MEDICINA

Disciplina: Inglês Médico

Nome:

Professora: Laís Teixeira 2022.2

High Cholesterol: Prevention, Treatment and Research

Overview

Cholesterol is a natural component in everyone’s blood. However,

when you have too much of this fatty substance, it’s
considered hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia or high blood
cholesterol—a major risk factor for heart attack, heart disease and stroke.
About 71 million Americans have high cholesterol.
Here’s what happens in your body when you have high cholesterol:
The waxy cholesterol builds up in artery walls and contributes to plaque, a
hard deposit that narrows and clogs the arteries. (You may hear this
referred to as atherosclerosis, or “hardening of the arteries.”) When plaque
builds up, it becomes harder for the heart to circulate blood and oxygen,
which can cause chest pain or shortness of breath with increased exertion
(angina). If a blood clot forms at the site of a disrupted plaque in a
narrowed artery, it can block blood flow to the brain (a stroke) or to the
heart (a heart attack).
There are actually several different types of cholesterol. High-density
lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol) provides a good, protective effect on your
body. The other kinds of cholesterol, however, are considered harmful.
Low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol or LDL cholesterol, is the most
common of these, but there are others. Your total cholesterol reading
minus your HDL cholesterol yields a number known as non-HDL
cholesterol, which is becoming an increasingly important marker to help
doctors assess heart health, says Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center
cardiologist Michael Blaha, M.D., M.P.H.

“Everyone should know their non-HDL cholesterol number,” says Blaha.

“It’s the best cholesterol number to know for predicting cardiovascular
risk.”

Prevention

To keep blood cholesterol numbers in a desirable range, it helps to follow

these practices:

• Know your numbers. Adults over age 20 should have their cholesterol
measured at least every five years. That gives you and your doctor a
chance to intervene early if your numbers start to rise.

• Stick to a healthy diet. Saturated fats, trans fats and dietary cholesterol
can all raise cholesterol levels. Foods thought to keep cholesterol low
include monounsaturated fats (such as nuts and olive oil),
polyunsaturated fats (such as fish and canola oil) and water-soluble
fiber (such as oats, beans and lentils).

• Exercise and manage your weight. Along with a healthy diet, staying
fit and maintaining a normal weight for your height lower your heart
risks by minimizing the odds of other contributing health problems like
obesity and diabetes. If you’re overweight, losing as little as 5 to 10
percent of your weight can significantly lower your risk of heart
disease.

Treatment

Only one in three people who have high LDL cholesterol have the
condition under control. The main goal of treatment is to lower, or control,
your LDL level to minimize your personal risk for heart attack or heart
disease, based on your cholesterol numbers and other risk factors, such as
a history of heart disease.
Lifestyle changes are recommended for anyone with high cholesterol.
These include:

Diet upgrades. First on the treatment menu is a heart-healthy diet. “I find

that my patients generally love the Mediterranean diet,” says Blaha. “It
tastes great, it’s satiating, and there’s excellent evidence that it reduces
cholesterol and cardiovascular risk.” Highlights of the Mediterranean diet
include: reduced saturated fat (found in animal products, butter, whole and
2 percent dairy products, coconut oil and palm oil) and trans fats (found in
fried foods and baked goods). Eat mostly polyunsaturated or
monounsaturated fats (found in fish, avocadoes, olive oil, nuts, and canola
and soybean oil). Alcohol can raise triglycerides, so you may be advised to
cut back.

Regular exercise. Aim for 30 minutes of exercise a day, most days. The
American Heart Association recommends 40 minutes of moderate to
vigorous exercise three to four times per week.

Weight management. This step is especially important for those who are
overweight and who have high triglyceride levels or too-big waistlines
(above 40 inches for men or 35 inches for women).

Medications. In addition to lifestyle changes, some people are prescribed

drugs designed to lower cholesterol. Here are some of those medications:

• Statin medications slow the liver’s production of cholesterol and can help
remove cholesterol circulating in the blood.

• Selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors (like ezetimibe) prevent the

absorption of cholesterol from the intestine.

• Resins (bile acid sequestrants) bind to bile, a digestive acid, which

 causes the liver to produce more bile and thus use up more cholesterol.

• Fibrates lower triglycerides (rather than LDL levels).

• Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a B vitamin that affects the production of fats in

the liver.

• Omega-3 fatty acid medications derived from fish oils also work to lower
high triglyceride levels.
Living with…

Working to lower your cholesterol can be a long-term effort, and changing your health habits is key, Blaha says. To
increase your odds of success:

• Don’t count on medications alone. You have to make lifestyle changes as well, according to Blaha.

• Start small. Modifying your diet and lifestyle in minor ways will make it easier to incorporate those changes into your
life over the long haul. For example, rather than embarking on a drastic calorie-cutting diet, start by swapping out
high-cholesterol and high-fat foods you love for healthier choices. For instance, buy skim milk instead of whole.
Substitute olive oil for butter when you cook. Purchase foods with “no trans fats” on the labels.

• Know your cholesterol-lowering drugs. Some of these medications interact with grapefruit and pomegranate (and
their juices). Pay close attention to your doctor’s guidelines about cholesterol drugs, and never stop taking them
without consulting your physician. Be sure to report medication side effects to your doctor.

1. RESPONDA ÀS PERGUNDAS DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO

ACIMA:
a) O que é o colesterol?
________________________________________________________
Componente gorduroso natural presente no sangue .

_______________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________
b) Quais os tipos de colesterol? Explique-
HDL Colesterol benéfico e o LDL colesterol
os._____________________________________________________
prejudicial
: :
.

___
Existem outros tipos são mais conhecidos
mas esses os .

________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
c) Quais problemas de saúde uma pessoa que possui colesterol elevado
pode ter?_____________________________
Fator de risco para ataque cardíaco , doenças
________________________________________________________
cardíacos e AUC .

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
d) O que acontece com seu corpo quando você possui alto nível de
Obstrui as artérias atrapalhando
colesterol? ______________________________ acirculação de
________________________________________________________
sangue, dor no peito falta de ar fadigas risco de Avc
, , ,

________________________________________________________
coágulo sanguíneo
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
e) O que o paciente deve fazer para conviver e controlar os níveis de
Dieta exercícios físicos regularmente
colesterol no sangue?____________________
,
________________________________________________________
usar medicamentos manter peso adequado
,
.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

2. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE TEXT:

a) How can you keep your blood cholesterol numbers in a desirable

Know yours tumbas , Stick to healthy diet
range?_________________________________ a ,

________________________________________________________
ercercise and manager your weight
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________
b) How can lifestyle changes be associated with the reduction of high
cholesterol range? ______________________
Diet upgrades regular exercicios weight
,
,

________________________________________________________
massagem ent
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

3. ANALISE AS ASSERTIVAS ABAIXO E RESPONDA SE SÃO

VERDADEIRAS OU FALSAS. JUSTIFIQUE AS FALSAS.

( F ) Para controlar os níveis de colesterol no sangue os pacientes

precisam, unicamente, alterar seus estilos de vida.
além disso também fazer acompanhamento e se
________________________________________________________
__________________________________
preciso fazer uso de medicamentos .

( ) Para prevenir o colesterol alto, os pacientes devem: ter consciência

:
dos números de seu colesterol no sangue, seguir uma dieta saudável e
exercitar e administrar o peso.
________________________________________________________
__________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________________
( F ) Os inibidores de absorção do colesterol não impedem a absorção
do colesterol do intestino.
Impedem a absorção no intestino
________________________________________________________ .

__________________________________
( ✓ ) O ômega-3 e medicamentos derivados de óleos de peixe
auxiliam na redução dos níveis de triglicérides.
Ok
________________________________________________________
__________________________________
( F ) As estatinas podem reduzir a produção de colesterol no fígado,
mas não auxiliam a remoção do colesterol que circula no sangue.
também auxilia na remoção no
________________________________________________________
sangue
__________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________________

4. LISTE COMO TRATAR O ÍNDICE ELEVADO DE

COLESTEROL NO SANGUE PARA MINIMIZAR OS RISCOS
DE OUTRAS DOENÇAS:
Fazer exercícios regularmente
______________________________________________________
-

__________________________________
-

Dieta equilibrada
______________________________________________________
-
Uso de medicamentos prescritos
_________________________________
-

Fazer exames para acompanhar toscosos

______________________________________________________
-
Mantero
peso adequado
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________________________