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Kenyatta UniversityBIOLOGY MISCGENETICS NOTES BY S. KOMER.pdf

GENETICS NOTES BY S. KOMER.pdf

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ASUMBI GIRLS
HIGH SCHOOL
FORM FOUR NOTES
2022
GENETICS
g)
Ability to taste a chemical
substance
called phenylthiocarbamide

It’s a branch of Biology that
deals with the
(PTC).Some individuals are
able to
study of inheritance. The
science of
taste (tasters) while others are
unable
genetics attempts to explain
why organisms
(non-tasters).
differ from one another and at
the same
h)
In plants, a pawpaw tree is
either male
time show similarities within
the same
or female
species.
NB
Discontinuous variation is
basically

Members of the same family
may differ in
determined by the genetic
factors.
appearance of face, shape of
the nose, ears,
skin colour etc this is due to a
variety of
(ii)
Continuous variation
hereditary factors that each of
them
acquires from their parents.

This type of variation exhibits a
wide range of
differences for the same
characteristic from one

Her edit y
: is transmission of qualities, traits
or
extreme end to the other e.g.
characteristics from parent to an
offspring
a)
Height- Height within a group of

Traits/ character
:
these are distinctive feature
people ranges from the shortest
to
in an organism e.g. colour of a
flower , height
the tallest with several
of
man
intermediates.
b)
Skin colour (pigmentation) -
Some
Variation
people are very dark- skinned

It refers to observable
differences among
while others have very light-skins
living organisms. There are
two types of
with several intermediates
variations among individuals
of a given
c)
Body weights.
species;
(i)
Discontinuous variation
NB
Continuous variations arise
from the

In this type of variation there
are
interactions between the
genetic and environmental
definite/distinct groups of
individuals with
factors e.g. a plant possessing
genetic factors for
no intermediate forms
e.g.
tallness may fail to grow due
to unsuitable soil and
a)
In sex one is either a male or a
female
climate.
b)
The ABO blood group system
in man-an
When plotted, a graph a
normal distribution curve
is obtained as shown below
individual
can only belong to one of
the groups
A,B, AB or O
c)
Ability to roll the tongue into a
U-
shape-some people can roll
their
tongues while others cannot
d)
The presence of long hair in
the nose
and in the ear pinna
e)
Some people have a free ear-
lobe while
in others it’s attached.
f)
Finger prints-In humans there
are 4
main types of finger print
patterns i.e.
arch, loop, whorl and double
whorl.
Each
individual inherits only one of
the 4 main types of finger
prints.
1
|
BIO4LIFE
GENETICS
ASUMBIGIRLS
Differences between
continuous and
Species
Commo
No. of
Gamete(n
n name
Chromoso
)
discontinuous variations
mes
CONTINUOUS
DISCONTINUOUS
Somatic
Controlled by many
Controlled by one or two
Cells (2n)
genes
major genes
Can be influenced by
Cannot be influenced by
Ovis
auries
Sheep
56 (28
28
pairs)
environment
environment
Bos taurus
Cow
60 (30
30
Many intermediate
No intermediates
pairs)
forms
Drosophila
Fruit fly
8 (4 pairs)
4
melanogaster
Zea mays
Maize
20 (10
10
pairs)
Pisum
Garden
14 (7 pairs)
7
Causes of variations
sativum
pea
(a)
Gamete formation
Mus
Mouse
40 (20
20
Two processes contribute to
variations;
musculus
pairs)
i.
Independent Assortment
During Metaphase1 the
homologous chromosomes
come together in pairs and
subsequently segregate
into daughter cells
independently of each other.
This produces a wide variety
of gametes. The
n

number of combinations is 2
where n is the
23

haploid number of
chromosomes. In man this is 2
which is 8388608.
That’s why even brothers are
not exactly alike!
ii.
Crossing-Over
During prophase1 when the
homologous
chromosomes are in intimate
contact with one
another, the chromatids of the
homologous
chromosomes break and rejoin
at certain points
called chiasmata
GENES AND DNA
During Crossing-Over
important genetic

Genes occupy definite position
on the
exchanges take place at the
chiasma resulting in
Chromosome known as gene loci
(
gene locus
).
more variations.
The gene is chemical in nature
and it is in the form of a
(b)
Fertilization
nucleic acid molecule called
Deoxyribonucleic acid
It permits parental genes to be
brought together in
(DNA).
different combinations. This
way different quality
DNA
of parents can be combined in
the offspring.
It’s a complex molecule
composed of 3 different
(c)
Mutations
components i.e.
These are Spontaneous
changes in the genetic

a 5-Carbon sugar
make up of an organism.

a Phosphate Molecule
The Chromosome

a Nitrogenous base- There are 4
types
Chromosomes contain the
hereditary material or
of bases i.e.
factors that are transmitted
from the parents to the
-
Adenine (A)
offspring. These factors are
called
genes.
-
Guanine (G)
There is a definite constant
number of
-
Thymine (T)
chromosomes in each cell for
every species of
-
Cytosine (C)
animal or plant e.g.
2
|
BIO4LIFE
GENETICS
ASUMBIGIRLS


 TITLE
 GENETICS NOTES BY S. KOMER.pdf

 SCHOOL

Kenyatta University

 COURSE TITLE

BIOLOGY MISC

 UPLOADED BY

masegadaniel

 PAGES

20

 TERM

Fall 2019

 PROFESSOR

NoProfessor

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