have
them.
-Among the 1.9 billion women of reproductive age group (15–49 years) worldwide in
2021, 1.1 billion have a need for family planning; of these, 874 million are using
modern contraceptive methods, and 164 million have an unmet need for
contraception.
-The proportion of the need for family planning satisfied by modern methods,
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) indicator 3.7.1, has stagnated globally at
around 77% from 2015 to 2022 but increased from 52% to 58% in sub-Saharan
Africa.
-Family planning is concerned with ensuring the resources required for raising the
children, time, social, financial, and environmental conditions.

Family planning methods

-Contraceptive methods are the ways at which a person can plans his/her own family.
-Use of contraception advances the human right of people to determine the number
and spacing of their children.
-In 2022, global contraceptive prevalence of any method was estimated at 65% and of
modern methods at 58.7% for married or in a union woman.
-There are many different types of contraception, but not all types are appropriate for
all situations. The most appropriate method of birth control depends on an
individual’s overall health, age, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual
partners, desire to have children in the future, and family history of certain diseases.
Ensuring access for all people to their preferred contraceptive methods advances
several human rights including the right to life and liberty, freedom of opinion,
expression and choice and the right to work and education, as well as bringing
significant health and other benefits.
-Use of contraception prevents pregnancy-related health risks for women, especially
for adolescent girls, and when expressed in terms of interbirth intervals, children born
within 2 years of an elder sibling have a 60% increased risk of infant death, and those
born within 2–3 years a 10% increased risk, compared with those born after an
interval of 3 years or longer. It offers a range of potential non-health benefits that
encompass expanded education opportunities and empowerment for women, and
sustainable population growth and economic development for countries.
Contraceptive methods can be classified into two; natural and artificial.
-Natural method: is a method at which a person controls pregnancy using natural
approaches. This method is classified into two; fertility awareness methods and
lactational amenorrhoea method.

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-Fertility awareness method: tracking periods to see when the woman is most fertile
and avoiding sex or using condoms during those days. If used correctly this method is
more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. However, if instructions are not
followed properly its effectiveness decreases to 76%, which means about 24 women
within 100 will get pregnant.
-Lactational amenorrhea method: can only be used by a woman who gave birth and
is still breastfeeding. It is the method at which a woman breastfeeds her baby up to 6
months to prevent ovulation. If this method is correctly applied, it is more than 99%
effective at preventing pregnancy. But if instructions rent correctly applied its
effectiveness decreases to 98%, which means about 2 women within 100 will get
pregnant.
-There are also other types of natural family planning. But the most effective method
is the basal body temperature tracking method.
-Basal temperature: is a method at which a person measures their basal body
temperature every day. The basal body temperature is the temperature of the person
at rest. There's a slight ovulation difference with a difference in basal temperature.
This method is not only used to prevent pregnancy but can also be used when a
person wants to get pregnant.
The practice of abstinence or using the rhythm method are kinds of natural
contraception.
-Artificial method: is a method at which man-made tools are used to control the
occurrence of pregnancy. These methods include oral contraceptive pills, implants,
injectables, patches, vaginal rings, intra uterine devices, condoms, male and female
sterilization, lactational amenorrhea methods, withdrawal and fertility awareness-
based methods. The most common and effective methods of artificial contraception are
explained below:
-Implants: a small, thin, flexible rod that's inserted under the skin on the inside of
your arm. The implant is 4 cm long and made of plastic. It is one of the hormonal
contraception which continuously releases small amounts of a hormone, etonogestrel,
that prevents pregnancy. It is one of the most effective reversible contraceptive
methods available. It is what is known as a ‘long-acting reversible contraception’, or
LARC.
-Etonogestrel: is a progestin hormone which is used to prevent ovulation and
pregnancy.
-Intrauterine devices (IUDs): are small contraceptive devices that are inserted into
the uterus (womb) to prevent pregnancy. The 2 types available are the copper IUD and
the hormonal IUD. The hormonal IUD causes fewer and lighter periods while the
copper IUD leads to heavier and long-lasting periods. IUDs are a highly effective, long-
term form of birth control. This type of contraception is highly recommended for young
adults and teenagers since it lasts longer and does not require daily care.

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- Contraceptive pills: are hormonal pills that contain the progesterone hormone
which helps prevent pregnancy by thickening the cervical lining mucus and preventing
ovulation.
Advantages of family planning

 Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women

 Reducing infant mortality
 Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS
 Empowering people and enhancing education
 Reducing adolescent pregnancies
 Slowing population growth
 Providing a better life for children
 Reduced poverty
 Decreasing abortion rates
 Reducing low birth weight and premature birth
 Improving women’s opportunities for education, employment and full
participation in society
Risks related to lack of family planning
 Risk on the health and wellbeing of mothers
 Complications of pregnancy
 Unwanted and unplanned pregnancy
 Financial instability
 Infant and pre-mature mortality
 Increase in number of orphans
 Increase in adolescence pregnancy
 Lack of public services due to high population
 Stress on resources
Family planning ought to be a significant component in human life. It is true that
some of the contraceptive methods have side-effects on the body but that does not
justify the Dis employment of family planning. Every child must be wanted. And a
family is a big institution and building one is of great importance and should be
considered rather seriously.
Sexual health is a state of physical, social and mental well-being in relation to
sexuality However, to attain the flavor of this combination, proper family planning is
required.

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 The effect of Alcohol Use
What is Alcohol?
-Alcohol refers to the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic drinks like beer, wine, and
liquor. This type of alcohol is called ethanol. Ethanol is a psychoactive drug that
affects the central nervous system. It is produced by the fermentation of sugars by
yeasts or bacteria.

Chemical composition
-Even though we use the word “Alcohol” for the beverages we use it is not a correct
way to say that, Alcohol is an alkyl group consisting of hydroxyl (OH) group. The
alcohol used in alcoholic beverage is called Ethanol.

Historical origin
Even though the origin of alcohol isn’t known that much it still have some theories
where it can be found.
The earliest evidence: Chemical analysis of pottery from Jiahu, a Neolithic village in
China, revealed traces of a fermented drink made from rice, millet, grapes, and honey
dating back to 7000-6650 BCE. This predates the earliest evidence of grape wine from
the Middle East by over 500 years!
Global Fermentation: Around the same time, barley beer was likely being brewed in
the Middle East. Independent invention also seems likely, with evidence of alcoholic
beverages from various regions around the world, including pre-Hispanic Mexico and
the Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE) in what is now Pakistan and India.
Accidental Origins: Fermentation likely happened by accident. Early humans may
have stored leftover fruits or grains in containers where natural yeasts converted
sugars into alcohol. Once discovered, the intoxicating effects and potential nutritional
benefits (especially in areas with unreliable food sources) would have encouraged
deliberate production.

Kinds of alcohol
-Alcohols vary from each other by the percent of the ethanol found in them.
Beer contains 12-15% ethanol.
Tella contains 2-8%
Tej contains 7-13%
Areqe contains 40-50%

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Vodka contains 30-95%
Wine contains 5.5-25%
Gin contains 36-50%
Rum contains 36-50%
Whiskey contains 40-60%
Tequila contains 40-50%
Liqueurs contains 15-30%
Ciders contains 1.2-12%
Sake contains 15-20%

Effect of alcohol drinking

-While alcohol is often associated with relaxation and socializing, its effects can be
very harmless. Drinking too much, even on a single occasion, can lead to immediate
problems like impaired judgment, coordination, and speech. This can increase the risk
of accidents, injuries, and even alcohol poisoning, which can lead to death.
-Regularly consuming large amounts of alcohol poses serious long-term health risks.
The liver, responsible for filtering toxins from the body, is particularly vulnerable.
Heavy drinking can lead to fatty liver disease, hepatitis, and even cirrhosis, which is
permanent scarring of the liver. Also, it can cause rise in body alcohol blood level
(0.25-0.30%) which cause sleepiness and confusion. Can also leave an increased risk
of dementia (poor nutritional status). When it comes to the brain it causes vitamin
deficiency.
-Heavy alcohol drinking causes a J-shaped legs, colorectal and colon cancer, coma,
violence, traffic accident and death.
-Alcohol's impact goes beyond physical health. It can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to
fatigue and difficulty concentrating. Over time, it can worsen mental health conditions
like anxiety and depression. Relationships can also suffer as alcohol use can
contribute to arguments, neglect, and even abuse.
-Even moderate drinking can have downsides. For example, it can increase the risk of
certain cancers, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Pregnant women should avoid
alcohol altogether, as it can cause birth defects.
-It causes about 6.2% and 1.1% causes of death globally for men and women
respectively.
-It’s also associated with risky sex and transmission of HIV.
-If you're concerned about your drinking or that of someone you know, there are
resources available to help. Remember, responsible consumption is key to enjoying
alcohol without putting your health and well-being at risk.

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 Effect of chewing chat
What is khat?
-Khat is a shrubby chewable flowering plant scientifically called “Catha edulis” which
is used as a recreational stimulant, anti-fatigue and a psycho-active drug.

Origin and harvest

-Its native to eastern and southeastern Africa where the first one who started
implementing it believed to be Harar area in Ethiopia then aftertime being cultivated
around Somali, Djibouti, South and North Yemen, Kenya, Madagascar and Tanzania.
Currently the largest consumers of khat are Somalis and Yemen, While the largest
producers being Ethiopia and Kenya.
-In Eastern Ethiopia about 30% Women and 70% Men chew khat as a daily basis. And
meanwhile in world an estimation of 20 million people chew chat as a daily basis.
-According to WHO Khat is considered as a “Drug of abuse” since 1980.

Chemical composition
-Khat consists of the chemical Cathinone which have two scientific names
Benzoylethanamine and β-Keto-amphetamine is an addictive monoamide alkaloid
similar in effect for most of amphetamines.

-Amphetamines are chemicals that are used as an addictive, mood-altering drug and
used as an illegal stimulant. In small doses they are used to treat people having ADHD
(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and narcolepsy (Chronic sleep disorder).

-Cathinone is Cathinone differs from many other amphetamines in that it has a ketone
functional group.

How it works

-Cathinone affects the CNS (Central nervous system) by altering neurotransmitters to

release dopamine (also called the feel-good hormone). It has a hydrophobic behavior
which helps him penetrate the cell membrane easily altering neurotransmitters.

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Effects
-Most of the time this effect starts to show symptoms after an hour and lasts about
3.5 hours.

Short-term

-Increased energy

-Alertness

-Better concentration

-Reduced appetite

-talkativeness

-Anxiety, nervousness, and irritability

-Hallucination and paranoia

-Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)

-Increased heart rate and blood pressure.

-Sweating and sometimes a rise in body temperature.

-Digestive problems like constipation

-Mouth soreness due to chewing the leaves.

Long-term

-Mental Health Impairment (Personality disorder and mental deterioration)

-Cardiovascular risks (due to increased heart rate, blood pressure and

vasoconstriction of coronary vessels)

-Liver Damage

-Tooth discoloration

-Digestive problems(constipation)

-Impotence (erectile dysfunction)

-Hallucination

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 Effect of Drug Use
Drugs: - are biochemical components mostly extracted from some plant species.
-Some drugs intermittently affect the body and the brain whereas some drugs have
long lasting consequences and permanent health hazards.
-Each drugs have its own set of short-term and long-term effects and the risks can
vary depending on factors such as dosage, purity and individual susceptibility.

1.Stimulants
-Are drugs that increase alertness, energy and euphoria.
-It can also cause paranoia, aggression and cardiovascular issues.
Examples are: cocaine, Methamphetamine…

Cocaine
Is an addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of coca plant, scientifically called
Erythroxylum coca, native to South America.
-It harms the cardiovascular system, Breathing system, Gastrointestinal system and
Nervous system.
-Specifically, it attacks the lungs and the heart.

2.Depressant
-Are drugs that induce relaxation and sedation.
-Can lead to slowed breathing,
-impaired coordination,
-Memory problems and
-addiction.
Examples are: Alcohol and benzodiazepines.
It affects the liver, pancreas and the kidney.

3.Opioids
-Are drugs that are used for reducing pain.
-Produce euphoria,
-respiratory problems,
-depression,

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-constipation and
-addiction.
Examples are: Heroin and some pain killers.

Heroin
-Is a very addictive drug made from morphine a psycho active (mind altering)
substance taken from the resin of the seed pod of the Opium Poppy.
-It affects the liver and the heart.
-Its also found from the plant Papaver Somniferum.

4.Cannabis (Marijuana)
-Is a drug prepared from dried leaves and flowers of a plant called Marijuana plant
(Cannabis Sativa), Which is stronger than any other form with high potential strains
known as Sinsemilla or Hashish and extracts.
-Produce relaxation,
-Alter perception,
-Produce euphoria,
-Impaired memory,
-Lose muscular system coordination and
-Disturb child development.
-It affects the brain and the breathing system.

5.Hallucinogens
-Are drugs that alter perception, thoughts and emotions.
-They cause Hallucination,
-Anxiety and
-Flashback.
Examples are: LSD, Psilocybin…

6.Inhalants
-Are chemicals that can be found in ordinary household or workplace products that
people inhale on purpose to get in high mood.
-In fact, chemicals found in the products can change the way the brain works and
cause other problems in the body.

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-They cause rapid high mood situation,
-dizziness and
-Hallucination.
-It affects the brain, lungs and other organs.
Examples are: Organic solvents, aerosols…

7.Club drugs
-Are drugs that produce euphoria,
-Increase sociability,
-Alter perception,
-Cause dehydration,
-Hyperthermia and
-Memory problems.
Examples are: MDMA, Ketamine…
-It mainly affects lungs.
-For more information cathinone is illegal in some countries since it has stimulant
effect when chewed as drug class similar to the leaves of the coca plant used for
making cocaine.

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 Summary
-Harmful traditional practices are deeply rooted cultural rituals or customs that
can have detrimental effects on individuals' health, well-being, and rights. These
practices often persist due to longstanding beliefs, societal pressures, and lack of
awareness about their negative impacts. Some common harmful traditional practices
include female genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage, and forced feeding of women.
1. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): This involves partial or total removal of external
female genitalia for non-medical reasons. FGM can lead to severe physical and
psychological consequences, including chronic pain, infections, childbirth
complications, and increased risk of newborn deaths.
2. Child Marriage: Marrying girls off at a young age truncates their education,
increases their vulnerability to domestic violence, and poses serious health risks
during childbirth due to underdeveloped bodies. It also perpetuates the cycle of
poverty.
3. Forced Feeding of Women: In some cultures, girls are force-fed to attain a body
size that is considered attractive for marriage. This practice can lead to obesity,
diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Family Planning
Family planning involves the use of various methods to control the number and timing
of pregnancies. It is essential for improving maternal and child health, reducing
poverty, and promoting gender equality.
- Importance of Family Planning
1. Health Benefits: Proper family planning reduces the risks associated with
unintended pregnancies and closely spaced births, which can lead to maternal and
infant mortality and morbidity.
2. Economic Benefits: Family planning allows families to better allocate resources,
improving the economic stability and educational opportunities for children.
3. Environmental Benefits: By reducing population growth, family planning helps
alleviate pressure on environmental resources.
- Risks Related to the Lack of Family Planning
The absence of effective family planning can result in several adverse outcomes:
1. Unintended Pregnancies: Without family planning, the rate of unintended
pregnancies increases, leading to unsafe abortions and high maternal mortality rates.
2. Health Risks: Women face higher health risks from frequent and unplanned
pregnancies, including pregnancy-related complications and insufficient recovery time
between births.

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3. Economic Strain: Large, unplanned families can strain economic resources,
hindering the ability to provide adequate food, education, and healthcare for children.
- Family Planning Actions
Family planning actions include education, contraception distribution, and policy
advocacy:
1. Education and Awareness: Educating communities about the benefits of family
planning and available methods is crucial. This includes debunking myths and
addressing cultural barriers.
2. Contraception Distribution: Providing easy access to a range of contraceptive
methods, including condoms, oral contraceptives, IUDs, and sterilization, is essential.
3. Policy and Advocacy: Governments and organizations need to support policies
that promote family planning services, integrate them into primary healthcare, and
ensure they are affordable and accessible to all.
- Family Planning Services
Effective family planning services should be comprehensive and include:
1. Counseling and Information: Providing accurate information and counseling on
different contraceptive methods to help individuals make informed choices.
2. Accessibility: Ensuring contraceptive methods are available and accessible to all,
including marginalized and rural populations.
3. Quality Care: Offering high-quality care that respects patients' privacy and
autonomy, and addressing any side effects or complications from contraceptive use.
- Effects of Substance Use on STIs and Unwanted Pregnancy
Substance use, including alcohol, khat, cannabis, and other drugs, can significantly
impact sexual health and contribute to the transmission of sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies.
1. Alcohol Use: Alcohol impairs judgment and reduces inhibitions, leading to risky
sexual behaviors such as unprotected sex and multiple partners, which increase the
risk of STIs and unintended pregnancies.
2. Chewing Khat: Khat, a stimulant drug, can lead to increased libido and risky
sexual behaviors. Users may neglect the use of contraceptives and engage in
unprotected sex, elevating the risks of STIs and unwanted pregnancies.
3. Cannabis and Other Drugs: The use of cannabis and other drugs can similarly
impair judgment and decision-making, leading to unprotected sex and a higher
likelihood of contracting STIs and experiencing unintended pregnancies.
-In conclusion addressing harmful traditional practices, promoting family planning,
and mitigating the effects of substance use are crucial for improving public health.
Comprehensive family planning services and education can significantly reduce health

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risks and promote better socio-economic outcomes. Efforts should be made to raise
awareness, provide accessible services, and support policies that empower individuals
to make informed reproductive choices. By tackling these issues, societies can foster
healthier and more equitable communities.

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Reference
-Grade 11 Biology Text book by Moe
-Grade 9 Biology Text book by Moe
-www.Wikipedia.com
-www.britannica.com
-www.who.int
-www.health.gov.au
-www.dea.gov
-www.talktofrank.com
-www.niaaa.nih.gov

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