Fluid Mechanics CEE 3311

LECTURE 12

Conservation of momentum

L. Handia
mv is an extensive property of the system.
Then the corresponding intensive property is
given by v.
In applying the control volume equation
dNsys d
= ∫ η ρ dV + ∫ η ρ (v dA) 13.1
dt dt cv cs

d(momentum) d
= ∫ v ρ dV + ∫ v ρ (v dA) 13.2
dt dt cv cs
According to Newton's
second law of motion,
m(v2−v1)
the rate
summation of all
of change of .
t
external
momentum forces on thed
of that
system isF= ∑to
equal F = ∫ v ρ dV + ∫ v ρ (v dA) 13.3
dt cv cs
where ΣF represents all forces acting on the control volume. The forces
include the surface forces Fs resulting from the surroundings acting on the
control surface and body forces Fb that result from gravity and magnetic
fields.

Fig 13.1 Surface forces on a

nozzle control volume d
∑ Fs + ∑ F b = ∫ v ρ dV + ∫ v ρ (v dA) 13.4
dt cv cs

This is the basic form of the

momentum equation
According to Newton's
second law of motion,
m(v2−v1)
the rate
summation of all
of change of .
t
external
momentum forces on thed
of that
system isF= ∑to
equal F = ∫ v ρ dV + ∫ v ρ (v dA) 13.3
dt cv cs
where ΣF represents all forces acting on the control volume. The forces
include the surface forces Fs resulting from the surroundings acting on the
control surface and body forces Fb that result from gravity and magnetic
fields.

Fig 13.1 Surface forces on a

nozzle control volume d
∑ Fs + ∑ F b = ∫ v ρ dV + ∫ v ρ (v dA) 13.4
dt cv cs

This is the basic form of the

momentum equation
Application
The momentum equation is often used to determine the forces induced by
the flow e.g., the equation mallows us to calculate the force on the support
of the elbow in a pipeline or the force on a submerged body in a free-
surface flow.

The vector relation may be applied for any component e.g., the x direction

Fig 13.2 Control volume with non-uniform inflow and outflow normal to
control surface
d
∑ FX = ∫cv ρvX dV + ∫ ρ1 v1X v1 (−dA1 )+∫ ρ2 v2X v2 dA2 13.5
dt
Usually ∫ ρ vX v dA is written as β ρ v̅X v̅ A where
1
v 2
β= ∫ dA = monetum correction factor
A v̅

Hence, the momentum equation in the x, y and z directions can be written

as:
d
∑ FX = ∫ ρvX dV − β1 ρ v̅1X v̅1 A1 + β2 ρ v̅2X v̅2 A2 13.6a
dt

d
∑ Fy = ∫ ρvy dV − β1 ρ̅ ̅v1y ̅v1A1 + β2 ρ̅ ̅v2y ̅v2A2 13.6b
dt

d
∑ Fz = ∫ ρvz dV − β1 ρ̅ ̅v1z ̅v1A1 + β2 ρ̅ ̅v2z ̅v2A2 13.6c
dt
For turbulent flow in a circular pipe 1.01 < β < 1.07, which is for most purposes
differs negligibly from unity.