Social Note

Social notes
Critical period 1788-1815
1st George Washington, 1789-1797

✓ Federalist
• V.P.- John Adams
• Secretary of State-Thomas
Jefferson
• Secretary of the Treasury-
Alexander Hamilton
Major Items:
1. Judiciary Act (1789)
2. French Revolution (1789)
3. Tariff of 1789
4. Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
5. Jay Treaty with England (1794)
6. Pickney Treaty with Spain (1795)
7. Farewell Address (1796)
8. First Bank (1791-1811) (compulsory topic)
2nd John Adams, 1797-1801

✓ Federalist
• V.P.-Thomas Jefferson
Major Items:
1. XYZ Affair (1797)
2. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
3. Naturalization Act “Midnight Judges”
(1801)
4. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)
Federalist vs Anti-fed
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Social notes
Supported removing some power from the states and giving

•
more powers to the national government (federalists)
➢ Wanted important political powers to remain with the states (anti-fed)
Favored dividing powers among different branches of

•
government (fed)
➢ Wanted the legislative branch to have more power than the executive
(anti-fed)
• Proposed a single person to lead the executive branch (fed)

➢ Believed a bill of rights needed to be added to the constitution (anti-fed)
Anti-fed
1. Thomas Jefferson
2. James Monroe
3. Patrick Henry
Fed
1. Alexander Hamilton
2. John Adams
3. James Madison
John Locke’s idea

John Locke, a prominent English philosopher, made
significant contributions to various fields, including political
philosophy, epistemology, and theology. His ideas were
influential in shaping modern philosophical empiricism and
political liberalism. In his political philosophy, Locke is best
known as a proponent of limited government and a defender
of natural rights. He argued that individuals are by nature
free and equal, with rights to life, liberty, and property that
are independent of any particular society's laws. Locke's
advocacy for religious toleration and the principle of majority
rule, as well as his defense of the right of revolution, were
groundbreaking and have had a lasting impact on political thought. His work laid the
foundation for many concepts that are now widely accepted, such as the social
contract, natural law, and the separation of legislative and executive powers.
Second treatise of government on page

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Social notes
3rd Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809

✓ Democrat-Republican
• V.P.-Aaron Burr
• Secretary of State-James Madison
Major Items:
1. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
2. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
3. Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-05)
4. 12th Amendment (1804) Embargo Act (1807) Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
✓ 1801- Thomas Jefferson inaugurated as president
✓ 1803- Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon
✓ 1804- Lewis and Clark expedition leaves St. Louis sailing up the Missouri River –
took about two years
✓ You should fully

understand the routes
Political ideas:
Thomas Jefferson's political ideas were rooted in the principles of Jeffersonian

Democracy, which emphasized agrarianism, strict limits on the national government, and
the protection of civil liberties and minority rights. He believed in the value of
agriculture and the importance of an independent and virtuous farming society.
Jefferson also advocated for a decentralized government, limited federal powers, and
a strict interpretation of the Constitution. He was a proponent of freedom of religion
and freedom of conscience, as evidenced by his authorship of the Virginia Statute for
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Religious Freedom and his famous letter to the Danbury Baptists, in which he coined
the phrase "a wall of separation between church and state." Jefferson's political ideas
and contributions continue to influence American political thought and the
interpretation of the Constitution.
Party of Thomas Jefferson:
Thomas Jefferson was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, which was the
direct antecedent of the present Democratic Party. The Democratic-Republican Party,
organized in 1792, held power nationally between 1801 and 1825 and was the first
opposition political party in the United States. Jefferson's leadership was instrumental
in shaping the party, which sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France, opposed
a strong centralized government, and championed the rights of states
4th James Madison, 1809-1817

✓ Federalist
• V.P.-George Clinton
• Secretary of
State-James
Monroe
Major Items:
1. Macon Act (1810)
2. Berlin and Milan Decrees
3. Orders in Council
4. “War Hawks” (1811-1812)
5. War of 1812
6. Hartford Convention (1814)
7. First Protective Tariff (1816)
War of 1812 (James Madison)

The tensions that caused the War of 1812 arose from the French Revolutionary
(1792–99) and Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815). During this nearly constant conflict
between France and Britain, American interests were injured by each of the two
countries’ endeavours to block the United States from trading with the other.
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Treaty of Ghent
John Quincy Adams signed the Treaty of Ghent and played a leading part in the U.S.
acquisition of Florida and establishing the northern boundary of the United States
Battle of New Orleans, (January 8, 1815), U.S. victory against Great Britain in
the War of 1812 and the final major battle of that conflict. Both the British and
American troops were unaware of the peace treaty that had been signed between the
two countries in Ghent, Belgium, a few weeks prior, and so the Battle of New Orleans
occurred despite the agreements made across the Atlantic.
In the autumn of 1814 a British fleet of more than 50 ships commanded by Gen. Edward
Pakenham sailed into the Gulf of Mexico and prepared to attack New Orleans,
strategically located at the mouth of the Mississippi River. The British hoped to seize
New Orleans in an effort to expand into territory December 1, 1814, Gen. Andrew
acquired by the United States through the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. On Jackson,
commander of the Seventh Military District, hastened to the defense of the city.
• Andrew Jackson (US PRESIDENT) – involved in the Battle of New Orleans
5th James Monroe, 1817-1825

• V.P.-Daniel Tomkins
• Secretary of State-John Quincy
Adams
Major Items: Marshall Court Decisions:
1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (compulsory)

2. Dartmouth College Case (1819)
3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
4. Acquisition of Florida from Spain (Adams
Onis Treaty, 1819)
5. Missouri Compromise (1820)
6. Monroe Doctrine (1823)
7. Sectional Tariff (1824)
8. “Corrupt Bargain” election, 1824
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James Monroe (Missouri Compromise)
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free
states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state
and Maine as a free state. Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law
prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line. In
1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Three years
later the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in
the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to
prohibit slavery in the territories.
• Arkansas (slave state) 1836 – Michigan (free state) 1837
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is the best-known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere.
Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in
December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not
tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. The doctrine was conceived to meet
major concerns of the moment, but it soon became a watchword of U.S. policy in the
Western Hemisphere
6th John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829

✓ V.P.-John C. Calhoun Secretary of State-Henry Clay
Major Items:
1. New York’s Erie Canal
2. Tariff of Abominations (1828)
3. Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest (1828)
7th Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837

✓ Democrat
• V.P. John C. Calhoun/later Martin Van Buren
Major Items:
1. Jacksonian Democracy
2. Tariffs of 1832 and 1833
3. Second Bank of the United States (B.U.S.- due to expire in
1836)
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4. Formation of the Whig Party (1832)
Indian Removal Act
Indian Removal Act, (May 28, 1830), first major legislative departure from
the U.S. policy of officially respecting the legal and political rights of the American
Indians. The act authorized the president to grant Indian tribes unsettled western
prairie land in exchange for their desirable territories within state borders (especially
in the Southeast), from which the tribes would be removed. The rapid settlement of
land east of the Mississippi River made it clear by the mid-1820s that the white man
would not tolerate the presence of even peaceful Indians there. Pres. Andrew
Jackson (1829–37) vigorously promoted this new policy, which became incorporated in
the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Although the bill provided only for the negotiation
with tribes east of the Mississippi on the basis of payment for their lands, trouble
arose when the United States resorted to force to
gain the Indians’ compliance with its demand that
they accept the land exchange and move west.
A number of northern tribes were peacefully

resettled in western lands considered undesirable
for the white man. The problem lay in the Southeast,
where members of what were known as the Five
Civilized
Tribes (Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, Cherokee, and Creek) refused to trade
their cultivated farms for the promise of strange land in the Indian Territory with a
so-called permanent title to that land. Many of these Indians had homes,
representative government, children in missionary schools, and trades other than
farming. Some 100,000 tribesmen were forced to march westward under U.S. military
coercion in the 1830s; up to 25 percent of the Indians, many in manacles, perished en
route. The trek of the Cherokee in 1838–39 became known as the infamous “Trail of
Tears.” Even more reluctant to leave their native lands were the Florida Indians, who
fought resettlement for seven years (1835–42) in the second of the Seminole Wars.
The frontier began to be pushed aggressively westward in the years that followed,
upsetting the “guaranteed” titles of the displaced tribes and further reducing their
relocated holdings.
Trail of Tears (Cherokee v. Georgia)

The Cherokee Nation v. Georgia was a significant legal conflict that took place
in the early 19th century. The Cherokee Nation, which is present-day Georgia, fought
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Social notes
to retain control over and ownership of

their historic territory. Georgia,
however, asserted its control over
Cherokee territory and intended to
forcibly evict the Native American
tribes to make space for white settlers.
The Supreme Court ultimately ruled
that the Cherokee Nation was ineligible
to challenge the state of Georgia, and
they were forcibly removed from their
ancestral lands, leading to a significant
number of fatalities from malnutrition,
disease, and other causes. The case had
significant implications for tribal sovereignty and how to legally define the relationship
between federally recognized Native American tribes and the U.S. government. The
case also highlighted the injustices experienced by Native American tribes and
contributed to the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which led to the forced
relocation of many Native American tribes, including the Cherokee, to reservations in
modern-day Oklahoma, leading to a significant number of fatalities from malnutrition,
disease, and other causes.
• Indian removal took place in the Northern states as well. In Illinois and
Wisconsin, for example, the bloody Black Hawk War in 1832 opened to white
settlement millions of acres of land that had belonged to the Sauk, Fox and
other native nations.
• In December 2009, President Barack Obama signed a bill that included an

official apology to all American Indian tribes for past injustices. U.S. Senators
Sam Brownback of Kansas and Byron Dorgan of North Dakota led a bipartisan
effort to pass the resolution, which stated: “the United States, acting through
Congress…recognizes that there have been years of official depredations, ill-
conceived policies, and the breaking of covenants by the Federal Government
regarding Indian tribes.” However, the resolution did not call for reparations
and included a disclaimer that it wasn’t meant to support any legal claims against
the United States.
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Social notes
8th Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Richard Johnson
Major Items:
1. Panic of 1837
2. -overspeculation in land -specie circular, no
B.U.S. -unsound financing by state governments
ANTEBELLUM PERIOD: 1840-1860
The antebellum period is defined as the time between the formation of the U.S.
government and the outbreak of the American Civil War
Skip 9th and 10th President
11th. James K. Polk, 1845-1849

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-George Dallas
Major Items:
1. Texas becomes a state (1845)
2. Oregon boundary settled (1846)
3. Wilmot Proviso (1846); tried to keep
slavery out of newly
acquired territory
(failed to pass
Senate)
4. Mexican War (1846-1848)
5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Mexican-American War, war between the

United States and Mexico (April 1846–
February 1848) stemming from the United
States' annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas
ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim). The
war—in which U.S. forces were consistently victorious—resulted in the United
States’ acquisition of more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square km) of
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Mexican territory extending westward from the Rio Grande to the Pacific
Ocean.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war

between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent
of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New
Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and
Wyoming.
✓ 1843- Great Migration via the Oregon Trail

✓ 1845- Texas Statehood (Treaty of Annexation)
✓ 1847- Mormons Settle Utah (Illinois to Utah)

✓ 1848- California Gold Rush begins (Northern California)
✓ 1850- California Statehood (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
✓ 1859- Oregon Statehood (From England)
Seneca Falls Convection (1848)
Seneca Falls Convention, assembly held on July 19–20, 1848, at Seneca

Falls, New York, that launched the woman suffrage movement in the United States.
Seneca Falls was the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who, along with Lucretia
Mott, conceived and directed the convention. The two feminist leaders had been
excluded from participating in the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, an
event that solidified their determination to engage in the struggle.
At the 1848 convention Stanton read the “Declaration of Sentiments,” a statement of

grievances and demands patterned closely after the Declaration of Independence. It
called upon women to organize and to petition for their rights. The convention passed
12 resolutions—11 unanimously—designed to gain certain rights and privileges that
women of the era were denied. The ninth resolution demanded the right to vote; passed
narrowly upon the insistence of Stanton, it subjected the Seneca Falls Convention
to subsequent ridicule and caused many backers of women’s rights to withdraw their
support. It nonetheless served as the cornerstone of the woman suffrage movement
that culminated in passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
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Manifest Destiny (1840-49)
• Texans declared their

independence from Mexico in 1836
• In 1845, Mexico joined the United
States as a state
• In 1849, gold rush had begun in
California
• In 1869, the first transcontinental
railroad opened
14th Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-William King
Major Items:
1. Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854)
2. Japan opened to world trade (1853)
3. Underground Railroad
4. Bleeding Kansas
5. Ostend Manifesto (1854)-desire for Cuba, Spain is
offered
$100,000,000 in Ostend, Belgium, U.S. threatens to take
Cuba by force if deal is not made
Kansas - Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a significant piece of legislation passed by
the U.S. Congress in 1854. It allowed settlers in the territories of Kansas and
Nebraska to decide whether they would allow slavery within their borders
through popular sovereignty, negating the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which
had restricted slavery's expansion into certain territories. This act
exacerbated tensions between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, ultimately
contributing to the outbreak of violence in the Kansas Territory, known as
"Bleeding Kansas," and further deepening the divide between North and South
over the issue of slavery
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Social notes
Bleeding Kansas
It refers to the period of violent political and social conflict in the Kansas
Territory from approximately 1854 to 1859. This strife arose as a result of the
Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed residents of the territories to
popular sovereignty whether to permit or prohibit slavery. Pro-slavery and anti-
slavery settlers rushed to Kansas to influence the decision on slavery,
leading to clashes and confrontations between the two factions. Both sides
engaged in violence, including raids, skirmishes, and guerrilla warfare, as they
vied for control over the territory and its future status on the issue of slavery.
The conflicts in Bleeding Kansas foreshadowed(warning) the intense divisions
between North and South on the issue of slavery, contributing significantly to
the eruption of the American Civil War a few years later.
16th Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Andrew Johnson
• Secretary of State-William H. Seward
• Secretary of Treasury-Salmon P. Chase
Major Items:
1. Civil War 1861-1865
2. Homestead Act (1862)
3. Morill Act-created agricultural colleges
4. Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
5. Ten Percent Plan
6. Lincoln’s assassination-April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes
Booth
Reconstruction amendments
▪ 13th Amendment- slavery abolished
▪ 14th Amendment- due process of law;

equal protection of the laws
▪ 15th Amendment- Right to vote
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Civil war (1861- 1865)

• The most important causes of the Civil War
1. The 1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln election

2. The southern secession from the Union and founded the
Confederate States of America
After the civil war ended,
• Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide food, clothing,

medical care, and other aid to slaves freed by the Union army
• Most like with a federal disaster relief agency (modern institution)
Gettysburg address (Nov 19,1863)
Four score and seven years ago our

fathers brought forth on this continent, a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to
the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war,

testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We
are met on a great battle-field of that war. We
have come to dedicate a portion of that field,
as a final resting place for those who here gave
their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate -- we cannot consecrate -- we cannot hallow --

this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it,
far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember
what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living,
rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have
thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth.
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Social notes
Black codes and Jim Crow laws
After the United States Civil War, state

governments that had been part of the
Confederacy tried to limit the voting rights of
Black citizens and prevent contact between Black
and white citizens in public places.
Black codes and Jim Crow laws were laws passed at
different periods in the southern United States to
enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of
Black voters.
After the Civil War ended in 1865, some states passed black codes that severely
limited the rights of Black people, many of whom had been enslaved. These codes
limited what jobs African Americans could hold, and their ability to leave a job once
hired. Some states also restricted the kind of property Black people could own. The
Reconstruction Act of 1867 weakened the effect of the Black codes by requiring all
states to uphold equal protection under the 14th Amendment, particularly by enabling
Black men to vote. (U.S. law prevented women of any race from voting in federal
elections until 1920.)
During Reconstruction, many Black men participated in politics by voting and by
holding office. Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, and southern states then
enacted more discriminatory laws. Efforts to enforce white supremacy by legislation
increased, and African Americans tried to assert their rights through legal challenges.
However, this effort led to a disappointing result in 1896, when the Supreme
Court ruled, in Plessy v. Ferguson, that so-called “separate but equal” facilities—
including public transport and schools—were constitutional. From this time until
the Civil Rights Act of 1964, discrimination and segregation were legal and enforceable.
• Literacy test
• Colored water fountain
• School bus
17th Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869

✓ Republican
• Secretary of State-William H. Seward
Major Items: 13th Amendment (1865)

1. 14th Amendment (1868)
2. Amnesty Plan (1865)
3. Military Reconstruction Plan (1867) Tenure
of Office Act (1868)
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4. Impeachment Trial (1868)

5. Formation of the KKK Adoption of Black Codes
Freedmen’s bureau acts of 1865 & 1866 (concept)
On March 3, 1865, Congress passed “An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of
Freedmen and Refugees” to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land
to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans. The Freedmen’s
Bureau was to operate “during the present war of rebellion, and for one year
thereafter,” and also established schools, supervised contracts between freedmen and
employers, and managed confiscated or abandoned lands. The battle to establish the
Freedmen’s Bureau, and then to extend the legislation one year later, was a major
factor in the struggle between President Andrew Johnson and Radical Republicans in
Congress over Reconstruction and the role of the federal government in integrating
four million newly emancipated African Americans into the political life of the nation.
Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
At the end of a historic two-month trial, the U.S. Senate narrowly fails to convict
President Andrew Johnson of the impeachment charges levied against him by the House
of Representatives three months earlier. The senators voted 35 guilty and 19 not guilty
on the second article of impeachment, a charge related to his violation of the Tenure
of Office Act in the previous year. Ten days earlier, the Senate had likewise failed to
convict Johnson on another article of impeachment, the 11th, voting an identical 35 for
conviction and 19 for acquittal. Because both votes fell short–by one vote–of the two-
thirds majority needed to convict Johnson, he was judged not guilty and remained in
office.
• 2/3 vote the impeachment win

• 35/19+35
• 35/54 narrow margin; if 36/54 Andrew would be
removed from the office
18th Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877

✓ V.P.-Calfax Wilson
• Secretary of State-Hamilton Fish
Major Items:
1. First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
2. 15th Amendment (1870)
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3. Tweed Ring
4. Panic of 1873
5. Credit Mobilier scandal Whiskey Ring
Gilded age -1877-1900

In United States history, the Gilded Age is roughly the period from about the 1870s to the late
1890s, which occurred between the Reconstruction Era and the Progressive Era
25th William McKinley, 1897-1901

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Garret Hobart, 1896-1900
• V.P.-Theodore Roosevelt
• Secretary of State-John Hay
Major Items:
1. New Imperialism
2. Spanish-American War (April 1898- February 1899)
3. Open Door Policy (1899)
4. Boxer Rebellion (1900)
5. McKinley’s assassination by Leon Czolgosz (1901)
26th Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Charles Fairbanks
• Secretary of State-John Hay, Elihu Root
Major Items:
1. Panama Canal (1903-1914)
2. “Big Stick” Diplomacy “Square Deal”
3. 3 C’s-consumer protection, conservationism, control of corps.
4. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)
5. Portsmouth Treaty (1905)
6. Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan (1904)
7. Hague Conferences (1899 and 1907)
8. Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Muckrakers (1906)
9. Political Reforms of the Roosevelt era
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10. Trustbusting
11. Coal Strike
12. Venezuelan Debt Controversy (1902)
13. Dominican Republic crisis (1902-1905)
14. Algerius Conference over Morrocco (1906)
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt Corollary, foreign policy declaration by U.S. Pres. Theodore
Roosevelt in 1904–05 stating that, in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing
by a Latin American country, the United States could intervene in that country’s
internal affairs. Roosevelt’s assertion of hemispheric police power was soon
characterized as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, though, in
reality, it was a significant extension of that doctrine rather than an
interpretation of it. Nevertheless, it was designed to preclude violation of the
Monroe Doctrine by European countries seeking redress of grievances against
unruly or mismanaged Latin American states.
Teddy Roosevelt was one American who

believed a revolution was coming. He
believed WALL STREET FINANCIERS and
powerful trust titans to be acting foolishly.
While they were eating off fancy china on
mahogany tables in marble dining rooms, the
masses were roughing it. There seemed to
be no limit to greed. If docking wages would
increase profits, it was done. If higher
railroad rates put more gold in their
coffers, it was done. How much was enough,
Roosevelt wondered?
The Sherman Antitrust Act

Although he himself was a man of means, he criticized the wealthy class of
Americans on two counts. First, continued exploitation of the public could result
in a violent uprising that could destroy the whole system. Second, the captains
of industry were arrogant enough to believe themselves superior to the elected
government. Now that he was President, Roosevelt went on the attack.
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The President's weapon was the SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT, passed by

Congress in 1890. This law declared illegal all combinations "in restraint of
trade." For the first twelve years of its existence, the Sherman Act was a
paper tiger. United States courts routinely sided with business when any
enforcement of the Act was attempted.
For example, the AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING

COMPANY controlled 98 percent of the sugar industry.
Despite this virtual monopoly, the Supreme Court refused
to dissolve the corporation in an 1895 ruling. The only time
an organization was deemed in restraint of trade was when
the court ruled against a labor union
Roosevelt knew that no new legislation was necessary.

When he sensed that he had a sympathetic Court,
Teddy Roosevelt (not Ned Flanders)
leading the charge against trusts in a cartoon from 1899 into action
Teddy v. J.P.
Theodore Roosevelt was not the type to
initiate major changes timidly. The first
trust giant to fall victim to Roosevelt's
assault was none other than the most
powerful industrialist in the country
Morgan controlled a railroad company

known as Northern Securities. In
combination with railroad MOGULS JAMES
J. HILL and E. H. HARRIMAN, Morgan controlled the bulk of railroad shipping
across the northern United States.
Morgan was enjoying a peaceful dinner at his New York home on February 19,
1902, when his telephone rang. He was furious to learn that Roosevelt's
Attorney General was bringing suit against the Northern Securities Company.
Stunned, he muttered to his equally shocked dinner guests about how rude it
was to file such a suit without warning.
Four days later, Morgan was at the White House with the President. Morgan
bellowed that he was being treated like a common criminal.
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This 1912 cartoon shows trusts smashing
consumers with the tariff hammer in hopes of raising

profits.
President informed Morgan that no

The
compromise could be reached, and the matter would
be settled by the courts. Morgan inquired if his other
interests were at risk, too. Roosevelt told him only
the ones that had done anything wrong would be
prosecuted.
28th Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Thomas Marshall
Major Items:
1. Underwood Tariff (1913)
2. 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
3. Federal Reserve System (1913)
4. Federal Trade Commission (1914)
5. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
6. “Moral Diplomacy”
7. Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, and
Mexico
8. World War I (1914-1918)
9. Lusitania-sunk May 1915
10. Zimmerman telegram
11. “Fourteen Points” January 1917
12. Treaty of Versailles (1919-1920)
13. “New Freedom”
31st Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Charles Curtis
• Secretary of State-Henry L. Stimson
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Major Items:
1. National Origins Act, revised (1929)
2. Panic and Depression
3. Stock Market Crash (1929)
32nd Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-John Garner, Henry Wallace, Harry Truman
Major Items:
1. New Deal programs
2. 21st Amendment-ends Prohibition (repeals 18th Amendment)
3. World War II-Hitler, Mussolini, Fascism
4. Second bill of rights

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) served as the President of the
United States between 1933 and 1945. He led the United States during a time
of worldwide economic depression and warfare. His programs for relief and
recovery, known collectively as the New Deal, expanded the role of the federal
government in the national economy. "The Economic Bill of Rights" is an informal
set of ideological aspirations Roosevelt set out for the standard of living of
citizens of the United States. Roosevelt decided to deliver this speech in 1944,
when the end of World War II was in sight.
Speech:
It is our duty now to begin to lay the plans and determine the strategy for the winning
of a lasting peace and the establishment of an American standard of living higher than
ever before known. We cannot be content, no matter how high that general standard of
living may be, if some fraction of our people — whether it be one-third or one-fifth or
one-tenth — is ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed, and insecure.
This Republic had its beginning, and grew to its present strength, under the protection
of certain inalienable political rights — among them the right of free speech, free
press, free worship, trial by jury, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
They were our rights to life and liberty.
As our nation has grown in size and stature, however — as our industrial economy
expanded — these political rights proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit
of happiness.
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We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom cannot
exist without economic security and independence. "Necessitous men are not free men."
People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.
In our day these economic truths have become accepted as self-evident. We have
accepted, so to speak, a second Bill of Rights under which a new basis of security and
prosperity can be established for all — regardless of station, race, or creed.
Among these are:
• The right to a useful and remunerative job (=lucrative job) in the industries or
shops or farms or mines of the nation;
• The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation;
• The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will
give him and his family a decent living;
• The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of
freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or
abroad;
• The right of every family to a decent home;
• The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy
good health;
• The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness,
accident, and unemployment;
• The right to a good education.
All of these rights spell security. And after this war is won, we must be prepared to
move forward, in the implementation of these rights, to new goals of human happiness
and well-being.
America's own rightful place in the world depends in large part upon how fully these
and similar rights have been carried into practice for our citizens.
Main idea:
• The rights included the right to employment, adequate income, fair income for
farmers, freedom from unfair competition and monopolies, decent housing, adequate
medical care, social security, and education.
The GI Bill
The GI Bill, formally known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was
a landmark piece of legislation enacted in the United States to provide a range of
benefits to World War II veterans. The GI Bill aimed to assist returning servicemen
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and women in transitioning to civilian life after their military service. The bill had a
profound impact on American society
and contributed significantly to the post-war economic boom.
Key provisions of the GI Bill included:
Education Benefits: The GI Bill offered financial assistance for veterans to pursue
higher education or vocational training. It covered tuition, fees, books, and a living
stipend. This provision made higher education more accessible to a large number of
individuals who might not have had the opportunity otherwise.
Home Loan Guarantees: The bill provided loan guarantees to help veterans buy homes,
start businesses, or farm. This provision made homeownership more attainable for many
veterans and stimulated the housing industry.
Unemployment Compensation: Veterans who were unable to find work were eligible for
unemployment benefits for up to 52 weeks while they sought employment.
Job Placement Services: The GI Bill established a system of employment services to

help veterans find jobs, including vocational guidance, counselling, and job placement
assistance.
The GI Bill had a profound and lasting impact on American society. It facilitated the
education and training of millions of veterans, leading to a more skilled and educated
workforce. It also played a crucial role in the growth of the middle class by providing
opportunities for veterans to buy homes and start businesses. The GI Bill is often
credited with contributing to the economic prosperity and social mobility of the post-
war period and is considered one of the most successful pieces of social legislation in
U.S. history.
33rd Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Alben Barkley
Major Items:
1. Potsdam Conference (1945)
2. World War II ends-atomic bomb (Hiroshima, Nagasaki), 1945
3. Taft-Hartley Act (1947, Congress passes over Truman’s veto)
4. Truman Doctrine (1947)
5. Marshall Plan (1947)
6. Executive Order 9981-desegregation of military (1948)
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7. Berlin Airlift (1948-49)

8. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO (1949)
9. Fall of China to Communism (1949)
10. Korean War (1950-1953)
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP),
was a U.S.-sponsored initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to
Western Europe. It aimed to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers,
modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent the spread of
communism. The plan transferred $13.3 billion (equivalent to $173 billion in
2023) in economic recovery programs to Western Europe. It was very
successful, leading to a resurgence of European industrialization, extensive
investment in the region, and a rise in the gross national products of the
involved countries by 15 to 25 percent.
The aid provided by the Marshall Plan helped to restore industrial and
agricultural production, establish financial stability, and expand trade,
contributing to the rapid renewal of the western European chemical,
engineering, and steel industries. The plan also created reliable trading partners
for the United States and supported the development of stable democratic
governments in Western Europe
Truman doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was a foreign policy announced by U.S. President

Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military
aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey, which were threatened by
communist insurrection and Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. Truman
argued that the United States could no longer stand by and allow the forcible
expansion of Soviet totalitarianism into independent nations, because American
national security now depended upon more than just the physical security of
American territory. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign
policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not
directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in faraway
conflicts.
The doctrine committed the United States to actively offering assistance to
preserve the political integrity of democratic nations under threat from
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external or internal authoritarian forces. The Truman Doctrine became a

metaphor for aid to keep a nation from communist influence and set a precedent
for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no
matter how undemocratic
34th Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Richard Nixon
Major Items:
1. 22nd Amendment
2. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
3. Beginning of Civil Rights Movement (Montgomery Bus Boycott,
Little Rock 9 at Central High School, etc).
4. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
5. Space Race
6. Federal Highway Act of 1956
35th John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Lyndon B. Johnson
Major Items:
1. Baker v. Carr (1962)
2. Cuba-Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) and
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) “New Frontier”
4. Civil Rights Movement (Montgomery March, March on Washington and
MLK Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, etc.)
5. Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
6. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, TX (Nov. 1963) by Lee Harvey Oswald
The Cuban Missile Crises (1962)
In October 1962, the Kennedy Administration faced its most serious foreign policy
crisis. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev saw an opportunity to strengthen the
relationship between the Soviet Union and Fidel Castro’s Cuba and make good its
promise to defend Cuba from the United States. In May 1960, Khrushchev began to
ship ballistic missiles to Cuba and technicians to operate them. He believed that
President Kennedy was weak and would not react to the Soviet move.
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After extensive consultation with his foreign policy and military advisers, Kennedy
blockaded Cuba on October 22, 1962. The two sides stood on the brink of nuclear war,
but Khrushchev capitulated six days later and the missiles were dismantled. In return,
Kennedy disbanded its own missile sites in Turkey. The most confrontational period in
US-Soviet relations since World War II was at an end.
36th Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1969

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Herbert Humphrey
Major Items:
1. The “Cold War”
2. Civil Rights Act of 1964
3. Voting Rights Act of 1965
4. Civil Rights Movement (SNCC, Black Pathers, Malcolm X)
5. Vietnam War-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964),
6. Tet Offensive (1968)
7. Assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and RFK (1968)
Martin Luther King and Birmingham jail

Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963
for leading peaceful protests against segregation. During his time in jail, he wrote a
famous open letter known as the "Letter from Birmingham Jail." The letter was a
response to a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen, who criticized the
nonviolent protests led by King. In the letter, King defended the strategy of nonviolent
resistance and explained the moral and legal basis for the civil rights movement. The
"Letter from Birmingham Jail" is considered one of the most important and compelling
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documents of the civil rights movement, and it remains a significant piece of American
historical and literary heritage
I have a dream speech

In his “I Have a Dream” speech, minister and civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr.
outlines the long history of racial injustice in America and encourages his audience to
hold their country accountable to its own founding promises of freedom, justice, and
equality.
Though we commonly refer to it as the "Dream" speech, Martin Luther King Jr.’s
historic address was really a combination of several speeches that Dr. King had been
delivering during the tumultuous years of 1962 and 1963 as the civil rights movement
was in full swing in America. Dr. King delivered the speech on Aug. 28, 1963, from the
Lincoln Memorial, at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. It was an homage
to President Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and was also timed to pay tribute
to the centennial anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they
will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their
character...I have a dream today!"
However, it is the beginning of the speech, the third paragraph, that speaks to righting
the wrongs of the economic inequalities suffered by African Americans since their
emancipation.
“In a sense, we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the
architects of our Republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the
Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every
American was to fall heir…Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has
given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked
‘insufficient funds.’ But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.”
37th Richard M. Nixon, 1969-1974

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford
Major Items: “Imperial Presidency”

1. E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency) est. 1970
2. 26th Amendment (1971), lowers voting age to 18
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3. Pentagon Papers-Supreme Court to allow NY Times to publish (1971)

4. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) 1972 Kissinger “Shuttle
Diplomacy” (1973-75)
5. Vietnam (Bombing of Cambodia, War Powers Act of 1973, Vietnamization,
Kent State Massacre-1970)
6. Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1973)
7. Watergate Scandal (1973-1974)
8. Nixon resigns August 1974
9. Moon Landing, July 1969
War power resolution act (1973)
The War Powers Resolution of 1973 (also known as the War Powers Act) "is a
congressional resolution designed to limit the U.S. president’s ability to initiate or
escalate military actions abroad.” As part of our system of governmental “checks and
balances,” the law aims to check the executive branch’s power when committing U.S.
military forces to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. It
stipulates the president must notify Congress within 48 hours of military action and
prohibits armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days.
The Constitution divides war powers between Congress and the president. Only
Congress can declare war and appropriate military funding, yet the president is
commander in chief of the armed forces.
Nevertheless, heavy U.S. military involvement in the prolonged Korean and

Vietnam conflicts of the 1950s and 1960s without congressional declarations of war
blurred the lines between presidential and congressional power regarding the approval
and conduct of war. Congressional frustrations peaked during President Nixon’s
administration when secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War were
ordered without congressional consent. Congress passed the War Powers Resolution of
1973, intending to limit the President’s authority to wage war and reasserted
its authority over foreign wars.
President Nixon vetoed the bill. However, Congress overrode his veto, and the
resolution became law following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam in early 1973.
Since the War Powers Resolution of 1973, sitting Presidents have submitted over 132
reports to Congress. These include the airlift and evacuation operations carried out
in Cambodia(1975), committing forces to Beirut, Lebanon (1982/83), the Persian Gulf
War (1991), and beyond. Challenges to the resolution include Ronald Reagan's
deployment of troops to El Salvador in 1981, the continued bombing of Kosovo during
Bill Clinton's administration in 1999, and military action initiated against Libya by
Barack Obama in 2011.
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EPA
The Environmental Protection Agency protects people and the environment from
significant health risks, sponsors and conducts research, and develops and enforces
environmental regulations.
Watergate Scandal
Watergate scandal, interlocking political scandals of the administration of U.S. Pres.

Richard M. Nixon that were revealed following the arrest of five burglars at
Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters
in the Watergate office-apartment-hotel complex in
Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. On August 9,
1974, facing likely impeachment for his role in
covering up the scandal, Nixon became the only U.S.
president to resign.
38th Gerald Ford, 1974-1976

✓ Republican
Major Items:
1. Nixon pardon
2. O.P.E.C. crisis (1974)
39th Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Walter Mondale
Major Items:
1. Panama Canal Treaty (1977)
2. “Stagflation”
40th Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989

✓ Republican
• V.P.-George Bush
Major Items:
1. Hostages released from Iran
2. Failed assassination attempt of Reagan (1981)
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3. “Supply Side Economics,” tax cuts Rise of Religious Rights

4. Iran Contra Hearings, Oliver North (1987)
5. Increased terrorism in the Middle East Space Shuttle disaster
Ronald Reagan’s inaugural address theme
In his 1981 inaugural address, Ronald Reagan touched on several key

themes, including the need to address the nation's economic challenges, the role of
government, and the importance of individual freedom and responsibility. He
emphasized the severity of the economic affliction facing the United States, calling
for immediate action to preserve the nation's future. Reagan also expressed his
intention to reduce the size and influence of the federal government, highlighting the
distinction between the powers granted to the government and those reserved to the
states or the people. Furthermore, he underscored the idea that government is not the
solution to all problems and that individual self-governance is essential. Additionally,
Reagan called for a renewed sense of patriotism and responsibility among citizens, and
he expressed his belief in the American people's ability to overcome challenges and
build a better future.
Regan economic bill of rights
The primary goal of Ronald Reagan's Economic Bill of Rights was to highlight the
importance of free market economics and minimal government involvement as the
cornerstones of prosperity.
Reducing government intervention in the economy, lowering taxes, promoting
entrepreneurship, defending private property rights, stimulating the creation of jobs,
and promoting prudent money management. Reagan thought that a free-market economy
with little intervention from the government would boost the country's general
economic prosperity, job opportunities, and level of innovation.
41st George Bush, 1989-1993

Republican
V.P.-Dan Quayle
Major Items:
1. Savings and Loan Scandal (1990)
2. Berlin Wall Falls, Reunification of Germany (1989)
3. Invasion of Panama (1990)
4. Soviet Union collapses,
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5. Cold War over (1991)

6. Operation Desert Storm (1991)
42nd Bill Clinton, 1993-2001

Democrat
V.P.-Al Gore
Major Items:
1. NAFTA (1994)
2. Troops sent to Bosnia Whitewater Scandal Oklahoma City Bombing (1995)
3. Unemployment and inflation down Deficit lowered
4. Lewinsky Affair, Impeachment (1998)
43rd George W. Bush, 2001-2009

✓ Republican
• V.P.-Dick Cheney
Major Items:
1. 9/11
2. Bush Doctrine (Afghanistan, Iraq)
3. Homeland Security PATRIOT Act
4. Bush Tax Cuts (2001, 2003)
5. No Child Left Behind (2001)
6. Hurricane Katrina (2005)
7. Great Recession (2007-2009)
No child left speech (NCLB)
NCLB was the product of a collaboration between civil rights and business groups,
as well as both Democrats and Republicans on Capitol Hill and the Bush administration,
which sought to advance American competitiveness and close the achievement gap
between poor and minority students and their more advantaged peers. Since 2002, it’s
had an outsized impact on teaching, learning, and school improvement—and become
increasingly controversial with educators and the general public.
The phrase "No Child Left Behind" is often associated with President George W.
Bush's education policy rather than a specific speech. It was a legislative act signed
into law in 2002 aimed at improving American education standards by promoting
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accountability, flexibility, and parental choice. This policy aimed to ensure that no child
would be overlooked or left behind in receiving a quality education.
September 11,2001 (9/11 attack)
The September 11 attacks were precipitated in large part because Osama

bin Laden, the leader of the militant Islamic organization al-Qaeda, held naive beliefs
about the United States in the run-up to the attacks. Abu Walid al-Masri, an Egyptian
who was a bin Laden associate in Afghanistan in the 1980s and ’90s, explained that, in
the years prior to the attacks, bin Laden became increasingly convinced that America
was weak. “He believed that the United States was much weaker than some of those
around him thought,” Masri remembered, and “as evidence he referred to what
happened to the United States in Beirut when the bombing of the Marines base led
them to flee from Lebanon,” referring to the destruction of the marine barracks there
in 1983 (see 1983 Beirut barracks bombings), which killed 241 American servicemen. Bin
Laden believed that the United States was a “paper tiger,” a belief shaped not just by
America’s departure from Lebanon following the marine barracks bombing but also by
the withdrawal of American forces from Somalia in 1993, following the deaths of 18
U.S. servicemen in Mogadishu, and the American pullout from Vietnam in the 1970s.
It’s a series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19

militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in
the United States, the deadliest terrorist attacks on American soil in U.S. history. The
attacks against New York City and Washington, D.C., caused extensive death and
destruction and triggered an enormous U.S. effort to combat terrorism. Some 2,750
people were killed in New York, 184 at the Pentagon, and 40 in Pennsylvania (where one
of the hijacked planes crashed into the ground after the passengers attempted to
retake the plane); all 19 terrorists died (see Researcher’s Note: September 11 attacks).
Police and fire departments in New York were especially hard-hit: hundreds rushed to
the scene of the attacks, and more than 400 police officers and firefighters were
killed.
44th Barack Obama, 2009-2017

✓ Democrat
• V.P.-Joe Biden
Major Items:
1. Death of Osama Bin Laden
2. Iraq (ended occupation)
3. Afghanistan (Taliban resurgence)
4. Arab Spring (Egypt, Libya, Syria)
5. Ukraine (Crimea)
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6. ISIS
7. Great Recession (2007-2009)
The Great Recession was the sharp decline in economic activity that started in 2007
and lasted several years, spilling into global economies. It is considered the most
significant downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s. The term "Great
Recession" applies to both the U.S. recession, officially lasting from December 2007 to
June 2009, and the ensuing global recession in 2009.
The economic slump began when the U.S. housing market went from boom to bust, and
large amounts of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and derivatives plummeted in
value.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
The Great Recession refers to the economic downturn from 2007 to 2009 after the
bursting of the U.S. housing bubble and the global financial crisis.
The Great Recession was the most severe economic recession in the United States
since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
In response to the Great Recession, unprecedented fiscal, monetary, and regulatory
policy was unleashed by federal authorities, which some, but not all, credit with the
subsequent recovery.
➢ GEORGE WASHINGTON (1ST PRESIDENT)
➢ THOMAS JEFFERSON (3RD PRESIDENT)
➢ TEDDY ROOSEVELT (26TH

PRESIDENT)
➢ ABRAHAM LINCOLN (16TH

PRESIDENT)
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
GEORGE WASHINGTON- He was

the father of the new country and laid the foundation of American democracy
THOMAS JEFFERSON- He purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in

1803 which doubled the size of our country, adding all or part of fifteen
present-day states
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TEDDY ROOSEVELT- He was instrumental in negotiating the construction of

the Panama Canal, linking the east and the west. He was known as the "trust
buster" for his work to end large corporate monopolies and ensure the rights of
the common working man.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN- Lincoln believed his most sacred duty was the
preservation of the union. It was his firm conviction that slavery must be
abolished.
Royal colonies>> Proprietary colonies >> Self-governing colonies
• The king of England appointed the governor.

• The proprietor, or owner, of the colony selected the governor.
• The colonists themselves elected the governor and all members of the
legislature.
New England Colonies >> sea harbor

Middle Colonies >> wheat
Southern Colonies>> cotton and tobacco
Mayflower Compact (1620)
• A group of colonists set sail abroad the Mayflower to start

the second colony on England’s land in the New World >> their
ship blown off course>> signed the agreement before going
ashore
Main idea of the Mayflower Compact
• To make plans for governing the colony.
Why the pilgrims wrote Mayflower Compact?
• There was no English government where they landed.
French and Indian War (1754)
• George Washington led the British Army
France lost (1763)
• And gave up its North American colonies

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American Revolution
• To recover the
cost of the
battlefield,
British made tax
laws etc.; Stamp
Act ….
1. Declaration of Independence
(We hold these
truths….)
2. Articles of Confederation
(Under AOC, each of the thirteen colonies became an independent
state, but were held together only loosely) for e.g.;
• Coining and manufacturing, money
The Northwest territory (1787)

• Ohio
• Indiana
• Michigan
• Illinois
• Wisconsin
1783- Britain gives up land west

of the Appalachians (west to
the Mississippi
River)
AOC VS CONSTITUTION
On November 15, 1777 the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of

Confederation, the first constitution of the new nation. The Articles created a
government in which the colonies - now states - retained most of the power.
This left the central government weak, without essential powers like the ability
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to control foreign policy or to tax. In 1786, a group of western Massachusetts

residents, led by former Continental Army Captain, Daniel Shay, rebelled
because of the state’s high taxes and wartime debt. This event made it
apparent that the federal government established by the Articles of
Confederation was unable to address internal rebellions because it did not have
the funds nor the military power to do so. In May 1787, the Constitutional
Convention met in Philadelphia to address the shortcomings of the Articles. In
September, the Constitution was born.
One of the most significant changes between the Articles of Confederation and
Constitution was the creation of the three branches of government: the
executive, legislative, and judicial. This separation of powers ensured that
power would not be concentrated in one particular branch. Under the Articles of
Confederation, there was no executive or judicial branch, and the legislative
body was a single body appointed by the state legislatures. The Constitution
created a bicameral legislature: the House of Representatives, elected by the
popular vote; and the Senate, still appointed by the state legislature. Each
member of the new Congress was granted a vote, while under the Articles each
state was granted a singular vote.
The Constitution also gave the federal government more power over money and
taxes. The new system of government allowed Congress to control interstate
commerce and barred states from creating their own coined money. It also
granted the federal government the power to tax individuals. The Articles of
Confederation were written when rhetoric such as “Taxation without
Representation” filled the political atmosphere. This meant that the Articles
granted the central government no power to tax, but instead had to request
money from the states, with little to no ways to enforce it. Without the ability
to tax, the central government could not do essential taxes such as pay debts.
Taxation increased the power of the federal government because it gave the
new government the ability to raise and support the military, to pay Congress,
and to fund its other functions.
AOC (Articles of Confederation) v. Confederate constitution (Civil war)
On March 11, 1861, delegates from the newly formed Confederate States of
America agreed on their own constitution.
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Here is a look at this little-known third constitution that controlled the lives of
about 9 million people for a short period of time. Much of the Confederate
Constitution mirrored the Constitution
of the United States as it existed at the time,

with bigger differences in the matters of
slavery and states’ rights.
In 1860, there were more than 9 million people,

including 3 million slaves, living in the states and
territories that would leave the Union,
compared with 22 million people outside those
areas.
The document was drawn up and approved just a

week after Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States on March
4th. There were seven southern states that had seceded at the time, and a
total of 11 would secede and join the Confederacy officially
At first glance, much of the Confederate document was taken directly from the
U.S. Constitution.
But there were several passages related to slavery that were much different.
The Confederate version used the word “slaves,” unlike the U.S. Constitution.
One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. Another
ensured that enslavers could travel between Confederate states with their
slaves.
The Confederate constitution also

accounted for enslaved people as three-
fifths of a state’s population (like the
U.S. Constitution did at the time), and it
required that any new territory acquired
by the nation allow slavery.
In other ways, the Confederate

constitution was closer to the Articles
of Confederation, which preceded the
U.S. Constitution—it was focused on states’ rights and limited federal power in
many respects.
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The Confederate preamble begins, “We, the

people of the Confederate States, each State
acting in its sovereign and independent
character.” The U.S. Constitution starts with
the more familiar, “We the People of the
United States, in Order to form a more
perfect Union.”
The Confederate Congress met for six

sessions during the war. Political parties didn’t
form in the Confederacy, but there were political factions in the electorate.
Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. senator from Mississippi, served as the
Confederate president.
• Nearly impossible to amend the articles in AOC
Pocket Veto
A pocket veto is a legislative maneuver that allows
the President of the United States to effectively
kill a bill without affirmatively vetoing it. This
occurs when the President does not sign a bill
within 10 days (Sundays excepted) and Congress
adjourns during that period. Unlike a regular veto,
a pocket veto cannot be overridden by Congress.
If the President exercises a pocket veto,
Congress must reintroduce the bill and pass it again for it to become law.
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Congress >>> session (time’s coming to

expire) >> president (10 days to sign a bill)>>
no sign (pocket veto) if
Congress session (have time) >> automatic

law
Electors
• Senator – 100
• House of representative- 435
• Washington, DC – 3
Total 538/2= 269 = 270(win) (magic number)
Impeachment process and overridden veto

✓ Congress has the power to impeach and remove the president
✓ The President can veto congressional legislation
✓ The court can declare laws unconstitutional
✓ Congress can override a veto by two-thirds of vote in both the House and
the Senate
Amending the Constitution
1. Congress may submit a proposed constitutional amendment to the states, if the

proposed amendment language is approved by a two-
thirds vote of both houses.
2. Congress must call a convention for proposing
amendments upon application of the legislatures
of two-thirds of the states (i.e., 34 of 50
states).
3. Amendments proposed by Congress or convention
become valid only when ratified by the
legislatures of, or conventions in, three-fourths
of the states (i.e., 38 of 50 states).
US constitution (USC)
Preamble. Purpose of the Constitution
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We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article 1 (legislative branch)
SECTION 1: All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress

of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
✓ Bicameral system (great compromise also known as Connecticut

compromise)
Article 2 (executive branch)
SECTION 1; CLAUSE 2: Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or
Representative person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States,
shall be appointed an elector.
Article 3 (the judiciary)
SECTION 1: Federal courts and judges

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in
such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The
judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good
behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which
shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Article 4 (states’ power)
SECTION 1: States Acts and Records

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial
proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the
manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect
thereof.
Article 5 (amending the constitution)
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall
propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of
two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,
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which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States,
or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of
Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may
be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner
affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that
no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article 6 (supremacy of the National government)
SECTION 1: VALID DEBTS
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as
under the Confederation.
Article 7 (ratification)
The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in
convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of
September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven and of
the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we
have hereunto subscribed our names.
Bill of Rights (1791)

1) First Amendment: Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and
Petition
2) Second Amendment: Right to Bear Arms
3) Third Amendment: Quartering of Soldiers
4) Fourth Amendment: Protection from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
5) Fifth Amendment: Rights of the Accused (right to remain silent, protection

against double jeopardy, right to due process of law)
6) Sixth Amendment: Right to a Fair Trial (speedy and public trail by impartial
jury, right to legal counsel, right to confront witnesses)
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7) Seventh Amendment: Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases
8) Eighth Amendment: Protection from Cruel and Unusual Punishment (including

excessive bail)
9) Ninth Amendment: Rights Retained by the People
10)Tenth Amendment: Powers Reserved to the States
11th amendment – Lawsuits against states
12th amendment – Election of executives
13th amendment – Slavery abolished (1865)
14th amendment – Civil rights (1868)
15th amendment – Right to vote (1870)
16th amendment – Income tax
17th amendment – Direct elections of senators
18th amendment – Prohibition
19th amendment – Woman suffrage (1920)
20th amendment – “Lame Duck” sessions (1933)
21st amendment – Repeal of prohibition
22nd amendment – Limit of Presidential terms
23rd amendment – Voting in district of Columbia
24th amendment – Abolition of Poll Taxes
25th amendment – Presidential Disability, Succession
26th amendment – 18-year-old vote
27th amendment – Congressional pay (1992)
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Court Cases:
Amendments Key supreme court cases
Amendment 1 (free speech, Texas v. Johnson (1989)

religion and press)
Amendment 2 District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
Amendment 4 Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Amendment 5 Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Amendment 6 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Amendment 8 Furman v. Georgia (1972)
Amendment 14 Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Roe v. Wade (1973)
United States v. Virginia (1996)
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Amendment 26 Oregon v. Mitchell (1970)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Mapp v. Ohio was a pivotal case in U.S. constitutional law, particularly in the realm of
Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. In 1961,
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Mapp v. Ohio that evidence obtained in violation of the
Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, cannot
be used in state criminal proceedings. The case revolved around Dollree Mapp, whose
home was searched by Cleveland police without a proper warrant. During the
search, the police found obscene materials, which were illegal under Ohio law at the
time, and arrested Mapp.
The crucial aspect of this case was the exclusionary rule. Before Mapp v. Ohio, the
exclusionary rule, which barred the use of unlawfully obtained evidence in federal
courts, had not been fully applied to state courts. However, in this landmark decision,
the Supreme Court extended the exclusionary rule to the states through the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This meant that evidence seized
unlawfully by state and local law enforcement officers could not be used in state
criminal proceedings.
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The decision in Mapp v. Ohio was significant in safeguarding individuals' rights against
illegal searches and seizures by law enforcement. It aimed to deter police
misconduct and ensure that evidence gathered through unconstitutional means would
not be admissible in court, thereby protecting individuals’ constitutional rights.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that
addressed the right to legal counsel for individuals accused of a crime. The case
centered around Clarence Earl Gideon, who was charged with breaking into a Florida
pool hall. Gideon appeared in court without an attorney and requested the court to
appoint one for him as he couldn't afford legal representation. However, the trial
judge denied his request, stating that under Florida state law, counsel would only be
appointed in capital
cases. Gideon, representing himself, was convicted and sentenced to five years in
prison. While in prison, he hand-wrote a petition to the Supreme Court, arguing that his
Sixth Amendment right to counsel had been violated.
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gideon. The Court held
that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel was fundamental and essential to a
fair trial. They overturned Gideon's conviction, stating that the Constitution required
states to provide counsel for defendants who could not afford their own attorney in
all criminal cases, not just in capital offenses.
The decision in Gideon v. Wainwright significantly expanded the rights of defendants
in the United States. It established the principle that regardless of the nature of the
crime, individuals accused of felonies(crime) had a constitutional right to legal counsel,
and states were obligated to provide an attorney if the defendant couldn't afford one.
This decision greatly impacted the criminal justice system by ensuring more equitable
representation for those accused of crimes.
Brown V. Board (1954 Result decision)
The Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in
1954. The decision was monumental as it declared state laws establishing separate
public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational
opportunities unconstitutional. The court's ruling was unanimous, overturning the
"separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Chief Justice
Earl Warren wrote the opinion, stating that segregation in public education created a
feeling of inferiority among black children and violated the Equal Protection Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The decision had far-
reaching implications beyond education, becoming a catalyst for the Civil Rights
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Movement and inspiring efforts to desegregate other aspects of American life.

However, despite the ruling, it took many years and continued activism to fully
integrate schools across the United States.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
This Supreme Court Case addressed the issue of Federal power and commerce.
In the landmark Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland, Chief Justice John
Marshall handed down one of his most important decisions regarding the expansion of
Federal power. This case involved the power of Congress to charter a bank, which
sparked the even broader issue of the division of powers between state and the
Federal Government.
In 1816 Congress established the Second National Bank to help control the amount of
unregulated currency issued by state banks. Many states questioned the
constitutionality of the national bank, and Maryland set a precedent by requiring taxes
on all banks not chartered by the state. In 1818 the State of Maryland approved
legislation to impose taxes on the Second National Bank chartered by Congress.
James W. McCulloch, a Federal cashier at the Baltimore branch of the U.S. bank,
refused to pay the taxes imposed by the state. Maryland filed a suit against McCulloch
in an effort to collect the taxes. The Supreme Court, however, decided that the
chartering of a bank was an implied power of the Constitution, under the “elastic
clause,” which granted Congress the authority to “make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into execution” the work of the Federal Government.
This case presented a major issue that challenged the Constitution: Does the Federal
Government hold sovereign power over states? The proceedings posed two questions:
Does the Constitution give Congress power to create a bank? And could individual
states ban or tax the bank? The court decided that the Federal Government had the
right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax
the Federal Government. Marshall ruled in favor of the Federal Government and
concluded, “the power to tax involves the power to destroy."
Marbury v. Madison (1803) {judicial review}

The decision in this Supreme Court Case established the right of the courts to
determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of
government. In 1801, outgoing President John Adams had issued William Marbury a
commission as justice of the peace — but the new Secretary of State, James Madison,
refused to deliver it. Marbury then sued to obtain it. With his decision in Marbury v.
Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an
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important addition to the system of “checks and balances” created to prevent any one
branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Dred Scott and his owner, John Emerson, initially lived in Missouri, which was a
slave state. However, they later moved to the free state of Illinois and the free
territory of Wisconsin. It was during their residence in these free areas that Dred
Scott sued for his freedom, arguing that his time living in these places should have
made him a free man. The Congress couldn’t stop the spread of slavey, which made a lot
of people angry.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on May 18, 1896, by a
seven-to-one majority (one justice did not participate), advanced the controversial
“separate but equal” doctrine for assessing the constitutionality of racial
segregation laws. Plessy v. Ferguson was the first major inquiry into the meaning of
the Fourteenth Amendment’s (1868) equal-protection clause, which prohibits the states
from denying “equal protection of the laws” to any person within their jurisdictions.
Although the majority opinion did not contain the phrase “separate but equal,” it
gave constitutional sanction to laws designed to achieve racial segregation by means of
separate and supposedly equal public facilities and services for African Americans and
whites. It served as a controlling judicial precedent until it was overturned by the
Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954).
Brown v. Board of education

(1954)
In the case., Linda
Brown, a young African-

American girl, wanted to attend the a nearby
all-white school. Due to racial segregation,
she couldn’t attend that school. Her family
filed a lawsuit along with other families
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The Supreme Court of the United ruled that racial segregation in public schools was
unconstitutional, which means it was against the law. They said that separate schools
for black and white students were inherently unequal and that all students should have
the opportunity to go to integrated (mixed-race) schools.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag outside of the convention center
where the 1984 Republican National Convention was being held in Dallas, Texas. Johnson
burned the flag to protest the policies of President Ronald Reagan. He was arrested
and charged with violating a Texas statute that prevented the desecration of a
venerated object, including the American flag, if such action were likely to incite anger
in others. A Texas court tried and convicted Johnson. He appealed, arguing that his
actions were "symbolic speech" protected by the First Amendment. The Supreme Court
agreed to hear his case.
(5-4) decision
The majority of the Court, according to Justice William Brennan, agreed with
Johnson and held that flag burning constitutes a form of "symbolic speech" that is
protected by the First Amendment. The majority noted that freedom of speech
protects actions that society may find very offensive, but society's outrage alone is
not justification for suppressing free speech.
In particular, the majority noted that the Texas law discriminated upon viewpoint, i.e.,
although the law punished actions, such as flag burning, that might arouse anger in
others, it specifically exempted from prosecution actions that were respectful of
venerated objects, e.g., burning and burying a worn-out flag. The majority said that the
government could not discriminate in this manner based solely upon viewpoint.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

This case represents the consolidation of four cases, in each of which the
defendant confessed guilt after being subjected to a variety of interrogation
techniques without being informed of his Fifth Amendment rights during an
interrogation.
On March 13, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested in his house and brought to the
police station where he was questioned by police officers in connection with a
kidnapping and rape. After two hours of interrogation, the police obtained a written
confession from Miranda. The written confession was admitted into evidence at trial
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despite the objection of the defense

attorney and the fact that the police
officers admitted that they had not advised
Miranda of his right to have an attorney
present during the interrogation. The jury
found Miranda guilty. On appeal, the
Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed and held
that Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated because he did not specifically
request counsel.
Roe v. Wade (1973)

Roe v. Wade is a 1973 lawsuit that famously led to the Supreme Court
making a ruling on abortion rights. Jane Roe, an unmarried pregnant woman, filed suit on
behalf of herself and others to challenge Texas abortion laws. A Texas doctor joined
Roe's lawsuit, arguing that the state's abortion laws were too vague for doctors to
follow. He had previously been arrested for violating the statute.
At the time, abortion was illegal in Texas unless it was done to save the mother's life.
It was a crime to get an abortion or to attempt one.
In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court decided two important things:
1. The United States Constitution provides a fundamental "right to privacy" that

protects a person's right to choose whether to have an abortion.
2. The abortion right is not absolute. It must be balanced against the

government's interests in protecting health and prenatal life.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
Provisions of the District of Columbia Code made it illegal to carry an unregistered

firearm and prohibited the registration of handguns, though the chief of police could
issue one-year licenses for handguns. The Code also contained provisions that required
owners of lawfully registered firearms to keep them unloaded and disassembled or
bound by a trigger lock or other similar device unless the firearms were located in a
place of business or being used for legal recreational activities.
Dick Anthony Heller was a D.C. special police officer who was authorized to carry a
handgun while on duty. He applied for a one-year license for a handgun he wished to
keep at home, but his application was denied. Heller sued the District of Columbia. He
sought an injunction against the enforcement of the relevant parts of the Code and
argued that they violated his Second Amendment right to keep a functional firearm in
his home without a license. The district court dismissed the complaint. The U.S. Court
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of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed and held that the Second
Amendment protects the right to keep firearms in the home for the purpose of self-
defense, and the District of Columbia’s requirement that firearms kept in the home be
nonfunctional violated that right.
Furman v. Georgia (1972)
Furman was burglarizing a private home when a family member discovered him. He
attempted to flee, and in doing so tripped and fell. The gun that he was carrying went
off and killed a resident of the home. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to
death (Two other death penalty cases were decided along with Furman: Jackson v.
Georgia and Branch v. Texas. These cases concern the constitutionality of the death
sentence for rape and murder convictions, respectively).
Bush v. Gore (2000)

The Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore was among the most
controversial in U.S. history, as it allowed the vote certification made by Florida
Secretary of State Katherine Harris to stand, giving Bush Florida's 25 electoral votes.
Florida's votes gave Bush, the Republican nominee, 271 electoral votes, one more than
the 270 required to win the Electoral College. This meant the defeat of Democratic
candidate Al Gore, who won 267 electoral votes but received 266, as a "faithless
elector" from the District of Columbia abstained from voting. Media organizations later
analyzed the ballots and found that, under specified criteria, the originally pursued
recount of undervotes of several large counties would have confirmed a Bush victory,
whereas a statewide recount would have resulted in a Gore victory. Florida later
retired the punch-card voting machines that produced the ballots disputed in the case.
Oregon v. Mitchell (1970)

Oregon v. Mitchell raised complex questions about the division of power
between the states and the federal government. More than a century after the
ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, discriminatory
practices still actively prevented people from voting. Many states required literacy
tests in order to vote, which disproportionately impacted people of color. Residency
requirements barred many citizens from voting in presidential elections. The federal
voting age was 21, but 18-year-olds were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War.
Congress took action in 1965, passing the first Voting Rights Act which was
designed to increase voter enfranchisement. The original act lasted five years and in
1970, Congress extended it while adding new amendments.
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The 1970 amendments to the Voting Rights Act did three things:
1. Lowered the minimum age of voters in state and federal elections from 21 to 18.
2. Enforced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments by preventing states from
using literacy tests. Evidence showed that these tests disproportionately
impacted people of color.
3. Allowed people who could not prove state residency to vote for presidential and
vice-presidential candidates.
Outraged over by what they viewed as an overreach by Congress, Oregon, Texas, and
Idaho sued the United States and Attorney General John Mitchell. In a reverse suit,
the U.S. government took legal action against Alabama and Idaho for refusing to comply
with the amendments. The Supreme Court addressed the cases collectively in their
Oregon v. Mitchell opinion.
Word Meaning
Executing Carrying out of fully
Factor Input
Co-opted To choose or to elect
Dissension Disagreement; difference of opinion
Discrepancy Inconsistency; difference
Faction Party
Enumeration Listing things one by one
Second treatise of government
Locke’s views in the Second Treatise extolled the importance of “natural liberty” or
natural rights and how the consent of the governed was critical for legitimate rule,
positions which later became hallmarks of the American revolutionary ideology.
CHAPTER. II. OF THE STATE OF NATURE.
Sect. 4. TO understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must
consider, what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to
order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit,
within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will
of any other man.
A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one
having more than another; there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the
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same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature, and
the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without
subordination or subjection, unless the lord and master of them all should, by any
manifest declaration of his will, set one above another, and confer on him, by an evident
and clear appointment, an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.
CHAPTER. III. OF THE STATE OF WAR.

Sect. 16. THE state of war is a state of enmity and destruction: and therefore
declaring by word or action, not a passionate and hasty, but a sedate settled design
upon another man’s life, puts him in a state of war with him against whom he has
declared such an intention, and so has exposed his life to the other’s power to be taken
away by him, or any one that joins with him in his defence, and espouses his quarrel; it
being reasonable and just, I should have a right to destroy that which threatens me
with destruction: for, by the fundamental law of nature, man being to be preserved as
much as possible, when all cannot be preserved, the safety of the innocent is to be
preferred: and one may destroy a man who makes war upon him, or has discovered an
enmity to his being, for the same reason that he may kill a wolf or a lion; because such
men are not under the ties of the common law of reason, have no other rule, but that of
force and violence, and so may be treated as beasts of prey, those dangerous and
noxious creatures, that will be sure to destroy him whenever he falls into their power.
CHAPTER. IV. OF SLAVERY.

Sect. 22. THE natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth,
and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of
nature for his rule. The liberty of man, in society, is to be under no other legislative
power, but that established, by consent, in the commonwealth; nor under the dominion
of any will, or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact, according to
the trust put in it. Freedom then is not what Sir Robert Filmer tells us, Observations,
A. 55. a liberty for every one to do what he lists, to live as he pleases, and not to be
tied by any laws: but freedom of men under government is, to have a standing rule to
live by, common to every one of that society, and made by the legislative power erected
in it; a liberty to follow my own will in all things, where the rule prescribes not; and not
to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man: as
freedom of nature is, to be under no other restraint but the law of nature.
Chinese civil war and US involvement (1945-49)
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The Chinese Civil War was a conflict that lasted from 1945 to 1949, primarily fought
between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT), led by Chiang Kai-shek,
and the Communist Party of China (CPC), led by Mao Zedong. The roots of the conflict
can be traced back to long-standing political, economic, and social tensions in China,
exacerbated by the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 and
the subsequent struggle for control of the country.
During World War II, the two factions temporarily suspended hostilities to focus on
resisting Japanese aggression, but their differences quickly resurfaced after the war
ended. The United States played a significant role in the Chinese Civil War, primarily
supporting the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek.
The U.S. support for the Nationalists was multi-faceted:
Financial Aid: The United States provided substantial financial

assistance to the Nationalist government, totaling billions of
dollars in military aid and economic support. This aid was
intended to bolster the Nationalists' war effort against the
Communists.
Military Assistance: The U.S. supplied the Nationalist forces

with weapons, equipment, and military advisors to help them
combat the Communist insurgency. American military advisors
trained and advised Chinese troops in modern warfare tactics.
Diplomatic Support: The United States recognized the

Nationalist government as the legitimate ruler of China and
supported its efforts to maintain control over the country. This diplomatic backing
provided legitimacy and international recognition to Chiang Kai-shek's regime.
Despite extensive American support, the Nationalists were eventually defeated by the
Communist forces, and Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People's
Republic of China on October 1, 1949. The Nationalist government retreated to the
island of Taiwan, where it continued to govern as the Republic of China.
The Chinese Civil War had significant geopolitical implications, as it led to the rise of
the People's Republic of China under Communist rule and the establishment of the
separate political entity of Taiwan. Additionally, it marked a major shift in the balance
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of power in East Asia and had far-reaching consequences for U.S. foreign policy in the
region.
US intervention in Korean war
The Korean War was a significant conflict that took place from 1950 to 1953 on the
Korean Peninsula. It began when North Korean forces, supported by the Soviet Union
and China, invaded South Korea, which was supported by the United Nations and,
significantly, by the United States. Here's a breakdown of US involvement in the
Korean War:
UN Resolution and US Entry: The United Nations Security Council passed a resolution
calling for military intervention to repel the North Korean invasion. The United States,
as a prominent member of the UN, played a leading role in mobilizing a multinational
coalition to support South Korea. President Harry S. Truman committed US forces to
the conflict, primarily under the auspices of the UN Command.
Military Support: The US provided extensive military support to South Korea, including
troops, equipment, and supplies. American forces
constituted the bulk of the UN Command's military
strength during the conflict. General Douglas
MacArthur was appointed as the supreme
commander of the UN forces in Korea.
Pushing North Korean Forces Back: US and UN

forces, alongside South Korean troops, initially
faced significant setbacks but eventually managed
to push North Korean forces back beyond the 38th
parallel, which had served as the border between
North and South Korea prior to the war.
Chinese Intervention: As UN forces approached the Yalu River, the border between
North Korea and China, Chinese Communist forces intervened in the conflict to support
North Korea. This led to a dramatic escalation of the war and a prolonged period of
intense fighting.
Stalemate and Armistice: The Korean War ultimately resulted in a stalemate, with
neither side able to achieve a decisive victory. The conflict ended with an armistice
agreement signed in 1953, which established a ceasefire but did not formally end the
war. The Korean Peninsula remained divided along the 38th parallel, with the
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) serving as a buffer between North and South Korea.
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Casualties and Impact: The Korean War resulted in significant human and material
losses on all sides. Estimates of casualties vary, but it's
believed that millions of people were killed, wounded, or
went missing during the conflict. The war also had
broader geopolitical implications, shaping the dynamics
of the Cold War in East Asia and influencing US foreign
policy in the region for decades to come.
Overall, US intervention in the Korean War was

motivated by concerns about containing the spread of
communism in Asia and upholding international security
and stability under the auspices of the United Nations.
Robert E. Lee and George Pickett (American

Civil War)
Robert E. Lee and George Pickett were both Confederate generals during the American
Civil War, and they are often associated with one another due to their roles in the
Battle of Gettysburg.
General Robert E. Lee was the overall commander of the Confederate Army of
Northern Virginia, one of the most important Confederate armies during the Civil War.
Lee was a skilled tactician and a respected leader, known for his audacious maneuvers
and aggressive style of warfare.
General George Pickett was a division commander in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
He is best remembered for leading the ill-fated infantry charge known as "Pickett's
Charge" during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863. This charge was a pivotal
moment in the battle and the war as a whole, as it resulted in heavy casualties for the
Confederates and is often cited as a turning point in favor of the Union.
While both Lee and Pickett played significant roles in the Civil War, they are
particularly linked due to their involvement in the Battle of Gettysburg and Pickett's
infamous charge. Despite their efforts, the Confederate forces were ultimately
defeated at Gettysburg, marking a critical moment in the war.
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (Bishop)

Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704) was a French bishop, theologian, and renowned
orator. He is best known for his work as a preacher and writer, particularly for his
eloquent sermons and his contributions to French literature and religious philosophy.
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Bossuet served as Bishop of Meaux and was known for his staunch advocacy of absolute
monarchy, particularly in his work "Politics Derived from Sacred Scripture" (1679),
where he articulated the divine right of kings. He believed that kings ruled by the will
of God and that their authority should be absolute, accountable only to God.
In addition to his political writings, Bossuet was a prolific author of theological works,
including "Exposition of the Catholic Faith" and "Discourse on Universal History." He
was also known for his funeral orations, most notably the funeral oration for King Louis
XIV of France.
Bossuet's writings had a significant influence not only in his own time but also in later
periods, shaping French political and religious thought. His eloquence and theological
insights continue to be studied and admired by scholars today.
Quaker religion
The Quaker religion, formally known as the Religious Society of Friends, is a Christian
religious movement that emerged in England during the 17th century. It was founded by
George Fox in the mid-17th century and gained popularity during a time of religious and
social upheaval in England.
Quakerism emphasizes direct experience of God, spiritual equality among believers, and
the importance of living a simple and ethical life. Central to Quaker belief is the
concept of the "Inner Light," which is the belief that every individual has direct access
to the divine and can experience God's guidance and revelation personally, without the
need for intermediaries such as clergy or formal rituals.
Quakers are known for their distinctive practices, including silent worship meetings
where members gather in silence, waiting for spiritual inspiration or prompting from
the Inner Light. During these meetings, individuals may speak if they feel moved by the
Spirit to share a message or insight.
Quakerism also places a strong emphasis

on testimonies such as peace, simplicity,
integrity, equality, and community.
Quakers have historically been active in
social justice movements, including the
abolition of slavery, women's rights, and
peace advocacy.
Today, Quakerism is practiced worldwide,
with a diverse range of beliefs and
practices among different Quaker
communities. Some Quakers identify as evangelical, while others lean towards liberal or
unprogrammed Quakerism. However, the core values of simplicity, peace, integrity,
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equality, and community remain central to all branches of the Religious Society of
Friends.
Montesquieu (separation of power)

Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers is a key concept in political
philosophy that advocates for the division of governmental authority among different
branches. This principle aims to prevent the concentration of power in any single
individual or institution, thereby promoting the protection of individual liberties and
preventing tyranny. Montesquieu's ideas greatly influenced the development of modern
democratic systems, particularly in Western democracies like the United States.
According to Montesquieu, the three branches of government—legislative, executive,

and judicial—should be separate and independent from one another, with each branch
having its own distinct powers and responsibilities. By dividing power in this way,
Montesquieu argued that each branch would serve as a check on the others, ensuring
that no single branch could become too dominant or abusive.
Montesquieu's theory has been incorporated into the constitutions of many democratic
countries around the world, including the United States. In the U.S. Constitution, for
example, the separation of powers is reflected in the division of government into three
branches—the Congress (legislative), the President (executive), and the courts
(judicial)—each with its own set of powers and responsibilities. Additionally,
mechanisms such as checks and balances further reinforce the separation of powers by
allowing each branch to monitor and limit the actions of the others.
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Three-Fifths Compromise:
Issue: This compromise dealt with the contentious question of how enslaved individuals
would be counted for the purposes of representation and taxation in the newly formed
United States.
Agreement: The compromise stipulated that for the purpose of representation and
taxation, each enslaved person would be counted as three-fifths of a free person. This
decision increased the political power of southern states by inflating their population
counts for representation in the House of
Representatives.
Implications: The compromise implicitly

recognized the institution of slavery and
treated enslaved individuals as property
rather than full citizens. It contributed
to the political power of slaveholding
states in the early years of the United
States.
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise):

Issue: The Great Compromise addressed the debate over representation in the newly
proposed bicameral legislature of the United States.
Agreement: The compromise proposed a two-house legislature, consisting of a Senate

and a House of Representatives. In the House, representation would be based on
population (thus addressing concerns of larger states), while in the Senate, each state
would have equal representation (thus satisfying the desires of smaller states).
Implications: The Great Compromise established the structure of the United States
Congress that persists to this day, with its bicameral system. It balanced the interests
of both larger and smaller states and helped secure ratification of the Constitution.
While both compromises were crucial in forging the United States Constitution and
resolving conflicts among the delegates, they addressed distinct issues and had
different impacts on the structure and functioning of the federal government.
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UDHR AND TRADITIONAL NORMS
The conflict between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), as

endorsed by the United Nations, and traditional cultural norms or practices is a
complex issue that arises in various contexts worldwide.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):
✓ The UDHR, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, sets out
fundamental human rights that are
universally recognized and protected.
These rights include civil, political,
economic, social, and cultural rights,
such as the right to life, liberty, and
security; freedom of expression and
religion; the right to education and
healthcare; and the right to work and
participate in cultural life.
✓ The UDHR is intended to serve as a common standard of achievement for all

peoples and nations, irrespective of cultural, religious, or political differences.
Traditional Cultural Norms and Practices:
✓ Traditional cultural norms and practices vary widely across different societies
and can sometimes conflict with the principles outlined in the UDHR. These
norms may encompass gender roles, family structures, religious practices,
customary laws, and community traditions.
✓ In some cases, traditional practices may perpetuate discrimination, inequality, or

human rights violations, particularly against marginalized groups such as women,
children, ethnic minorities, and LGBTQ+ individuals.
However, cultural practices also play a significant role in shaping identity, community
cohesion, and social relations, and they are often deeply valued and respected within
their respective contexts.
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Conflict and Resolution:
The conflict between universal human rights and traditional cultural norms can present
challenges for policymakers, human rights advocates, and communities alike. Efforts to
promote and protect human rights may face resistance or backlash from those who
view them as incompatible with their cultural or religious beliefs.
Addressing this conflict requires a nuanced approach that respects cultural diversity
while upholding universal human rights principles. This may involve engaging with local
communities, religious leaders, and traditional authorities to promote dialogue,
awareness, and understanding.
It is essential to recognize that human rights are not static but evolve over time in
response to changing social, cultural, and political contexts. Respect for cultural
diversity should not be used as a pretext to justify human rights violations or to
condone practices that harm individuals' dignity, equality, or well-being.
In summary, the conflict between universal human rights and traditional cultural norms
underscores the importance of balancing respect for cultural diversity with the
protection of fundamental human rights for all individuals, regardless of their
background or identity.
Presidential democracy vs parliamentary democracy

The main difference between
presidential and parliamentary democracies lies
in the relationship between the executive and
legislative branches, the method of selecting
the head of government, and the distribution
of powers. While presidential democracies
emphasize separation of powers and direct
election of the president, parliamentary
democracies emphasize fusion of powers and
indirect election of the prime minister.
• In a parliamentary system, the executive derives its legitimacy from the

legislature
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Economics
Party(faction) Democrat Republican
Symbol Donkey Elephant
Color Blue Red
Ideology (economics) Economic policies benefit Advocate for supply-side

low-income and middle- economics that primarily
income families benefits businesses and
investors
Support Keynesian
economic theory that Support the pursuit of
government should spend prosperity without
its way out of a recession government interference
Famous president Joe Biden; Barack Obama Abraham Lincoln; Donald

Trump
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Supply and
Demand
Demand Shift Factors:
1. Changes in Consumer Income
2. Price of Related Goods: Changes in the

prices of related goods (substitutes or
complements) can affect demand. An
increase in the price of a substitute
good tends to increase demand for the
original good, shifting its demand
curve to the right. Conversely, an
increase in the price of a complement good may decrease demand, shifting the
curve to the left.
3. Consumer Preferences and Tastes
4. Population and Demographics
5. Expectations about Future Prices
Supply Shift Factors:
1. Changes in Input Prices

2. Technological Advances
3. Changes in the Prices of Related Goods or Services
4. Changes in Government Policies
5. Natural and Environmental Factors
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Complementary vs Substitute goods
Complementary goods Substitute goods
Complementary goods are products Substitute goods are products that

that are used together. When the can be used as alternatives to each
price of one complement rises, the other. When the price of one
demand for the other complement substitute good rises, the demand for
typically decreases, and vice versa. the other substitute typically
This happens because the products are increases. This happens because
often consumed or used together, so a consumers switch to the relatively
change in the price of one affects the cheaper substitute.
demand for the other.
Gasoline and cars: If the price of cars Tea and coffee: If the price of coffee
increases, consumers may buy fewer increases, consumers may switch to
cars, leading to a decrease in the purchasing more tea instead.
demand for gasoline as well.
Coke and Pepsi: If the price of Coke
Computers and software: If the price increases, some consumers may choose
of computers rises, consumers may buy to buy Pepsi instead.
fewer computers, leading to a
decrease in the demand for software.
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factor product
market Factor markets are where market
the factors of production
are bought and sold. Product markets are where
Factors of production are goods and services produced
using the factors of production
the resources used in the
are bought and sold by
production process to consumers. In product
produce goods and markets, the final goods and
services. services that consumers use or
consume are exchanged for
Labor money.
Capital Consumer good markets

Land Capital good markets
Entrepreneurship Financial markets
Commodity markets
Opportunity cost -Opportunity cost is a

fundamental concept in economics that refers to the value of the next best
alternative that must be
forgone when a decision is
made to pursue a particular
course of action. In simpler
terms, it's the benefit or
value that you give up when
you choose one option over
another
Q. What is opportunity cost of 1 taco?
Ans. 1 taco- dollar 2
= 2 dollar / 0.50 dollar (1 bus ticket)
= 4 bus tickets (opportunity cost of 1 taco)

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Macroeconomic V. microeconomic
Macroeconomic Microeconomic
Macroeconomic indicators are Microeconomic indicators focus on

statistics or data points that provide the behavior and performance of
insight into the overall performance individual markets, firms, households,
and health of an economy at a national or industries within an economy.
or regional level Unlike macroeconomic indicators,
which provide a broad overview of the
entire economy, microeconomic
indicators offer more granular
insights into specific economic
activities
Indicators – GDP Price of Goods and Services
Unemployment rate Quantity demanded and quantity

supplied
Inflation rate Market structure (oligopoly,

monopoly)
Inflation and deflation
✓ (inflation) a general, ongoing rise in prices of goods and

services
➢ Demand increases
➢ Supply decreases
➢ Purchasing power of money decreases
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✓ (deflation) a general fall in prices of goods and services
➢ Demand decreases
➢ Supply increases
➢ Purchasing power of money increases
Bias: Prejudice or predisposition towards a particular viewpoint, often

influencing one's judgment or decision-making.
Opinion: A personal belief or judgment about a particular subject, which may not
necessarily be based on factual evidence.
Fact: Information that is proven to be true and can be verified objectively.
Inference: A logical deduction or conclusion based on evidence and reasoning

rather than explicit statements.
Generalization: Drawing a broad conclusion based on specific instances or

examples.
Conclusion: A final decision or judgment reached after considering evidence or

arguments.
Appropriate Information: Relevant and suitable data or facts that are pertinent
to a particular topic or context.
Cause and Effect: The relationship between events where one event (the cause)
brings about another event (the effect).
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Main Idea: The primary point or central theme of a piece of writing or

discussion.
Summary: A brief overview that encapsulates the main points or essential

elements of a longer text or discussion.
Assumption: A belief or premise taken for granted without explicit proof or

evidence.
Supporting Details: Specific pieces of information or evidence that reinforce or

substantiate a main idea or argument.
Implied Cause: An inferred reason or cause that is not explicitly stated but
suggested through context or evidence.
Stereotype: A fixed, oversimplified, and often negative belief or idea about a

particular group of people.
Oversimplification: Reducing a complex issue or concept to a simplified

explanation that overlooks important nuances or factors.
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Yan Lin Aung

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Critical period 1788-1815

1st George Washington, 1789-1797

2nd John Adams, 1797-1801

Supported removing some power from the states and giving

Favored dividing powers among different branches of

• Proposed a single person to lead the executive branch (fed)

John Locke’s idea

Second treatise of government on page

3rd Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809

✓ 1801- Thomas Jefferson inaugurated as president

✓ 1803- Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon

✓ You should fully

Thomas Jefferson's political ideas were rooted in the principles of Jeffersonian

Party of Thomas Jefferson:

4th James Madison, 1809-1817

War of 1812 (James Madison)

• Andrew Jackson (US PRESIDENT) – involved in the Battle of New Orleans

5th James Monroe, 1817-1825

Major Items: Marshall Court Decisions:

1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (compulsory)

James Monroe (Missouri Compromise)

• Arkansas (slave state) 1836 – Michigan (free state) 1837

6th John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829

7th Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837

4. Formation of the Whig Party (1832)

Indian Removal Act

A number of northern tribes were peacefully

Trail of Tears (Cherokee v. Georgia)

to retain control over and ownership of

• In December 2009, President Barack Obama signed a bill that included an

8th Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841

Skip 9th and 10th President

11th. James K. Polk, 1845-1849

Mexican-American War, war between the

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war

✓ 1843- Great Migration via the Oregon Trail

✓ 1847- Mormons Settle Utah (Illinois to Utah)

Seneca Falls Convection (1848)

Seneca Falls Convention, assembly held on July 19–20, 1848, at Seneca

At the 1848 convention Stanton read the “Declaration of Sentiments,” a statement of

Manifest Destiny (1840-49)

• Texans declared their

14th Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857

Kansas - Nebraska Act

16th Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865

▪ 14th Amendment- due process of law;

▪ 15th Amendment- Right to vote

Civil war (1861- 1865)

1. The 1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln election

After the civil war ended,

• Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide food, clothing,

Gettysburg address (Nov 19,1863)

Four score and seven years ago our

Now we are engaged in a great civil war,

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate -- we cannot consecrate -- we cannot hallow --

Black codes and Jim Crow laws

After the United States Civil War, state

17th Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869

Major Items: 13th Amendment (1865)

4. Impeachment Trial (1868)

Freedmen’s bureau acts of 1865 & 1866 (concept)

Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson

• 2/3 vote the impeachment win