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Busare conductors interconnecting

the three types of devices such as
a. Central processor/s
b. Memory devices
c. Input/Output devices (I/O devices)
These buses carry electrical signals from one section to another section of the
computer.They can be tracks on a printed circuit board (PCB) or wire in a ribbon cable.
There are three forms of buses in a microprocessorsystem. They are
a. Data bus
b. Address bus
c. Control bus
Databus
As the name itself indicates data buses carry data associated with the processing
fmction.A data bus is used to transfer data between the processor and rn=ry or VO
devices.The number of conductors of a data bus depends on the number of bits the data
bushas to carry at a time and depends on the computer. For instance an 8-bit computer
has8 conductorsin its data bus and that can move 8 bits of data at a time. A 16-bit
computerhas 16-bit data bus conductors and can process 16-bit data words at a time and
 of conductors
so on. Some computers use bus-sharing technique to reduce the number
O or l. Thus
required in the data bus. Each conductor or wire carries a binary signal i.e.
bidirectional,
a four wire bus can carry a word length of 4 bits (half byte). Data bus is
i.e. it can transfer data in both directions.
The Intel 8085, is an 8-bit microprocessor.Its data bus is 8 bit wide and hence 8
bits of data can be transmitted in parallel from or to the microprocessor.
The earlier microprocessors were 4-bit devices such as Intel 4004, and they are still
widely employed in devices such as toys , washing machines, domestic central heating
controllers. 4-bit microprocessorswere followed by 8-bit processor such as the
Motorola 6800, Intel 8085A and Zilog Z80. Now 16-bit 32-bit and 64-bit processors are
available thanks to silicon technology. However 8-bit processors are still preferredin
controllers.

ddress Bus
These buses carry address of the memory location, each memory location having
its own address, including I/O devices such as monitor, printer, etc.
When a particular address is Memory storing
selected and placed on the address bus, program Address
only that location is open to the 2001
Address
communication from the CPU. Thus Path 2003
CPU is able to communicate with only 2004
AD Bus 2005
one location at a time. Address bus is 2006
Microprocessor
unidirectional. 2007
Data Bu 2008
A computer with an 8-bit data bus 2009
has typically 16-bit address bus, i.e. 16 200A
200B
wires. This size address bus enables 2 16 200C
locations to be addressed, i.e. 65536 and 200D
written as 64K. (K= 1024). More the Datapathor
instructionpath
number of lines of address bus, the
greater the number of address locations
that can be accessed. Fig 6.10 shows the
basic concept of data bus and address Fig. 6.10: Concept of data
and address bus
 Table The address capaclty Of different address
No. of lines n 2n•Addressin cn aci
2 22

3
4 2 4 - 16
5 25-32
6 26 - 64
7 27 128
8 28 - 256
9 29-512
10 1024-1K
Il 211 2048 = 2 K
16 2 16= 1024 64 -64K
20 220= 1 M —I Mega
24 224= 16M
30 230= 1024 I G
32 232

240= 1024 I Tera

ControlBus
A Control bus carries control Data bus
signals between the processor and
variousdevices connected to it, such as
to READdata from an input device or
WRITEdata to an output device. In Memory
addition to this, control bus also carries - ROM CPU I/O
system clock signals, so as to - RAM
synchronise all actions of the
microprocessorsystem. The clock is a
crystal controlled oscillator and Address Bus
produces pulses at regular intervals.
Controlbus is bidirectional. Fig. 6.11 Control Bus
shows the bus architecture in a Fig. 6.11 Bus architecture of a computer
microprocessor.
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