Earthquake Resistant Building Cross-bracing Reinforce walls using two steel 1 stear val’ | Shear walls 0 (concrete walls with steel bars beams in them) to reduce rocking Shock absorbers movements (base isolators) absorb tremors of earthquakes 16 Ways to Make a Building Earthquake Proof A. Increasing Earthquake Resistivity of Small Buildings By taking some precautions and measures in site selections, building planning, and construction, small buildinas can be made earthauake resistant. 1. Site selection The building constructions should be avoided on: a) Near unstable embankments b) On the sloping ground with columns of different heights c) Flood-affected areas2. Building Planning ‘Symmetric plans are safe compared to unsymmetrical plans. Hence we should go for square or rectangular plans rather than L, E, H, and T shapes. Rectangular plans should not have a length more than twice of width. 3. Foundation The width of the foundation must not be less than 750 mm for single-story buildings and not less than 900 mm for multi-story buildings. (Note: Storey in British English and story in American English) ‘The depth of the foundation should not be less than 1.0 m for soft and 0.45 m for rocky ground. Before laying the foundation, remove all loose materials, including water from the trench and compact the bottom. After the laying of the foundation, back-filling and compacting of the foundation should be done.In the case of stone masonry: 1. Place each stone flat on its broadest face. 2. Place the length of stone into the thickness of the wall to ensure interlocking inside and outside faces of the wall 3. Voids should be filled with the small chips of the stones with minimum possible mortar. 4. The stone should be broken to make it angular so that it has no rounded face. 5. At every (600 -700) mm distance use through stones. In the case of brick masonry: 1. Use properly bumt bricks only. 2. Bricks should be placed with their groove mark facing up to ensure a better bond with the next course. In the case of concrete masonry: 1. Place rough face towards top and bottom to get a good bond. 2. Blocks should be strong. 3. Brush the top and bottom faces before laying. The length of the wall must be restricted to 6 m. Cross walls make the masonry stronger. Itis better to build partition walls along the main walls interlinking the two.5. Doors and windows openings 1. Walls with too many doors and windows near to each other may collapse early. Windows should be kept at the same level. 2. The total width of all openings in the wall should not exceed one-third of the length of the wall. 3. Doors should not be placed at the end of the wall. They should be at least 500 mm from the cross wall. 4. Clear width between two openings should not be less than 600 mm. 6. Roof 1. In slopy roofs with a span greater than 6 m use trusses instead of rafters. 2. Building with a 4-sided sloping roof is stronger than that with two-sided sloping since gable walls collapse early. 7. Chhajjas Restrict chhajjas or balcony projections to 0.9 m. For larger projections use beams and columns. 8. Parapet Masonry parapet walls can collapse easily so it is better to build parapets with bricks up to 300 mm. followed by iron railings. 9. Concrete and mortar Use river sand for making mortar and concrete. It should be sieved to remove pebbles. Silt must be removed by holding it against the wind. Coarse aggregate of size more than 30 mm should not be used. Aggregates should be well-graded and angular. Before adding water cement and aggregate should be dry mixed thoroughly.10. Bands The following R.C. bands should be provided:- a) Plinth band b) Lintel band c) Roof band d) Gable band For making R.C. bands, the minimum thickness is 75 mm and at least two bars of 8 mm diameters are required. If the wall size is large, vertical and diagonal bands also may be provided. 11. Retrofitting Retrofitting simply means, scientifically preparing a structure or building so that all elements of a building act as an integral unit. It is generally the fastest and most economical way to achieve the safety of the building. The following are some of the methods for retrofitting: 1. Anchor roof truss to walls with brackets. 2. Provide bracing at the level of purlins and bottom chord members of trusses. 3. Gable wall is strengthened by inserting a sloping belt on the gable wall 4, Strengthen comers with seismic belts. 5. Anchor floor joints to walls with brackets. 6. Improve story connections by providing vertical reinforcement. 7. Introduce tensile strength against vertical bending of walls by providing vertical reinforcement at all inside and outside corners. 8. Encase wall openings with reinforcement.12. Selection of Materials As far as possible highly ductile materials should be given priority as compared to others. B. Increasing Earthquake Resistivity of Big Buildin: Tall buildings are subjected to heavy horizontal forces due to inertia during the time of the earthquake. Hence they need shear walls. Shear walls should be provided evenly throughout the buildings in both directions as well as from bottom to top. Apart from providing shear walls, the given following techniques are also used for making tall buildings earthquake-resistant: 1. Base Isolation This is an idea behind isolation to detach (isolate) the building from the ground in such a way that earthquake motions are not transmitted up through the building, or at least greatly reduced. The concept of base isolation is explained through an example of a building resting on a roller. When the ground is shaking, the roller freely rolls but the building above does not move. If the gap between the building and the vertical wall of the foundation pit is small, the vertical wall of the pit may hit the wall. Hence 100% frictionless rollers are not provided in practice. The building is rested on flexible pads which offer resistance. This helps in reducing some effects of ground shaking on the building. The flexible pads are called base-isolator, whereas the structures projected utilizing these devices are called base-isolated bui Using seismic dampers Another method for controlling seismic damage in buildings is by installing seismic dampers in place of structural elements, such as diagonal braces. When the seismic energy is transmitted through them, dampers absorb part of it and thus dampen the motion of the building.There are 3 types of seismic isolation bearings:- a. High-density rubber bearing b. Laminated rubber bearings ¢. Friction pendulum bearings (ROME teen nu CEL) a Following techniques are some techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings are discussed below:- 4, Haunches As we know joints are most vulnerable during an earthquake and most the structures fail due to the failure of joints, Thus by increasing the strength of joints, some resistance can be achieved. Strength of joints can be gained or achieved by simply using high strength or fiber reinforced concrete, or just by the increasing section near joints or providing haunches. This might work as knot as in bamboo. And thus provide stiffness to the joints. 2. Hollow foundation As we all know secondary and love types of waves are the most destructible among other earthquake waves. ‘And the secondary waves can not pass through water media Thus the provision of a hollow type raft foundation filled with water can be used for reducing some destructible effects of the earthquake. It may be filled with some viscous fluid, worked as a damper to reduce earthquake effects. ‘Two belts are to be provided within a bituminous layer in between. In experimental setups, it was found that the damage to the building decreased very much.EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS + EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS: + Ground Shaking: Shakes structures constructed on ground causing them to collapse. + Liquefaction: Conversion of formally stable cohesion-less soils toa fluid mass, causing damage to the structures. + Landslides: Triggered by the vibrations + Retaining structure failure: Damage of anchored wall, sheet pile, other retaining walls and sea walls. + Fire: Indirect result of earthquakes triggered by broken gas and powerlines. + Tsunamis: large waves created by the instantaneous displacement of the sea floor during submarine faulting. Pyshed in the plane cf the wall Direction of earthquake “EG “\' a. nese anes shaking ome Srna ‘rtically determines ts earthquake performance Pique 7 Basic Components of a Masonry Building ~ Walls are sensitive to direction of earthquake forces ial 1- Cane or Bamboo ‘2-Crushed cane or split babe every four layers of adobe Figure 15 Providing Vertical Reinforcement in adobe or earthen wallsSome Concepts on Earthquake Resistant Construction, Earthquake Casualties: Earthquake i frequent phenomenon in areas called ‘earthquake zones’ Earthquakes may create various kinds of casualties ie loss of fe and damage of property depending upon its magnitude; causalties could range from small property damage to landslides and long range of liquefaction. Secondary effects Tike fre; blockage on services suchas water supply electricity and transportation; and communication disruption are sometimes even more disastrous. “Manmade infrastructures are however the major contributor of casualties during earthquake devastation. These structures therefore shouldbe carefully designed and constructed. ‘cng awry ma bag berg and sear Moment Resisting Frame: ‘+ The separation of building components and failure to support designed force is actually a building failure. Earthquake-Resistant Buildings with rigid layout (box ike structure) with strong joints between different components are generally earthquake proof because rigid buildings react as a single unit to earthauake forces. ‘Throe Main Structural Systems to Resist Lateral Loads. (2) Moment Resisting Frames (t) Crows-braced Frames {) Structurat or Shear WallsImpacts of Earthquakes on Buildings: e200 20, dered 2 n t. lg How it should be done. $ Gir aae nom How its usually done... ‘Souciural Layout of « Four Storey Resident! Buding BASIC GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA: + Guideline laid down for five category of structures *+ Part 1 General provisions and buildings ‘Observations for Structural Layout of @ Four Storey Residential Bullding + Part 2 Liquid retaining tanks - Elevated and ground supported *+ Part 3 Bridges and retaining walls + Part Industral structures including stack lke structures + Part S Dams and embankments ‘+ Seismic zone identified and construction parameters amended accordingly *+ Foundation laying in various soil type s also specified. + Specification about material to be used including RCC, Stee, masonry work et. + SOME IMPORTANT IS CODES + 151893 (Part), 2002, indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Sth Revision) + 154326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Bulldings (2nd Revision) + 1813827, 1993, indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings + 1813828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings + 1813920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces Le and Society, Property (Buildings, Stuctures and their contents) Cie Amenities. Lifeline Facies. Heritage Economy and Development. 1 Iterally everything. + Indias divided into 4 (1&2 combined}zones for earthquake proximity. + One should identity his location on the zone map. ‘+ Then refer to “INDIAN STANDARD SEISMIC CODES” and folow for a earthquake resistant structureFACTORS GOVERNING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON STRUCURE: + Intensity of earthquake + Type of earthquake waves + Type of structure + Type of design + Shape of structure both in plan & elevation + Type of sal + ype of foundation + Type of material used for constuction + Load of structure ~__Disgona racking of wall HOW MAY A BUILDING REACT UNDER AN EARTHQUAKE? ‘To understand thls we will consider a \mnial ‘masonry wal hit by an eathavake re verturming of the bling if the building is too Horizontal siging ofthe whole building oa METHODS OF CREATING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE: * Increase natural period of structures by Base Isolation like : + Lead Rubber Bearing * Laminated Rubber Bearing * High Damping Rubber Bearing + Spherical Sliding Bearing * Friction Pendulum System * Increase damping of system by Energy Dissipation Devices like * Viscous dampers * Friction dampers + Yielding dampers * Visco elastic dampers + By using Active Control Devices like : + Sensors * H/w&S/w * ActuatorsDeformation of Buildin T0008 Treas SEISMIC DESIGNING: + Planning stage + Plan building in symmetrical way (both axis) *+ Avoid weak storey and provide strong diaphragm + Don’t add appendages which will create difference in Centre of mass and centre of rigidity + Conduct soll test to avoid soil liquefaction + Steel to be used of having elongation of 14% and yield strength of 415 N/mm2 + Design stage + Avoid weak column and strong beam design. *+ Provide thick slab which will help as a rigid diaphragm. Avoid thin slab and flat stab construction. + Provide cross walls which will stiffen the structures in a symmetric manner, Provide shear walls ina symmetrical fashion. It should be in outer boundary to have large lever arm to resist the EQ forces. + Construction stage + Compact the concrete by means of needle vibrator. + Cure the concrete for at least a minimum period. + Experienced supervisor should be employed to have + good quality control at site FRAME ACTION: FLEXURE FAILURE = i. a‘SHEAR FAILURE: Plan Geometis of Fromes STRONG COLUMNS WEAK B Indicating preferred orientation of Columns wo Lape eatacy forme omer 7 | ‘All domage | Inone tributed io morey | see (Weak Column Strong Seem) SWAY: ror | ony one ae Berm) |INCREASE DUCTILITY : How to make a member ductile? + Avoidance of shear failure transverse steel BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING: a oncom Y — Nona * Plan — taco y em Confinement of column (and beam) sections by Pen Typlea Floor) gue 20 ‘Dual Systems with both frame end wall SET ig Ln Fore se Examples of Structural System per Direction SL at aaa aed TTS + 1, Stiffen any pair of orthogonal horizontal directions to resist loads. + 2. Choose one structural system for each orthogonal direction.Symmetry: Figure 2 Shear Walls must be Symmetric in Pian Layout ~ Twist in buildings should be avoided. 2 aes Eas Sey Oona Lata IE AC Shear Wat GangsFgse? {apt ot an etree arate - aig bea pat me etme einen ie oa aan DAMPERS: FIG.1-PRIORART FIG. 2- PRIOR ART CROSS BRACED FRAMES. Cross BracingTRANSFER DIAPHRAGMS * A Transfer Diaphragm is a simple diaphragm, that must transfer additional loads due to vertical systems being offset. * Penetrations are to be avoided in Transfer Diaphragms. Inertia Loads at first floor stab level — Figure 17 Load Transfer at First Floor Transfer Diaphragm x x Ground Floor Pian Figure 16 A Building with an Off-set Shear Wall First Floor PianMINIMUM REQUIREMENT NOUNS SENT oat > Wooden pin « ring 10 mm ron sheet 4.40 mm or Beltsmin 2910 mm Wind bracing ‘steelppecpren concrete mix Rubble stone foundation ‘Sime jo eg ‘Wend ul be rected or