Evolution of stars off the main Sequence :

Table 1 : Initial mass of a main sequence star in terms

of solar masses and the resulting
final fate of the star
4) Describe how a main
sequence star less than 8 solar masses evolves (3)
 Main Sequence Star-8 solar masses :

·
Main sequence star evolves into red giant

Red giant evolves into planetary neubula with mass loss

Planetary nebula with loss evolves into white dwarf

·

mass
9) Describe how a main sequence star between 8 and 12 solar masses evolves (31
 8Mo Main Sequence star 12 Mo :

Main Sequence star evolves into red supergiant

·
Red Supergiant evolves into supernova with mass loss

Supernova with mass loss evolves into neutron star

4) Describe how a main
sequence star greater than
12 solar masses evolves (3)
 Main Sequence Star> 12 Solar masses :

·
Main Sequence star evolves into red Supergiant

·
Red Supergiant evolves into supernova with mass loss

·
Supernova with mass loss evolves into black hole
Common exam question Describe
: how the Sun will evolve from the main sequence (3)
 Stellar Evolution of the Sun :

·
Sun evolves from main sequence into red giant
·
Red giant evolves into planetary nebula with mass loss

Planetary nebula with loss evolves into white dwarf

·

mass
9) (Part (a) isn't relevant)

S
 ·
Nuclear fusion of hydrogen in Sun's core eventually stops
·
Sun expands AND the surface cools

Luminosity of Sun increases

9)
 ·
The outward pressure due to electron degeneracy pressure
balances the gravitational pressure exerted inwards
:
Star is a stable white dwarf; radius of white dwarf reaches astable,
constant value
↑)
.
The outward pressure due to electron degeneracy pressure
·

balances the gravitational pressure exerted inwards

:
Star is a stable white dwarf ; radius of white dwarf reaches a

Stable, constant value

Q
!
 The outward pressure due to electron degeneracy
pressure
·

·
balances the gravitational pressure exerted inwards

Thermal energy

Temperature decreases so luminosity decreases

 Stable White Dwarf Impt info :

For Equillibriwe in White Dwarf to be maintained :

the outward
pressure due to electron degeneracy pressure
·

·
balances the gravitational pressure exerted inwards
: The star is a stable white dwarf ; radius of white dwarf reaches a stable, constant value

Other impt info :

White dwarfs emit thermal energy, which is converted to

·

electromagnetic radiation as it enters

space
·
white dwarfs don't carry out nuclear fusion
:
White dwarfs don't produce thermal energy
·
Temperature of white dwarfs decreases over time
(since white dwarfs emit thermal energy but don't produce thermal energy

·
Since luminosity of Star, L, =
CAPY
White dwarf's luminosity decreases over time (because white dwarf's temperature decreases
over tima)
9) Describe the mechanism of formation of type 11 Supernovae (mark)
9) Describe the mechanism of formation of type 11 Supernovae (mark)

A red Supergiant explodes when its core collapses

 Stellar Evolution :

·
Figure D 23. shows how initial main sequence mass
of a star determines its final fate

Table 1 : Initial mass of main

sequence star in
terms of solar masses

·
However, the Chandrasekhar limit and
Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit are about the
mass of star's core after main
a
sequence
evolution
 Chandrasekhar Limit :

↳ The maximum mass of a star's core is 1 4

. solar masses for it to evolve into a stable white dwarf

When star's core mass <1 4 solar masses

. :

·
the outward pressure due to electron degeneracy pressure
·

balances the gravitational pressure exerted inwards

· The star becomes a stable white dwarf; radius of white dwarf reaches a stable, constant value

When star's core mass is greater than 1 4 solar masses

.

·
the outward pressure due to electron degeneracy pressure is less than the
gravitational pressure exerted inwards
:. A supernova explosion takes place forming a type la Supernova
,

Type la Supernova evolves into a neutron star because :

During the Supernova explosion,electrons combine with protons to form neutrons in the star's core

:.
Type la Supernova evolves into a neutron star
Oppenheimer-Volkoff Limit :
↳ The maximum mass of a star's core is 3 solar masses for it to evolve into a stable neutron star

When 1 4 solar masses <Star's core mass 3 solar

.
masses :

The outward
pressure due to neutron degeneracy pressure
·

·
balances the gravitational pressure exerted inwards
:. The star becomes a stable neutron star; radius of neutron star reaches a stable, constant value

When Star's core mass is greater than 3 solar masses :

The outward pressure due to neutron pressure is less than
the
degeneracy
·

gravitational pressure exerted inwards

:
Neutron Star evolves into a black hole

Note :IB mark-schemes accept 3 solar masses as the Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit

Lie no need to doubt it
97
 ~
A white dwarf in a binary star system accretes mass
from the companion star

Must mention Chandrasekhar

When the star's core
·
mass becomes greater than the
Chandrasekhar limit (1 4Mo) ,
.
a supernova explosion limit
takes place, forming a
type la supernova
97
·

A white dwarf in a binary star system accretes mass from the companion
Star

When the star's core mass becomes greater than the Chandrasekhar limit (1 4 Mo]
· .

a supernova explosion takes place forming a type la supernova

,

Must mention Chandrasekhar limit when

la supernova
discussing formation of type
 Stellar Evolution on HR diagram :

Stellar Evolution of main stars of mass < 8 solar masses

sequence
:

Arrow must go up and right and then loop to white dwarf region

↑hat's legit all that matters .

S is a main
sequence star leg the Sun

- is a Red Giant

F is a White Dwarf
 Stellar Evolution on HR diagram

Stellar Evolution of main sequence stars of mass 78 solar masses :

Arrow must go slightly up and then right

Lie towards Red Supergiant region)
X

Supernova , neutron star and black hole

can't be shown on HR diagram (yay) !
Si
It : Only Stars SIGNIFICANTLY towards the
left of the Sun on the main sequence can
evolve into a Red Supergiant
P

Sirius & is a White Dwarf

 A .

T
①

Sirius & is a White Dwarf