PaAukSayadawGyi 2 ThaMaHtaKaMaHtan2

edAmÁ e*grdeyd #dy'g
edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf (tusOf;csKyf) - twGJ (2)
orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
]u
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
y#dulvreodum& t½kd;pkur®|mef; 1
(32) aum|mo 2
yx0D"mwfvGefuJaom yx0Daum|mo (20) 2
tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom tmaygaum|mo (12) rsKd; 3
vrf; (3) oG,f 4
y#dulvreodum& 5
rlv#Dum\ &Sif;vif;csuf 7
t½kd;pkur®|mef; 9
O*¾[edrdwfESihf y#dbm*edrdwf 10
psmeft*Fg (5) yg; 11
yDwd aomreó 11
owdjyK&ef 12
tZÑwå - A[d'¨ 13
uodkPf; (10) yg; - ormywf (8) yg; 15
0PÖuodkPf; 15
0PÖuodkPf; (4) rsKd; 15
tbdbm,wepsmef 16
tZÑwåESifh A[d'¨ 18
Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY 21
c ] orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c) - rmwdum
psmeft*Fg (5) yg; 26
pwkuúenf; - psmef (4) yg; 27
yÍöuenf; - psmef (5) yg; 27
eDvuodkPf; = tndKa&mifuodkPf; 29
yDwuodkPf; = t0ga&mifuodkPf; 32
yef;ydawmufESifh ika&T0g 33
avm[dwuodkPf; = teDa&mifuodkPf; 34
t&[wåzkdvfayguf tESpfom&rsm; 35
yx0DuodkPf; = ajruokdPf; 37
&&SdEkdifaom tjypf 39
O*¾[edrdwf - y#dbm*edrdwf 40
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*Drsm; 42
tmayguodkPf; = a&uodkPf; 42
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uodkPf; 45
ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh 46
0ga,muodkPf; = avuodkPf; 48
O*¾[edrdwfESifh y#dbm*edrdwf 49
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mifuodkPf; 49
xderd'¨ y,fazsmufa&; 51
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuodkPf; 52
uodkPf; (10) yg; 54
orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c) - rmwdum ] *
t½lyg0p&psmefyikd ;f 57
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef 57
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf 58
EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm 59
jyKusifh&rnfh vkyfief;cGif 60
tMuHay;csuf 62
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefokdY 63
txl;rSmxm;csuf 64
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef 66
y&rwftm½kHjzpfonfudk owdjyKyg 67
tcuftcJwpf&yf 68
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefokdY qkdufa&mufaeol 68
qdkvdk&if;oabm 69
teEÅH 0dnmPH 70
tmuddÍönm,wepsmef 71
rSwfom;apvdkaom xl;jcm;csuf 74
ew¬d - ew¬dç oknH - oknHç 0d0dwåH - 0d0dwåH 75
EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmudk ESD;aESmjyjcif; 76
tmudÍönm,wepsmefodkY qkdufNyD 77
0dnmPÍöm,weH orwduúr® 77
ew¬d udÍöd = bmrQr&Sd 77
tmudÍönm,wepsmef[lonf 78
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef 79
vkyfief;cGif tqifhqifh 80
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefokdY qkdufNyD 82
tmudÍönm,weH orwduúr® 82
C ] orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c) - rmwdum
Nidrfoufyg\ rGefjrwfyg\ 83
tar;ESifh tajz 85
EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm 85
ae0onm - emonm 86
tqifhqifh omvGef jrifhjrwfykH 88
rvTJomí tm½kHjyK&onf 88
<uif;usefaom uodkPf;rsm;
pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;ydkif; 91
jA[®0d[m&ur®|mef;ydkif; - arwåmbm0emur®|mef; 91
yd,*½kbm0eD, vdifwlyk*¾dKvf 95
oDrmoarÇ' = yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKzsufjcif; 99
arwåmyGm;yHkpepf 104
arwåmtusKd; (11) yg; 108
u½kPmbm0em 110
rk'dwmbm0em 112
Oayu©mbm0em 114
ar;oifhaom ar;cGef; 119
vu©P - &o - ypöKy|mef - y'|mef 121
udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufrI 125
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef; 127
tokbur®|mef; 129
r&Pówd = r&PmEkówdur®|mef; 131
ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJrI 132
{ { {
orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c) ] 1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
y#dulvreodum& t½kd;pkur®|mef;
þ'kw, d orxur®|mef;ydik ;f üum; pwk&m&u© = tapmifh (4)yg;
ur®|mef;rsm;udk ½IymG ;yHu k kd 0dyóemodYk rul;rD yGm;rsm;tm;xkwx f m;&ef
qufvufwifjytyfygonf/ pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;&mü
Mo'gwuodkPf;rS odkYr[kwf uodkPf; (10)yg;ç ormywf (8)yg;wdkYudk
yGm;rsm;Ny;D ygrS ul;cJah omf a,m*Dtrsm;pkü ydrk í kd vG,u f o l nfukd awGU&\/
"mwfur®|mef; tus,f½IyGm;enf;twGufvnf; rsm;pGmtaxmuftul
jyK\/ xdak Mumifh pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;rsm;udk rwifjyrD (32)aum|mo½IyçkH
t½k;d pkur®|mef;½IyçkH Mo'gwuodP k ;f ESiw
hf uG tjcm;tjcm;aom uodP k ;f
wduYk ½kd yI çHk uodP k ;f wpfcw k pfcük ormywf (8)yg;pD aygufatmif ½Iyw kH uYkd kd
a&S;OD;pGm wifjytyfygonf/
vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; NydK;Nyd K;jyufjyuf ta&mifwvufvuf
awmufyvmonfw h ikd af tmif tmemygepwkwp¬ smeform"dow Ykd ikd af tmif
orm"dukd wpfzefjyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; tvGef
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ,if; vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tif\ tultnDjzifh
atmufyg (32)aum|mowdu Yk kd ½IMunfyh g/ xdo k Ykd ½I&mü yx0Daum|mo
(20)wdu Yk kd (5)ckpD (5)ckpD ydik ;f í tmaygaum|mo (12)rsK;d wdu Yk kd (6)ckpD
(6)ckpD ydkif;í ½IMunfhyg/ tpOftwdkif; aum|mo wpfckNyD;wpfck ½Iyg/
Munfvifaom rSeftwGif;odkY Munfhvdkufaomtcg rdrd\ rsufESm&dyfudk
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jywfjywfom;om; jrifawGU&ouJo h Ykd (32)aum|mowdYk
udv k nf; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jywfjywfom;om; jrifatmif½yI g/ xdo k Ykd ½I&mü
vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; rdeS o f mG ;í aum|mowdu Yk kd Munf&h mü 0d;k wd;k
0g;wm; rxifr&Sm; jzpfvmygu tmemygepwkwp¬ smef orm"dukd wpfzef
2 ] edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf (tusOf;csKyf) - twGJ (2)
jyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg

aum|mowdu Yk kd wpfzefjyefí ½Iyg/ vif;a&mifjcnf rdeS o
f mG ;wdik ;f þenf;
udk toHk;jyKyg/
(32) aum|mo
yx0D"mwfvGefuJaom yx0Daum|mo (20)
1/ auom = qHyif 44/
2/ avmrm = arG;nif; 44/
3/ ecg = ajconf; vufonf; 44/ wpyÍöu
4/ 'EÅm = oGm; 44/
5/ wapm = ta& (ta&xl ta&yg;) 44/
6/ rHoH = tom; 44/
7/ ESm½k = taMum 44/
8/ t|d = t½kd; 44/ 0uúyÍöu
9/ t|drÍd H Æ = ½kd;wGif;jcifqD 44/
10/ 0uúH = tn§KdU = ausmufuyf 44/
11/ [',H = ESvHk; 44/
12/ ,ueH = tonf; 44/
13/ udavmruH = tajr§; 44/ yyægoyÍöu
14/ yd[uH = tzsOf; = o&uf&Guf 44/
15/ yyægoH = tqkwf 44/
16/ tEÅH = tlr 44/
17/ tEÅ*kPH = tlodrf (tlxHk;-tlcsnfBudK;) 44/
18/ O'&d,H = tpmopf (OwkZ½kyf) 8/ rw¬vk*F
19/ u&DoH = tpma[mif; (OwkZ½kyf) 8/ yÍöu
20/ rw¬vk*ø = OD;aESmuf 44/
tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom tmaygaum|mo (12) rsKd;

1/ ydwåH = onf;ajc (tdrfonf;ajc
+t&nfonf;ajc) 44/
2/ aorSH = ovdyf 44/
3/ ykaAÁm = jynf (OwkZ½kyf) 8/
4/ avm[dwH = aoG; (tdkifaeaomaoG; ar'quú
+taMumwGif;&SdaoG;) 44/
5/ aoa'g = acGs; (pdwåZ+OwkZ) 16/
6/ ara'g = tqDcJ 44/
7/ tók = rsuf&nf (pdwåZ+OwkZ) 16/
8/ 0om = qDMunf 44/
9/ acaVm = wHawG; (pdwåZ+OwkZ) 16/ rkwåquú
10/ odCFmedum = ESyf (pdwåZ+OwkZ) 16/
11/ vodum = tap; 44/
12/ rkwHå = usifi,f (OwkZ) 8/
toifolawmfaumif;onf þ (32)aum|mowdkYudk tmemyge
pwkw¬psmefaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\ tul-
tnDukd ,lí qHyifro S nf usiif ,fç usiif ,fro
S nf qHyifow Ykd ikd af tmif
t0g;0pGm avhvmyg/ qHyifro S nf atmufoYkd pduk ½f v
I u
kd &f m usiif ,foYkd
wdkifatmifç usifi,frSonf txufodkY vSefí ½Ivkduf&m qHyifodkYwdkif-
atmif wdk;vQdKayguf ÓPfjzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifonf jzpftHh?
xdktcgü tZÑwåü t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmNyD; jzpfayNyD =
y*kP jzpfayNyD/
xdt
k cg ,if;tmemygepwkwp¬ smefaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;-
a&mifjcnf\ tultnDuykd if,í l xdvk if;a&mifjcnf jyefEY UHS &m teD;uyf-

qHk; ae&mü txl;ojzifh aU&Swnfhwnfhü wnf&Sdaom olawmfaumif;
wpfO;D \ odrYk [kwf owå0gwpfO;D \ oEÅmefüwnf&adS om (32)aum|mo
wduYk kd qHyifro S nf usiif ,fç usiif ,fro S nf qHyifow Ykd ikd af tmif Burd zf ef
rsm;pGm ½IMunfyh g/ atmifjrifrI &&Sad omtcg tZÑwüå wpfvn S çhf A[d'ü¨
wpfvSnfh Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfum xyfum ½Iyg/ xdkodkY tZÑwå A[d'¨
wpfvn S phf D Burd zf efrsm;pGm ½IEikd yf grS bm0empGr;f tifonf Bu;D rm;vmrnf
jzpfayonf/
þenf;pepfukd rDí S teD;rSonf ta0;odYk wpfpwpfp wd;k íwd;k í
½IMunfhyg/ t&yf (10)rsufESm tm;vHk;odkY jzefYMuufí ½IMunhfyg/ ,if;
tmemygepwkwp¬ smefaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfEiS hf awGUxd
rd&m vl wd& pämef ponfh owå0gwdik ;f udk wpfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D wpfa,mufNy;D
wpfa,muf tZÑwå wpfvSnfhç A[d'¨ wpfvSnfh ½IMunfhyg/ a,mufsm;
rde;f r uRJ EGm; wd& pämef[k rawGUrjrifawmhbJ (32)aum|mo tpktyH[ k k
Munfv h u
kd wf ikd ;f awGUaeygu tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESprf sK;d vH;k ü t0g;0pGm Edik Ef ikd f
eif;eif; avhvmNyD; jzpfayNyD = y*kP jzpfayNyD/
vrf; (3) oG,f

aum|momeH y*kPumvawm y|m, wDok rkacok {aue
rkace 0drkpödówd? ur®|meH 0PÖawm 0g y#dulvawm 0g oknawm
0g Oy|mwd/ y / tmucFrmeó 0PÖawm tmucFrmeó y#dulv-
awm tmucFrmeó oknawm ur®|meH Oy|[dówda,0/
(tbd?|?2?242-243/)
,if; (32)aum|mowdkYudk tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESpfXmewdkYü t0g;0pGm
EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmNyD;&m tcsdeftcgrSpí edAÁmefodkY0if&m rkcfOD;BuD;
oH;k rsK;d wdw

Yk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom rkcOf ;D 0jzifh 0ifa&mufomG ;cJah omf udavom
wdkYrS rcGswf{uef vGwfajrmufvdrfhrnfom jzpfonf/ ur®|mef;onf--
1/ 0PÖ = ta&miftqif; = 0PÖuodP k ;f tm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;?
2/ y#duv
l = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f = y#duvl tm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;?
3/ oknw = twårS qdwfokOf;aom oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif; xifvmEdkif\/ y /
1/ tvdk&Sdooltm; 0PÖuodkPf;tm;jzifh?
2/ tvdk&Sdooltm; y#dulvtm;jzifh?
3/ tvdk&Sdooltm; oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifh ur®|mef;onf
xif&Sm;vmrnfom jzpfayonf/ (tbd?|?2?243/)
þ t|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf
(32)aum|mowdkYudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;aomtcg
txufyg vrf;oHk;oG,fwdkYwGif rdrdBudKufESpfouf&mvrf;udk a&G;cs,fí
½IEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/ þusrf;wGifum; vrf;oHk;oG,fvHk;udkyif
a&;om;wifjyaytHh/
y#duv
l reodum&
{w¬ ye twåaem ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEÅd y&dur®H ua&m-
EÅó tyÜemyd Oypm&rÜd Zm,wd/ y&ó ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEÅd
reodua&mEÅó ae0 tyÜem Zm,wd? e Oypm&H/ eEk p 'ook
tokabok Ob,arÜwH Zm,wDwd/ tmr Zm,wd/ wmed [d tEkyg-
'dEéuyau© Xdwmed? wo®m ww¬ tyÜemyd Oypm&rÜd Zm,wd/ £'H ye
Oyg'dEéuyau© XdwH? awaea0w¬ Ob,arÜwH e Zm,wd/ tokbm-
EkyóemocFgwm ye 0dyóembm0em a[mwDwd a0'dwAÁm/
(tbd?|?2?248/)
tZÑwå A[d'¨ aum|moESprf sK;d wdw Yk iG f rdr\

d touf&iS af eqJjzpf
aom cE¨mud, k t
f wGi;f ü wnf&adS om (32)aum|mowd0Yk ,f aum|mo
wpfcpk üD jzpfapç aum|motrsm;pküjzpfap y#duv l = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f
[k y&durfudkjyKaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü tyÜempsmefonf
vnf;aumif;ç Oypm&psmefonfvnf;aumif; ESprf sK;d vH;k jzpfEikd \ f / A[d'¨
olwpfyg;\ touf&iS af eqJjzpfaom cE¨mud, k f twGi;f ü wnf&adS om
aum|moü y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f[k ESvHk;oGif;aom yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefüum; tyÜempsmefonfvnf; rjzpfEdkif? Oypm&psmefonfvnf;
rjzpfEdkif/ (tbd?|?2?248/)
tar; --- (10)rsK;d ukeaf om tokbtavmif;udk tm½k,
H í
l ½IymG ;
&aom tokbur®|mef;wdüYk þ tyÜempsmef Oypm&psmef ESprf sK;d vH;k yif
jzpfEdkifonf r[kwfavm --- þum; tar;wnf;/
tajz --- tdr;f ..jzpfEikd \
f / rSeaf yonf xdk (10)rsK;d aom tokb
tavmif;aumifwo Ykd nfum; tEkyg'dEu é yu© = oufrhJ tzdt Yk pkü wnf
aeMuuke\ f / xdak Mumifh xdk (10)rsK;d ukeaf om tokbtavmif;aumif
wdkYudk tm½kH,lí ½IyGm;&aom tokbur®|mef;wdkYü tyÜempsmefonf
vnf;aumif;ç Oypm&psmefonfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkif\/
(tbd?|?2?248/)
wpfzef þA[d'j¨ zpfaom olwpfyg;\ oEÅmefü wnf&adS om (32)
aum|moonfum; Oyg'dEéuyu© = ouf&Sd tzdkYtpkü wnfae\/
(ouf&o dS wå0gwd\Yk (32)aum|moudk tm½k,H í l y#duv l tm;jzifh ½IymG ;
&\/) xdak Mumifh þouf&dS A[d'¨ olwpfyg;\ud, k üf wnf&adS om (32)
aum|moü þtyÜempsmef Oypm&psmef ESprf sK;d vH;k onfvnf; rjzpfEikd /f
odaYk omf tokbmEkyóem[k qdt k yfaom 0dyóembm0emonfum;
jzpfEikd \
f [k od&dSygav/ (0dZ,okweå pf onfwüYkd vm&Sdaom o0dnmP-
utokbmEkyóembm0emwnf;/ 0dyóemydkif;wGif xif&Sm;vwåHU/)

(tbd?|?2?248/)
rlv#Dum\ &Sif;vif;csuf
tEkyg'dEéuyau© Xdwmed ------ oufrJh tokbtavmif;aumif
(10)rsKd;wdkYudk tm½kH,lí ½IyGm;&aom tokbur®|mef;wdkYü tokb
tavmif;aumifwdkYum; tEkyg'dEéuyu© = oufrJh tzdkYtpkü wnfae
Muukef\[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;\/ ,if;pum;&yfjzifh apwd,
awmifü oDwif;oH;k awmfral om r[mwdórax&fjrwfBu;D uJo h v
Ykd nf;
aumif;ç oHC&u©dwrax&fjrwfBuD;\ tvkyftauR; jzpfawmfrlaom
omraPuJhodkYvnf;aumif; A[d'¨ ouf&Sdowå0gwdkY\ udk,fü wnf&Sd
aom (32)aum|moudkvnf; tEkyg'dEéuyu© = oufrJh tzkdYtpkü
xm;í tm½k, H jl cif;iSm pGr;f Edik af om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü (10)
rsK;d aom tokb\ tjzpfjzifh touf&iS q f jJ zpfaom ud,k üf vnf; xif
vmvwfaomf Oypm&psmefoYkd a&mufjcif;udk ñTejf ytyf\[k od&ydS gav/
(rlv#D?2?155/)
]]tw¬ó uma,}}} =]]xd
d uma,} ]]xdok \ l um,ü (32-aum|moonf)&Sd\}} \}}
[k qHyif paom aum|mowdu Yk kd olwpfyg;\qHyif ponfjzifh pG, J tl yf
ukefvwfaomf owå0g\ tjzpfjzihf pGJ,lonf rnf\/ xdkodkYr,lbJ---
]]£ro®
]£ro®d H uma,}} = ]]þud, k üf }}}}[k pG,
J cl ahJ omf rnfo\ l ud,
k [f k rpG,
J l
bJ ]]£ro®d H uma, = þudk,fü}} [kom ,lojzifh owå0g[k ,ljcif;rS
uif;ae\/ xdkodkY owå0g[k pGJ,ljcif;rSuif;aom ig[k jyKtyfaom
ud,k üf ]]ig\ud, k }f }[k rqdak omaMumihf zsuq f ;D tyfNy;D aom ]]ig[k ESv;kH
oGif;jcif;}} &Sdaom tcgcyfodrf; (orm"dESifh,SOfaomÓPf\) teD;ü
pka0;wnfaeaom xif&Sm;onfvnf;jzpfaom rdrd\ (32)aum|mo
um,ü owd\ a&S;½Iuyfí wnfaejcif;onf jzpfouJhodkY wpfenf;
(32)aum|mowdkY\ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; xifvmjcif;onf jzpfouJhodkY

xdtYk wl xdk A[d'¨ olwpfyg;\ud, k üf owd\ a&S;½Iuyfí wnfaejcif;
onf wpfenf; (32)aum|mowdkY\ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; xifvmjcif;onf
rjzpfay/ xdkaMumifh A[d'¨ olwpfyg;\ (32)aum|mowdkYü y#dulv
tm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f cJah omf tyÜempsmefoYkd ra&mufEikd /f xdo
k Ykd tyÜempsmefoYkd
ra&mufEdkifaomfvnf; 0dZ,okwåef (okwåedygwfygVdawmf?307-308/)ü
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; 0dyóemydkif;odkY a&muf&Sdaomtcg
rdrdcE¨m olwpfyg;cE¨mwdkY\ [kwfrSefwdkif;aom tjypfudk jrifatmif½I
aom tm'De0gEkyóem[laom 0dyóemÓPfum; xdk olwpfyg;\
(32)aum|mowdüYk vnf; jzpfEikd \ f / þuJo h aYkd om t"dygÜ ,fukd &nf&, G f
awmfrlí t|uxmq&mawmfu tokbmEkyóem[k qdktyfaom
0dyóembm0emum; jzpfEikd \ f [k od&ydS gav}}[k zGiq hf okd mG ;awmfrjl cif;
jzpf\/ (rlv#D?2?155-156/)
þrlv#Dumq&mawmf\ &Sif;vif;csufESifhtnD tZÑwå (32)
aum|mowdkYü Oypm&psmef tyÜempsmefudkvnf;aumif;ç A[d'¨ ouf&Sd
ud,k af umifuv kd nf; A[d'¨ oufrt
hJ avmif;aumift&mü xm;í wpf-
enf; A[d'¨ ouf&Sdowå0gwdkY\ (32)aum|moudkvnf; A[d'¨ oufrJh
tavmif;aumif\ aum|mot&mü xm;í y#dulvtm;jzifh ½IEdkifol
wdt Yk zkYd A[d'¨ aum|moüvnf; Oypm&psmefuv kd nf;aumif; &&SEd ikd af y
onf/ Oypm&psmefüvnf; psmeft*Fg (5)yg;yif &S\ d / tyÜempsmefüvnf;
psmeft*Fg (5)yg;yif &Sd\/ psmeft*Fgcsif;um; wlnDvsuf &Sd\/ pGrf;tif
csif;om uGmjcm;vsuf &Sd\/
Oypm&bHkü eD0&Pudk y,fcGmEdkifjcif;aMumifh bm0empdwfonf
ur®|mef;tm½kHü wnfMunfaejcif; jzpf\/ psmefudk &&Sdonfh y#dvmb
bHük um; psmeft*Fgwd\
Yk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; pGr;f tifBu;D rm;pGm jzpfay:vm-
jcif;aMumifh ur®|mef;tm½küH bm0empdwo f nf wnfMunfaejcif; jzpf\/

Oypm&bHkü psmeft*FgwdkYonf pGrf;tif tjynfht0jzifh jzpfay:rvmEdkif
ukeaf o;? tyÜempsmeftcdu
k üf um; psmeft*Fgwdo Yk nf pGr;f tif tjynft
h 0
jzifh jzpfay:vmMu\/ (0dok'd¨?1?123 - Munfhyg/)
t½kd;pkur®|mef;
þ (32)aum|mowdkYudk y*kPjzpfatmif t0g;0pGm EdkiEf dkifeif;-
eif; avhvmNy;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf ,if; (32)aum|mowdu Yk kd
jcKH ií
kH jzpfap? aum|mo wpfcpk D wpfcpk u
D kd jzpfap tm½k,
H í
l y#duv l
reodum&ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;Edkifayonf/ (0dok'd¨?1?257 - Munfhyg/)
þwGif t½k;d pkaum|mowpfcu k kd tm½k, H í
l ½IymG ;yHu
k kd wifjytyf
ygonf/ tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESprf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f ESpNf cKd u&f mu pEdik \
f / þü tZÑwå
upí tm;xkwfyHkudk wifjytyfygonf/
toifoal wmfaumif;onf rdr&d &Sx d m;Ny;D onfh tmemygepwkw-¬
psmeform"dudk wpfzefjyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm;
NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg tZÑwå (32)
aum|mowdu Yk kd odr;f qnf;yg/ A[d'ü¨ vnf; teD;uyfq;kH ü wnf&adS om
vif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdrdaom owå0gwpfOD;\ (32)aum|mowdkY
udkvnf; odrf;qnf;yg/ tZÑwå A[d'¨ wpfvSnfhpD wpfBudrf ESpfBudrfcefY
odrf;qnf;yg/ xdkaemif tZÑwå t½kd;pkaum|moudk ÓPfjzifh jcHKiHkí
odrf;qnf;yg/ t½dk;pkaum|mo xif&Sm;vmaomtcg ,if; t½kd;pk
aum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tm½kH,lí ---
1/ y#dulv-y#dulv = &GHp&m-&GHp&m[kvnf;aumif;?
2/ t|duy#dulv = t½kd;pk&GHp&m[kvnf;aumif;?
3/ t|du-t|du = &GHp&mt½kd;pk &GHp&mt½kd;pk[kvnf;aumif;
ygVdvdk jzpfap jrefrmvdk jzpfap ESpfNcdKufovdk ½Iaeyg/ xdk &GH&Sm

pufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHü wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh bm0empdwfudk
Nidrf0yfpGm uyfí wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ tmemygepwkw¬psmef\
tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyedó,owåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed t f 0g owåd
xl;BuD;udk qufcH&aom ,if;y#dulvreodum& bm0empdwfonf
tvGet Yf vGef pGr;f tifBu;D rm;aernfom jzpfayonf/ xdo k Ykd ½I&mü &G&H mS
pufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk ÓPfjzifh aygavmBuD;ay:aeatmif
xifvif;aeatmif ½Iyg/
O*¾[edrdwfESihf y#dbm*edrdwf
ww¬ auom'DeH 0PÖoP²me'daomumoy&dapä'0aoe Oy-
|meH O*¾[edrdwåH/ oAÁmum&awm y#duúLv0aoe Oy|meH y#dbm*-
edrdwåH/ (0dok'd¨?1?257/)
þtxufyg t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD ---
1/ 0PÖ = t½kd;pk\ ta&mif?
2/ oP²me = t½kd;pk\ yHkoP²mef?
3/ 'do = t½k;d pk\wnf&&dS m cE¨mud,
k \
f txufyikd ;f atmuf-
ydkif;a'o?
4/ Moumo = t½kd;pk wnf&Sd&mt&yf?
5/ y&dapä' = tjcm;aum|mowdEYk iS hf ra&m,Sub
f J t½k;d pk aum-
|mocsnf; oD;oefYwnfaeyHkç t½kd;pk aum|mo
tcsif;csif;vnf; ra&mr,Suf wnfaeyHk ---
þ (5)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xifvmaom t½k;d pkaum|m-
oum; O*¾[edrw d w
f nf;/ ,if; ig;rsK;d aom tjcif;t&m[laom cyford ;f
aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulv\ tpGrf;jzifh
xifvmaom t½kd;pkaum|moum; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/

(0dok'd¨?1?257/ r[m#D?1?310/ tbd?|?2?237/)
,if; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh xifvmaom
t½kd;pkaum|mo y#dbm*edrdwfudk rSD0Jaom yGm;rsm;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*¾dKvftm; yxrpsmef\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif tyÜempsmefonf jzpfay:
vm\/ (0dok'd̈?1?257/) <uif;useaf om aum|mowdüYk vnf; tvd&k ydS gu
enf;wlyif yGm;Edkifonf/
psmeft*Fg (5) yg;

1/ 0dwuf = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;½I
wifay;jcif;oabm/
2/ 0dpm& = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHudk xyfum xyfum
oHk;oyf qifjcifjcif;oabm/
3/ yDwd = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHudk ESpfoufjcif;o-
abm/
4/ okc = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f t½k;d pktm½k\
H t&omudk csr;f csr;f
omom cHpm;jcif;oabm/
5/ {u*¾wm = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kH wpfckwnf;ay:odkY
pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm/
yDwd aomreó
þrQ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aom t½kd;pkaum|moü tb,f
odv
Yk Qif yDwad omreó jzpfEikd yf gtHeh nf;[k ar;&ef&\
dS / tajzrSm þodYk
jzpf\/ y#dulvreodum&vrf;rS ½IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom þ t½kd;pk
aum|moonf &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f {uefjzpfaomfvnf; xdt k ½k;d pk aum-
|moy#dbm*edrdwftm½kHü ]]t'¨g £rm, y#dy'g, Z&mr&PrSm

y&drkpödómrd}} = rcGswf{uef trSeftm;jzifh þusifh0wf y#dywfjzifh
tdkab;qdk;BuD; aoab;qdk;BuD;rS igvGwfajrmuf&ayawmhtHh --- [k rdrd
&&Sdrnfh tusKd;tmedoHoudk ½Ijrifavh&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;
aumif;ç eD0&PtnpftaMu;wnf;[laom pdwt f pOfukd ylyefapwwf
aom w&m;qd;k udk y,fEikd jf cif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; yDwad omreóonf
jzpfay:vmEdkif\/ avmulyrmtm;jzifhum; ]],cktcgü rsm;pGmaom
tzdk;tcudk ig&ayawmhtHh}}[k tusKd;tmedoHoudk ½Ijrifavh&Sdaom
ykyæq×u = yef;rIdufoGef rpifbifusKH;orm;tm; rpifyHkBuD;udk tm½kHjyK
í rpifyBkH u;D ü yDwad omreó jzpfouJo h vYkd nf;aumif;ç tjyif;txef
zsm;emjcif; Asm"d'ku©odkY a&muf&Sdaeaom a&m*gonftm; ysKdUtefjcif;
0rf;avQmjcif; jzpf&mü yDwad omreóonf jzpfay:vmouJo h vYkd nf;-
aumif; rSwfyg/ (0dok'd¨?1?188/)
owdjyK&ef
þ y#dulvreodum&\ tpGrf;jzifh t½kd;pkaum|moudk tm½kH
,lí yGm;rsm;&mü t½k;d [laom trnfemrynwfukd pGev Yf wT íf xdt
k ½k;d pk
tm½küH ]]y#duv l y#duv l = &GpH &m &GpH &m}}[k &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G of abmü
om owdukd wnfatmifxm;yg/ odaYk omf xdo k Ykd tm;xkw&f mü a&S;OD;pGm
tm;xkwv f Qif tm;xkwcf si;f y#duv l = &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f oabmtm;-
jzifu
h m; rxifvmEdik af o;ay/ &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f y#duv l oabmtm;jzifh
rxifao;orQ umvywfvHk; t½kd;pk[laom trnfemr ynwfudk
rvTwyf gESi/hf tMuiftcgüum; &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f y#duv l oabmtm;-
jzifh xifvm\/ xdt k cgü t½k;d pk[al om trnfemrynwfukd odrYk [kwf
t½kd;pkynwfudk vTwfí y#dulv y#dulv = &GHp&m &GHp&m[kom ESvHk;
oGif;yg/ txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom ig;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m[laom
cyford ;f aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,

G f y#duv
l oabmudk
xifvmatmif ESvHk;oGif;yg/ (tbd?|?2?245 - Munfhyg/)
tZÑwå - A[d'¨
oap ye A[d'¨gyd reodum&H OyoH[&wd? txó {0H oAÁ-
aum|maook ygu#Dblawok tm[d@EÅm rEkówd& pämem'a,m
owåmum&H 0dZ[dwGm aum|mo&mod0aoae0 Oy |[EÅd/ aw[d p
Oy|[EÅ
taZÑm[&d,rmeH ygeabmZem'd aum|mo&modrSd yu©dyd,rmerd0
Oy|mwd/ txó tEkyAk rÁ Ík em'd
eö m'd0aoe y#duv
l m y#duv
l mwd ykeyÜKeH
reodua&mawm tEkuúare tyÜem OyÜZÆwd/ (tbd?|?2?236-237??)
tZÑw0å ,f (32)aum|mowdüYk t0g;0pGm Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhusihf
Ny;D &m xdtk cgü a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf tu,fí A[d'o ¨ w
l pfyg;oEÅmef
wdkYodkYvnf; aum|moudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif; = reodum&udk tu,fí
uyfaqmifjim;tH?h xdo k Ykd uyfaqmifvwfaomf xdk a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vt f m;
aum|motm;vH;k wdo Yk nf xif&mS ;onfjzpfí jzpfuek v f wfaomf vSn-hf
vnf usufpm; oGm;vmaexdkifMuukefaom vl wd& pämef tp&Sdaom
owå0gwdo Yk nf owå0g[k pG, J x
l ukd af om tjcif;t&mudk pGeí
Yf aum|m-
owdkY\ tpktyHk\ tjzpfjzifhomvQif xifvmukef\/ (vif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tifjzifh awGU&Sdae&aom) xdk vl wd& pämef paom owå0gwdkYonf
pm;rsKt d yfaom aomufz, G pf m;zG,f tp&Sad om tm[m&onf aum|m-
otpktyHük xnho f iG ;f tyfouJo h Ykd xifvm\/ xdtk cgü xdak ,m*g0p&
yk*Kd¾ vof nf tZÑwaå um|mo trsm;pkü odrYk [kwf xif&mS ;&m aum|mo
wpfckckü ]]y#dulv y#dulv = &GHp&m &GHp&m}}[k tzefzef txyfxyf
ESv;kH oGi;f vwfaomf tpOftm;jzifh tyÜempsmefonf jzpfay:vmEdik \ f /
(tbd?|?2?236-237/)
þ t|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf

tZÑwt å ½k;d pkaum|moü y#duv l tm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f ½IymG ;av&m yxr
psmeform"dodkY qdkufonfjzpftHh? ,if; yxrpsmefudk 0oDabmf (5)wef
Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/ 0oDabmf (5)wef Edkifeif;NyD;aomf rdrd\
aU&w S nfw h nfw h iG f odrYk [kwf vif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdr&d m teD;pyfq;kH
wpfae&mwGif awGU&Sd&aom olwpfyg;\t½kd;pkaum|moudk tm½kH,lí
&G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f y#duv l tm;jzifyh if ESv;kH oGi;f yg/ psmeft*Fgrsm; xif&mS ;
vmonfw h ikd af tmif ESv;kH oGi;f yg/ odaYk omf ,if;psmefrmS txufyg rlv-
#Dum\ &Si;f vif;csut f & A[d't ¨ avmif;aumif\ t½k;d pkuo hJ Ykd oufrhJ
t½k;d pktm½kt H &mü xm;í ESv;kH oGi;f Edik af omaMumifh &&Sv d maom Oypm&
psmefom jzpfonf/ ,if; psmeft*Fgrsm; xif&mS ;vmaomtcg tZÑwo å Ykd
wpfzefjyefí tZÑwt å ½k;d pkuykd if y#duv l tm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f yg/ tZÑwå
wpfvn S hf A[d'¨ wpfvn S hf ESv;kH oGi;f yg/ ,if;odYk tZÑwå wpfvn S hf A[d'¨
wpfvn S hf Burd zf efrsm;pGm ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;aMumifh y#duv l reodum& bm0-
emonf tvGet Yf vGef t&Sed t f 0gaumif;í pGr;f tif jynf0h vmrnf jzpf
onf/ xdkaemif vif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdrd&m t&yf (10)rsufESmü
wnf&Sdaom t½kd;pkaum|morsm;udkvnf; wpfckNyD; wpfck enf;wlyif
½Iyg/ ta0; teD; t&yftm;vH;k odYk ÓPfuakd pvTwí f enf;wlyif tZÑwå
wpfvn S fh A[d'¨ wpfvn S hf ½Iyg/ t&yf (10)rsuEf mS ü rnfonft h &yfukd
rqdk Munfhvdkufwdkif; t½kd;pkaum|mocsnf; jrifatmif avhusifhyg
atmifjrifrI &&Sdaomtcg Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY ul;EdkifayNyD/
{ { {
uodkPf; (10) yg; - ormywf (8) yg;

0PÖuodP
k ;f
0PÖuodkPf; (4) rsKd;
(32)aum|mowdkYü eDvuodkPf; yDwuodkPf; avm[dwu-
odkPf; Mo'gwuodkPf;[k 0PÖuodkPf; (4)rsKd;wdkYudk &Edkif\/
1/ eDvuodPk ;f = tndKa&mifuodP k ;f --- qHyif arG;nif; onf;ajc
wdkYüvnf;aumif;ç rsufvHk;wdkYü rnf;euf&mt&yfüvnf;aumif;
ndKaomta&mifudk tm½kHjyKí eDvH eDvH = tndK tndK[k ESvHk;-
oGif;aom yk*¾dKvftm; pwkuúpsmef yÍöupsmefwdkYonf jzpfay:Edkif
ukef\/ ,if;psmefudk 0dyóem\ tajcyg'ujyKí 0dyóem
ÓPfudk jzpfapEdkifaomf t&[wåzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufEdkif\/
(tbd?|?2?239/)
2/ tqDcüJ vnf;aumif;ç rsuv f ;kH wd\
Yk 0ga&T&m t&yfüvnf;aumif;ç
(0gaom ta&jym;üvnf;aumif;ç 0gaom vufz0g; ajcz0g;wdüYk
vnf;aumif;) t0ga&mifudk tm½kH,lí yDwuH yDwuH = t0g
t0g[k ESv;kH oGi;f aomyk*Kd¾ vtf m; pwkupú smef yÍöupsmefwo
Ykd nf
jzpfay:Edkifukef\/ ,if;psmefudk 0dyóem\ tajcyg'ujyKí
0dyóemÓPfudk jzpfapEdkifaomf t&[wåzdkvfodkY qdkufa&muf
Edkif\/ (tbd?|?2?239/)
3/ tom;üvnf;aumif;ç aoG;üvnf;aumif; (vQmüvnf;aumif;)
rsufvHk;wdkY\ eDjref;&m t&yfüvnf;aumif; teDa&mifudk tm½kH
,lí avm[dwuH avm[dwuH = teD teD[k ESvHk;oGif;aom
yk*Kd¾ vt
f m; pwkupú smef yÍöupsmefwo
Ykd nf jzpfay:Edik u
f ek \
f / ,if;
psmefukd 0dyóem\ tajcyg'ujyKí 0dyóemÓPfukd jzpfap-

Edkifaomf t&[wåzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufEdkif\/
(tbd?|?2?239/ 'D?|?2?151/)
4/ ajconf; vufonf;üvnf;aumif;ç oGm;üvnf;aumif;ç ta&xl
ta&yg;üvnf;aumif;ç t½kd;üvnf;aumif;ç rsufvHk;wdkY\ jzL&m
t&yfüvnf;aumif; tjzLa&mifudk tm½kHjyKí Mo'gwH Mo'gwH
= tjzL tjzL[k ESv;kH oGi;f aom yk*Kd¾ vt
f m; pwkupú smef yÍöupsmef
wdkYonf jzpfay:vmEdkifukef\/ ,if;psmefudk 0dyóem\ tajc
yg'ujyKí 0dyóemÓPfudk jzpfapEdkifaomf t&[wåzdkvfodkY
qdkufa&mufEdkif\/ (tbd?|?2?239/ 'D?|?2?151/)
tbdbm,wepsmef
,if;odYk (32)aum|morS 0PÖuodP k ;f av;rsK;d odYk ul;í &&Sad om
psmefrsm;udk ,if;uodP k ;f tm½kw
H u
Ykd kd vTr;f rd;k zdp;D vsuf &&Sad om psmefrsm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tbdbm,wepsmef[k ac:qdk\/ udavomtnpf-
taMu; ponhf qefu Y sib
f ufw&m;wdu Yk kd vG,u f pl mG vTr;f rd;k zdp;D Edik af om
aMumifhvnf; tbdbm,wepsmef[k ac:qdk\/
tbdbm,wemeDwd
wd tbdb0eum&Pmed/ ud Htbdb0EÅd¿
ypöeDu"ar®yd tm&r®Pmedyd/ wmed [d y#dyu©bma0e ypöeDu"ar®
tbdb0EÅd? yk*¾vó ÓPkwå&d,wm, tm&r®Pmed/
('D?|?2?151/ r?|?3?177/ tH?|?3?243/)
tbdbm,wewdkY[lonf vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;aMumif;w&m;wdkY
wnf; = ½lyg0p&psmefwdkYwnf;/ tb,fw&m;udk vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;Mu
oenf;/ qefu Y sib
f ufw&m;wdu Yk vkd nf; vTr;f rd;k zdp;D ESyd ef if;wwfMu\/
uodkPf;tm½kHwdkYudkvnf; vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;wwfMu\/ rSefayonf
xdk tbdbm,wepsmefwdkYonf xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf\ tjzpfjzifh

qefu Y sib
f ufw&m;wdu Yk kd vTr;f rd;k zdp;D ESyd ef if;wwfMu\/ tbdbm,we
psmefwdkYudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ ÓPf\
xufjrufp;l &Sonft h wGuaf Mumifh uodP k ;f tm½kw
H u
Ykd v
kd nf; vTr;f rd;k zdp;D
EdSyfeif;wwfMu\/ ('D?|?2?151/ r?|?3?177/ tH?|?3?243/)
onf;ajcuJo h Ykd tvGeaf o;i,faom aum|moyif jzpfcsif jzpfyg
ap/ ,if;uJhodkYaom aum|moudk tm½kH,lí tndKa&mifuodkPf;udk
yGm;rsm;&mü tndKa&mifuodP k ;f edrw
d f jzpfonfEiS t
hf wlwuG tyÜempsmef
udk jzpfapEdik \
f [k qdv k \
kd / þodYk jzpfaptyfuek af om psmefwu Ykd kd tbd-
bm,wepsmefwdkY[lí qdktyfukef\/ (y#doH?|?1?69 - Munfhyg/)
tbdbv k nf; [kwí
f tm,wevnf; [kwaf omaMumifh tbd-
bm,wernfaom w&m;/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\ f uodP k ;f y&dur®bm0-
emESifh ÓPfonf uodkPf;tm½kHESifh qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYudk vTrf;rdk;
zdpD; ESdyfeif;wwfaomaMumifh tbdbk rnf\/ ,if; tbdbk[laom
tm,we taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdaompsmefonf tbdbm,we
psmef rnf\/ wpfenf; --- vTr;f rd;k zdp;D ESyd ef if;xdu
k af om uodP k ;f tm½k[
H k
qdktyfaomtaMumif;w&m;&Sdaom psmefonf tbdbm,wepsmef
rnf\/ uodkPf;tm½kHudk vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;wwfaomaMumifh tbdbk
vnf; [kwí f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\ f csr;f omtxl;\ wnf&m tm,we
vnf; [kwfaomaMumifh orÜ,kwfw&m;ESifh wuGaom ½lyg0p&psmef
onf tbdbm,wepsmef rnf\/ ('D?#D?2?159/ r?#D?3?121/ tH?#D?3?245/)
uodP
k ;f tm½ku
H kd vTr;f rd;k zdp;D ESyd ef if;wwf\[lonf onf;ajcuJo h Ykd
tvGeaf o;i,faom uodP k ;f 0ef;yif jzpfcsijf zpfygapç OD;acgif;cGt
H ½k;d pk
uJhodkY tenf;i,fBuD;rm;aom uodkPf;0ef;yif jzpfcsif jzpfygap? xdk
uodPk ;f tm½ku
H kd vG,vf ,G u f u l l ryifryef; csr;f csr;f omomjzifh tvd&k -dS
oavmuf t&yf (10)rsufESmodkYwdkifatmif = teEÅpMu0VmodkYwdkif

atmif jzefMY uufEikd rf I tyÜempsmefoq
Ykd u
kd af tmif yGm;Edik rf u
I kd qdv
k o
kd nf/
bk&m;&Sio
f nf þtbdbm,wepsmefwu Ykd kd r[my&deAd mÁ eokweå f
('D?2?92-93-94/)ç tbdbm,weokwåef (tH?3?125-126/)ç "r®o*FPD
ygVdawmf (tbd?1?64-65/) ponfh xdkxdkygVdawmfwdkYü a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlcJh\/
tZÑwåESifh A[d'¨
okwåefa'oemawmfwdkYü tZÑwåH ½lyonD {aum A[d'¨g ½lyged
yówd y&dwåmed ('D?2?92) ponfjzifh tZÑwåaum|mowdkYüvnf;
ta&mif0PÖuodkPf; ½IyGm;yHkrsm;udk xnfhoGif;í a[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/ tbd"r®m "r®o*FPDygVdawmf (tbd?1?64-65) üum; -- tZÑwåH
t½lyonD[k tZÑwaå um|mowdüYk 0PÖuodP k ;f ½Iuu
G uf kd a[mMum;
xm;awmfrrlcahJ y/ xdo
k Ykd ra[mMum;jcif;\ taMumif;udk t|uxmu
þodkY &Sif;jyxm;\/
tZÑw½å yl ged tebdb0eD,awm/ ww¬ 0g £" 0g A[d'g¨ ½lygae0
tbdb0dwAÁmed/ wo®m wmed ed,rawm 0wåAÁmeDwd wMwyd £"yd
0kwåmed/ (tbd?|?1?234/)
tZÑw½å yl geH tebdb0eD,w
wmm p A[d'g¨ ½lygeH 0d, t0dbw
l wåm/
(rlv#D?1?106/)
t0dblwwåmwd £'H ÓPkwå&meH o[ edrdwåKyÜg'aee tyÜem-

edAÁwåeH tm&r®Pó tbdba0g e ok|K 0dblwbm0rEÅa&e orÇ0-
wDwd uwGm 0kwåH/ (tEk#D?1?114/)
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf tZÑwå (32)aum|moü wnf&Sdaom

uodkPf;½kyfwdkYudk 0PÖuodkPf;tm½kHtjzpf ½IyGm;cJhaomf tZÑwå½lay
y&dur®0aoe tZÑwåH ½lyonD emr a[mwd/ ('D?|?2?151/) [laom
t|uxmtzGiEhf iS t hf nD y&dur®bm0emum; jzpfEikd \ f / odaYk omf tZÑwå
aum|mowdkY\ ta&mifudk tm½kH,lí uodkPf;y&duHudk pD;jzef;cJhaomf
tZÑwu å odP k ;f ½kyw
f u Ykd m; A[d'u
¨ odP
k ;f ½kywf uYkd ohJ Ykd rxif&mS ;ay/ ÓPf
xufjrufol a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwdkYtzkdY y#dbm*edrdwfjzpfay:onfESifh
twlwuG Oypm&orm"daZm0Dxd tBurd t f enf;i,f jzpfay:Ny;D aemuf
tyÜempsmefaZmudk jzpfapEdik jf cif;onf uodP k ;f 0ef;tm½ku H kd vTr;f rd;k zdp;D
ESdyfeif;EdkifaomaMumifhom jzpf&\/ ,if;odkY vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;Edkifjcif;
rSmvnf; uodkPf;½kyfu xif&Sm;ygrSomvQif jzpfEdkif\/ xif&Sm;rIESifh
uif;íum; rjzpfEdkif/ xdkaMumifh tZÑwåaum|mowdkYü uodkPf;½kyfu
rxif&mS ;aomaMumifh ,if; tZÑwu å odP k ;f ½kyw f üYkd y&dur®bm0emom
jzpfEdkifí Oypm&bm0em tyÜembm0emonf rjzpfEdkifay/
xdk okwåefygVdawmfwdkYüvnf;aumif;ç þ tbd"r®mygVdawmfü
vnf;aumif; uodkPf;½kyf½IuGufwdkYü a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf A[d'¨
aum|mowd\ Yk 0PÖuodP k ;f ½kyw f u Ykd o
kd mvQif tyÜempsmefoYkd qduk o f nfh
wdkifatmif vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;Edkifukef\/ A[d'üodkPf;½kyfwdkYudkom
vQif tyÜempsmefoYkd qdu k o f nfw h ikd af tmif yGm;rsm;í &Edik uf ek \f / A[d'¨
uodkPf;½kyfwdkY\ xif&Sm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf tZÑwu å odP k ;f ½kyw f üYkd y&dur®bm0emudk yGm;rsm;Ny;D aemuf
qufvufí A[d'u ¨ odP k ;f ½kyw f üYkd vnf; y&dur®bm0em Oypm&bm0-
em tyÜembm0emwdu Yk kd (tbdbm,wepsmefukd tvd&k cdS v hJ Qi)f yGm;rsm;
&rnfom jzpf\/ tu,fí tZÑwåuodkPf;½kyfwdkYü y&dur®bm0emudk
yGm;rsm;í r&Edik af omaMumifv h nf;aumif;ç tZÑwu å odP
k ;f ½kywf üYkd y&d-
ur®bm0emudk yGm;rsm;&ef tvdkr&SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;ç tZÑwå

uodkPf;½kyfwdkYü uodkPf;y&dur®bm0emudk rpD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf A[d'u
¨ odP
k ;f ½kyw
f üYkd om uodP
k ;f y&dur®bm0em Oypm&
bm0em tyÜembm0emwdkYudk yGm;rsm;&\/
xdak Mumifh A[d'u¨ odP k ;f ½kyw
f u
Ykd kd okweå üf jzpfapç tbd"r®müjzpf
ap jrJaomtm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlxdkufaomaMumifh xdk okwåefygVd-
awmfüvnf;aumif;ç þ tbd"r®mygVdawmfüvnf;aumif; a[mMum;
awmfrt l yfuek Nf y/D (tbd?|?1?233-234/ rlv#D?1?106/ tEk#?D 1?114-Munfyh g??)
ww¬¬ tZÑwåH t½lyonDwdwd tvmbdwm, 0g tew¬u d wm,
0g tZÑwå½lay y&dur®onm0d&[dawm/ (tbd?|?1?233/)
þum; tZÑwå aum|mowdkYü uodkPf;½kyfpsmefwdkYudk tm;xkwf
aomfvnf; r&Edik af omyk*K¾d vf odrYk [kwf tZÑwå aum|mowdüYk uodP k ;f
½kypf smefwu
Ykd kd &&daS tmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwjf cif;iSm tvdrk &Sad om yk*K¾d vwf Ykd
twGuf zGifhqdkcsufwnf;/
odkYaomf.. 0darmu©uxmüum; tZÑwå aum|mowdkYüvnf;
uodP k ;f ½kypf smefwu
Ykd kd &&daS tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f akd om a,m*g0p&
yk*d¾KvfwdkYtwGuf uodkPf;½kyfpsmefwdkYudk &&dSEdkifaMumif; vm&Sdayonf/
(tH?3?126/ tH?|?3?245/ tH?#D?3?249/ tbd?|?1?235-wdkYü Munfhyg/)
tZÑwåH ½lyonD (t½lyon

onDD ) {aum A[d'¨g ½lyged yówd
y&dwåmed (tyÜrmPmed) ok0PÖ'kAÁPÖmed/
('D?2?92/ tH?3?125-126/ tbd?1?55-56/)
þ tbdbm,wepsmefwdkYü atmufygtwdkif; uodkPf;tm½kH

(4)rsKd; vm&Sd\/
1/ y&dwå = rjzefYMuuftyfao;aom i,faom uodkPf;0ef;?

2/ tyÜrmP = wdk;yGm;atmif jzefYMuuftyfNyD;aom uodkPf;0ef;?
3/ ok0PÖ = ta&miftqif; vSaom uodkPf;0ef;?
4/ 'kAP
Á Ö = ta&miftqif; rvSaom uodkPf;0ef;?
þodkYvQif uodkPf;tm½kH (4)rsKd; vm&Sd\/ xdkwGif ---
1/ y&dwå = rjzefYMuuftyfao;aom i,faom uodkPf;0ef;
½kyof nf 0dwufp½du k rf sm;aom yk*Kd¾ v\
f tpGr;f jzifh
vm&Sd\/
2/ tyÜrmP = wdk;yGm;atmif twdkif;twm yrmPr&Sd jzefYMuuf-
tyfNy;D aom uodP k ;f ½kyo
f nf arm[p½du k rf sm;aom
yk*¾dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh vm&Sd\/
3/ ok0PÖ = ta&miftqif; vSaom uodP k ;f 0ef;½kyof nf a'g-
op½dkufrsm;aom yk*¾dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh vm&Sd\/
4/ 'kAP
Á Ö = ta&miftqif; rvSaom uodkPf;0ef;½kyfonf
&m*p½ku d f xlajymrsm;jym;aom yk*Kd¾ v\ f tpGr;f jzifh
vm&Sd\/ (tbd?|?1?234/)
Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY
{w'*¾H bdua© 0 £aroH t|EéH tbdbm,wemeH? ,'d'H tZÑwHå
t½lyonD {aum A[d'¨g ½lyged yówd Mo'gwmed Mo'gw0PÖmed
Mo'gwed'óemed Mo'gwmedbmomed? wmed tbdbk,s ]]Zmemrd
yómrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ (tH?3?306/ yxraumovokwf/)
&[ef;wdkY ...þ tbdbm,wepsmef (8)rsKd;wdkYwGif tcsKdUaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf rdrt
d ZÑwo
å EÅmefü wnf&adS om aum|mowd\Yk
tqif;½kyw f uYkd kd r½Irí

l A[d'ü¨ jzLaomtqif; jzLaomtaoG; jzLaom
ta&mif&Sdaom jzLaomuodkPf;½kyfwdkYudk ½I\/ xdkuodkPf;½kyfwdkYudk
vTr;f rd;k í ]]igod\? igjrif\}}[k þodYk trSwof nm &S\ d / þ tbdbm-
,wepsmefonfum; tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;wnf;/ (tH?3?306/)
txufyg a'oemawmfESifhtnD 0PÖuodkPf; av;rsKd;wdkYwGif
Mo'gw = tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f um; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vwf \
Ykd pdw"f mwfukd
txl;Munfvifapwwfojzifh tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH uodP k ;f wpfck jzpf
\/ xdkaMumifh Mo'gwuodkPf;½IuGufudk OD;pm;ay;í wifjyaytHh/
1/ tmemyge pwkwp¬ smeform"dukd jyefvnfxal xmifyg/ vif;a&mif-
jcnfprG ;f tifrsm; NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaom
tcg ---
2/ tZÑwå (32)aum|mowdkYudk odrf;qnf;yg/
3/ rdr\d aU&w S nfwh nfw h iG f odrYk [kwf teD;uyfq;kH wpfae&mü wnf&dS
aom A[d'¨ (32)aum|mowdkYudk odrf;qnf;yg/
4/ xdAk [d'¨ (32)aum|mowdw Yk iG f t½kd;pkaum|moudk odr;f qnf;yg/
(y#duv l tm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f vdu k vnf; oGi;f yg/ roGi;f vdu
k vnf;
,if;t½kd;pkudk odrf;qnf;½kH odrf;qnf;yg/)
5/ xdk A[d'¨ t½kd;pk\ tjzLqHk; wpfae&mudk a&G;cs,fí odkYr[kwf
t½kd;pktm;vHk; jzLaeaomf t½kd;pktm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkí odkYr[kwf
OD;acgif;cGHt½kd;udk tm½kH,lí Mo'gw Mo'gw = tjzL tjzL[k
ESvHk;oGif;yg/
toifolawmfaumif;onf tu,fí pdwftm;xufoefygu
tZÑwåt½kd;pkü y#dulvtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;NyD;í yxrpsmefodkY qdkufNyD;
aomtcg ,if;t½kd;pkonfvnf; jzLvmaomtcg xdktjzLa&mifü
y&dur®bm0emudk pD;jzef;vdku pD;jzef;Edkifygonf/ tZÑwåuodkPf;½kyfü

tyÜempsmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif ½Ir&jzpfaeygu odkYr[kwf r½Ivdk-
ygu y&dur®orm"drQuo kd m xlaxmifNy;D aemuf A[d'¨ t½k;d pkaum|mo
\ tjzLa&mifudk tm½kH,lí Mo'gw tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk qufvuf
½I&rnf jzpfonf/
xdkodkYr[kwfbJ A[d'¨ t½kd;aum|morSyif Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY
oGm;vdkuvnf; txufazmfjyyg tpDtpOftwdkif; ½IEdkifygonf/ A[d'¨
t½kd;pkaum|moudk y#dulvtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onfum; y#dulv
reodum&ur®|mef;udkvnf; pD;jzef;wwfapç t½kd;pkaum|movnf;
cdkifcHhapç t½kd;pkaum|movnf; jzLvmap[laom OD;wnfcsufwdkYjzifh
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;om jzpfonf/ y#dulvtm;jzifh ESvHk;roGif;bJ Mo'gw
uodP k ;f odYk wdu
k ½f u
dk o
f mG ;vdu
k vnf; oGm;Edik o
f nfom jzpfonf/ A[d'¨
t½kd;pk\ txl;ojzifh OD;acgif;cGH\ tjzLa&mifudk tm½kH,lí Mo'gw
Mo'gw = tjzL tjzL[k ½Iaomtcg xdt k jzLa&miftm½küH bm0empdwu f kd
wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/
tmemygepwkwp¬ smefpaom a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dw\ Ykd tm;Bu;D
aom rSD&m = Oyedó,owådpaom ypö,owådwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI
t&Sdeft0gowådxl;BuD;udk qufcHxm;&aom toif olawmfaumif;\
Mo'gwuodkPf; bm0empdwfonf tjzLa&miftm½kHü Nidrf0yfpGmuyfí
wnfaernfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;tjzLa&miftm½kHü wpfem&D ESpfem&D
ponfjzifh bm0empdwo f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeygu t½k;d pk aum-
|moaysmufí tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f 0ef;oufoufom use&f adS ernfjzpf
onf/ 0g*Gr;f pdik u
f o
hJ Ykd qGwq
f w G jf zLaeaom tjzLa&mif uodP k ;f 0ef;um;
O*¾[edrdwfwnf;/ aomuf½S L ;Mu,fuJhodkY tvGef Munfvifawmufy-
vmaom tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;um; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ O*¾[-
edrw
d o
f Ykd rqdu
k rf D t½k;d pkerd w
d t
f m;vH;k um; qGwq
f w
G rf jzLrD y&dur®erd w
d f
csnf;omwnf;/
tu,fí toifolawmfaumif;onf þomoemawmfwGif;ü
a&S;a&S;b0rsm;ujzpfap odrYk [kwf a&S;a&S;bk&m;&Siw f \
Ykd omoemawmf
wGi;f b0xdx k u
kd jzpfap jznfu h siq
hf nf;yl;cJah om Mo'gwuodP k ;f yg&rD
ukov kd t
f aqmuftOD&o dS l jzpfygu tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP k ;f 0ef;rSm
txl;BudK;pm;í rjzefY&awmhbJ O*¾[edrdwf odkYr[kwf y#dbm*edrdwfodkY
qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;0ef;udk pdkufí
tjzL tjzL[k ½IaepOfrSmyif ,if;tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;0ef;onf
t&yf (10)rsufESmodkYwdkifatmif vG,fulpGm jyefYoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/
tu,fí tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;rSm jyefYus,fí roGm;ygu xdk
tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f 0ef;udyk if qGwq f wG jf zLí txl;Munfvifawmufy
vmonfhwdkifatmif ,if; Mo'gwuodkPf;0ef;udkyif tm½kH,lí tjzL
tjzL[k ½Iaeyg/ orm"dudk qufvuf xlaxmifyg/ qGwfqGwfjzLí
txl; oef&Y iS ;f Munfvif awmufyaeonfh y#dbm*edrw d o
f Ykd qdu
k af &muf
aomtcg ,if; y#dbm*edrw d uf ykd if tm½k, H í l tjzL tjzL[k qufvuf
½IymG ;cJah omf yxrpsmeform"dou Ykd m; qdu
k Ef ikd \f / odaYk omf ,if;orm"drmS
rcdik cf b
hH J t&Snrf wnfwhH jzpfwwf\/ xdak Mumifh ,if; y#dbm*edrw d u
f kd
orm"d t&Sncf ikd cf w hH nfwahH &;twGuf wd;k yGm;atmif jyKvyk o f ifah yonf/
,if; tjzLa&mifMo'gwuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHü bm0em
pdwo f nf wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeaomtcg
]]tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f 0ef;onf ab;ywfvnf0ef;usio f Ykd vufwpfopfcefY
jyefyY gap? odrYk [kwf vufEpS of pfcefY jyefyY gap? odrYk [kwf vufo;Hk opfcefY
jyefYygap? odkYr[kwf vufav;opfcefY jyefYygap}} þodkYponfjzifh rdrd\
ÓPftmEkabmfpGrf;tm;ESifh EIdif;csdefvsuf vufwpfopf vufESpfopf
ponfjzifh ydkif;jcm;í t"d|mefjyKum jzefYMunfhyg/ vufwpfopf vuf

ESpo f pf ponfjzifh rydik ;f jcm;bJum; uodP k ;f 0ef;udk rjzefyY gESi?hf ydik ;f jcm;
íom jzefyY g/ xdo k Ykd ydik ;f jcm;í t"d|mefjyKum jzefv Y ukd of jzihf uodP k ;f -
0ef;onf jyefo Y mG ;cJah omf ,if;uodP k ;f 0ef;onf tenf;i,f vIy&f mS ;oGm;
wwf\/ xdktcg xdkuodkPf;0ef;udk NidrfoufoGm;atmif tjzL tjzL[k
½Iaeyg/ orm"dpGrf;tif tm;aumif;vmaomtcg uodkPf;0ef;onf
NidrfoufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ NidrfoufoGm;ygu a&S;enf;wl ydkif;jcm;í
t"d|mefjyKum xyfrí H jzefMY unfyh g/ wpfpwpfp uodP k ;f 0ef;onf us,f
jyefYvmaomtcg ]]wpfawmif jyefYygap? wpfvH jyefYygap}} þodkYp-
onfjzifh wd;k csUJ í jzefMY unfyh g/ þenf;jzifh uodP k ;f 0ef;udk t&yf (10)-
rsuEf mS odYk twdik ;f twmyrmP r&Sad tmif jzefMY uufyg/ t&yf (10)rsu-f
ESmü rnfonfht&yfudkrqdk Munfhvdkufwdkif; jzLaeygap/ tZÑwå A[d'¨
ESpfXmevHk;ü oP²mefj'yf vHk;0r&SdawmhbJ tjzLa&mifcsnf;oufouf
wnf &Sdaeaomtcg xdktjzLa&mifuodkPf;tm½kHü bm0empdwfonf
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeatmifç vIy&f mS ;aeygu vIy&f mS ;aeaom tjzL-
a&mifuodkPf;tm½kHvnf; Nidrf0yfoGm;atmif jzefYMuufNyD;aom ,if;
tjzLa&mif uodP k ;f \ wpfae&mü wdu k ef &H H wpfcak y:ü OD;xkyw f pfv;kH udk
csw d q f JG xm;ouJo h Ykd bm0empdwu f kd uyfxm;í tjzL tjzL[kom ½Iae-
yg/ ,if; tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f tm½küH bm0empdwo f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí
wnfvmaomtcg tjzLa&mifuodkPf;rSmvnf; vIyf&Sm;rIr&SdawmhbJ
Nidrf0yfvmrnf jzpf\/ bm0empdwfvnf; Nidrfoufvmí tjzLa&mif
uodP k ;f vnf; Nird 0f yfvmaomtcg ,if; tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f rSm qGw-f
qGwfjzLí txl; MunfvifoefY&Sif;vmrnf jzpfonf/ tjzLa&mif
uodP k ;f 0ef;edrw
d u f kd wd;k yGm;atmif jyKvyk Nf y;D aemuf xyfrí H &&Sv d maom
uodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ xdktjzLa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwf
tm½küH bm0empdwu f kd wpfem&DcefY ESpef m&DcefY ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí
wnfaeatmif tjzL tjzL[kyif ½Iaeyg/ xdktcg ,if; y#dbm*edrdwf-

udkyif xyfumxyfum ESvHk;oGif;aeygu ½Iaeygu xdk y#dbm*edrdwf
tm½kHü Nidrf0yfpGmuyfí wnfaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf eufeuf½Idif;½Idif;
epfjrKyaf eaom bm0empdw0f ,f psmeft*Fg(5)yg;vnf; tvGef xif&mS ;ae
rnf? tm;&Sad ernf jzpfayonf/ xdt
k cg yxrpsmeform"doYkd qdu
k af &muf
NyD jzpfonf/
psmeft*Fg (5) yg;

1/ 0dwuf = tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d t f m½kaH y:odYk pdwuf kd
a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabm/
2/ 0dpm& = tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d t f m½kuH kd ]]tjzL t-
jzL}}[k xyfumxyfum oHk;oyf qifjcifjcif;oabm/
3/ yDwd = tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHudk ESpfouf
jcif;oabm/
4/ okc = tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d t f m½k\H t&omudk
csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;jcif;oabm/
5/ {u*¾wm= tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftm½kH wpfckwnf;
ay:odkY pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm/
0dwufponfh wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDudk psmeft*Fg[k ac:qdkí ,if;
psmeft*FgwdkY\ taygif;tpkudk psmef[k ac:qdkonf/ ,if;yxrpsmef
orm"duv kd nf; 0oDabmf (5)wef Edik ef if;atmif avhusiyhf g/ 0oDabmf
(5)wef Edkifeif;aomtcg tmemygeur®|mef;ü a&;om;wifjycJhonfh
twdkif; 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkw¬psmefwdkYodkYvnf; tpOftwdkif;
ul;ygav/
pwkuúenf; - psmef (4) yg;

1/ 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDwd-okc-{u*¾wm [laom psmeft*Fg (5)yg; &Sd
aom yxrpsmef?
2/ yDw-d okc-{u*¾wm [laom psmeft*Fg ok;H yg;&Sad om 'kw,
d psmef?
3/ okc-{u*¾wm [laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&Sdaom wwd,psmef?
4/ Oayu©m-{u*¾wm [laom psmeft*Fg ESpyf g;&Sad om pwkwp¬ smef/
yÍöuenf; - psmef (5) yg;

1/ 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDwd-okc-{u*¾wm [laom psmeft*Fg (5)yg; &Sd
aom yxrpsmef?
2/ 0dpm&-yDwd-okc-{u*¾wm [laom psmeft*Fg (4)yg; &Sdaom
'kwd,psmef?
3/ yDw-d okc-{u*¾wm[laom psmeft*Fg (3)yg; &Sad om wwd,psmef?
4/ okc-{u*¾wm[laom psmeft*Fg (2)yg; &Sdaom pwkw¬psmef?
5/ Oayu©m-{u*¾wm[laom psmeft*Fg (2)yg; &Sdaom yÍörpsmef/
þyÍöuenf;üum; 0dwufESifh 0dpm&wdkYudk wpfvHk;pD jzKwfojzifh
psmef (5)yg; jzpfonf/ pwkuúenf;üum; 0dwufESifh 0dpm&wdkYudk NydKifwl
jzKwfojzifh psmef (4)yg; jzpfonf/ uRwfxdkufool ewf vl jA[®m
a0ae,sMum owå0gwd\ Yk tvdt k BuKd uf p½kud Ef iS ahf vsmn
f pD mG ÓPfEo
YkH l
wdtYk m; yÍöuenf;udk ÓPfxufjrufow l tYkd m; pwkueú nf;udk a[mMum;
awmfrlonf? ½lyg0p&psmefrsm;wnf;/ ½lyg0p&bHkodkY a&mufapEdkifaom
pGrf;tm;&Sdaom psmefrsm;[k qdkvdk\/ þüum; ½lyg0p&bHktwGuf
&nf&G,fí orm"dudk xlaxmifonfh vkyfief;&yfudk jyKvkyfaponfum;
r[kwfyg/ 0dyóem\ tajcyg'utjzpf &nf&G,fí orm"dudk xl-

axmifaejcif;om jzpfonf/
A[d'¨ t½dk;pkaum|moudk tm½kH,lum Mo'gw = tjzLa&mif-
uokP d ;f udk pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd qku
d o
f nfwikd af tmif t0g;0pGm Ekid Ef idk -f
eif;eif; yGm;rsm;NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf tZÑwå t½dk;pk\
tjzLa&mifudk tm½kH,lum Mo'gwuodkPf;udk pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY
qkdufonfwdkifatmif qufvufum yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ xkdaemif ---
1/ tausmfyef; pHy,fyef; jrwfav;yef;wdkYuJhodkY jzLaom yef;rsm;ü-
aomfvnf;aumif;ç
2/ tjzLa&mif t0wfydwfpüaomfvnf;aumif;ç
3/ tjzLa&mif puúLüaomfvnf;aumif;ç
4/ pusifausmufuJhodkY tjzLa&mif ausmufjym;rsm;üaomfvnf;-
aumif;ç
tjzLa&mifuokdPf;edrdwfudk &,lEdkifayonf/
t½dk;pkaum|moü tjzLa&mifuokdPf;udk pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY
qdkufonfwkdifatmif orm"dudk atmifatmifjrifjrif xlaxmifxm;-
NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf jzLaeonfh rnfonfht&m0w¬Kudkrqkd
oD;oefY tjzLa&mifuokP d ;f 0ef; rjyKvyk af wmhbJ ,if;t&m0w¬K\ tjzL-
a&mifoufoufuo kd m ESv;Hk oGi;f vku
d yf gu wpfcPtwGi;f rSmyif tjzL-
a&mifuokP d ;f 0ef; jzpfay:vmum txl; BuKd ;pm;Ny;D rjzefY Muuf&awmhbJ
uodkPf;0ef;rSm t&yfq,frsufESmodkYwdkifatmif vG,fvifhwul ysHUESHY-
oGm;wwfayonf/ xkt d cg yxrpsmeform"dro S nf pwkwp¬ smeform"d-
odkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygav/
eDvuodkPf; = tndKa&mifuodkPf;
tndKa&mifuodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&-
yk*¾dKvfonf --- Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkw¬psmeform"dukd wpfzef jyefvnf
xlaxmifyg/ (32)aum|mowdu Yk kd wpfzef jyeford ;f qnf;yg/ rdrad &SUwGif
xkid af eaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D \ tndKa&mifqyH ifukd vSr;f tm½k-H
,lyg/ ,if; tndKa&mifqHyifudk ÓPfü xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifvm-
aomtcg --- eDv - eDv = tndK - tndK ------ [k ESvkH;oGif;aeyg/
a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dwu Ykd tm;Bu;D aom rS&D mOyedó,ypö,owåjd zifh
aus;Zl;jyKrIudk qufcH&aom eDvuodkPf; y&durform"donfvnf;
t&Sdeft0g tm;aumif;vmum rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif
qHyifudk rawGUawmhbJ tndKa&mifuodkPf;0ef;udkom awGU&Sdrnf
jzpfayonf/ ,if;tndKa&mifuodkPf;0ef;udk tm½kH,lum orm"dudk
qufvufxlaxmifyg/
y&dur®edrdwfç O*¾[edrdwfç y#dbm*edrdwf[laom edrdwfokH;yg;ç
y&dur®bm0emç Oypm&bm0emç tyÜembm0em[laom bm0emok;H yg;ç
y&dur®orm"dç Oypm&orm"dç tyÜemorm"d[al om orm"do;Hk yg;wdu Yk kd
tpOftwdkif; &onfwdkifatmif a&S;Mo'gwuodkPf;ü qkdcJhNyD;onfh-
twkdif; qufvuf ESvkH;oGif;yg? orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/
yuwdaom qHyifedrdwfudk qHyiftjzpfESifhom awGUjrifaeygu
,if;qHyifedrdwfrSm y&dur®edrdwfyif jzpf\/ ,if;bm0emrSm y&dur®-
bm0emç ,if;orm"drSm y&dur®orm"dom jzpf\/ wpfzef orm"dudk
qufvuf xlaxmifvu dk &f m qHyifukd rawGUawmhbJ uodP k ;f 0ef;tjzpf
a,m*D\ ÓPfwGif xifvmwwf\/ ,if;odkY xifvmaom edrdwfum;
O*¾[edrw
d w
f nf;/ O*¾[edrw d üf um; uodPk ;f tjypfa'gorsm; xifae-
ao;\/ ,if;O*¾[edrdwfudkyif tm½kH,lum orm"dudk qufvufxl-
axmifcJhaomf ,if;bm0emrSm y&dur®bm0emç ,if;orm"drSmvnf;

y&dur®orm"dyif &Sdaeao;\/ ,if;O*¾[edrdwfudkyif tm½kH,laeaom
orm"drSm wjznf;jznf; &ifhusufvmaomtcg edrdwfrSm O*¾[edrdwfrS
y#dbm*edrw d tf qifo h Ykd ul;ajymif;oGm;\/ y#dbm*edrw d uf m; uodP k ;f -
0ef;rS vGwí f aumif;uifü wnfaeaom £Eév D mywåjrm;jzifh Ny;D aom
,yf0ef;twl xifvm\/ þtcdkufüvnf; y&dur®bm0emç y&dur®-
orm"dyif &Sad o;\/ odaYk omf ,if;orm"dukd &ifu h suaf tmif qufvuf
xlaxmifcJhaomf y#dbm*edrdwfrSm Munfvifawmufyonfxuf ykdí
Munfvifawmufyvmwwf\/ ,if;edrw d t f m½küH bm0empdwo f nf &Hcg
epfjrKyaf ewwf\/ repfjrKyrf t D qifw h iG &f adS om orm"drmS Oypm&orm"d-
jzpf\? bm0emrSm Oypm&bm0em jzpf\/ tu,fí ,if;edrw d t f m½küH
bm0empdwu f epfjrKyaf ecJah omf ,if;epfjrKyaf eaom orm"drmS tyÜem-
psmeform"d jzpf\? ,if;bm0emrSm tyÜembm0em jzpf\/ odkYaomf
,if;tyÜemorm"drSm Mum&SnfpGm rwnfwHh &Sdwwf\/ Mum&SnfpGm
wnfwEhH idk af &;twGuf ,if;Oypm&orm"dtcku d rf mS jzpfapç tyÜempsmef-
orm"dtcku d rf mS jzpfap uokP d ;f 0ef;udk t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odw Yk ikd af tmif
tqk;H tp r&Sad tmif jzefMY uuftyfayonf/ ,if;odYk jzefMY uufNy;D aemuf
&&Svd maom uodP k ;f ½kyw f iG f rdrad &SUwnfw h nfüh wnf&adS om tndKa&mif-
uodP k ;f wpfae&mudk tm½k, H u l m orm"dukd qufvufxal xmifcahJ omf
tyÜempsmeform"doYkd qku d Ef idk \f / ,if;orm"dum; Mum&Snpf mG wnfw-hH
Ekdif\/ þodkY uodkPf;0ef;udk jzefYMuufNyD;&mtcgüvnf; ---
1/ y&dur®edrdwfç O*¾[edrdwfç y#dbm*edrdwf[laom edrdwfokH;rsKd;ç
2/ y&dur®bm0emç Oypm&bm0emç tyÜembm0em[laom bm-
0emokH;rsKd;ç
3/ y&dur®orm"dç Oypm&orm"dç tyÜemorm"d[laom orm"d
okH;rsKd;wdkYudk tpOftwkdif; &&SdEdkifayonf/
pwkwp¬ smeform"dow Ykd idk af tmif orm"dukd qufvufxal xmifyg/

atmifjrifrIudk &&SdcJhaomf tZÑwå qHyifaum|moudk tm½kH,lum ykHpH-
wlyif ½IMunfyh g/ pwkwp¬ smeform"dow Ykd idk af tmif orm"dukd xlaxmifEidk f
onfom jzpfayonf/ xkdaemif A[d'¨ onf;ajcaum|moudk tm½kH
,lum tndKa&mifuodP k ;f udk ykpH w H yl if yGm;rsm;Ekid yf gonf/ pwkwp¬ smef-
orm"dtxd qku d Ef idk af yonf/ A[d'¨ onf;ajcaum|moü eDvuodP k ;f
udk pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifNyD;
aomtcg tZÑwo å nf;ajcudk tm½k, H u l m ykpH w H yl if ½IEidk af yonf/ ,if;
uJoh Ykd atmifjrifruI kd &&Sad omtcg atmufrn J Kd yiG u hf o
hJ aYkd om yef;wpfyiG hf
udk odkYr[kwf jrcGmndKuJhodkYaom yef;wpfyGifhudk tm½kH,lum tndKa&mif
uodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMunfhyg/ ,if; tndKa&mifyef;wpfyGifh
uvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ bm0empdwfudk pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY
qkdufonfwkdifatmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m tm½kHtaMumif;w&m;tjzpf
&yfwnfum tm&r®Plyedó,ypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKaernfom
jzpfayonf/ yef;wpfyGifhrS pwkw¬psmeform"d[laom bm0emtESpfudk
xkwf,lvkdufjcif;yif jzpf\/ enf;rSef vrf;rSef ESvkH;oGif;wwfonfh
a,medaomreodum&&So d u l kd psmefuo k v kd uf ohJ aYkd om (0dyóemukov kd f
uJo
h aYkd om) tqifjh rifrh m;vSaom ukov kd w f &m;wdu Yk tjrw J rf; apmifBh uKd
vsufyif &SdaeMuayonf/
tvm;wlyif ---
1/ tndKa&mif tjcm;yef;yGifhrsm;ç
2/ tndKa&mif t0wfprsm;ç
3/ rsufpOf;ndKausmufuJhodkYaom tndKa&mifausmufrsm; -
þuJo h aYkd om tndKa&mif t&m0w¬Krsm;udk tm½k,
H u
l m ykpH w
H yl if
½IMunfhyg/
yDwuodkPf; = t0ga&mifuodkPf;
rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;onfh pwkw¬psmeform"d wpfckckudk jyefvnf
xlaxmifyg/ xkdorm"daMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf
wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg ,if;vif;a&mifjcnf tultnDjzifh
tZÑwå odkYr[kwf A[d'¨ (32)aum|mowdkYwGif tqDcJ\ odkYr[kwf
usifi,f\ t0ga&mifudk tm½kH,lum ---
t0g[k ESvkH;oGif;yg/
yDwuH - yDwuH - yDwuH = t0g - t0g - t0g
<uif;aom tcsut f vufrsm;udk Mo'gwuodP k ;f ç eDvuodP
k ;f -
wdüYk qkcd o
hJ nfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk enf;rSí
D od&ydS gav/ pwkwp¬ smef-
orm"dodkYqkdufatmif tZÑwå usifi,fç A[d'¨ usifi,f ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü
wpfvSnfhpD yGm;rsm;yg/
usifBuD; usifi,fwdkYonf obm0tm;jzifh tvGef &GH&Smpufqkyf-
zG,faumif;aom aum|morsm;yif jzpfMu\/ rnfrQyif &GH&Smpufqkyf-
zG,faumif;aom aum|moyif jzpfcsifjzpfygap? a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü enf;rSef vrf;rSef ESv;Hk oGi;f wwfonfh a,medaomreodum&
w&m;onf xif&Sm;wnf&SdaeonfjzpftHh? xdkusifBuD;onf odkYr[kwf
xkud siif ,fonf t0ga&mifjzpfygu 0ga&Taom ta&mif&adS om xdu k si-f
Bu;D u odrYk [kwf xku
d siif ,fu a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\ f oEÅmef0,f pwkw-¬
psmeform"d jzpfay:vmonfw h idk af tmif tm&r®Pyl edó,ypö,owå-d
jzifh tm;Bu;D aom rS&D mtm½kt
H aMumif;w&m;tjzpf &yfwnfum aus;Zl;-
jyKay;aernfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;pwkw¬psmeform"dudk 0dyóem\
tajcyg'ujyKum 0dyóemodYk ul;cJah omf yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG t&[wå-
zdkvfodkYwdkifatmifyif qkdufa&mufEdkifayonf/ xkdaMumifh edAÁmefudk
vkv d m;awmifw h vsu&f adS om toifoal wmfaumif;onfvnf; a,med-
aomreodum&udk tjrJwrf; arG;jrLyg/ tESpfom& bmrQ &Smr&aom
cE¨mtdrftwGif;rS bm0em[laom tESpfom&udk &&Sdatmif xkwf,l-

wwfygap? wefzkd;&Sdaom b0wpfckjzpfatmif BudK;yrf;ygavavmh/
yef;ydawmufESifh ika&T0g
ydawmufawG a&T&nfvl;onfh.. twmul;onfh vwefcl;-
0ef;usifwGif yifvkH;uRwf zl;yGifha0qmvsuf&SdMuaom yef;ydawmufESifh
ika&T0gwdu Yk ,ckuo hJ Ykd t0ga&mif yDwuodP k ;f udk pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd
qkdufonfwkdifatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;NyD;onfh olawmfaumif;-
wpfOD;udk ]]vmprf;yg ½IMunfhMuprf;yg}}[k zdwfac:aeouJhodkY &Sd Mu\/
t0ga&mif yDwuodkPf;ü pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif
t0g;0pGm Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; avhusix hf m;Ny;D onfh tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&-
yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf yifvkH;uRwf yGifhaeaom yef;ydawmufwkdYudk awGUjrif&-
aomtcgüvnf;aumif;ç yifv;Hk uRwf yGiahf eaom ika&T0gwdu Yk kd awGUjrif-
&aomtcgüvnf;aumif; a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dwdkY\ tultnDudk
,lí jzpfapç r,lbEJ iS yhf if jzpfap ,if;yifv;Hk uRwf yGiahf eaom yef;wd\ Yk
t0ga&mifukd yDwuodP k ;f edrw
d t
f jzpf vSr;f í tm½k, H vl u
dk yf gu tcsed f
tenf;i,ftwGi;f rSmyif wpfavmuvk;H udk t0ga&mifjzifh vTr;f jcKH xm;-
onfukd awGUjrif&um pwkwp¬ smeform"dow Ykd idk af tmif tqifq h ifah om
orm"dudk vG,fulpGmyif xlaxmif&&SdMuaom [l\/ ,if;orm"dudk
um;pD;um oGm;vsufyif avhusifhí &wwfMu\/ enf;rSefvrf;rSef
ESvkH;oGif;wwfonfh a,medaomreodum&w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tzkdY t0ga&mif 0wfpkHwpfckuvnf; yDw-
uodkPf;\wnf&m tm½kHedrdwf jzpfEkdif\/ t0ga&mif aq;'ef;jrif;-
oDvm ausmufzsmwpfcsyfuvnf; yDwuodkPf;\wnf&m tm½kHedrdwf
jzpfEkdif\/ ,if;t0ga&mif0wfpkHwpfcku odkYr[kwf ,if;t0ga&mif
aq;'ef;jrif;oDvm ausmufzsmwpfcku yDwuodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;vsuf-
&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\oEÅmefü pwkw¬psmeform"d jzpfay:

vmonfhwdkifatmif tm&r®Pypö,owådjzifh tm½kHtaMumif;w&m;-
tjzpf &yfwnfum aus;Zl;jyKay;vsufyif &Sdayonf/
avm[dwuodkPf; = teDa&mifuodkPf;
rdrd &&dSxm;NyD;onfh pwkw¬psmeform"d wpfckckudk jyefvnf
xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; txl; tm;aumif;vmaom-
tcg ,if;vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh A[d'¨ rdr\ d a&SUwnfwh nfüh
wnf&Sdaom a,m*DwpfOD;\ ESvkH;tdrftwGif;ü wnf&Sdaom aoG;-
aum|mo\ teDa&mifudk vSrf;tm½kH,lum avm[dwuH - avm[d-
wuH - avm[dwuH = teD - teD - teD ------ [k ESvkH;oGif; ½IyGm;yg/
aoG;aum|moaysmufum teDa&mifuodkPf;0ef;udk awGU&Sdvmaom
tcg ,if;teDa&mifuodkPf;0ef;udk tm½kH,lum orm"dudk qufvuf
xlaxmifyg/ a&S;enf;twl uodkPf;0ef;udk jzefYMuufum pwkw¬psmef-
orm"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif yGm;rsm;yg/
A[d'¨ tonf;ç ESv;Hk ponfw\ Ydk 0ef;usiüf wnf&adS om tkid af e-
aom aoG;aum|mo\ teDa&mifudk tm½kH,lum ykHpHwl ½IEkdifygonf/
tZÑwå ESvkH;tdrftwGif;ü wnf&SdaomaoG;ç tZÑwå tonf;ç ESvkH;
ponfwkdY\ 0ef;usifü wnf&SdaomaoG;wdkY\ teDa&mifudk tm½kH,l-
umvnf; teDa&mifuodkPf;udk ½IyGm;Ekdifayonf/
,ckuo hJ Ykd avm[dwuodP k ;f udk pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd qku
d of nf-
wkdifatmif t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhusifhxm;NyD;aom olawmf-
aumif;wpfO;D udk y'krm® Mumyef;wpfyiG u
hf vnf; teDa&mifuokP d ;f ½Iz&Ydk ef
]]vmprf;yg ½IMunfhprf;yg}}[k zdwfac:aeouJhodkY wnf&Sdaernfom
jzpf\/ eDjref;aom v,facgif&ef; yef;wpfyiG u hf vnf; teDa&mifuodP k ;f
½Iz&Ydk ef ]]vmprf;yg ½IMunfph rf;yg}}[k zdwaf c:aeouJo h Ykd wnf&adS ernfom

jzpf\/ ywåjrm;vufpGyfwpfckwGif wnf&Sdaom ywåjrm;&wem wpfck-
uvnf; teDa&mifuodP k ;f ½Iz&Ydk ef ]]vmprf;yg ½IMunfph rf;yg}}[k zdwaf c:
ouJhodkY wnf&Sdaernfom jzpf\/ eDjref;aom uwåDyg0wfpkHwpfpkH
uvnf; teDa&mifuodP k ;f ½Iz&Ydk ef ]]vmprf;yg ½IMunfph rf;yg}}[k zdwaf c:
aeouJhodkY wnf&Sdaernfom jzpf\/ rufarmzG,f&mç jrwfEkd;zG,f&mç
ESpo f ufz, G &f mç wPSmavmbjzpfp&m ig;jzmtm½kH umr*kPf ñGet f idk -f
wGif;rS bm0em[laom tESpfudk xkwf,laejcif;yif jzpfayonf/
t&[wåzkdvfayguf tESpfom&rsm;
tvGef &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G af umif;vSaom qHyifuo hJ aYkd om odrYk [kwf
onf;ajcuJo h aYkd om aum|mowpfcu k vnf; tndKa&mifuodP k ;f tjzpf
&yfwnfum pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;
Ekid af om pGr;f tm; &Sad e\/ tvGef jrwfE;dk zG,&f maumif;vSaom pum;0g
yef;wpfyiG u hf vnf; t0ga&mifuodP k ;f tjzpf &yfwnfum pwkwp¬ smef
orm"doYkd qku d o f nfwidk af tmif aus;Zl;jyKay;Ekid af om pGr;f tm; &Sad e\/
tvGef jrwfEkd;zG,f&m ywåjrm;&wemwpfckuvnf; teDa&mifuodkPf;
tjzpf &yfwnfum pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd qku d of nfwidk af tmif aus;Zl;
jyKay;Ekid af om pGr;f tm; &Sad e\/ tvGef &GH &mS pufqyk zf , G af umif;vSaom
oGm;wpfacsmif;uvnf; tjzLa&mifuodP k ;f tjzpf &yfwnfum pwkw-¬
psmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;Ekdifaom pGrf;tm;
&Sdae\/
a,medaomreodum&w&m; xif&mS ;&Sad eol a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v-f
wpfOD;taejzifh ig;jzmtm½kH umr*kPfñGefAGuftwGif;rS pwkw¬psmef-
orm"doYkd qku
d o
f nfwidk af tmifaom bm0em[laom tESpo f m&rsm;udk
tcsdefra&G; xkwf,lí &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/ wpfzef ,if;pwkw¬-

psmeform"dudk 0dyóem\ tajcyg'ujyKí 0dyóemodkY ul;cJhaomf
yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm t&[wåzkdvfodkY wkdifatmifaom tESpfom&rsm;udk
xkwf,lí &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/
tu,fí yg&rDu rpkHnDao;ojzifh t&[wåzkdvfodkY rqkduf-
a&mufEkdifao;bJ aomwmyef tqifhrQavmufom qkdufa&mufcJhrnf
qdv k Qiv
f nf; ravsmusaom psmef&adS om xko d al wmfaumif;udk oHo&m-
c&D;wGif tvGef tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vSaom jA[®mhcsrf;omBuD;u
]]<uawmfrlyg <uawmfrlyg}}[k qD;BudKum zdwfac:aernfom jzpfay-
onf/ aomwmyef t&d,molawmfaumif;yif jzpfcsifjzpfygap? jA[®mh-
jynfodkY y#doaE¨tm;jzifh uyfa&mufoGm;aom t&d,molawmfaumif;
rSeforQonf xkdjA[®mhjynfrS pkawum umrbkHodkY wpfzef y#doaE¨-
tm;jzifh jyefvm½k;d "r®wm r&Sad y/ ckepfb0twGi;f 0,f t&[wåzv dk o
f Ykd
qkud af &mufum y&deAd mÁ efpaH wmfr&l rnfh olawmfaumif;om jzpfayonf/
oHo&m0#f'ku© rD;ykHBuD;\ tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;&m jzpfonfh edAÁmefodkY 0ifpH-
awmfrlzkdY&ef usdef;aoonfh vufrSwfudk &&Sdxm;NyD;olwdkYom jzpfMu-
ayonf/
þrQ Bu;D rm;vSaom *kPaf us;Zl;&So
d nfh þuJo
h aYkd om w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwfrsm;udk omoemawmfü ouf0if,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m;udk
vufudkifxm;vsuf&Sdaom oifuJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf
tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh ryGm;rsm; tm;rxkwfbJ aexkdufygtHhenf;?
tcsdef&Sdckduf vkHYvpdkufygavmh/
yx0DuodkPf; = ajruokdPf;
1/ uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf jyKjyiftyfNyD;aom ajrç
2/ uodP k ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom jyuawhaom aumuf-
pyg;e,f&m wvif;paom ajrç
3/ tydkif;tjcm; &Sdonfomjzpfaom ajrç
4/ tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdonfum; r[kwfaom ajrç
5/ ref;i,f (= Aef;i,f) qefaumi,f yrmP&Sdaom ajrç
6/ tkd;p&nf;zkH; pavmif;zkH; yrmP&Sdaom ajr ---
þajrwdüYk yx0DuodP k ;f edrw
d u
f kd &,lEidk af yonf/ (0do'k ?d¨ 1?120??)
ww¬ a,e twDwba0yd omoae 0g £odyAÁZÆm, 0g
yAÁZw
d mG yx0DuodaP pwkuyú ÍuZÑ
ö ZÑmemed edAw
u Á w
då ykAmÁ ed? {0½lyó
ykn0awm Oyedó,orÜEéó tuwm, yx0d,m uodw|mae
0g cvr@av 0g edrdwåH OyÜZÆwd/ (0dok'¨d?1?120/)
= a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf a&S;a&S; twdwfb0üvnf;
omoemawmfwGif;üaomfvnf;aumif; &aoh&[ef;tjzpfüaomf-
vnf;aumif; &Si&f [ef;jyKz;l í yx0DuodP k ;f ü pwkupú smef yÍöuZÑmef-
wdu
Yk kd jzpfaptyfz;l uke\ f / þodo Yk abm&Sad om bm0emaMumifjh zpfaom
aumif;rIukodkvf yg&rDyknorÇm& taqmuftOD&Sdaom tm;BuD;aom
bm0emukov kd w f nf;[laom rS&D m Oyedó,ESihf jynfph aHk om xkad ,m-
*g0p&yk*¾dKvfjrwftzdkYrlum; (tavmif;awmf[w¬dygvowdkYom;onf
uokdPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom **Fgjrpfa&t,Ofudk Munfhí
tmayguodP k ;f edrw
d uf kd &,lum uokP d ;f y&durfwu Ykd kd jyKvyk u
f m psmef-
wdu Yk kd jzpfapEkid o
f uJoh Ykd --- Zmwu?|?4?483/) tvm;wlyif uodP k ;f 0ef;-
tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom yuwdaomajr0,f v,fxGef&mt&yfü-
aomfvnf;aumif;ç aumufe,fwvif; t0ef;üaomfvnf;aumif; y&d-

ur®edrdwfudk ,lcJhaomf yx0D yx0D[k pD;jzef;cJhaomf xkdy&dur®edrdwfrS
O*¾[edrdwfodkY wpfcPcsif; ajymif;vJoGm;um O*¾[edrdwfudk &&SdEkdif-
ayonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?120/)
þtxufyg ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ESit hf nD a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vwf pfO;D -
onfvnf; yx0DuokdPf;ü edrdwfudk &,lvdkcJhaomf nDnmí jruf-
opf&u G -f cJ - paom tjypfuif;aom yuwdaom ajrBu;D wpfae&mwGif
wkwjf zifh jzpfapç t&m0w¬Kwpfcjk zifh jzpfap 0ef;0dik ;f aom ta&;tom;
wpfcu k kd jyKyg/ ref;i,f (= Aef;i,f) qefaumi,f yrmPrS pí a,m*g-
0p&yk*¾dKvf\ qE´&Sdoavmuf 0ef;0dkif;aom yrmPudk jyKyg/
t½kP0PÖm, rwådum, uodPH umwAÁH/ (0dok'¨d?1?120/)
= t½kPt f a&miftqif;&Sad om ajrü yx0DuodP k ;f 0ef;udk jyKvyk f
tyf\[laom 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm\ ñTeMf um;csuEf iS thf nD uokP d ;f 0ef;
jyKvkyfrnfh ajrBuD;\ ta&mifrSm rrnf;vGef; rjzLvGef;aom teDa&mif
= t½kPfa&mif toifhtwifh oef;aeaom ajrBuD;a&mif jzpfygap/
xkdajrt0ef;t0dkif;udk pdkufMunfhum ---
yx0D - yx0D - yx0D = ajr - ajr - ajr - [k ESvkH;oGif;yg/
rsupf ud kd zGiw
hf Hk rSw
d w
f Hk jyKvyk u
f m edrw
d u f kd ,lMunfyh g/ tu,fí
edrw
d rf mS rxifr&Sm; jzpfaevQif rdrd &&Sx d m;Ny;D onfh pwkwp¬ smeform"d
wpfcck uk kd jyefvnf xlaxmifyg/ xkpd wkwp¬ smeform"daMumifh jzpfay:-
vmaom ta&miftvif;\ tultnDjzifh xkrd rd d jyKjyifxm;aom yx0D-
uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk vSrf;Munfhum yx0D - yx0D - yx0D = ajr -
ajr - ajr[k ESvkH;oGif;yg/ odkYr[kwf rsufpdudk zGifhwkH rSdwfwkHjyKum
edrdwf,lMunfhyg/ yuwdaom rsufpdjzifh jrif&ouJhodkY edrdwfudk ,lí
&cJhaomf rdrdESpfouf&mae&modkY oGm;í xkdifEkdifNyD/ xkdodkY xkdifaom-

tcgüvnf; rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkw¬psmeform"d wpfckckudk wpfzef
jyefvnfxal xmifí ,if;orm"dprG ;f tifaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnf pGr;f tif-
rsm; NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg xkv d if;a&mif-
jcnf\ tultnDjzifh xkdyx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudkyif wpfzef jyefvnfí
vSrf;um tm½kH,lyg/ uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk wpfzef tm½kH,lí &cJhaomf
xkdyx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudk tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0Jyg/
e 0aPÖm ypöa0u©dwaAÁm? e vu©PH reodumwAÁH/ tyd p
0PÖH trkÍdw
ö Gm edó,o0PÖH uwGm Oó'0aoe yPÖwåd"ar® pdwåH
y|aywGm reodumwAÁH/ (0dok'¨d?2?122/)
= xko
d Ykd yx0DuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f kd ESv;Hk oGi;f &mü xkyd x0DuokP d ;f 0ef;
ü wnfaom t½kPfa&miftqif;ESifhwlaom ta&miftqif;udkvnf;
raem0dnmPfjzifh rqifjciftyf ESv;Hk roGi;f tyf/ xkyd x0DuokP d ;f 0ef;\
wnf&majrBuD;\ x'¨vu©Pm = cufrmjcif; yx0D"mwfvu©Pmudk-
vnf; ESvkH;roGif;tyf/ pifppfrlum; ta&miftqif;udk rvTwfrlí
xkt
d a&miftqif;udk rdrd ta&miftqif;\ rS&D m yx0DuokP d ;f 0ef;ESihf
wlaomtjcif;t&m wlaomtvm; &So d nfukd jyKí yx0D"mwfxal jym-
onf\tjzpf owådtm;jzifh vGefonf\tjzpfjzifh yx0D=ajr[laom
avmua0g[m&ynwfü pdwfudk a&S;½Iwnfapí yx0D - yx0D -
yx0D = ajr - ajr - ajr[k ESvkH;oGif;yg/
&&SdEkdifaom tjypf
tu,fí a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf yx0DuodkPf;0ef;ü wnf&Sd-
aom t½kPfa&mif[laom ta&miftqif;udk ESvkH;oGif;ygu yx0D-
uodkPf; rjzpfawmhbJ 0PÖuodkPf; = ta&mifuokdPf; jzpfoGm;ay-
vdrfhrnf/ yx0DuodkPf;vrf;rS ta&mifuodkPf;vrf;odkY ajymif;oGm;NyD

jzpfonf/ tu,fí a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf yx0DuodkPf;0ef;ü
xlajymvsuf&Sdaom yx0D"mwf\ cufrmrIoabmudk ESvkH;oGif;rdygu
yx0DuodkPf;udk ESvkH;oGif;onf rrnfawmhbJ "mwfur®|mef;udk
ESvkH;oGif;onf rnfayvdrhfrnf/ yx0DuodkPf;vrf;rS "mwfur®|mef;-
vrf;bufoYkd ajymif;oGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ ydrk í
dk ½Iyaf xG;apaom jyóem
wpf&yfum; ,if;yx0DuodkPf;0ef;ü wnf&Sdaom rmrIoabmudk
ESvkH;oGif;rdygu ,if;yx0DuodkPf;0ef;uvnf; t&yfq,frsufESmodkY
jyefYum;oGm;aomtcg ,if;rmrIoabmu a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ ½ly-
um,wpfckvkH;udk vTrf;jcHKxm;ouJhodkYjzpfum orm"d\ pGrf;tifxuf-
jrufvmonfESifhtrQ rmrIoabmrSmvnf; vGefuJvmum xkd a,m*D-
olawmfaumif;taejzifh xkdrmrIoabmudk onf;rcHEkdif jzpfwwfay-
onf/ owd&Sdap/ þpnf;urf; owfrSwfcsufudk yuwdaom ajr0ef;ü
edrw
d ,f pl Ofüaomfvnf;aumif;ç wpfae&mwGif w&m;xkid pf Of ,if;edrw
d -f
udk wpfzef jyefí tm½kH,lpOfüvnf;aumif; vkdufemyg/
O*¾[edrdwf - y#dbm*edrdwf
ajrBuD;ü wnf&Sdaom rlvyx0DuodkPf;0ef;um; y&dur®edrdwf-
wnf;/ ,if;y&dur®erd w d f yx0DuodP k ;f 0ef;udk rsupf d zGiw
hf Hk rSw
d wf jHk yKí
edrw d uf ,
kd &l mü yuwdaom zGix hf m;aom rsupf jd zifh uodP k ;f 0ef;edrw d u f kd
jrif&ouJo h Ykd rsupf u
d kd rSw
d xf m;aomtcgüvnf; xkyd x0DuodP k ;f 0ef;
edrw d of nf xifaeygu xkt d cg O*¾[edrw d f jzpfay:vmNyD jzpf\/ wpfzef
wpfae&mwGif oGm;a&mufum w&m;xkid af omtcgüvnf; rdrd &&Sx d m;-
Ny;D aom pwkwp¬ smeform"d wpfcck u k kd xlaxmifNy;D aemuf xkpd wkwp¬ smef-
orm"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh xkd
rlvedrdwf ,lcJhzl;aom yx0DuodkPf;0ef;edrdwfukdyif wpfzef jyefí

tm½k, H v l u kd af omtcg zGixhf m;aom rsupf jd zifh jrif&ouJo h Ykd xifvmygrl
xkdtcgwGifvnf; O*¾[edrdwfonf jzpfay:vmonf rnf\/ xkdO*¾[-
edrdwfudkyif qufvufí ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf rSD0JcJhaomf ,if;edrdwfudkyif
tm½kH,lum orm"dudk xlaxmifcJhaomf ,if;orm"dudk wkd;yGm;atmif
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhaomf tpOftwdkif; eD0&PwdkYonf cGmtyfNyD; jzpf-
ukef\ = uGmusoGm;Muukef\/ udavomwdkYonf tenfxkdifoGm;Mu
ukef\? Oypm&orm"djzifh pdwfonf wnfMunfvm\/ y#dbm*edrdwf-
onf jzpfay:vm\/ xkdy#dbm*edrdwfudk wkd;yGm;atmif jzefYMuufí
aomfvnf;aumif;ç wk;d yGm;atmif rjzefMY uufbaJ omfvnf;aumif; ,if;
y#dbm*edrdwfudk tm½kH,lum qufvufí ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf orm"dudk
qufvuf xlaxmifcahJ omf pwkwp¬ smeform"dow Ykd idk af tmif qku d af &muf
Ekdifayonf/ odkYaomf edrdwfudk jzefYMuufcJhaomf bm0emorm"drSm
&Snjf rifph mG wnfEidk o
f jzifh edrw
d u
f kd pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf jzefMY uufNy;D vQif
pwkw¬psmefokdY qkdufatmif½Iyg/
O*¾[edrdwfü vufacsmif;&m wkwf&mponfh uodkPf;tjypf-
a'gorsm; xif&Sm;aewwf\/ y#dbm*edrdwfum; .. tdwftwGif;rS
xkw, f t l yfaom aMu;rk0H ef;uJo h vYkd nf;aumif;ç aumif;pGm yGwt f yfNy;D -
aom c½koif;cGuu f ohJ v Ykd nf;aumif;ç wdrw f ukd tf Mum;rS xGuaf y:vm-
aom vjynf0h ef;uJo h v Ykd nf;aumif;ç rd;k wdrn f Kd 0ü yso
H ef;aeaom OAsKid ;f -
wdu
Yk o
hJ v Ykd nf;aumif; O*¾[edrw d uf kd xGi;f azmufí xGuaf y:vmouJo h Ykd
xkdO*¾[edrdwfxuf tqaygif; t&mtaxmifru tvGef pifMu,f-
oefY&Sif;onfjzpfí xifvmwwfay\/ (0dok'¨d?1?122/)
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*Drsm;
txufwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; Mo'gwuodkPf;rS
pí tjcm;tjcm;aom uodkPf;wdkYü bm0emorm"d t&Sdeft0g tm;-
aumif;vmaom tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vt f zdrYk u
l m; yx0DuodP k ;f
edrdwf0ef;udkyif txl; rjyKvkyf&awmhbJ Mo'gwuodkPf;ponfwdkYjzifh
pwkwp¬ smeform"doq Ykd udk af tmif orm"dukd xlaxmifí xkpd wkwp¬ smef-
orm"d bm0empdwfaMumifh ÓPfta&miftvif;onf NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf
wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg rdrd xkdifí w&m;ESvkH;oGif;&m
atmufüjzpfapç ywf0ef;usifüjzpfap wnf&Sdaeaom t½kPfa&mif
tqif;&Sad om yuwdajrBu;D udyk if ,if; rdryd mG ;rsm;xm;onfh pwkwp¬ smef
bm0emorm"daMumifh xGuaf y:vmaom ÓPfta&miftvif;"mwfjzifh
xk;d pdu
k í
f yx0DuodP k ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,lcahJ omfvnf; &&SEd idk o
f nfom jzpfay
onf/ ,if;edrdwfudkyif tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0JyGm;rsm;cJhaomf tpOf
twkid ;f edrw
d o
f ;Hk rsK;d ç bm0emok;H rsK;d ç orm"do;Hk rsK;d wdYk jzpfay:vmEkid \f /
y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qkdufa&mufaomtcg edrdwfudk pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf
jzefMY uufí pwkwp¬ smeform"doYkd qku d o f nfwidk af tmif qufvufymG ;-
rsm;yg/
tmayguodkPf; = a&uodkPf;
1/ oydwfç cGufç ykH; ponfü tem;a&;ESifhtrQ jynfhatmif xnfh-
xm;tyfaom uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;tyfaom tndKç
t0gç tjzLç teD ta&mifwdkYjzifh a&m,SufrI r&Sd? yuwd Munf-
vif oefY&Sif;aomç aumif;uifrS usvmaom rkd;a& odkYr[kwf
xkda&ESifh tvm;wl oefY&Sif;aom a&üaomfvnf;aumif;ç
2/ a&wGif;ç a&uefç wpfzufqnfuefç ork'´&mrS wufvmaom
qm;iHa&jzifh jynfhaom qm;usif;ç 'Dacsmif;ç ork'´&mpaom

uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfaom a&üaomfvnf;aumif;
tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEkdifayonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?165/)
þñTefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;twGuf
taumif;qk;H aoma&rSm Munfvifoef&Y iS ;f aom a&wGi;f a&yif jzpfonf/
a&wGi;f a& r&cJah omf odrYk [kwf ,if;a&wGi;f a&udk tmayguodP k ;f edrw
d f
jyKvkyfzkdY&ef tvdkr&SdcJhaomf oydwfü jzpfapç tkd;cGufwpfckü jzpfap
a&udk jynfhatmifxnfhí ,if;a&u Nidrfoufvmaomtcg ,if;a&ü
tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lyg/ a&wGif;a&ü jzpfapç oydwftkd;cGuf
ponfü wnf&Sdaom a&ü jzpfap tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,l&mü
a&[laom ynwfoufoufudkom tm½kH,lyg/ a&wGif;eH&HESifh a&wGif;
atmufajcudv k nf;aumif; odrYk [kwf oydwt f ;dk cGu\
f eH&EH iS hf atmuf-
ajcudv k nf;aumif; rMunfrh &d ef owdjyKyg/ a&oufoufuo kd m Munfí h
edrdwf,lyg/ wpfzef xkdodkY edrdwf,l&mü rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom wpfrsKd;-
rsK;d aom pwkwp¬ smeform"dukd xlaxmifNy;D rS vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm;
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg psmefrSxum rsufpdudk zGifhwkH rSdwfwkHjyKum
tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lcJhaomf ydkí t&jrefwwfonf/ rMumrD
tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif O*¾[edrdwfrS y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qkdufa&muf
oGm;wwfonf/ a&S;a&S;aom bm0emorm"drsm;u ,if; tmayg-
uodkPf; bm0emorm"dtm; tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyedó,owådjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
e 0aPÖm ypöa0u©dwaAÁm? e vu©PH reodumwAÁH/
(0dok'¨d?1?165/)
xkdodkY tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,l&mü a&\ta&mifudk ESvkH;-
roGi;f ygESi?hf ta&mifukd ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf 0PÖuodP
k ;f bufoYkd ul;oGm;-
rnf/ tmayg"mwf\ ,kdpD;jcif; y*¢&Pvu©Pmudkvnf; ESvkH;roGif;-

ygESifh? a&\ at;rI oDwvu©Pmudkvnf; ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh? "mwfudk
ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf "mwfur®|mef;bufoYkd ul;oGm;rnfjzpf\/ txl;ojzifh
a&\ at;rIoabmudk ESv;Hk oGi;f ygu orm"dtm;aumif;vmaomtcg
tmayguodkPf;0ef;uvnf; jyefYum;oGm;aomtcg xkdodkY ESvkH;oGif;-
aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü tat;"mwf vTrf;rkd;um
csrf;wufvmwwf\/ xkdaMumifh tqif;\ rSD&m tmayguodkPf;udk
tqif;ESifhwuG wlaom tjcif;t&m &Sdonfudk jyKí tmayg"mwf
xlajymonf\ tpGrf;jzifh tmayg = a&[laom avmua0g[m&ü
pdwfudk xm;í tmayg - tmayg - tmayg = a& - a& - a& [k
ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;yg/
þwGif tmayguodP k ;f ü O*¾[edrwd o f nf vIyo
f uJo h Ykd xifvm-
wwf\? tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lcJhpOfu a&onf a&jr§Kyf a&>yuf-
ESifha&maom a&jzpfcJhrl xkdykHpHtwkdif;om xifvmwwf\/ vdIif;wHydk;
xjcif;ç a&jrK§ yf a&>yufEiS hf a&maESmaejcif;paom uodP k ;f tjypfa'go-
onf xifvmwwf\/ xkdaMumifh Nidrfoufí euf½dIif;aom a&ü edrdwf
,ljcif;u tjypfa'go enf;yg;ojzifh ydkaumif;vSayonf/ y#dbm*-
edrdwfum; wkefvIyfjcif; uif;onfjzpfí aumif;uifü xm;tyfaom
jr,yf0ef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;ç jraMu;rkH0ef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;jzpfí
a&S;½Ixifvm\/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf xkdy#dbm*edrdwf xifvm-
onfEiS hf twlwuGomvQif a&S;ü qkt d yfNy;D onft
h wdik ;f ,if;y#dbm*-
edrw
d u f kd tm½k,
H ul m orm"dukd qufvuf xlaxmifcahJ omf Oypm&psmefç
tyÜempsmefwdkYudk a&muf&SdEdkifayonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?165-166/)
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uodkPf;
a&S;a&S;b0xkx d u
dk jyKtyf qnf;yl;tyfczhJ ;l aom awaZmuodP k ;f
bm0emvkyfief;ü bm0emukodkvf yknorÇm& &SdcJhzl;aom yk*¾dKvftm;
uodP k ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom rD;ü awaZmuodP k ;f edrw
d uf kd
,lcJhaomf &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/
1/ qDrD;awmuf qDrD;vQHüvnf;aumif;ç
2/ csufjyKwf&m rD;zkdüvnf;aumif;ç
3/ oydwfzkwf&m Xmeü wnf&Sdaom rD;ykHüvnf;aumif;ç
4/ awmrD;avmif&m rD;awmufrD;vQHüvnf;aumif;
trSwrf &Sd wpfcck ak om rD;awmufavmif&mt&yfü rD;vQu
H kd Munf-h
½IpOf O*¾[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf jzpfay:vmEkdif\/
twdwb f 0xkx d udk awaZmuokP d ;f udk pD;jzef;rI yg&rD yknorÇm&
r&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonfum; awaZmuodkPf;0ef;udk jyKvkyf-
xku
d \f / jyKvyk yf Hk tpDt&ifum; ---- tESpt
f qD&í dS ajcmufaoGUaeaom
xif;cGJjcrf;wdkYudk oifhawmf&m wpfae&mü oydwfzkwfonfh ykHpHtae-
txm;tm;jzifh tpktykHvdkuf rD;awmufrD;vQH xGufay:vmonfhwdkif-
atmif rD;½dIUyg/
oifjzL;zsmç om;a&ydik ;f ç ykq;dk Murf;ç opfom;ysOcf sypf onfh wpfcck k
wGif tcsif;wpfxGmcefYavmuf twdkif;t&Snf yrmP&Sdaom 0ef;0dkif;
aom taygufudk azmufí xkdtaygufazmufxm;aom t&m0w¬Kudk
rdrd\ a&SUüxm;í xkdifNyD;vQif ---
1/ rD;ykHatmufü avmifaeaom jrufxif;udkvnf;aumif;ç
2/ txufodkY wufaeaom rD;ckd;ñGefYudkvnf;aumif; ---
ESv;Hk roGi;f rlí tv,fü rcsrJ í

l wpfceJ uf wpfv;Hk wnf;tm;jzifh
awmufavmifaeaom rD;awmufrD;vQHü O*¾[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfudk
,lygav/ (0dok'¨d?1?166/)
ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh

0aPÖm e ypöa0u©dwaAÁm? OPSwå0aoe vu©PH e reodum-
wAÁH/ (0dok'¨d?1?166/)
xko
d Ykd awaZmuodPk ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,l&mü xkrd ;D awmufr;D vQ\ H tndK
t0g teD ponftm;jzifh uGJjym;aom ta&mifudk ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh/
ta&mifudk ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf 0PÖuodkPf;bufodkY ul;oGm;rnf jzpf\/
xkrd ;D awmufr;D vQ\H ylaomvu©Pmudv k nf; ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESi/hf ylaom
vu©Pmudk ESvkH;oGif;ygu "mwfur®|mef;vrf;bufodkY ajymif;oGm;-
rnf jzpf\/
wpfqifhpum; Mum;zl;onfrSm --- a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf
awaZmuodP k ;f bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f mü orm"d tm;aumif;-
vmaomtcg rD;awmufrD;vQH\ ylavmifaom oabmudk tm½kH,lrd-
ojzifh orm"d t&Sed t f 0g tm;aumif;í uodP k ;f 0ef;vnf; t&yfq,f-
rsufESmodkY jyefYoGm;aomtcg rlvESvkH;oGif;rdaom ylaomoabmrSm
tvGef xif&Sm;vmí xkdtyl&Sdef\ 'Pfcsufudk rcHEkdifojzifh xGufajy;
&zl;\/ rD;awmufr;D vQaH wGu xkad ,m*D\ cE¨mud, k u
f kd 0dik ;f í avmifae
Muaom [l\/
xkdaMumifh awaZmuodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom a,m*g-
0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf rD;awmufr;D vQüH &Sad om ta&miftqif;\wnf&m rD;udk
tqif;ESifhwuGomvQif jyKí awaZm"mwf rsm;jym;xlajymonf\
tpGr;f jzifh awaZm = rD;[laom avmua0g[m&ynwfü pdwu f x
kd m;í
awaZm - awaZm - awaZm = rD; - rD; - rD; - [k ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;

yg/ þodkY yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvftm; O*¾[edrdwfç
y#dbm*edrdwfwdkYonf tpOftwdkif; jzpfay:vmMurnf jzpfayonf/
(0dok'¨d?1?166/)
þ ñTefMum;csufrsm;ESifh tnD awaZmuodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;-
tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkw¬-
psmeform"d wpfcck u k kd wpfzef jyefí orm"dxal xmifyg/ a&SUOD;pGm xrif;
[if;csuf&m rD;zdkü wnf&Sdaom rD;awmufrD;vQHü atmufydkif;xif;p
tay:ydkif; rD;ñGefYwdkYudk rMunfhbJ tv,frD;awmufudkom Munfhí
awaZmuodP k ;f edrw
d u f kd ,lMunfyh g/ ratmifjrifcahJ omf q,fvufrcefY
tayguf&adS om ZvkaH ygufwpfcu k kd rdr\
d a&SUu cHxm;í xkZd vkaH yguf\
a&SUü wnf&adS om rD;awmufr;D vQüH awaZmuodP k ;f edrwd u
f kd ,lMunf-h
yg/ atmifjrifwwfygonf/ edrdwf okH;rsKd;ç bm0em okH;rsKd;ç orm"d
okH;rsKd;wdkYudk tpOftwkdif; &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
a&S;,cifu tdruf kd rD;avmifjcif;ç NrKd U&Gmudk rD;avmifjcif;ç awmrD;-
avmifjcif; ponfwkdYudk jrifcJhzl;vQifvnf; rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;onfh pwkw¬-
psmeform"d wpfckckudk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf ,if;rD;awmufrD;vQH\
tv,fom;udk tm½kH,lívnf; awaZmuodkPf;bm0emudk yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfEkdifayonf/
xkod Ykd awaZmuodP k ;f bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g-
0p&yk*Kd¾ v\f oEÅmefü jzpfy:vmaom O*¾[edrw d f y#dbm*edrw
d f ESprf sK;d -
wkw
Yd iG f O*¾[edrw d u
f m; rD;awmufr;D vQo
H nf jywfí jywfí usonfEiS hf
wlonfjzpfí xifvm\/ uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfaom rD;ykHü
awaZmuodkPf;edrdwfudk,laom yk*¾dKvftm;um; uodkPf;\ tjypf-
a'goonf xif&Sm;\? rD;tydkif;tp = rD;xif;ponfvnf;aumif;ç

rD;us;D pk rD;us;D cJyo Hk nfvnf;aumif;ç jymonfvnf;aumif;ç rD;ck;d onf-
vnf;aumif; xifaewwf\/ y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; rwkefvIyfonf
jzpfí aumif;uifü jzefcY if;xm;tyfaom urÁvmydik ;f uJo h v
Ykd nf;aumif;ç
a&T,yf0ef;uJo h vYkd nf;aumif;ç a&Tonfwidk u
f o
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif; xifvm-
\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf xkdy#dbm*edrdwf\ xifonfESifh twl-
wuGomvQif Oypm&psmefov Ydk nf;aumif; tyÜempsmefov Ykd nf;aumif;
a&muf&SdEdkifayonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?166/)
0ga,muodkPf; = avuodkPf;
0ga,muodPH bma0wkumaremyd 0g,ko®ð edrdwåH *PSdwAÁH/
wÍ ö acg 'd|0aoe 0g zk|0aoe 0g/ (0dok'¨d?1?167/)
0ga,muodPk ;f udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwvf adk om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v-f
onfvnf; avü edrw
d uf kd ,ltyf\/ xk0d ga,muodP k ;f edrw
d u
f v
kd nf;
1/ tjrif\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç
2/ tawGU\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; -
,ltyfayonf/ xkdaMumifh --
1/ opfyifzsm; opf&Gufzsm; ponfwkdYü wkdufcwfíaeaom avudk
Munfhí jrifívnf; 0ga,muodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lEkdif\/
2/ rdrd\ udk,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif;wpfae&mü vma&muf awGUxd-
aeaom avudkvnf; 0ga,muodkPf;edrdwftjzpf ,lEkdif\/
1/ tu,fí opfyifzsm; opf&Gufzsm; ponfwdkYü wkdufcwfí ae-
aom avudk Munfhí 0ga,muodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lvdkcJhaomf a&S;OD;pGm
rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkw¬psmeform"d wpfckckudk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf
vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xkv d if;a&mifjcnf-
\ tultnDjzifh xdak vudk jrifatmifMunfí h xkad vü owdujkd zpfapí

0ga,m - 0ga,m - 0ga,m = av - av - av - [k ESvkH;oGif;
yGm;rsm;yg/ edrdwf okH;rsKd;ç bm0em okH;rsKd;ç orm"d okH;rsKd;vkH;udk &atmif
tpOftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
2/ tu,fí rdrdukd,ft*Fgü awGUxdvmaom avudk 0ga,m-
uodkPf;edrdwftjzpf ,lvkdaomf a&S;OD;pGm rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkw¬-
psmeform"d wpfckckudk wpfzef jyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg avomjyLwif;aygufponfrS
0ifvmí udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif; wpfae&mü vma&muf xdckdufaom
avtpkü owdudk jzpfapí 0ga,m - 0ga,m - 0ga,m = av - av
- av - [k ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;yg/ pwkw¬psmeform"dokdY qdkuf-
onfwdkifatmif orm"dudk tqifhqifh xlaxmifyg/ orm"dokH;rsKd;vkH;-
udk &&Sdatmif tpOftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
O*¾[edrdwfESifh y#dbm*edrdwf
O*¾[edrdwfum; ckHavmuf = zkdcaemufrS cstyfumrQjzpfaom
EkC
Yd emqGr;f \ tck;d taiGUtvk;H ESiw
hf pl mG wkev
f yI o
f nfjzpfí xifvm\/
y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; Nidrfoufaom taetxdkif&Sdonf rwkefvIyf-
onfjzpfí xifvm\/ <uif; enf;wl rSwfav/ (0dok'¨d?1?167/)
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mifuodkPf;
tmavmuuodP
k ;f udk edrw
d ,
f v
l akd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf
1/ eH&Haygufjzifh 0ifí xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef;ç
2/ oHaumufaygufjzifh 0ifí xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef;ç
3/ avaomufwHcg;aygufjzifh 0ifí xifvmaom va&mif ae-
a&mift0ef; ---
þt0ef;wpfckckü edrdwfudk ,lEkdif\/ (0dok'¨d?1?169/)
tmavmuuodP k ;f bm0emvkyif ef;ü jyKtyfczhJ ;l aom t"dum&
aumif;rIuok v
kd f yg&rD&adS om yk*Kd¾ vt
f m; eH&aH ygufponfwwYkd iG f wpfcck -k
aom taygufjzifh aea&mifonfvnf;aumif;ç va&mifonfvnf;-
aumif; 0ifí eH&aH y:üvnf;aumif;ç ajr (= Murf;jyif)ay:üvnf;aumif;
xifvmaom tvif;a&mift0ef;udk jrifíomvQif O*¾[edrdwf y#d-
bm*edrdwfonf jzpfay:vmEkdif\/ wpfcJeuf xlaom t&Guf&Sdaom
opfyif\ tcuftMum;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;ç wpfcJeuf xlaom
opfcufr@yfMum;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; xGufí ajray:üomvQif
xifvmaom ta&mift0ef;udk jrifíomvQifvnf; O*¾[edrdwf
y#dbm*edrdwfonf jzpfay:vmEkdif\/ (0dok'¨d?1?169/)
tmavmuuodkPf; bm0emvkyfief;ü jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhaom
yg&rDt&Sed t
f 0g tm;aysmah om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nfum; txufwiG f
wifjyxm;aom tvif;a&mif ok;H rsK;d wkw Yd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d ü tmavmaum
- tmavmaum - tmavmaum = tvif;a&mif - tvif;a&mif -
tvif;a&mif - [k ESv;Hk oGi;f yGm;rsm;yg/ ratmifjrifcahJ omf tk;d wpfv;Hk \
twGif;ü qDrD;udk nd§xGef;í tkd;0udk ydwfí tkd;ü taygufi,fwpfck
jyKvyk í
f eH&oH Ykd a&S;½Iwnfxm;yg/ xkad zmufxm;aom tk;d aygufrS qDr;D -
a&mifonf xGuí f eH&aH y:ü t0ef;t0kid ;f xifaeayrnf/ xdek &H aH y:ü
xifaeaom qDr;D a&mif t0ef;t0dik ;f udk tmavmaum - tmavmaum
- tmavmaum = tvif;a&mif - tvif;a&mif - tvif;a&mif - [k
ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;ygav/ þodkY jyKjyifpDrHxm;aom tvif;a&mif
uodkPf;0ef;um; va&mif aea&mifwkdYaMumifh xifaeaom uokdPf;-
0ef;xuf ydkí wm&SnfcHayonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?169/)
txufwGif wifjyxm;aom pwkw¬psmeform"d trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk

atmifatmifjrifjrif xlaxmifxm;Ny;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nfum;
naecsrf;tcg0,f odkYr[kwf eHeufcif;tcg0,f xlxJaom opfcuf
opf&Guf&Sdaom opfyif\ tMum;rS jrifawGU&aom aea&mifjcnf\
tvif;a&mifudk tm½kH,lí tmavmuuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lcJhaomf
vG,v f ,
G uf u
l yl if edrw
d u
f kd ,lí &wwfay\? tvif;a&mifprG ;f tifrmS -
vnf; ydkí tm;aumif;wwfayonf/ arSmifrkdufaeaom nOfhtcg0,f
,if;uJhodkYaom uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk jzefYMuufcJhaomf uokdPf;0ef;udk
jzefYMuufxm;NyD;&m t&yftwGif;ü wnf&Sdaeaom tvif;a&mifrSm
aeYtcgüuJhodkYyif vif;aeaom [l\/ t*kFwå&edum,f owåuedygwf
ypvm,rmeokwåef (tH?2?463/)ü vm&Sdaom bk&m;&Sif\ t&Sifr[m-
arm*¾v’mefrax&fjrwfBuD;tm; ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlcsufESifh nDñGwf-
vsufyif &Sdayonf/
þtmavmuuodP k ;f ü O*¾[edrw
d o
f nf eH&aH y:üvnf;aumif;ç
ajr = Murf;jyifay:üvnf;aumif;ç opfcufopf&u G Mf um;ponfüvnf;-
aumif; xifaeaom yuwd tvif;a&mif t0ef;t0dkif;ESifh wl\/ y#d-
bm*edrw d o f nfum; bk&m;&Si\ f wpfvrH Qavmufaom a&mifjcnfawmf-
0ef;uJhodkY wpfcJeuf twkH;vkduf tcJvdkufjzpfí txl; Munfvifaom
tvif;a&miftpkESifh wl\/ <uif; enf;wl rSwfygav/ (0dok'¨d?1?169/)
xderd'¨ y,fazsmufa&;
þtmavmuonm ac: tmavmuuodP k ;f rSm xderd'¨ = pdwf
apwoduwf \
Ykd xkid ;f rIid ;f rIukd y,fazsmufa&;twGuf taumif;qk;H aom
vufeufwpfrsK;d jzpf\/ t*Fw k Kdå &yf gVdawmf owåuedygwf ypvm,rme-
okwåefü bk&m;&Sifonf xderd'¨ aysmufuif;aMumif;w&m; (7)rsKd;wdkYudk

cGjJ cm;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \hJ / ,if; (7)rsK;d wdw
Yk iG f þtmavmu
onmonfvnf; wpfct k ygt0if jzpfonf/ edAmÁ efukd vdv k m;awmifw
h -
vsuf&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwdkif; vufudkifxm;oifhaom ur®|mef;
wpfrsKd;yif jzpfonf/ 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPf\ tajccHuodkPf;wdkYwGif
þtmavmuuodkPf;rSm taumif;qkH; tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;aom
uodkPf;wpfckyif jzpfonf/
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuodkPf;
1/ eH&Haygufüaomfvnf;aumif;ç
2/ oHaumufaygufüaomfvnf;aumif;ç
3/ avomjyLwif;aygufMum;üaomfvnf;aumif;
tmumouodkPf; = tMum;taygufuodkPf; = aumif;uif-
uodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEkdifayonf/
a&S;a&S;b0u tmumouodP k ;f bm0emvkyif ef;ü jyKtyfczhJ ;l -
aom t"dum&aumif;rIuo k v kd f &So
d oltm; eH&aH ygufpaom tMum;-
tayguf wpfckckudk awGUjrifcJhaomf O*¾[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfonf
vG,u f pl mG yif jzpfay:vmEkid \
f / t"dum&aumif;rIuo k vkd f tm;enf;-
oolum; aeajymufrxk;d &atmif aumif;pGm rk;d xm;tyfaom r@yfü-
aomfvnf;aumif;ç om;a&ç zsm ponfwdkYwGif wpfckcküaomfvnf;-
aumif;ç wpfxGm vufav;opf ponf yrmP&Sdaom 0ef;0dkif;aom
taygufukd jyKvyk í f xku
d odP k ;f 0ef;tjzpf jyKvyk x
f m;tyfaom tayguf
udak omfvnf;aumif;ç eH&aH yguf paom wpfcck ak om taygufuakd omf-
vnf;aumif; tmumoedrdwftjzpf tm½kH,lí tmumaom -
tmumaom - tmumaom = aumif;uif - aumif;uif - aumif;uif
[lí ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;tyf\/
tu,fí atmifjrifrIudk r&&SdcJhvQif wpfxGmcefY wpfaycefY

tcsi;f &Sad om tayguft0kid ;f wpfcu k kd opfom;ysOcf syw f iG f puf0idk ;f usus
azmufyg/ xkdtmumouodkPf;0ef;ygaom ysOfcsyfudk opfyifç rkd;om;ç
wdrf&dyf paom tjypfuif;pifonfh aumif;uifbufodkY ajr§mufí udkif
xm;yg/ xkt d 0ef;t0dik ;f tmumoedrw d u
f kd pdwpf ukd íf tm½k, H Ml unfyh g/
uodP k ;f 0ef;taygufukd ausmv f eG íf aumif;uifbufoYkd vku d rf Munf-h
ygESi/hf ysOjf ym;csywf iG f azmufxiG ;f xm;aom uodP k ;f 0ef;üom tmum-
ouodP k ;f edrw
d uf kd ,lyg/ tu,fí vG,u f pl mG jzifh edrwd u f kd ,lí r&Ekid f
jzpfaeao;vQif rdrd &&Sx d m;Ny;D aom pwkwp¬ smeform"d wpfcck u k kd wpfzef
jyefí xlaxmifyg/ xkdaemif ykHpHwlyif tmumo uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk
ykHpHwlyif rsufpdzGifhí jyef,lMunfhyg/ rsufpd rSdwfvdkufaomtcg O*¾[
edrdwfonf xifvmygu atmifjrifrIudk &&SdayNyD/ atmifjrifrI&&Sdaom
tcg tmumoedrw d u f kd ckid cf ahH tmif tenf;i,f qufvuf avhusií hf
rdrd tvdk&Sd&mt&yfodkY oGm;í xkdifvsuf yGm;rsm;EkdifayNyD/
rdrd BudKufESpfouf&m wpfae&mü oGm;a&mufxkdifaomtcg rdrd
&&Sx d m;Ny;D onfh pwkwp¬ smeform"d wpfcck u
k kd wpfzef jyefí xlaxmifyg/
xkdaemif rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonfh tmumouodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudkyif
wpfzef jyefí tm½kH,lyg/ a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dwdkY\ tm;BuD;aom
rS&D m Oyedó,owåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed t f 0gowdx å ;l udk qufc-H
&aom aemufaemufaom bm0emorm"drSmvnf; vG,fulacsmarm-
vsufyif &Sdaewwfygonf/
þtmumouodP k ;f ü O*¾[edrw
d of nf eH&aH yguf ponfwEYdk iS hf
twlwuG xkdrlveH&Hayguf ponfwdkYESifh wlonfomvQif jzpfayonf/
O*¾[edrdwftcdkufü bm0empGrf;tm; enf;yg;onfhtwGufaMumifh

uodkPf;0ef;udk wkd;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfaomfvnf; rwkd;yGm;Ekdifao;ay/
y#dbm*edrw d u
f m; taygufazmufxm;onfh puf0ikd ;f tmumoedrw d \ f
eH&pH eG ;f ponf rxifawmhbJ aumif;uif tmumot0ef;oufoufom
jzpfí xifvmawmhonf/ xkdtcg tmumouodkPf; bm0emvkyfief;
tmumouodkPf; bm0emorm"donf jrJjrHoGm;NyD jzpfaomaMumifh
uodP k ;f 0ef;udk wd;k yGm;apaomfvnf; uodP
k ;f 0ef;onf wk;d yGm;vmEkid -f
ayonf/ <uif;enf;wlNyD/ (0dok'¨d?1?169/)
uodkPf; (10) yg;

pwkwp¬ smeform"d qku
d o
f nfwidk af tmifaom --- uodP k ;f (10)yg;
½IuGufum; þwGif NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkY atmifjrifrIudk
&&SdNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç
eDvç yDwç avm[dwç Mo'gwç tmavmuç tmumo[laom bk&m;-
a[m a'oempOftwdik ;f uodP k ;f (10)yg;wdüYk uodP
k ;f wkid ;f uodPk ;f -
wkdif;0,f pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif Budrfzefrsm;pGm
xyfum xyfum yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
xdo
k Ykd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwEf idk yf gu rnfonft h &m0w¬KEiS hf awGUMuKH &-
onf jzpfap uodkPf;0ef;edrdwftjzpf tm½kH,lí &Ekdifonfht&m0w¬K
rSeyf gu ,if;0w¬Kukd uodP k ;f edrw d t
f jzpf vSr;f í tm½k,
H vl u kd o
f nfEiS hf
wpfNydKifeuf uodkPf;edrdwfudk vG,fvG,fululyif &,lEkdifayonf/
uodkPf; (10)yg;vkH;wdkYudk pwkw¬psmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif
uRrf;uRrf;usifusif ½IEkdifol a,m*DwpfOD;tm; tvGef ao;i,faom
pum;0gyef;wpfyGifhuvnf; t0ga&mifuodkPf; jzpfay:vmatmif
tm&r®Pypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aernfom jzpf\/ eDjref;aom
ESi;f qDyef;wpfyiG u
hf vnf; teDa&mifuodP
k ;f jzpfay:vmatmifç tvGef
ao;i,faom pHy,fyef;wpfyGifhuvnf; tjzLa&mifuodkPf; jzpfay:-
vmatmif tm&r®Pypö,owådjzifh tvm;wlyif aus;Zl;jyKay;ae-
rnfom jzpf\/
ouf&Sd oufrJh umr0w¬KtpkpkrSç tESpfom& bmrQ &Smr&aom
þcE¨mudk,f,kwf taumifykyfBuD;rS bm0em[laom tESpfom&udk
xkwf,lwwfygu ,ckuJhodkY enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvkH;oGif;wwfonfh
a,medaomreodum&w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;tzkdY pwkw¬psmeform"duJhodkYaom bm0emtESpfom&rsm;um;
vG,fvG,fululyif xGufay:vmrnf jzpfayonf/ ,if;pwkw¬psmef-
orm"dudk tajccHí 0dyóemodkY ul;wufoGm;ygu ,if;orm"d-
w&m;wduYk t&[wåzv dk u
f kd &onfwidk af tmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aernfom
jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf ,cktcgüum; uokdPf;ynwfudk tm½kH,lí
&&Sdaom pwkw¬psmeform"dudk tajccHí t½lypsmefrsm;udk yGm;rsm;-
tm;xkwfykHtydkif;udk qufvufí a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
{ { {
t½lyg0p&psmefyikd ;f
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef
t½lyg0p&psmefonf -
1/ tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef = tmumo (= aumif;uif)ynwf-
vQif wnf&mtm½kH&Sdaompsmefç
2/ 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef = tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfvQif
wnf&mtm½kH&Sdaompsmefç
3/ tmudÍ n ö m,wepsmef = tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\
r&Sdjcif; (= ew¬dabm)ynwfvQif wnf&mtm½kH&Sdaompsmefç
4/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmef = onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwfç
r&Sdonfvnf; r[kwfaom = ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom onmum;
r&Sd? tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUEl;nhHaom onmom &Sdojzifh ,if;
tvGefY tvGef odrfarGUEl;nhHaom onmvQif wnf&mtm½kH&Sd-
aompsmefç ---
þodkYvQif av;rsKd;jym;\/ xkdwGif tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefudk
&&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm
½kyfw&m;wdkY\ tjypfudk jrifatmif ½Iqifjciftyf\/
rdbwdkY\ okufaoG;udk trSDjyKum uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m&wnf;
[laom taMumif;w&m;av;yg;wdkYaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom
þcE¨mud, k uf kd u&Zum,[k ac:qd\ k / þu&Zum, xif&mS ;&Sdjcif;-
aMumifh wkw"f m;paom vufeufukd pGu J ikd v
f suf owfywk Mf u\? ½du
k Ef u
S f
Mu\? n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufMu\? cdu
k &f efjzpfMu\? jiif;ckMH u\? rsupf ad &m*gç
em;a&m*g ponfjzifh a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;&\/ þ u&Zum,

trnf&aom ½kyw f &m;om r&Syd gu xku d o hJ aYkd om 'kur© sK;d pkrH S vGwaf y-
vdrfhrnf[k ynmjzifh qifjcifí ½kyfw&m;udkomvQif NiD;aiGUjcif;iSmç
pufqyk jf cif;iSmç csKyaf pjcif;iSm tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefukd &&Sad tmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&\/ tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef[lonf tmumo
(= aumif;uif)ynwfvQif wnf&mtm½k&H adS om psmefwnf;/ u&Zum,
trnf&aom ½kyfw&m;ü tjypfudk jrifatmif½Ií xkd½kyfw&m;udk
ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufz&Ydk ef tmumouodP k ;f rS wpfyg; <uif;useaf om
yx0DuodP k ;f paom uodP k ;f (9)yg;wkw
Yd iG f wpfyg;yg;aom uodP k ;f ü
pwkw¬psmefudk jzpfaptyf\/ (0dok'¨d?1?320/)
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf
Oyrm yx0DuodkPf; qkdMupdkY .../ a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ rlv
edrdwf,l&mjzpfaom yx0DuodkPf;\wnf&m ajrBuD;um; OwkZ-
MoZ|ru½kyw f \ Ykd taygif;tpkjzpfojzifh ½kyt f ppfyifwnf;/ ,if;yx0D-
uodkPf;\wnf&m ajrBuD;ü wnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkYudk odrf;
qnf;vsuf orm"dudk xlaxmifEkdifcJhaomf ajrBuD;udk rawGUawmhbJ
½kyu f vmyfw\ Ykd taygif;tpkuo kd m awGU&SEd idk af yonf/ ,if;½kyu f vmyf
wpfcw k pfcwk iG f yx0D-tmayg-awaZm-0ga,m-tqif;-teH-Y t&om-
MoZm[k oabmw&m; (8)rsK;d pD &S\ d / ½kyu f vmyfwpfcw k iG f wnf&adS om
awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifh qifhuJ qifhuJ jzpfyGm;aeMuaom OwkZ
MoZ|ru½kyfwdkYom jzpfMu\/ ½kyftppfwdkYyifwnf;/ odkYaomf yx0D
uodP k ;f vQif tm½k&H adS om pwkwp¬ smefow Ydk idk af tmifaom ½lyg0p&psmef-
w&m;wd\ Yk tm½krH mS yx0DuodP k ;f y#dbm*edrw d w
f nf;/ ,if;y#dbm*
edrw
d u f m; rlvedrw d ,
f &l m ajrBu;D [k ac:a0:tyfaom OwkZMoZ|ru-
½ky[f al om y&rw¬"r®rS tvGwjf zpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\ f bm0em-
onmaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom ynwfomwnf;/ ½kyt f ppfum; r[kwf

ay/ ½lyg0p&pwkw¬psmefokdYwkdifatmifaom psmefw&m;wkdYonf ,if;
ynwfy#dbm*edrdwfudkom tm½kHjyKMu\/ rlvuodkPf;0ef;\wnf&m
ajrBu;D [laom OwkZMoZ|ru½kyw f \Ykd taygif;tpkjzpfonfh ½kyt
f ppf
udk tm½kH rjyKMuay/ xkdaMumifh ½lyg0p&psmefwdkYonfvnf; u&Z½ly
(= u&Zum,)ac:onfh ½kyftppfwdkYudk (= ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk) ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufNyD;om jzpfMuonf/
EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm
xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvftm; ½lyg0p&pwkw¬psmef\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
,if;psmefu u&Z½kyfudk tm½kH rjyKjcif;ç y#dbm*edrdwfudkom tm½kH
jyKjcif;aMumifh --- u&Z½kyfudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;onf tu,f-
íum; jzpfygay\/ xkdodkYyif jzpfygaomfvnf; uodkPf;½kyfonfvnf;
psmef\ tm½kHtjzpfjzifh tm½kH,lí &Ekdifjcif;aMumifh xkdu&Z½kyfESifh
wlonfomvQif jzpf\/ xkdaMumifh xkduodkPf;½kyfukdvnf; ausmfvTm;-
vGefajrmufzkdY&ef tvdk&Sdtyfay\/ Oyrm --- a>raMumufwwfaom
a,mufsm;onf awmwGif;ü a>ru aemufrS vkdufojzifh tyef;wBuD;
vsiv f sijf refjref ajy;avaomf ajy;&mt&yfü a>rESiw hf al tmif aq;a&mif
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jc,foxm;tyfaom qef;Mu,faom xef;&Gufudkvnf;-
aumif;ç EG,fudkvnf;aumif;ç BudK;udkvnf;aumif;ç ajrBuD;ü uGJtuf-
aeaom tufaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; ta0;u vSrf;jrifvkdufvQif
aMumuf&UHG xdwv f efoY mG ;\? xk0d w¬Kukd rMunfv h kd jzpfomG ;\/ aemufOyrm
wpfrsK;d um; --- rdr\ d tusK;d pD;yGm;rJu
h kd jyKvyk wf wfaom &efoal ,mufsm;-
wpfO;D ESit hf wl wpf&mG wnf;ü aexkid &f aom a,mufsm;onf xk&d efo-l
a,mufsm;u ykwcf wfjcif;ç aESmifzUJG jcif;ç tdru f kd rD;wku d jf cif; ponfwjYkd zifh
ESyd pf uftyfonfjzpfí tjcm;wpf&mG odYk ajymif;a&TUaexkid v f u dk \
f / xk&d mG -
üvnf; xk&d efoal ,mufsm;ESihf tqif;oP²mef toH tjyKtrl ya,m*-

wlaom a,mufsm;udk awGUjrifjyefaomf aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefYonfom
jzpfjyef\/ xkdolUudkvnf; rMunfhvkd jzpfaewwf\/
þOyrmrsm;twl --- a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf u&Z½kyu f o kd mru
xkd u&Z½kyfudk tajccHí jzpfay:vmaom uodkPf;½kyfudkvnf; þ-
uodkPf;½kyfonf xkdu&Z½kyfESifh wlonfomvQifwnf;[k pGJjrJpGm
rSwfom;í xkduodkPf;½kyfudkvnf; aMumufjcif; vefYjcif; rjrifvdkjcif;
oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmí ,if;uodkPf;½kyfudkvnf;
ausmfvTm; vGefajrmufjcif;iSm tvdk& Sd rIudk rSwfom;yg/ (0dok'¨d?1?320/)
jyKusifh&rnfh vkyfief;cGif
yx0DuodP k ;f udk tajccHum tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefukd yGm;-
rsm;tm;xkwv f akd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf a&S;OD;pGm yx0DuokP d ;f -
vQif tm½k&H adS om yxrpsmefç 'kw, d psmefç wwd,psmefç pwkwp¬ smefwuYkd kd
tpOftwdkif; 0ifpm;xm;yg/ xkdaemif atmufygtwdkif; qufvufum
vkdufemjyKusihfyg/ ----
þqkt
d yfcNhJ y;D onfeh nf;twdik ;f xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf pwkw-¬
psmef\ tm½kHjzpfaom xkdyx0DuodkPf;½kyfrS NiD;aiGUí ausmfvTm; vGef
ajrmufvkdonfjzpfí 0oDabmfig;wefudk Ekdifeif;atmif avhusuftyf-
NyD;onfjzpfí t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfNyD;aom yx0DuodkPf;vQif tm½kH
&Sdaom pwkw¬psmefrS xí xkdpwkw¬psmefü þodkY tjypfudk jrifatmif
½Iyg/ ----
1/ þ½lyg0p&pwkw¬psmefonf ig NiD;aiGUtyfaom uodkPf;½kyfudk
tm½kHjyKbd\/
2/ aomreóa0'em[laom eD;uyfaom &efol&Sd\/
3/ Nidrfoufaom 0darmu©jzpfaom t½lypsmefatmuf ½kefY&if;\/

þodkY tjypfudk jrifatmif ½Iyg/ þ½lyg0p&pwkw¬psmefonf
Oayu©m {u*¾wm[laom psmeft*FgESpfyg;om &SdouJhodkY tvm;wlyif
t½lyg0p&psmefwdkYonfvnf; Oayu©m {u*¾wm[laom psmeft*Fg
ESpfyg;wdkYom &Sd MuaomaMumifh þ½lyg0p&pwkw¬psmefü psmeft*Fg\
½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;rI oabmw&m;um; r&daS y/ xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf
xkd½lyg0p&pwkw¬psmefü þqkdtyfcJhNyD;aomenf;twdkif; tjypfudk
jrifatmif ½INyD;vQif ----
4/ xkpd wkwp¬ smefü wG,wf miJu
h u
G f woufouf&jSd cif;udk ukeaf píç
5/ tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tqkH;r&Sd-
aomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;íç
6/ pMu0Vm qkH;onfwkdifatmifvnf;aumif;ç tvdk&SdorQt&yfodkY
wdik af tmifvnf;aumif; rdrd yGm;rsm;xm;Ny;D aom yx0DuodP k ;f -
½kyfudk jzefYMuufíç
7/ xkduodkPf;½kyfjzifh awGUxd&mt&yfudk tmumo - tmumo tmumo-
[lí vnf;aumif;ç teEÅtmumo - teEÅtmumo [lí
vnf;aumif; ESvkH;oGif;í ---
½lyg0p&pwkwp¬ smef\ tm½kjH zpfaom yx0DuodP k ;f ½kyu
f kd cGm\/
xif&mS ;aptHh --- xkyd x0DuodP k ;f ½kyu
f kd cGmaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf
zsmwpfcsyfudk acgufvdyfouJhodkY yx0DuodkPf;½kyfudk acgufvdyfonf-
vnf; r[kwf/ rkefYtkd;uif;rS rkefYudk cGmouJhodkY yx0DuodkPf;0ef;½kyfudk
cGmxkwo f nfvnf; r[kw/f t[kwaf omfum; yx0DuodP k ;f udk rqif-
jcifjcif;wnf;? ESv;Hk roGi;f jcif;wnf;? rok;H oyfjcif;wnf;/ yx0DuodP k ;f -
udk rqifjcifbJ ESv;Hk roGi;f bJ rok;H oyfbJ pifppfrmS rl xkyd x0DuodP k ;f -
½kyfjzifh awGUxd&m tmumoudkyif --- tmumo - tmumo tmumo[lí
wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf uodkPf;udk

cGmonfrnf\/ ,if;odYk cGmtyfaom yx0DuodP k ;f onfvnf; rxr<u
repfrqkw/f þa,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\ f yx0DuodP k ;f udk oufouf ESv;Hk -
roGi;f jcif;udvk nf;aumif;ç tmumo tmumo[k wpfzufowf ESv;Hk -
oGi;f jcif;udv
k nf;aumif; tpGjJ yKí yx0DuodP
k ;f udk cGmonf rnfay\/
uodkPf;udk cGm&mcGmaMumif; tmumo aumif;uifynwfrQonf-
omvQif xifvm\/
1/ uodPk*¢g#drmumo = uodkPf;udk cGmí &&Sdtyfaom
tmumoç
2/ uodPzka|mumo = uodkPf;jzifh awGUxdrd&m tmumoç
3/ uodP0d0dwåmumo = uodkPf;rS uif;qdwfoGm;aom
tmumoç
þok;H yk'v
f ;Hk onf y&d,m,fEiS Ef iS f jzpfaomaMumifh teuftm;jzifh
wlonfomwnf;/ (0dok'¨d?1?320-321/)
tMuHay;csuf
þtxufyg ñTeMf um;csut f wdik ;f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vof nf ESv;Hk -
oGif;Munfhyg/ atmifjrifrIudk &&SdEkdifygonf/ tu,fí atmifjrifrIudk
r&&Syd gu þodv Yk nf; ESv;Hk oGi;f Munfyh g --- yx0DuodP
k ;f 0ef;udk pMu0Vm
wpfckvkH; jynfhatmif jzefYMuufyg/ tvkd&SdcJhvQif teEÅ pMu0VmodkY-
wdkifatmifvnf; yx0DuodkPf;0ef;udk jzefYMuufyg/ jzefYMuufNyD;aemuf
xkyd x0DuodP k ;f vQif tm½k&H adS om psmefrsm;udk pwkwp¬ smefoYkd wdik af tmif
0ifpm;yg/ xkdpwkw¬psmefrS xí txufwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfh-
twdik ;f (1) rS (5)odw
Yk ikd af tmifaom qifjcif&rnft h csurf sm;udk qifjcif-
yg/ xkdaemif yx0DuodkPf;½kyfudk tqkH;tp r&Sdatmif jzefYMuufyg/
xdak emif xkyd x0DuodPk ;f \ wpfae&mwGif pdwpf u

kd uf m yx0Dukd
ESv;Hk roGi;f bJ tmumoudk wpfzufowf ESv;Hk oGi;f yg/ rMumrD tcsed -f
umvtwGi;f rSmyif tmumotMum;taygufukd jrifvmwwfygonf/
xkdtcgwGif tmumo rjzpfao;aom yx0DuodkPf;udk vkH;0 ESvkH;-
roGif;awmhbJ xifvmaom tmumoudkomvQif wpfzufowf ESvkH;
oGif;vsuf tmumo tmumo[k ½Iaeyg/ tmumoonf xif&Sm;-
oxuf xif&mS ;vmí Nird o f ufvmaomtcg ,if;tmumoudyk if jzefY
Muufí tmumo tmumo[k ½Iyg/ tmumo us,jf yefv Y monfEiS -hf
trQ yx0DuodkPf;0ef;rSm wjznf;jznf; aemufodkY qkwfoGm;um
tmumou ae&m ,lvmayvdrhfrnf/ tmumoudk t&yf (10)rsuf-
ESmodkY wjznf;jznf; jzefYyg/ aemufqkH;wGif yx0DuodkPf;aysmufí
tmumocsnf;oufouf usef&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkY usef&Sdaeaom
tmumoum; yx0DuodP k ;f udk cGmí &&Sv
d maom tmumoedrw d yf if-
wnf;/ xkdtcgwGif atmufyg 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm\ ñTefMum;csuf-
twdkif; qufvufavhusifhyg/
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefokdY
xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf xkyd x0DuodPk ;f udk cGmí &&Sv
d maom
tmumoedrdwfudk tmumo - tmumo tmumo[lí tzefzef txyfxyf
qifjcif\? 0dwufjzifh tmumo - tmumo[k a&S;½Iacgufonfudk
xuf0ef;usif vSnv hf nfacgufonfukd jyK\/ þodYk tzefzef txyfxyf
qifjcifaom 0dwufjzifh tmumo - tmumo[k a&S;½Iacgufonfudk
xuf0ef;usif vSnfhvnfacgufonfudkjyKaom xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü eD0&P udavomtnpftaMu;wdo Yk nf uGmusomG ;Muuke\ f ?
tmumoedrdwfvQif wnf&mtm½kH&Sdaom owdonf tvGef xifonf
jzpfí aumif;pGm wnf\? Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwfonf
tmumoedrw d üf aumif;pGm wnfMunfae\/ xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf

xkdtmumoedrdwfudk tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0J\ç yGm;rsm;\ç Budrfzef-
rsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ þodYk tzefzeftxyfxyf qifjcifaom ESv;Hk
oGi;f aom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vt f m; tmumoedrw d tf m½küH tmumom
mö ,wepdwfonf tyÜempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\? yx0D
eÍm,wepd
uodP k ;f paom uokP d ;f ynwftm½kwH üYkd ½lyg0p&psmefpw d of nf tyÜem
psmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfouJhodkYwnf;/ rSefayonf .. þtmumom-
eÍöm,wepsmefpw d üf vnf; psmef\ a&S;tzküYd ok;H Burd af om Oypm&aZm
odkYr[kwf av;Budrfaom Oypm&aZmwdkYum; umrm0p&aZmwkdYwnf;/
,if;umrm0p& Oypm&aZmwdkYonf Oayu©ma0'emESifh ,SOfukefonf
omvQif jzpfuek \ f / av;Burd af jrmufaZmç odrYk [kwf ig;Burd af jrmufaZm
onf tmumomeÍöm,we trnf&aom t½lyg0p&aZm jzpf\/
t<uif;um; yx0DuodkPf;ü zGifhqkdcJhonfhtwdkif;omwnf;/
(0dok'¨d?1?321/)
txl;rSmxm;csuf
þodkYvQif t½lyg0p&psmefpdwfonf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf xkd
a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf tkd;0wGif zkH;vTrf;xm;tyfaom t0wfudk
zGiv
hf pS v
f u
kd of nft h cg t0wfu, G af ysmufí rsuEf mS 0 [if;vif;ayguf
tmumoonf ay:aygufvmouJhodkY --- þOyrmtwlyifvQif a&S;ü
uodkPf;0ef;udk ½lyg0p&psmefpu©Kjzifh Munfh½Ivsuf aeNyD;aemuf ,if;
yx0DuodP k ;f 0ef;udk ESv;Hk roGi;f awmhbJ tmumo tmumo[lí þ
y&durfjzpfaom Oypm&psmef reodum&jzifh taqmwvsif xkdyx0D-
uodkPf;edrdwftm½kHudk cGmtyfNyD;vwfaomf xifvmaom tmumo-
edrdwftm½kHudkomvQif t½lyg0p&psmepu©Kjzifh ½Ivsuf ae\/ þrQ
twdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom pum;tpOfjzifh þa,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfudk þodkY
qkdtyfay\/
oAÁaom ½lyonmeH orwduúrm y#dConmeH tw¬*Frm
emewåonmeH treodum&m ]teaEÅm tmumaom}wd tmumom-
mö ,weH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&wd/ (tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/)
eÍm,weH
1/ ukefatmifpkHaom ½lyonm onmtrnf&aom yx0DuodkPf;½kyf
ponfwdkYudk tm½kHjyKaom ½lyg0p&psmefwdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç
xk½d yl g0p&psmefw\
Ykd tm½kjH zpfaom yx0DuodP
k ;f paom tm½k-H
wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;jcif;aMumifhç
2/ ½lyonm o'ónm *Eönm &oonm azm|AÁonm[laom
0w¬Ktm½kH xdcu dk jf cif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmukeaf om y#dConm onm--
wd\Yk csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifçh (a'GyÍö0n
d mPfEiS hf ,SOaf om onm
rsm;wnf;/)
3/ a'GyÍö0n d mPfEiS ,
hf OS af om onm (10)rsK;d rS wpfyg;aom umrm-
0p&ukodkvf tukodkvf 0dyguf Bud,m[laom (44)rsKd;aom
pdwfESifh,SOfaom (44)rsKd;aom onm[laom txl;xl;aom
emewåonm nmwdkYudk ESvkH;roGif;jcif;aMumifh teEÅtmumo[k
ESvkH;oGif;wwfaom tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefudk jynfhpkHapí
aexdkif\[lí qdktyfay\/ (0dok'¨d?1?322/)
rSwfcsuf - þtxufyg ygVdawmfjzifh tmumomeÍöm,we-
psmef\ cyford ;f ukeaf om (54)rsK;d ukeaf om umrm0p& pdwaf pwodu-f
wdkYudk y,fjcif;udkvnf;aumif;ç ESvkH;roGif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; a[m
awmfrltyf\[k od&Sdygav/ uodkPf;udk cGmí &&Sdtyfaom tmumo
oufoufudkom wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef[lonf tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf-
vQif wnf&mtm½k&H adS om psmefwnf;/ tmumomeÍ öm,we0dnmPfukd
t½Ict H m½kx
H m;í ½IymG ;ok;H oyfojzifh &&Sv
d maom psmefwnf;/ xd0k n
d m-
PÍ öm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&-
yk*¾dKvfonf tmumomeÍ öm,wepsmeformywfudk 0oDabmfig;wef
Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhtyf\/ tmumomeÍ öm,wepsmeformywfü
0oDabmfig;wefukd Ekid ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v-f
onf ----
1/ þ ig&&Sdxm;aom tmumomeÍöm,wepsmeformywfonf
½lyg0p&psmef[laom eD;uyfaom &efol&Sd\/
2/ 0dnmPÍ öm,wepsmeformywfuo hJ Ykd Nird o
f ufonfvnf; r[kw-f
cJh/ þodkYvQif tmumomeÍöm,wepsmeformywfü tjypfjrif
atmif ½Iíç
3/ xkt d mumoeÍöm,wepsmefü ckrH ifwyfrufjcif; wPSmudk ukeaf p
íç
4/ 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudk Nidrfouf\[lí ESvkH;oGif;NyD;vQif
xkyd x0DuodP k ;f udk cGmí &tyfaom tmumoedrw d u
f kd ysUH ESUH í
jzpfay:vmaom xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfudk 0dnmPH -
0dnmPH[lí tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\ ESvkH;oGif;tyf\
ÓPfjzifh ouf0ifí qifjciftyf\/ 0dwufjzifh 0dnmPH - 0dnmPH[k
a&S;½Iacgufonfukd xuf0ef;usif vSnv hf nfí acgufonfukd jyKtyf\/
teEÅH teEÅ[ H í
l oufouf ESv;Hk roGi;f aumif;? 0dnmPH - 0dnmPH[k
vnf;aumif;ç teEÅH 0dnmPH - teEÅH 0dnmPH[kvnf;aumif; ESvkH;-
oGif;aumif;\/
þodkYaom enf;tm;jzifh xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf

[laom 0dnmPedrdwfü tzefwvJvJ bm0empdwfudk jzpfapaom
xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvftm; eD0&PudavomtnpftaMu;wdkYonf
uGmusomG ;Muuke\ f / tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtm½k-H
&Sdaom owdonf aumif;pGm wnfvm\? Oypm&psmeform"djzifh
bm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvm\/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf-
onf xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfedrdwfudk tzefzef txyfxyf
rSD0J\ yGm;rsm;\ Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ þodkYaomenf;jzifh
tBurd rf sm;pGmjyKaom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü uodP
k ;f udk cGmí
&&Sdvmaom tmumoedrdwfü tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfonf
tyÜempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfouJhodkY --- yx0DuodkPf;udk cGmí &&Sd-
vmaom tmumoedrdwfudk ysHUESHUí tm½kHjyKí jzpfay:vmaom
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPftm½kHü 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpdwfonf
tyÜempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'¨d?1?325/)
y&rwftm½kHjzpfonfudk owdjyKyg
þü t½IcHtm½kHrSm tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfjzpf\/
y&rwftm½kHwnf;/ xkdtmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfudk 0dnmPH
0dnmPH[k ½IcahJ omf xkt
d mumomeÍöm,we0dnmPftm½küH Nird 0f yfpmG
uyfí wnfaeaom bm0empdww f w
Ydk iG f Oypm&psmefaZmwd\Yk aemufü
tyÜempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom psmefpdwfonf 0dnmPÍöm-
,wepsmefpdwfwnf;/ tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&m
tm½kH&Sdaom psmefpdwf[lvdkonf/ t½IcHtm½kHjzpfaom psmefpdwfrSm
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfç ½Iwwfaom psmefpdwfrSm 0dnmPÍöm-
,wepsmefpw d w f nf;/ ESprf sK;d vk;H onf psmefpw d cf sn;f omwnf;/ y&rwf-
w&m;csnf;omwnf;/
tcuftcJwpf&yf
t½IctH m½krH mS y&rwfw&m; jzpfaeojzifh emrfur®|mef;udk r½Iz;l -
ao;aom tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwdkYtzdkY ,if;tmumom-
eÍ öm,we0dnmPfudk rodrf;qnf;wwf jzpfaeMu\/ xkdtcgwGif ---
,if; tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef\ Oayu©m + {u*¾wm [laom
psmeft*FgESpyf g;udk odr;f qnf;wwfygovm;[k xkyd *k Kd¾ vw f u
Ykd kd ar;Munf-h
vkdufaomtcg odrf;qnf;wwfygaMumif;udk 0efcHMu\/ xkdtcgwGif
,if;psmeft*FgESpyf g;wdEYk iS hf pdwuå P© wpfcw k pfct
k wGi;f 0,f twl,OS w f JG
jzpfaeaom ,if;psmefpdwfudk jrifatmif½Iyg[k tMuHjyKvkdufaomtcg
,if;psmefpwd u f kd ½IwwfomG ;Mu\/ odaYk omf aemufxyf xyfqifah r;cGe;f -
wpfck ar;vmwwfMujyef\/ ,if;tmumomeÍöm,we psmefpdwfrSm
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ ESvkH;tdrftwGif;ü wnf&Sdaom [',0w¬K½kyf-
udkom rSDíjzpfaeaom pdwfwpfrsKd;jzpfojzifh ,if;psmefpdwfudk 0dnmPH
- 0dnmPH[k ½Iaeaomtcg ESv;Hk tdrt f wGi;f [',0w¬K &So d nfah e&mudk
pdkuf½Iae&rSmvm;[k ar;wwfMujyef\/ [kwfygonf[kyif tajzay;-
&\/ odaYk omf OD;acgif;udk iku YH m ESv;Hk tdrb
f ufoYkd pdu
k Mf unf&h rnf[u k m;
rqdkvdkaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;ç pdwfjzifhom pdkuf½I&efudkvnf;aumif;
xyfrHí tMuHjyK& jyefonf/
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefokdY qkdufa&mufaeol
þrQ twkdif;t&Snf&Sdaom bm0emtpOfjzifh þyk*¾dKvfudk þodkY
ac:qdktyfay\/
oAÁaom tmumome
tmumomeÍÍm,weH
mö ,weH orwduúr® ]]teEÅH 0dnmP}}EÅd
0dnmP mö ,weH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&wd/ (tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/)
mPÍÍm,weH
t<uif;r&Sd tvk;H pkaH om tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefEiS hf tmumo

edrw
d t
f m½ku
H kd ausmv
f mT ; vGeaf jrmufí ]]teEÅH 0dnmPH teEÅH 0dnmPH}}-
[k þodkY ESvkH;oGif;onfjzpfí 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudk jynfhpkHapí
aeol[lí qdktyf\/ (tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/ 0dok'¨d?1?325/)
þü tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if; tmum-
omeÍöm,wepsmef\ wnf&mtm½kHjzpfonfh tmumoedrdwfudkvnf;
aumif; --- þ ESprf sK;d vk;H udyk if tmumomeÍöm,we[k qdv k \
kd / xkEd pS -f
rsK;d vk;H udyk if rjzpfjcif;udk jyKojzifv h nf;aumif;ç ESv;Hk roGi;f ojzifv h nf;-
aumif; --- tcsif;cyfodrf; ausmfvTm; vGefajrmufoGm;ygrSomvQif þ
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefukd jynfph aHk pí aeEkid af omaMumifh þpsmefEiS t hf m½kH
ESpyf g;pkuH v kd nf; wpfaygif;wnf; jyKí tmumome
tmumomeÍÍm,weH mö ,weH orwdurú ®
= tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefESifh tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef\ tm½kH
(= tmumoedrw d )f udk ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufí[k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;-
awmfrlayonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?325-326/)
qdkvdk&if;oabm
pdwwf rYkd nfonf wpfcak om pdwu å P
© twGi;f ü ESpcf Nk yKd iw
f l jzpf½;dk -
"r®wmum; r&Sad y/ pdwu å P© wpfcNk y;D rS aemufpw
d uå P© wpfck jzpfEidk \ f /
þü t½Ict H m½kH jzpfonfh tmumomeÍ öm,wepsmef0n d mPfEiS hf ½Iwwf-
onfh 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfwdkYonf wpfckaom pdwåu©P
twGif;ü ESpfckNydKifwlum; rjzpfEkdifMuay/ tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef-
pdwfu Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfaecsdef0,f 0dnmPÍöm,we
psmefpw
d uf m; Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&mS ;rjzpfEidk af o;ay/ 0dnmPÍöm-
,wepsmefpw d u f Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&mS ;jzpfaecsed 0f ,f tmum
omeÍöm,wepsmefpdwfonf Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm; rjzpfEkdif
awmhNyD jzpf\/ ,if; t½IcHtm½kHjzpfonfh tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef

pdwfu Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;rjzpfonfhtcgrS = Oyg'f-XD-bif
tm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfrIudk ausmfvTm;oGm;EkdifygrS 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef
pdwuf Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk jzpfay:vmEkid rf nf jzpfonf/
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPf (= pdwf)udk ,ckuJhodkY ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmuf oGm;cJhvQif ,if;psmefpdwfuvnf; uodkPf;udk cGmí &&Sd-
vmonfh tmumoedrdwfudkom odaeonfjzpf&um; ,if;tmumo-
udk odaeonfh psmefpwd uf kd ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmufomG ;ygu ,if; tmum
oedrdwfudk odrI oabmvnf; r&Sdawmhojzifh wpfygwnf; ,if;
tmumoedrdwftm½kHudkyg ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;onf[k qkd&-
ayonf/ ,if;uJhodkY psmefpdwfESifh psmef\tm½kH ESpfyg;pkHudk ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufoGm;aomfvnf; csKyfqkH;avNyD;aom twdwfjzpfaom xkd
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfukd 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef0n d mPfpwd u
f
wpfzef jyefí tm½kHjyKEdkifonf odEkdifonf[k rSwfygav/
(Oy&dyPÖmo ygVdawmf tEky'okwåef pmykd'f 95/ r/3?78-wGif Munfhyg??)
teEÅH 0dnmPH
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfonf tqk;H tydik ;f tjcm; r&So d nfh
teEÅjzpfaom aumif;uifynwf = tmumoedrdwfudk tm½kHjyK\/ xkd
taMumif;tm½k\ H teEÅ[al omtrnfukd tusK;d jzpfaom tm½k, H w
l wf-
onfh tm&r®Pdu0dnmPftay:ü wifpm;í um&Plypm&tm;jzifh
(wpfenf; zvlypm&tm;jzif)h tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfuykd if teEÅH
0dnmPH[k qko d nf/ 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefukd tvd&k adS om a,m*g0p&-
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf xkt
d mumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfuykd if ]]teEÅH 0dnmPH}}[k
ESvkH;oGif;&\[k qdkvdkonf/ þenf;tvdk --- teEÅH 0dnmPH = teEÅ-
rnfaom Oyg'f-biftm;jzifh tydik ;f tjcm; r&Sad om aumif;uifynwfukd
(= tmumoedrw d )f udk tm½kjH yKaom 0dnmPf = tmumomeÍöm,we-

0dnmPf[k qdkvdkonf/
wpfenf; --- 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefukd &&Sad tmif tm;xkwaf om
bm0empdwfonf tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfudk tm½kHjyKonfhtcg
Oyg'fudk ydkif;jcm;í jzpfapç XDudk ydkif;jcm;í jzpfapç bifudk ydkif;jcm;í
jzpfap tm½kHjyKonfum; r[kwf? t[kwfaomfum; tydkif;tjcm;
rxm;bJ tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf wpfckvkH;udkyif tm½kH jyKonf/
þodYk tm½k, H w l wfaom tm&r®Pu d bm0empdwu f txl;ojzifh 0dnm-
PÍöm,webm0empdwfu teEÅ jzpfatmif = tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdatmif
tm½kjH yKtyfaomaMumifh tpGe;f tp bifrQrusef tcsi;f cyford ;f tvk;H -
pkaH om tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfukd ESv;Hk oGi;f &onf\ tpGr;f jzifh
,if;tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfudk teEÅH 0dnmPH[k qdkonf/
þenf;tvdk -- teEÅH 0dnmPH = tydkif;tjcm; r&SdbJ tm½kH jyKtyfaom
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf[k qdkvdkonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?326-Munfhyg/)
tmuddÍn
ö m,wepsmef
tmuÍönm,wepsmef[lonf tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef\
r&Sjd cif; = ew¬ad bmynwfvQif wnf&mtm½k&H adS om psmef[k qkv d o
kd nf/
tmuÍönm,wepsmefukd &&Sad tmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv f adk om a,m*g-
0p&yk*¾dKvfonf 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmeformywfü 0oDabmfig;wef
Ekid ef if;atmif avhusit
hf yf\/ 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avhusi-hf
NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf þodkY qifjciftyf\/ ----
1/ þ ig&&Sx
d m;aom 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmeformywfonf tmum-
omeÍöm,wepsmef[al om eD;uyfaom &efo&l \
dS / (tcsed rf a&G;
tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefodkY jyefvnfum avsmusEkdif\[k
qdkvdkonf/)
2/ tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefuo hJ Ykd Nird o
f ufonfvnf; r[kwcf /hJ þodYk
vQif 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefü tjypfudk jrifatmif ½Iíç
3/ xkd0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefü wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf &Sdjcif;
= eduEÅdudk ukefapíç
4/ tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;íç
5/ tMuif tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfudk tm½kHjyKí 0dnm-
PÍöm,wepsmefonf jzpfay:vm&\? xk0d n d mPÍöm,wepsmef-
\yifvQif tm½kjH zpfíjzpfaom tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\
r&Sjd cif;[laom ew¬ad bmynwfuçkd qdwo f nf\ tjzpfuçkd uif;-
aom tjcif;t&mudk ESvkH;oGif;tyf\/
«rSwfcsuf --- txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; pdwfwdkYrnfonf
pdwåu©PwpfcktwGif;0,f ESpfckNydKifwl jzpf½kd;"r®wm r&SdaomaMumifh
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfu Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&mS ;jzpfae-
csdef0,f 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfum; Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh
xif&Sm;rjzpfao;ay/ wpfzef 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef0dnmPfu Oyg'f-
XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfaecsdef0,f tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef-
0dnmPfum; Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm; rjzpfawmhNyD jzpf\/ ,if;
0dnmPf\ ,if;uJhodkY Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;r&Sd rIoabmudk
ew¬dabmynwf[k qkdonf/ ,if;ew¬dabmynwfudk ESvkH;oGif;&rnf
jzpfonf/»
tb,foYkd ESv;Hk oGi;f tyfoenf;¿ xkt d mumomeÍöm,wepsmef-
0dnmPfudk tcsif;cyfodrf; ESvkH;roGif;rlí xkdtmumomeÍöm,we-
0dnmPf\ r&Sd jcif;oabm ew¬dabmynwfudkom tm½kHjyKí ---
1/ ew¬d - ew¬d = r&Sd - r&Sd[lívnf;aumif;ç

= ew¬d udÍd ö - ew¬d udÍdö = bmrQr&Sd bmrQr&Sd[lívnf;aumif;ç
2/ oknH - oknH = qdwf\ - qdwf\[lívnf;aumif;ç
3/ 0d0dwåH - 0d0dwåH = uif;\ - uif;\[lívnf;aumif; ---
tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESvkH;oGif;tyf\? ÓPfjzifh
ouf0ifí ½Ityf\/ 0dwufjzifh ew¬d udÍd ö - ew¬d udÍdö = bmrQr&Sd
bmrQr&S[ d k a&S;½Iacgufonfukd xuf0ef;usif vSnv hf nfí acgufonf
udk jyKtyf\/ (0dok'¨d?1?326-327/)
þqkt d yfcNhJ y;D onfeh nf;twkid ;f xkt d mumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf-
\ r&Sd jcif; ew¬dabmynwf[kqkdtyfaom psmefjzpfaMumif;edrdwfü
bm0empdwu f kd jzpfapaom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\ f oEÅmef0,f eD0&P
udavomtnpftaMu;wdo Yk nf uGmusomG ;Muuke\ f / tmumomeÍöm-
,we0dnmPf\ r&Sd jcif; ew¬dabmynwfvQif wnf&mtm½kH&Sdaom
owdonf aumif;pGm wnfvm\/ Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwf
onf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvm\/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf xkd tm-
umomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ew¬dabmynwf[k qdktyfaom
psmefjzpfaMumif;edrdwfudk tzefwvJvJ rSD0J\ yGm;rsm;\ Budrfzefrsm;pGm
tavhtvmjyK\/ þodkYaomenf;jzifh jyKusifhaom xkda,m*g0p&
yk*Kd¾ v\f oEÅmefü yx0DuodP k ;f udk cGmí &tyfaom tmumoedrw d u
f kd
ysHUESHYí jzpfay:vmaom xkdr[*¾Kwf tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\
omvQif qdwfonf\tjzpfç uif;onf\tjzpfç r&Sdonf\tjzpf[l
aom ew¬ad bmynwfü tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefpw d of nf tyÜempsmef\
tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ tmumoedrw d üf ysUH ESí
YH jzpfaom tmumom
eÍöm,we0dnmPfedrdwfudk tm½kHjyKí 0dnmPÍöm,we0dnmPfonf
jzpfay:vmouJhodkYyifwnf;/ (0dok'¨d?1?327/)
rSwfom;apvdkaom xl;jcm;csuf
þqkdvwåHYonfum; txl;wnf;/ xkdtmumomeÍöm,we-
0dnmPf\ r&Sjd cif;[laom ew¬ad bmynwftm½küH tmudÍn
ö m,we-
psmefpdwfonf jzpfay:vmonf&Sdaomf xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sd jcif;[laom ew¬dabmynwfudk-
omvQif ½Ivsufae\/
EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm rnfonfum; --- a,mufsm;wpf-
a,mufonf pnf;a0;nDrl&m wefaqmif;0ef;ponfwdkYü wpfpkHwpfck-
aom jyKzG,fudpöaMumifh pnf;a0;nDrlaeaom &[ef;oHCmawmfudk
zl;ajrmfNyD;aemuf wpfckaom t&yfa'oodkY xGufcGmoGm;\/ wpfzef
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;\ pnf;a0;nDrl&m wefaqmif;0ef;odkY jyefvm-
jyef\/ pnf;a0;jcif;udp\ ö Ny;D qk;H aomtcgü &[ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf rdrw
d Ykd
pnf;a0;nDrl&mt&yfrS xukefí ,if;ae&mrS zJcGmoGm;Muukefonf&Sd-
aomfç xkda,mufsm;onf xkdpnf;a0;nDrl&mt&yfodkY qkdufa&mufvmí
wHcg;0ü &yfvsuf wpfzef xkpd nf;a0;nDr&l mt&yfukd Munfv h u
kd o
f nf-
&dSaomf &[ef;wdkYrS qdwfonfudkomvQif jrifouJhodkY &[ef;wdkYrS uif;-
onfudkomvQif jrifouJhodkYç xkda,mufsm;\ oEÅmefü þrQavmuf-
ukeaf om &[ef;awmfwo Ykd nf aorlvnf; aoavukeo f avm? t&yf-
wpfyg;odkYrlvnf; oGm;avukefoavm[k þodkYaom MuHa,mifMuHrSm;
tjcm;aompdwfonf rjzpfouJhodkY --- wu,fpifppfaomfum; þ-
pnf;a0;nDrl&mt&yfonf &[ef;wdkYrS qdwf\? &[ef;wdkYrS uif;\[k
r&Sdonf\ tjzpfudkomvQif ½IouJhodkY --- þOyrmtwlyifvQif a&S;ü
yx0DuodkPf;udk cGmí &&Sdvmaom tmumoedrdwfü jzpfaptyfNyD;-
aom tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfukd 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefpu©Kjzifh
0dnmPH - 0dnmPH[k ½IvsufaeNyD;í aemufumva&muf&SdvmygrS
xkt
d mumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sjd cif;oabm = ew¬ad bmynwfukd
tm½kH,lí - ew¬d ew¬dç oknH oknHç 0d0dwåH 0d0dwåH[laom y&durfjzpf-
aom ESvkH;oGif;jcif; reodum&jzifh xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf-
onf uG,faysmufonf&Sdaomf xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\
uif;jcif; aysmufjcif;[kqt
kd yfaom r&Sd jcif; ew¬ad bmynwfuo
kd mvQif
bm0empdwfjzifh tzefzef ½Ivsufae\/ (0dok'¨d?1?327/)
ew¬d - ew¬dç oknH - oknHç 0d0dwåH - 0d0dwåH

ew¬d - ew¬dç oknH - oknHç 0d0dwåH - 0d0dwåH[laom y&durfjzpf-
]]ew¬
aom ESvkH;oGif;jcif; reodum&jzifh xdktmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf-
onf uG,af ysmufonf&Sd aomf}}[laom þpum;&yfjzifh xkdtmumom
eÍöm,we0dnmPfukd tm½kjH yKjcif;\ r&Sd jcif;aMumifh xkt d mumomeÍ öm-
,we0dnmPf\ uG,faysmufjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ ysufpD;oGm;-
onf\ tjzpfaMumifh uG,faysmufoGm;onfum; r[kwfay/ (qdkvdk-
onfrSm --- 0dnmPÍöm,we0dnmPfonf tmumomeÍöm,we-
0dnmPfukd tm½kH jyKae\ ESv;Hk oGi;f ae\/ xkad Mumifh 0dnmPÍöm,we-
0dnmPf jzpfay:aeckdufü ,if;tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfonf
tm½kHtjzpf &yfwnfum aus;Zl;jyKay;aeojzifh tm½kHtaMumif;w&m;
tjzpfjzifh xif&mS ;&Sad e\/ odaYk omf þtmudÍn ö m,wepsmef0nd mPf-
um; ,if;tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfudk vSrf;tm½kHr,lay? ESvkH;-
roGif;ay/ ,if;tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sd rIoabmudkom
= ew¬dabmynwfudkom tm½kHjyKae\ ESvkH;oGif;ae\/ xkdYaMumifh
tmud Í n ö m,we0dnmPfu xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfudk
tm½kHjyKjcif;\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh = tm½kHrjyKjcif;aMumifhç ESvkH;roGif;jcif;-
aMumifhç ,if;tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&SdrIoabmudkom
tm½kH jyKaejcif;aMumifh ESv;Hk oGi;f aejcif;aMumifh xkt
d mumomeÍöm,we
0dnmPf\ uG,faysmufjcif;onf jzpfay:vm&\? ysufpD;oGm;onf\-

tjzpfaMumifh uG,faysmufoGm;onfum; r[kwf[k qdkvdkayonf/)
EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmudk ESD;aESmjyjcif;

xkdtxufwGif wifjyxm;aom Oyrmpum;&yfü þqkdvwåHU-
onfum; Oyrm Oyar,s ES;D aESmjcif;wnf;/ xkad ,mufsm;onf xkw d ef-
aqmif;0ef;tp&Sad om t&yfü pnf;a0;nDral eaom &[ef;oHCmawmf
taygif;udk zl;jrifNy;D aemuf t&yfwpfyg;odYk zJcmG oGm;av\/ xkad emifrS
&[ef;oHCmawmf tm;vk;H wdo Yk nf wpfpw Hk pfcok mvQijf zpfaom jyKz, G -f
udpjö zifh ,if;wefaqmif;0ef;rS zJcmG oGm;Muukeo f nf&adS omf xdak ,mufsm;
onf wpfzef jyefvmí ,if;wefaqmif;0ef;udk Munfah vu xkpd nf;a0;
nDrl&mt&yfudk &[ef;oHCmawmfwdkYrS qdwfokOf;onfudkomvQif awGU
jrif\? &[ef;oHCmawmfw\ Ykd xkpd nf;a0;nDr&l mt&yfrv S nf; zJcmG oGm;
jcif;\ taMumif;&if;udk r½IouJhodkY --- þOyrmtwl þa,m*g0p&
yk*¾dKvfonf a&S;ü 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefrsufpdjzifh tmumomeÍöm-
,wepsmef0n d mPfukd ½Ií aemufumvü ,if;tmumomeÍöm,we-
0dnmPfudkyif ew¬d (= r&Sd )[lí y&durf[laom bm0emreodum&
jzifh ½Iavaomf xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfonf uif;oGm;\/
uif;onf&Sdaomf wpfzef tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefrsufpdjzifh xkdtmum
omeÍ öm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;[laom ew¬dabmynwfudkomvQif
½Ivsufae\/ xkdtmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ uif;jcif; csKyfjcif;
r&Sjd cif;\ taMumif;&if;udk rpl;prf; rqifjcif/ tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl
tmudÍn ö m,wepsmef\ xko d o Ykd abm&Sad om ,if;0dnmPf\ uif;jcif;
csKyfjcif; r&Sdjcif;\ taMumif;&if;udk ESvkH;oGif;jcif;\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh-
wnf;/ (r[m#D?1?402/)
tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefodkY qkdufNyD
oAÁaom 0dnmP
mPÍÍm,weH
mö ,weH orwduúr® ]]ew¬d udÍD}ö }wd tm-
ö m,weH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&wd/ (tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/)
udÍnm,weH
n
= þrQ twkdif;t&Snf&Sdaom pum;tpOfjzifh xkda,m*g0p&-
yk*¾dKvfudk tvkH;pkHaom 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif;ç xkd-
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef\ wnf&mtm½kH jzpfaom tmumomeÍöm,we-
0dnmPfuv kd nf;aumif; aumif;pGmausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufí tmumom
eÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; = ew¬dabmynwfudk tm½kH,lí ew¬d -
ew¬çd oknH - oknçH 0d0wd Hå - 0d0w
d [
Hå í
l þtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f
onfjzpfí tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefukd jynfph aHk pí ae\[lí qdt k yf\/
(tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/ 0dok'¨d?1?327/)
0dnmP
mPÍm,weH
öm,weH orwduúr®
þ qkdtyfcJhNyD;aomenf;jzifh 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudkvnf;-
aumif;ç xk0d n
d mPÍöm,wepsmef\ wnf&mtm½kjH zpfaom tmumom
eÍöm,wepsmefuv kd nf;aumif; þodvYk Qif psmefEiS t
hf m½kH ESpyf g;pku
H v
kd nf;
rjzpfjcif;udk jyKojzifhvnf;aumif; ESvkH;roGif;jcif;udk jyKjcif;jzifh-
vnf;aumif; aumif;pGm ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;ygrSomvQif þ
tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefukd jynfph aHk pí aeoif\ h ? xkad Mumifh þ psmefEiS hf
tm½kH ESpfyg;pkHudkvnf; wpfaygif;wnf; jyKí --- 0dnmPÍöm,weH
orwduúr®[laom þpum;awmfudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyf\[k
od&Sdygav/ (0dok'¨d?1?328/)
ew¬d udÍ öd = bmrQr&Sd
ew¬d - ew¬dç oknH - oknHç 0d0dwåH - 0d0dwåH[lí þodkY ESvkH;-
oGi;f vsu[ f k qkv d \

kd / 0dbif;ygVdawmfüum; ]]xkad &S;ü teEÅH 0dnmPH[k
ESv;Hk oGi;f tyfNy;D aom tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfuykd ifvQif rxif-
onfudk jyK\? xifjcif;udk uif;aysmufap\ = aysmufysufap\? uG,f-
aysmufap\? tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ pd;k pOf;bifrQ tuseo f nf
r&S}d } þodYk ½I\? xkad Mumifh ]]ew¬d udÍ}d ö }[lí qdt
k yf\/ þodv Yk Qif a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrt l yfaom xkpd um;udk c,awm or®oe[laom ocFg&-
w&m;wk\ Yd tysuf = bifukd ½Iwwfaom b*FgEkyóemuJo h Ykd tu,fí-
um; a[mawmfrltyfygay\/ xkdodkYyif a[mawmfrlaomfvnf; xkd
0dbif;ygVdawmf\ qkdvdk&if;oabmw&m;udk þqkdcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif;-
omvQif rSwo f m;yg/ xkt d mumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfukd rqifjcifrí l ç
ESvkH;roGif;rlíç ÓPfjzifh ouf0ifí r½Irlí oufouf xkd0dnmPf\
r&Sd jcif;oabm = ew¬dabmynwfudkomvQif = r&Sdonf\tjzpfudk-
omvQif ESvkH;oGif;onfjzpfí rxifonfudkjyK\? xifjcif;udk uif;-
aysmufap\? uG,faysmufap\? þodkY qdkvdk\/ þqkdtyfcJhNyD;aom
teuft"dyÜm,frS tjcm;wpfyg;aom teuft"dyÜm,ftm;jzifh þ
ygVdawmf\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk rrSwfom;xkdufay/ (0dok'¨d?1?328/)
tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmef[lonf
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sd jcif;-
oabm = ew¬dabmynwfudk tm½kHjyKí þtmudÍn ö m,wepsmefudk
&&Sad tmif BudK;pm;tm;xkw&f \? xkod Ykd tm;xkw&f mü t½Ict
H m½kHjzpfaom
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPftm; atmufxpfyikd ;f jcm; t,kwq f ;Hk tm;
jzifh pd;k pOf;tenf;i,f bifrQaomfvnf; t<uif;tusef r&Sad omaMumifh
,if; tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfonf tudÍeö rnf\/
pdk;pOf;tenf;i,f bifrQaomfvnf; t<uif;tusef r&Sdaom
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\
ÓPftm; rxifbJ uif;uGm aysmufuG,fjcif;oabmonf tmudÍn

ö
rnf\/
,if;r&Sd jcif;oabmudk ew¬b
d m0[k qd\
k / xkrd &Sd jcif;onf y&rwf
txnfudk,fr[kwfç ynwfrQom jzpfaomaMumifh ew¬dbm0ynwf =
ew¬dabmynwf[k qkdtyf\/ ewfwdkY\wnf&m bkHAdrmefae&monf
a'0g,wernfouJhodkY --- xkdpdk;pOf;tenf;i,f bifrQaomfvnf; t-
<uif;tusefr&Sdaom tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdonf\
tjzpfwnf;[laom ew¬ad bmynwfonf xkw d wd,t½lypsmef (= tm
udÍn ö m,wepsmef)\ wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh tm,we rnf\/
xkad Mumifh ,if;ew¬ad bmynwfukd tm½kH jyKí jzpfay:vmaom wwd,
t½lyg0p&psmefonf tmudÍnm,weps ö m,wepsmef rnf\/ (0dok'¨d?1?328/)
n
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom onmum; r&Sd? tvGetYf vGef odraf rGUEl;nh-H
aom onmom &SdaomaMumifh onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwfç r&Sdonf-
vnf; r[kwfaom psmefonf ae0onmemonm,wepsmef rnf\/
onmudk tOD;rlojzifh a'oemawmfukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrjl cif; jzpf\/
,if;ormywftwGif;ü wnf&SdMuukefaom todpdwfç zóç a0'emç
apwempaom (31)rsK;d aom emrfw&m;pk tm;vk;H wdo Yk nfvnf; tvGeYf
tvGef odrfarGUEl;nHhMuukef\/ ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom emrfw&m;um;
r&Sd? tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUEl;nhHaom emrfw&m;pkom ,if;ormywfü
wnf&Sdonf/ xkdaMumifh ,if;ormywfudk ocFg&m0aooormywf =
tydkif;tjcm;udk vGefí odrfarGUonf\tjzpfodkY a&mufvsuf rajym-
pavmuf ocFg&rQom jzpfaom = todrfarGUqkH;tjzpfodkYa&mufaom
ocFg&rQom jzpfaom = todraf rGUqk;H tjzpfoaYkd &mufaom ocFg&rQom
<uif;usefaom pwkw¬t½lyg0p&ormywf[k ac:qdk\/
vkyfief;cGif tqifhqifh
,if;ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;-
xkwvf akd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vof nf tmudÍn ö m,wepsmeformywfü
0oDabmfig;wefukd Ekid ef if;atmif avhusi&hf \? avhusiNhf y;D aomf þodYk
qifjciftyf\/ ----
1/ þ ig&&Sdxm;aom tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmeformywfonf 0dnm
PÍöm,wepsmeformywf[laom eD;uyfaom &efol&Sd\[k-
vnf;aumif;ç
2/ ae0onmemonm,weormywfuJhodkY Nidrfoufonfvnf;
r[kwfcJh[kvnf;aumif;ç ]]onmonf a&m*gwnf;? onmonf
tkdif;trmESifh wl\? onmonf jrm;ajimifhESifh wl\? tMuif
ae0onmemonmonf &Sd\? þae0onmemonm,we-
psmefonf Nidrfouf\? þae0onmemonm,wepsmefonf
rGefjrwf\}} ---- [kvnf;aumif; ----
þodv Yk Qif tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefü tjypfa'goudv
k nf;aumif;ç
txufjzpfaom ae0onmemonm,wepsmefü tusK;d tmedoifu-kd
vnf;aumif; jrifatmif½Ií ---
3/ tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefü wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf&Sdjcif;
eduEÅdw&m;udk ukefcef;apíç
4/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;-
oGif;íç
5/ tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;oabm = ew¬dabm-
ynwfudk tm½kHjyKí jzpfay:vmaom xkdtmudÍn
ö m,we-
psmeformywfudkyif tm½kHjyKí ---

oEÅm - oEÅm = NidrfoufaypG - NidrfoufaypG[k tzefzef
txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESvkH;oGif;tyf\? ÓPfjzifh ouf0ifí
½Ityf\? 0dwufjzifh oEÅm - oEÅm = NidrfoufaypG - NidrfoufaypG[k
a&S;½I acgufonfuçkd xuf0ef;usif vSnv
hf nfí acgufonfukd jyKtyf\/
(0dok'¨d?1?328-329/)
þqdktyfcJhNyD;onfh enf;twdkif; xkdtmudÍ n

ö m,wepsmef-
ormywf tm½kHedrdwfü tzefzef txyfxyf bm0emreodum&udk
jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü eD0&P udavomtnpf-
taMu;wdkYonf uGmusoGm;Muukef\? tmudÍn ö m,we0dnmPfvQif
wnf&mtm½kH&Sdaom owdonf aumif;pGm wnfvm\? Oypm&psmef-
orm"djzifh bm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvm\/
xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf ae0onmemonm,wepsmef jzpf
aMumif;jzpfonfh xkd tmudÍn ö m,wepsmeformywfedrdwfudk tzef
wvJvJ rSD0J\ç yGm;rsm;\ç Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\ç tzefzef
txyfxyf tm½kHjyKae\ç ,if;tm½kHü bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyf-
wnfaeatmif orm"dukd xlaxmif\/ þodaYk omenf;jzifh jyKusiahf om
xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü --- tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\
uif;jcif; = r&Sjd cif;oabm[laom = ew¬ad bmynwftm½küH tmudÍn ö m
,wepsmefonf tyÜem\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmouJhodkY tmudÍn ö m
,wepsmeformywf[k ac:qdt k yfuek af om emrfcE¨mav;yg;wdüYk tm½kH
jyKí ae0onmemonm,wepsmefpdwfonf tyÜem\tpGrf;jzifh jzpf
ay:vm\/ (0dok'¨d?1?329/)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefokdY qkdufNyD
{wåm0wm apo ]]oAÁaom tmudÍnm,weH
önm,weH orwduúr®
ae0onmemonm,weH OyorÜZÆ 0d[&wD}}wd 0kpöwd/
(tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/ 0dok'¨d?1?329/)
= þrQ twdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom pum;tpOf w&m;t,Ofjzifh xkd
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfudk tvkH;pkHaom tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefudkvnf;-
aumif;ç xkdtmudÍnö m,wepsmef\ wnf&mtm½kHjzpfaom tmum-
omeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;oabm[laom ew¬ad bmynwftm½k-H
udv
k nf;aumif; aumif;pGm ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufí tmudÍn
ö m,we-
0dnmPfudkyif oEÅm - oEÅm[k ESvkH;oGif;onfjzpfí ae0onmem-
onm,wepsmefudk jynfhpkHapíae\[lí qdktyfay\/
(tbd?2?254/ 'D?2?60/ 0dok'¨d?1?329/)
tmudÍn
ö m,weH orwduúr®
þü tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefonfvnf;aumif;ç tmudÍeö nm-
,wepsmef\ tm½kHjzpfaom ew¬dabmynwfonfvnf;aumif; þ
psmefESifhtm½kH ESpfrsKd;pkHonfyif tmudÍn
ö m,wernf\/ tmudÍn ö m-
,wepsmef\ tm½kHjzpfaom ew¬dabmynwfonf txufwGif qdkcJh-
onft h wdik ;f tmudÍn ö vnf; rnf\/ xktd mudÍn ö trnf&aom ew¬-d
abmynwftm½kHonf wwd,t½lyg0p&psmef = tmudÍn ö m,we-
psmef\ wnf&mtm½kjH zpfaomaMumifh --- ewfw\ Ykd wnf&m bkAH rd mefonf
a'0g,wernfouJhodkY ---- wnf&m[laom teufoabmaMumifh
tm,wevnf; rnf\/ xkad Mumifh ew¬ad bmynwftm½ko
tm,we H nf tmudÍ-ö
nm,we rnf\/ uarÁmZwkdif;onf jrif;wdkY\ jzpfxGef;&ma'o
tm,wejzpfouJhodkY tvm;wlyif ew¬dabmynwfonf tmudÍn ö -
vnf; [kwf\? xkdtmudÍ n ö [lonf xkdwwd,t½lyg0p&psmef =

tmudÍn ö m,wepsmef\ jzpfay:vmjcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom-
aMumifh tm,we ö m,we-
tm,wevnf; [kwf\/ xkdaMumifhvnf; tmudÍnm,we
nm,we-
n
rnf\/
þodkYvQif psmefonfvnf;aumif;ç ew¬dabmynwftm½kHonf-
vnf;aumif; --- þpsmefESifhtm½kH ESpfrsKd;vkH;udkvnf; rjzpfjcif;udk jyK-
ojzifv
h nf;aumif;ç ESv;Hk roGi;f jcif;udk jyKjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; aumif;pGm
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufí oGm;rSomvQif þae0onmemonm,we-
psmefudk jynfhpkHapí aeoifh\/ xkdaMumifh þpsmefESifhtm½kH ESpfyg;pkH-
udkvnf; wpfaygif;wnf;jyKí --- tmudÍn ö m,weH orwduúr® ---
[laom þpum;udk a[mMum;awmfrltyf\[k od&Sdygav/
(0dok'¨d?1?329/)
Nidrfoufyg\ rGefjrwfyg\
oEÅawm reod ua&mwDwd
wd ]]oEÅm 0wm,H ormywåd? ,Mw
[d emr ew¬dbm0rÜd tm&r®PH u&dwGm XówDD}}wd {0H oEÅm-
&r®Pwm, wH oEÅmwd reod ua&mwd/ (0dok'¨d?1?329/)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefukd &&Sad tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f m
ü t½IcHtm½kHjzpfaom tmudÍn
ö m,wepsmefudk ---
1/ {wH oEÅH {wH yPDwH = þ0dnmPfonf Nidrfouf\ç þ
0dnmPfonf rGefjrwf\[kvnf;aumif;ç
2/ oEÅH - oEÅH = oEÅm - oEÅm = Nidrfouf\ Nidrfouf\[k
vnf;aumif;ç
3/ yPDwH - yPDwH = rGefjrwf\ rGefjrwf\[kvnf;aumif; ---
þodkY ESvkH;oGif;&\/ rsm;pGmaom pdwfwdkYonf wpfpkHwpfckaom

txnf0w¬Kj'yfudk wpfpkHwpfckaom odp&mtm½kHudk tm½kHjyKae&ygrS
Mum&Snpf mG arGUavsmEf ikd Mf u\/ þwwd,t½lyg0p&psmef = tmudÍn ö m-
,wepsmeformywfum; bmrQr&Sdjcif;[laom ew¬dabmynwfudkyif
tm½kHjyKEkdifojzifh --- ]]þormywfonf NidrfoufaypG? ,if;ormywf-
onf tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ qdwfonf\tjzpf[laom
bmrQr&Sd jcif; ew¬ad bmynwf[al om odpYk ifrQavmuf tvGef odraf rGU-
pGmudkaomfvnf; tm½kHjyKí wnfEkdifwkHayonfwum;}}[k þodkYvQif
ew¬dabmynwfudkyif tm½kHjyKEkdifojzifh Nidrfoufaom tm½kH&Sdonf\-
tjzpfaMumifh xkt d mudÍn ö m,wepsmefukd Nird o
f ufaypG[k ESv;Hk oGi;f \/
(0dok'¨d?1?329/)
þ wwd,t½lyg0p&psmef (= tmudÍn ö m,wepsmef) onf
bmrQr&Sd jcif; ew¬dabmynwfudkyif tm½kHjyKEkdifojzifh tvGefw&mrS
NidrfoufrGefjrwfayonf[k a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu ,if;psmefudk csD;rGrf;
onf/ pwkw¬t½lyg0p&psmef (= ae0onmemonm,wepsmef)
pdwfapwodufrsm;avmuf rNidrfoufojzifh ]]rNidrfoufbl;}} [k
a&S;y&durfjyKcgeD;wkef;u tjypf ½IcJhonf/ oEÅarwH yPDwarwH =
{wH oEÅH {wH yPDwH = þ0dnmPfonf Nidrfouf\ þ0dnmPfonf
rGejf rwf\[k cs;D rGr;f jcif;um; bmrQr&Sd jcif;oabmw&m;udk (= ew¬ad bm
ynwfudk) tm½kH jyKEkdifonfhtwGuf csD;rGrf;jcif;wnf;/ xdkaMumifh
tjypftm;avsmfpGm tjypf½Ií *kPftm;avsmfpGm csD;rGrf;onfhtwGuf
qefYusifbuf rjzpf[k rSwfyg/ t½kyfqkd;í vdr®maom rdef;uav;ü
½kyftqif;twGuf uJh&JUxkdufí tvdr®mtwGuf csD;rGrf;xkdufouJhodkY
wnf;/
tar;ESifh tajz
tar; ----- tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh
tu,fí ESvkH;oGif;tHh? tb,faMumifh ,if;psmefESifh psmef\tm½kHudk
ausmfvTm; vGefajrmufjcif;onf jzpfEkdifygtHhenf;¿ þodkY ar;&ef&Sd\/
tajz --- tmudÍn ö m,weormywfudk 0ifpm;jcif;iSm tvdk-
r&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;onf jzpfEkdif\/
xif&mS ;aptHh --- xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vof nf xkt
d mudÍn
ö m,wepsmefukd
Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tu,fí ESvkH;oGif;onfum; rSef\/ xkdodkYyif
ESvkH;oGif;onfrSefaomfvnf; xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü ----
]]igonf þtmudÍn ö m,wepsmefukd qifjciftHhç 0ifpm;thHç aqmuf-
wnftçhH xtHçh ypöa0u©PmaZmjzifh psmeft*Fgudk qifjcift}hH } þodaYk om
ESvkH;oGif;jcif; tmabm*onf þodkY aumif;pGm tzefzef ESvkH;odkY
aqmifjcif;onfç þodkYaom ESvkH;oGif;rI reodum&onf rjzpf/
tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl -- tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefxuf ae0onmem-
onm,wepsmef\ omvGefí Nidrfoufç omvGefí rGefjrwfonf\
tjzpf aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'¨d?1?330/)
EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrm
&Sifbk&ifwpfyg;onf vufrIynmjyyGJ wpfckudk vSnfhvnfum
½Ipm;awmfrlpOf ykqkd;wpfxnfudk acgif;aygif;um ykqkd;wpfxnfudk
cg;axmif;usKu d í f wpfu,kd v
f ;Hk ü azG;azG;jzLaeaom qifp, G rf eI rYf sm;jzifh
vl;vJayusHvsuf BudK;BudK;pm;pm;jzifh om;em;oyf&yfaom qifpG,f½kyfç
qifpG,fMuKwf trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk jyKvkyfaeaom qifpG,fyGwform;wkdYudk
jrifawmfrlav&m ]]awmfygayonf pGrf;ygayonf}}[k tm;&ESpfouf
Nred &f u
S pf mG cs;D rGr;f aomfvnf; ud,
k w f idk u
f m; xD;eef;udk pGev
Yf w
T íf qifp, G f
yGwform; rjzpfvdk/ xkduJhodkY csD;rGrf;vsufyif qifpG,fyGwform;wkdYudk

ausmfvGefí eef;awmfa&mufatmif <ujref;avouJhodkY rSwfyg/
(0dok'¨d?1?330/)
ae0onm - emonm
þae0onmemonm,wepsmef o rmywf ü wnf & S d a om
onmonfvnf; xif&mS ;aom onmudpu ö kd jyKjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid o
f nf\
tjzpfaMumifh ae0onm
ae0onmrnf\/ ½ke&Yf if;aomocFg&rS <uif;aom tvGef
odraf rGUaom ocFg&\tjzpfjzifh xif&mS ;&Sad omaMumifh emonm emonmvnf;-
rnf\/
tar; --- þü xif&Sm;aom onmudpö[lonf tb,fenf;¿
tajz --- tmudÍn ö m,wepsmeftm½kHudk trSwfjyKí odjcif;-
onfvnf;aumif;ç 0dyóemÓPf\ t½Ict H m½Ht
k jzpfoYkd uyfa&mufí
NiD;aiGUrI edAÁd'gÓPfudk jzpfapjcif;onfvnf;aumif; onmudpörnf\/
xif&Sm;aptHh --- a&at;ü awaZm"mwfonf avmifNrdKufjcif;
udpöudk jyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifouJhodkY tvm;wlyif þonmonf rdrd\
t½Ict H m½kH jzpfaom tmudÍn ö m,wepsmeftm½ku H kd trSwjf yKí odjcif;-
udpu ö v kd nf; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jyKjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid /f <uif;aom t½lyg0p&-
ormywfo;Hk rsK;d wdüYk wnf&adS om onmuJo h Ykd 0dyóemÓPf\ t½Ic-H
tm½kt H jzpfoYkd uyfa&mufí Ni;D aiGUrI edA'dÁ gÓPfukd jzpfapjcif;udv k nf;
jyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdif/
rSeaf yonf ---- ae0onmemonm,wepsmefrS wpfyg;ukeaf om
cE¨mwküYd 0dyóemÓPf\ t½Ict H m½kt
H jzpf odr;f qnf;zl;jcif; 0dyóem
ESvkH;oGif;zl;jcif;udk rjyKzl;aom rjzpfpzl;aom a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf
ae0onmemonm,we cE¨mwdkYudk vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifum
0dyóem ½IymG ;ok;H oyfí ocFg&w&m;wdt Yk ay:ü Ni;D aiGUjcif; edA'dÁ gÓPf-
odkY a&muf&Sd jcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaomolrnfonf r&Sdpzl;ay/ t&Sifom&d-
ykwå&m udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;yif jzpfapumrl tjcm;tjcm;aom cE¨mwkdYü
0dyóem ESvkH;oGif;jcif;udk rjyKzl;bJ ae0onmemonm,we cE¨m-
wduYk kd vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifum 0dyóem½IymG ;ok;H oyfí ocFg&w&m;-
wdüYk Ni;D aiGUjcif; edA'dÁ gÓPfoYkd a&mufjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik o
f nfrnfonf r&Sday/
cE¨mig;yg;enf;ponfudk tOD;rlojzifh 0dyóembm0emudk pwif ESvkH;
oGif;cJhNyD;aemuf 'Gg&tm½kHwdkYESifhwuG 'Gg& (6)yg;wdkYü rjywfjzpfaeMu-
ukeaf om ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m;wku Yd kd jyuawhtm;jzifh 0dyóem½Iwwf
aomç 0dyóem½Iz;l aom ynmÓPfBu;D rm;awmfral om t&Sio f m&dywk å
&m ud, k af wmfjrwfBu;D ESihf ÓPf&nfwal om olonfomvQif ae0onm
emonm,wecE¨mwdkYü O',AÁ,ÓPfudk jzpfapjcif;iSm wwfEkdifay
&m\/
xkd om&dykwå&max&fausmf wlavsmfqdkzG,f ynmus,faom
yuwd0dyóuyk*¾dKvfonfvnf; ]]þodkYvQif þae0onmemonm-
,wew&m;wdo Yk nf a&S;u r&Su d ek rf íl ,ckrS ½kwjf cnf; jzpfay:vmMu-
ukefowwf? ,ckrS ½kwfjcnf; jzpfukefí csKyfysufukefowwf}}[k þodkY
vQif ae0onmemonm,we emrfw&m;tm;vkH;wdkYudk aygif;pkjcHKiHkí
0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyfjcif; uvmyor®oeenf;\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif
0dyóem½IymG ;ok;H oyfjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik af v&m\/ ,if;ae0onmemonm
,weormywftwGi;f ü zópaom y&rw¬"mwfom;w&m; wpfv;Hk pD
wpfvkH;pDudk vu©Pm,mOfwifum 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;wnf;
[laom tEky'"r®0dyóemenf;\ tpGrf;jzifhum; 0dyóem r½IyGm;
rok;H oyfEikd af v&m/ þodv Yk Qif þae0onmemonm,we ormywf
onf w&m;ppfrSL; jzpfawmfrlaom t&Sifom&dykwå&m udk,fawmffjrwf
Bu;D aomfrvS nf; tEky'"r®0yd óemenf;tm;jzifh 0dyóem ½IymG ;ok;H oyf
jcif;iSm rpGr;f Edik af v&um; tvGef odraf rGUonf\tjzpfoYkd a&muf&adS om

ormywfjzpfavonf/ (0dok'¨d?1?331/)
tqifhqifh omvGef jrifhjrwfykH

þt½lyg0p&ormywfwüYkd Oayu©m {u*¾wmtm;jzifh psmeft*Fg
ESpfyg;pD nDrQaomaMumifh wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; rxl;jcm;ouJhodkY xif&-
aomfvnf; atmufatmufaom ormywfxuf txuftxufaom
ormywfu wk;d wufymG ;rsm;tyfaom bm0empGr;f tm;aMumihf omvGef
rGejf rwfayonf/ Oyrm -- av;xyfwu dk f wpfv;Hk 0,f atmufq;Hk xyfü
pm;aomufz, G Ef iS w
hf uG ,k,azsmaf jzrnfh uacsonfwjYkd zifh vSyarT;BuKd if
wpfxyfvkH; vdIifaeatmif jyifqifxm;av&m\/ 'kwd,ç wwd,ç
pwkw¬ txyfwdkYüvnf; xkdenf;twkdif;yif jyifqifxm;av&m\/
odkYaomf atmufatmuf txyfxuf txuftxuf txyfu ydkrkd
om;em;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif;ç &ufuef;onf wpfa,mufonf Murf;-
aomcsnfç Ekaomcsnfç xdkxufEkaomcsnfç xkdxufyif tvGef Ekaom
csnf[k csnf (4)rsKd;jzifh t0wfykqkd; (4)xnfudk &uf&mü tvsm;teH
wlrQaomfvnf; wpfxnfxuf wpfxnfrSm omvGef Eke,fouJhodkY-
vnf;aumif; þOyrmtwl rSwfom;yg/ (0dok'¨d?1?332-333/)
rvTJomí tm½kHjyK&onf
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfolonf
tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfü tjypfjrifaomfvnf; 0dnmPÍöm-
,wepsmefodkY a&muf&SdzdkY ta&;0,f tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf-
rSwpfyg; tjcm;jyKz,
G t
f m½kH r&Sad omaMumifh rvTo
J mojzifh tmumom-
eÍöm,we0dnmPfudkom bm0emtpOfESifhwuG 0dnmPÍöm,we-
0dnmPfu tm½kHjyK&awmhonf/
tvm;wlyif .. ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif

BudK;pm;tm;xkwfolonf tmudÍn ö m,we0dnmPfü tjypfjrifaomf
vnf; ae0onmemonm,wepsmefoYkd a&muf&zdS Ykd ta&;0,f tmudÍö
nm,we0dnmPfrw S pfyg; tjcm;jyKz,
G t
f m½kH r&Sad omaMumifh rvTo J m-
ojzifh tmudÍn ö m,we0dnmPfudkom bm0emtpOfESifhwuG ae0-
onmemonm,we0dnmPfu tm½kHjyK&awmhonf/ Oyrm --- &Sib f &k if
tay:ü tjypfjrifaeaom rSL;rwfwpfO;D onf toufarG;0rf;aMumif;zkYd
ta&;0,f &Sib f &k ifukd cpm;rIrw
S pfyg; tjcm;vkyif ef;aumif; r&Sad wmh-
ojzifh tjypfjriftyfaom &Sifbk&ifudkyif rvTJomí cpm;ae&ouJhodkY
rSwfyg/ (0dok'¨d?1?334/)
þodYk tm½kHjyKaomfvnf; wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom a,mufsm;onf
&Snpf mG aom avSum;odYk wufonf&adS omf tjcm;wpfyg;aom udik w
f ,
G -f
p&m\ r&Sjd cif;aMumifh avSum;aygifukd axmuf&ouJo h v
Ykd nf;aumif;ç
awmifxdyftzsm;okdY wufonf&Sdaomf xkdawmifxdyf\ xdyfzsm;udkyif
axmuf&ouJhodkYvnf;aumif;ç ausmufawmifodkY wufonf&Sdaomf
wkefvIyfvsufvm&mü tjcm;udkifwG,fp&m\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh rdrd\
ykqpf'l;udkyifvQif axmuf&ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; --- xkdtwlyifvQif
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefonf tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPfudk tm½kH-
jyKíç ae0onmemonm,wepsmefonf tmudÍn ö m,we0dnmPfukd
tm½kHjyKí jzpfay:vm&\/ (0dok'¨d?1?334-335/)
<uif;usefaom uodkPf;rsm;
yx0DuodkPf;udk tajccHí ormywf (8)yg;wdkYudk &&Sdatmif
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfykH tpDt&ifudk a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;avNyD/ tmayg-
uodP k ;f rSonf tmavmuuodP k ;f odYk wdik af tmifaom tjcm;tjcm;-
aom uodP k ;f wdüYk vnf; ormywf (8)yg;pDukd &&Sad tmif enf;rSí
D BuKd ;-
pm;tm;xkwfygav/ ykHpHwpfckudk tenf;i,fqkd&aomf þodkYjzpf\/

tmayguodkPf;ü pwkw¬psmeform"dodkYqkdufatmif orm"dudk
xlaxmifyg/ ,if;pwkw¬psmeform"drS xNyD;vQif ½kyfwdkY\ tjypfudk
qifjcifyg/ tmayguodP k ;f udk teEÅpMu0Vmodw Yk idk af tmif jzefMY uufum
,if;pwkwp¬ smef\ tjypfEiS hf tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef\ tusK;d wdu Yk kd
qifjcifyg/ xkdaemif ,if;tmayguodkPf;edrdwfü tmumoedrdwfudk
jrifatmif½Ií tmayguodkPf;udk cGmyg/ tmayguodkPf; aysmufí
tmumoedrw d cf sn;f oufouf useaf omtcg ,if;tmumoedrw d u
f kd
tm½kH,í l tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefuv kd nf;aumif;ç ,if;tmumom
eÍöm,we0dnmPfukd tm½kH jyKí 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefukdvnf;aumif;ç
,if;tmumomeÍöm,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ew¬ad bmynwfukd tm½k-H
jyKí tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;tmudÍn ö m,we-
0dnmPfudk tm½kHjyKí ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif;
&&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ þrQqkdvQif oabmaygufEkdifavmuf-
ayNyD/
,cktcgwGif pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;rsm;;udk qufvufí a&;om;-
wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/ pwk&m&u© = tapmifhav;yg;ur®|mef;[lonf
arwåmur®|mef;ç Ak'g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;ç tokbur®|mef;ç r&PmEkówd
ur®|mef;wdkY jzpfMu\/ xkdwGif arwåmur®|mef;udk a&S;OD;pGm a&;om;
wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/ odaYk omf arwåmur®|mef;udk a&;om;ygu arwåm
ur®|mef;ESihf jA[®0[
d m&ur®|mef;csi;f wlnaD eaom u½kPmur®|mef;ç
rk'dwmur®|mef;ç Oayu©mur®|mef;wdkYudkyg wpfygwnf; a&;om;wifjy
aytH/h xko
d Ykd a&;om;wifjy&mü 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm jA[®0[
d m&eda'óü
vm&Sad om tm;xkwyf t Hk pOfukd tusO;f csKyí
f a&;om;wifjyrnf jzpfay
onf/
{ { {
pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;ydik ;f
jA[®0d[m&ur®|mef;ydkif; - arwåmbm0emur®|mef;
þarwåmur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom toifolawmf-
aumif;onf ]]þyk*¾dKvfwdkYü a&S;OD;pGm arwåmbm0emudk ryGm;tyf/ þ
yk*Kd¾ vw
f üYkd tcsi;f cyford ;f arwåmbm0emudk ryGm;tyf}}[k arwåmbm0em
udk zsufqD;wwfaom yk*¾dKvfwdkYudk odxm;oifh\/
1/ tyÜd,yk*¾v = rcspftyfaomyk*¾dKvf?
2/ twdy, dÜ o[m,u = tvGecf spt f yfaom taygif;tazmfy*k Kd¾ v?f
3/ rZÑwåyk*¾v = rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvf?
4/ a0&Dyk*¾v = &efolyk*¾dKvf?
þyk*¾dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkYü arwåmpsmefudk r&ao;rD a&S;OD;pGm tOD;qHk;
ryGm;tyf/ arwåmpsmefukd &&SNd y;D aomtcgüum; (twå-yd,-rZÑw-å a0&D
[laom)tpDtpOftwdik ;f arwåmpsmefu&kd &Sad tmif yGm;Edik o f nf/ odaYk omf
,if;yk*¾dKvfwdkYrSm vdifwlyk*¾dKvf touf&SifqJyk*¾dKvfwdkYom jzpf&rnf/
«rSwcf suf --- tyÜ,
d yk*v
¾ = rcsptf yfaomyk*Kd¾ v[ f o
l nf --- rdr\
d
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKvkyfaomyk*¾dKvfç rdrdcspfol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyK
vkyfaomyk*¾dKvfç rdrdrcspfaomol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jyKvkyfay;aom
yk*¾dKvfç ]]ig\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKusifhcJhavaygh}} ]]ig cspfjrwfEkd;ol\
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rjyKusifhcJhavaygh}} --- þodkY ponfjzifh &efNidK;zGJUjcif;
tmCmw0w¬K\ wnf&mjzpfaomyk*¾dKvf - þyk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk qdkvdkonf/
a0&Dyk*¾v = &efolyk*¾dKvf[lonf - rdrd\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhudk jyKvkyfaom
yk*¾dKvfç rdrdcspfjrwfEkd;ol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhudk jyKvkyfaomyk*¾dKvf - þ
yk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk qdkvdkonf/ (r[m#D?1?351/)»
5/ vd*F0dobm* = vdifrwlaomyk*¾dKvf?
þyk*¾dKvfudk oD;oefY arwåmryGm;tyf/ trsKd;orD; a,m*g0p&
yk*¾dKvfonf trsKd;om;wpfOD;udk tm½kH,lí oD;oefY arwåmryGm;tyf?
trsK;d om;a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf trsK;d orD;wpfO;D udk tm½k,
H í
l oD;oefY
arwåmryGm;tyf/ &m*jzpfwwfaomaMumifh xdo k Ykd oD;oefY ryGm;oifjh cif;
jzpf\/
6/ umvuwyk*v ¾ = aooGm;aomyk*Kd¾ vüf tcsi;f cyford ;f arwåm
ryGm;tyf/
taMumif;jycsuf --- tyÜd,yk*¾dKvfudk yd,yk*¾dKvft&müxm;vsuf
arwåmyGm;aomyk*Kd¾ vo f nf yifyef;wwf\/ twdy, dÜ o[m,uyk*Kd¾ vf
udk rZÑwyå *k Kd¾ vt f &müxm;vsuf arwåmyGm;aomyk*Kd¾ vo f nf yifyef;wwf
\/ xdk twdy, dÜ o[m,uyk*Kd¾ v\ f oEÅmef0,f tenf;i,frQomvQif
jzpfaom qif;&J'u k o © nf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf idt k ahH om tjcif;t&m
odYk a&mufouJo h Ykd jzpfwwf\/ rZÑwyå *k Kd¾ vuf kd av;pm;xdu k af omyk*Kd¾ vf
t&müvnf;aumif;ç yd,yk*¾dKvft&müvnf;aumif; xm;vsuf arwåm
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomolonf yifyef;wwf\/ a0&Dyk*¾dKvfudk tzef
wvJvJ atmufarhaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvftm; trsufa'goonf
xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh þyk*¾dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkYü a&S;OD;pGm
arwåmbm0emudk ryGm;rsm;oifah y/ vd*0F o d bm* = vdirf wlaomyk*Kd¾ vf
üum; &m*jzpfwwfaomaMumifh oD;oefaY rwåmbm0emudk ryGm;oifjh cif;
jzpf\/ odkYaomf oAÁm £w¬da,m = trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;wdkYonf? oaAÁ
yk&od m = trsK;d om;tm;vH;k wdo Yk nf þodpYk onfjzifh arwåmpsmefukd &&Sd Ny;D
&m oDrmoarÇ'udk NyKd atmif NzKd Ny;D &mtcgü arwåmudk yGm;rsm;Edik o f nf/
aovGefoGm;NyD;aomyk*¾dKvfü arwåmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;cJhonf&Sdaomf
arwåmtyÜempsmefov Ykd nf; rqduk af &mufEikd /f Oypm&psmeform"dov Ykd nf;

rqdu
k af &mufEikd /f xdak Mumifh aoolukd tm½k, H í
l arwåmudk ryGm;ygESi/hf
(0dok'¨d?1?287-288 - Munfhyg/)
arwåmyGm;&rnfh yk*¾dKvftpOfrSm ---
1/ twå = rdrdç
2/ yd, = cspfcifav;pm;tyfolESifh tvGefcspfjrwfEdk;tyfolç
3/ rZÑwå = rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvfç
4/ a0&D = &efolyk*¾dKvf ---
þyk*Kd¾ vf (4)OD;udk tpOftwdik ;f yGm;yg/ rdru d , kd u
f kd rdrd pí arwåm
yGm;jcif;rSm oufaot&mü xm;&eftwGufom jzpf\/ tyÜempsmefudk
&&Sad &;twGuu f m; r[kwaf y/ rSeaf yonf --- a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vf wpfO;D
onf ESpaf ygif; wpf&m umvywfv;kH aomfvnf;aumif;ç ESpaf ygif; wpf-
axmif umvywfvHk;aomfvnf;aumif; ]]t[H okcdawm a[mrd =
igonf ud, k \ f csr;f omjcif; pdw\ f csr;f omjcif; &So d nf jzpfygap}} þodYk
paomenf;jzifh rdrdü arwåmudk tu,fí yGm;apumrl xdka,m*g0p&
yk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü tyÜempsmefonf rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q jzpfay:rvmEdik /f
]]t[H okcdawm a[mrd = igonf udk,f\csrf;omjcif; pdwf\csrf;om
jcif;&Sdonf jzpfygap}}[k rdrdudk,fudk rdrd arwåmyGm;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü igonf csrf;omokcudk tvdk&SdouJhodkY qif;&Judk
pufqyk o f uJo h çYkd touf&nS vf okd uJoh çYkd raovdo k uJo h çYkd tvm;wlyif
igrS wpfyg;ukefaom owå0gwdkYonfvnf; csrf;omudk tvdk&SdMuukef
onf qif;&Jukd pufqyk Mf uukeo f nf touf&n S vf Mkd uukeo f nf jzpfay
ukef\[k þodkYvQif rdrdudk,fudk oufaojyKí tjcm;aomowå0gwdkYü
pD;yGm;csr;f omudk tvd&k o dS nfh pdwaf epdwx f m;onf jzpfay:vmwwf\/
oAÁm 'dom tEky&d*r® apwom?

ae0ZÑ*g yd,w&rwåem uGpd/
{0H yda,m ykxk twåm ya&oH?
wo®m e [ H y&rwåumarm/ (oH?1?75/ ck?1?133/)
[dd ao
cyford ;f aom t&yfrsuEf mS wdo Yk vYkd nf; pdwjf zifh xuf0ef;usif &Sm-
azGaomtm;jzifh tpOfvSnfhywfí &SmazGaomfvnf; rdrdxufomvGef
cspfjrwfEdk;tyfaom tjcm;wpfyg;aom owå0gudk rnfonfht&yfürQ
r&Edkifav&m rawGUjrifEdkifav&m/ þodkY rdrdxuf cspfjrwfEdk;tyfoludk
r&Edkifjcif; rawGUjrifEdkifjcif;\ tpGrf;jzifh toD;toD; udk,fpDudk,fpD
rdrdrS wpfyg;ukefaom xdkxdk owå0gwdkYonfvnf; olwdkYudk,fudk olwdkY
cspjf rwfE;kd Mu\/ xdak Mumifh rdr\
d pD;yGm;csr;f omudk vdv k m;awmifwh aom
olawmfaumif;onf wpfyg;aom owå0gudk rn§Of;qJav&m/
(oH?1?75/ ck?1?133/)
þñTefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD pdwf"mwf El;nHhaysmhaysmif;vm&ef
ud,
k cf si;f pmw&m; ude;f 0yfvm&eftwGuf aU&OS ;D pGm rdru
d ,
kd u
f rkd rd d arwåm
tcsdeftenf;i,f yGm;yg/
1/ t[H ta0a&m a[mrd?
2/ tAsmyaZÆm a[mrd?
3/ teDaCm a[mrd?
4/ okcD twåmeH y&d[&mrd/
1/ igonf ab;&efuif;ygap?
2/ pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap?
3/ udk,fqif;&J uif;ygap?
4/ use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh rdr\
d cE¨m0efukd &Guaf qmif
Edik yf gap/
pdw"f mwf El;nHah ysmah ysmif;vmí ud, k cf si;f pmw&m;rsm; pGr;f tm;
BuD;rm;vmaomtcg tjcm;owå0grsm;udk ajymif;í arwåm yGm;Edkifyg
onf/ odaYk omf pdw"f mwf El;nHah ysmah ysmif;Ny;D olç ud,k cf si;f pmw&m; tm;-
aumif;Ny;D ol tjcm;owå0gwpfa,mufukd tm½k, H í l arwåmbm0emudk
rNidKrjiif ryifryef; vG,fvG,fulul yGm;rsm;EdkifolwdkYtzdkYum; þ rdrd-
udkrdrd arwåmyGm;rIrSm tvGefBuD; rvdktyfyg/ tjcm;owå0gwpfOD;udk
arwåmpsmefqu kd af tmif arwåmyGm;vdyk gu atmufyg tpDtpOftwdik ;f
jyKusifhyg/
yd,*½kbm0eD, vdifwlyk*¾dKvf
toifoal wmfaumif;onf rdr&d &Sx d m;Ny;D onfh tmemygepwkw-¬
psmeform"dujkd zpfapç pGr;f Edik yf gu Mo'gwuodP k ;f pwkwp¬ smeform"dukd
jzpfap NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf ta&mifwvufvuf awmufyvmonfhwdkif-
atmif wpfzefjyefí orm"d xlaxmifyg/ Mo'gwuodkPf; orm"drSm
ydí k aumif;rGeaf y\/ ,if;orm"dEiS hf ,if;vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifw\ Ykd
tultnDudk&&Sdaomç ,if;orm"dwdkY\ tm;BuD;aomrSD&m Oyedó,
ypö,owådjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g owådxl;udk qufcH&aom
toifolawmfaumif;\ arwåmbm0emonf acsmarmvG,fulvsuf
&Sad ernfom jzpf\/ taMumif;rl ,if;pwkwp¬ smeform"daMumifh toif
olawmfaumif;\pdw"f mwfonf te*FP-0d*wlyuúad vo = &m* a'go
arm[ponfh udavomtnpftaMu;wdrYk S uif;a0;pifMu,fvsuf &S\ d /
rk'kblw = El;nHhaysmhaysmif;vsuf &Sd\/ ur®ed, = xdkxdk bm0emrIü
yGm;rsm;zk&Yd ef tcefo Y ifh jzpfae\/ y&do'k -¨ y&da,m'gw xuf0ef;usirf S
jzLpifvsuf NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyaom ta&miftvif;
vnf;&Sdae\/ þuJhodkYaom pGrf;tifrsm;u toifolawmfaumif;\
arwåmbm0emudk vG,fulacsmarmatmif tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;ü
arwåmpGrf;tifrsm; jynfh0vmatmif tm;ay;ulnDvsuf &Sdaeaom-

aMumifh jzpf\/ xdok Ykd vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf ta&mif
wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg toifoal wmfaumif;ud, k wf ikd u
f
tvGef cspfcifav;pm; jrwfEdk;tyfaom vdifwlyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;udk vSrf;í
tm½k, H yl g/ toifoal wmfaumif;\ pwkwp¬ smeform"daMumifh jzpfay:
vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfonf toifoal wmfaumif;\ 0ef;usiyf wfcsm
cyfodrf;aom t&yfrsufESmü jyefYESHUaernfom jzpf\/ toifolawmf-
aumif;u vSr;f í tm½k, H v
l ukd af om arwåmbm0em\t½IcH xdyk *k Kd¾ vu f kd
xkv
d if;a&mifjcnftwGi;f ü awGUjrifaernfom jzpf\/ xdo k al wmfaumif;
\ xdkifaeonfhyHk &yfaeonfhyHk ponfwdkYwGif rdrdtESpfNcdKufqHk; pdwf
tcsr;f omqH;k yHu
k kd a&G;cs,yf g/ rdrjd rifz;l aom xdo
k al wmfaumif;\ ½kyyf kH
wdkYwGif pdwftcsrf;omqHk; jrifzl;xm;onfhyHkudk vSrf;tm½kH,lyg/ rdrdESifh
av;awmifcefY ig;awmifcefYwGif wnf&Sdaeatmif tm½kH,lyg/ xdkol-
awmfaumif;udk tvif;a&mifatmufwGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; awGUjrif&
ygu atmufygtwdkif; arwåmyGm;yg/
t,H oyÜK&daom 1/ ta0a&m a[mwk?
2/ tAsmyaZÆm a[mwk?
3/ teDaCm a[mwk?
4/ okcD twåmeH y&d[&wk/
þolawmfaumif;onf 1/ ab;&efuif;ygap?
2/ pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap?
3/ udk,fqif;&Juif;ygap?
4/ usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh
rdrd\ cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifygap/
þarwåmyGm;enf; av;csuu f kd oH;k av;acgufavmuf yGm;Munfyh g/

xdkaemif xdkarwåmyGm;enf; av;rsKd;wdkYwGif rdrdESpfouf&m wpfrsKd;rsKd;udk
a&G;cs,yf g/ Oyrm -- pdwq f if;&J uif;ygap -- [laom arwåmyGm;enf;udk
a&G;cs,o f nf qdyk gpd/Yk xdok al wmfaumif;\ pdwq f if;&Jjcif;uif;í jyKH ;&Tif
aeonfyh u kH kd tm½k,H í l pdwyf gvufyg þolawmfaumif;onf pdwq f if;&J
uif;ygap pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap[k Budrfzefrsm;pGm arwåmyGm;yg/ xdkyHkü
bm0empdwo f nf tvGeNf ird o f ufpmG uyfíwnfvmygu psmeft*Fgrsm;
udk qifjcifMunfhyg/ yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfh
wdik af tmif tpOftwdik ;f yGm;rsm;yg/ xdak emuf txufyg arwåmyGm;enf;
av;csufvHk;ü wpfcsufwpfcsuf0,f wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonhfwdkif-
atmif tpOftwdik ;f arwåmyGm;yg/ xdo k Ykd yGm;&mü ab;&ef uif;ygap[k
arwåmyGm;vQif ab;&ef uif;aeonfyh çkH pdwq f if;&J uif;ygap[k arwåm
yGm;vQif pdwfqif;&J uif;aeonfhyHkç udk,fqif;&J uif;ygap[k arwåm
yGm;vQif ud, k q f if;&J uif;aeonfyh çkH use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh
rdrd\cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifygap[k arwåmyGm;vQif usef;usef;rmrm
csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifaeonfhyHkrsm; ay:ae
ygap/ ,if; arwåmpsmef toD;toD;üvnf; 0oDabmf (5)wef Edik ef if;-
atmif avhusifhyg/
{0½lay p yk*¾av umrH tyÜem orÜZÆwd/ (0dok'¨d?1?289/)
psmepdwåH OyaewAÁH OyÜga'wAÁEÅd taw¬m/ (r[m#D?1?354/)
þt|uxm #DumtzGiw hf EYkd iS thf nD yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D wpfO;D ü arwåm
psmefwwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif arwåmyGm;&jcif; jzpf\/
arwåmyGm;enf; av;csu&f &dS m tcsuw f ikd ;f tcsuw f ikd ;f ü wwd,psmefoYkd
qdkufatmif arwåmyGm;yg/ ,if; psmeftoD;toD;ü 0oDabmf (5)wef
Edik ef if;atmif avhusiyhf g/ ab;&ef uif;apvdak ompdwx f m;ç pdwq
f if;&J
uif;apvdkaompdwfxm;ç udk,fqif;&J uif;apvdkaompdwfxm; þodkY

paom tusK;d udk vdv
k m;awmifw
h aom pdwx f m;wdu Yk m; Oayu©moabm
r[kwfojzifh pwkw¬psmefodkYwdkifatmif rqdkufEdkifjcif; jzpf\/
atmifjrifrI&&Sdaomtcg tvm;wlyif cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom
yd,*½kbm0eD, vdiw f yl *k Kd¾ vw f üYkd wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf arwåmudk
yGm;yg/ tenf;qH;k (10)a,mufcefaY vmuf atmifatmifjrifjrif arwåm
yGm;Ny;D aomtcg odycf spo f nfh twdy, dÜ o[m,u vdiw f l touf&iS q
f J
yk*Kd¾ vwf üYkd wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf tm½k, H í
l tvm;wlyif arwåm-
psmefrsm;udk wwd,psmefow Ykd ikd af tmif &&Sad tmif yGm;rsm;yg/ yd,*½kbm-
0eD,yk*¾dKvfESifh twdyÜd,yk*¾dKvfç þyk*¾dKvf ESpfrsKd;vHk;ü arwåmcsif; nDrQ
atmif tm;vHk; yd,yk*¾dKvft&müyif wnfatmif yGm;rsm;yg/
xdak emif rZÑwå = rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwfy*k Kd¾ vw f üYkd tenf;qH;k
(10)a,mufcefaY vmuf wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf tm½k, H í l tvm;-
wlyif wwd,psmefodkY toD;toD; qdkufonfhwdkifatmif arwåmyGm;yg/
xdyk *k Kd¾ vt
f m;vH;k wdo Yk nfvnf; vdiw f l touf&iS q f yJ *k Kd¾ vw f oYkd m jzpfMuyg
ap/ xdkaemif a0&D = &efolyk*¾dKvf = rkef;onfhyk*¾dKvfwdkYü arwåmyGm;yg/
xdkodkYarwåmyGm;&mü trkef;qkH;yk*¾dKvfudk aemufqkH;xm;um tenf;i,f
rausreyfjzpfzl;oludk a&S;OD;pGm arwåmyGm;yg/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu
a0&Dy*k Kd¾ vrf sm;udk wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf tm½k, H u l m arwåmbm0em
ur®|mef;a&csrf;jzifh psmefqdkufonfhtxd yufzsef;ay;yg/ yk*¾dKvfwdkif;ü
arwåmyGm;enf; av;enf;vH;k 0,f wwd,psmefoYkd qdu k o f nfh wdik af tmif
arwåmyGm;yg/ tm;vHk; vdifwl touf&SifqJyk*¾dKvfwdkYom jzpfMuygap/
tMuify*k Kd¾ vt f zdYk &efo[l ol nf r&Sd ? rke;f onfyh *k Kd¾ v[ f o l nf r&S?d r[m-
yk&doZmwf &SdawmfrlMuukefaom tavmif;awmfwdkY\ pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sd
ojzifh eE´, d arsmufrif;uJo h Ykd rdr\
d tusK;d pD;yGm;rJuh kd jyKuek af om olwpf-
yg;wdt
Yk ay:üaomfvnf; a0&D[al om trSwo f nmonfyif jzpfay:í
rvm? xdkyk*¾dKvfonf a0&Dyk*¾dKvfudk &SmMuHí arwåmyGm;&ef rvdkyg/ a0&D
&Sdolonf a0&Dyk*¾dKvfü arwåmyGm;yg/
bma0aEÅe p {auuo®d H aum|mao rk'Hk ur®ed,H pdwåH uwGm
w'eEÅa& w'eEÅa& OyoH[&dwAÁH/ (0dok'¨d?1?289/)
w'eEÅa& w'eEÅa& OyoH[&dwAÁ}}EÅd? psmepdwåH
awe 0kwåH ]]w'eEÅ
OyÜga'wAÁEÅd taw¬m/ (r[m#D?1?354/)
(1) yd,yk*Kd¾ vf (2) twdy, dÜ yk*Kd¾ vf (3) rZÑwyå *k Kd¾ vf (4) a0&Dy*k Kd¾ vf
[k arwåmbm0em\ t½IcHyk*¾dKvftkyfpk (4)pk &Sd\/ aum|mo (4)ck[k
ac:qdk\/ arwåmbm0em ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf
onf aum|mo wpfcw k pfcük rdr\d bm0empdwu f kd El;nHah tmifç xdx k kd
bm0emrIü cHHhnm;atmifjyKNyD;rS (wwd,psmefodkYqdkufatmif yGm;NyD;rS)
tjcm;tjcm;aom aum|moü bm0empdwu f kd a&S;½Iaqmif,yl g/ psmef
pdwfudk jzpfapyg/ (0dok'¨d?1?289/ r[m#D?1?354/)
oDrmoarÇ' = yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKzsufjcif;

txmaee ykeyÜKeH arwåm,aEÅe twåed yd,yk*¾av rZÑawå
a0&Dyk*¾avwd pwlok Zaeok orpdwåwH orÜma'aEÅe oDrmoarÇa'g
umwaAÁm/ (0dok'¨d?1?300/)
orpdwåwEÅd [dwlyoH[ma&e ormepdwåwH/ oDrmoarÇa'g
om {0 orpdwåwm/ (r[m#D?1?362/)
1/ yd,remy*½kbm0eD, = cspcf ifjrwfE;kd av;pm;xdu
k af om ukov
kd f
w&m;udk wdk;yGm;apwwfaomyk*¾dKvf?
2/ twdyÜd,o[m,u = tvGefcspfciftyfaom taqGcifyGef;

taygif;tazmfyk*¾dKvf?
3/ rZÑwå = rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvf?
4/ a0&D = &efolyk*¾dKvf rkef;onfhyk*¾dKvf?
þyk*¾dKvf av;rsKd;wdkYü arwåmpsmefudk wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfh
wdkifatmif EdkifEdkifeif;eif; yGm;rsm;NyD;aomtcg yd,remy*½kbm0eD,
yk*Kd¾ vEf iS hf twdy,
dÜ o[m,uyk*Kd¾ vw f t
Ykd ay:üvnf; arwåmcsi;f nDrQ
oGm;ojzifh yd,yk*¾dKvft&müom wnfoGm;aomtcg ---
1/ twå = rdrdudk,f?
2/ yd, = cspfcifjrwfEdk;av;pm;tyfol + tvGefcspfciftyfol?
3/ rZÑwå = rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvf?
4/ a0&D = &efolyk*¾dKvf rkef;onfhyk*¾dKvf?
þ yk*Kd¾ vaf v;OD;wdt
Yk ay:ü arwåmpdwu
f kd nDrQatmif jyKusiyhf g/
1/ þyk*¾dKvfum; twåyk*¾dKvf?
2/ þyk*¾dKvfum; yd,yk*¾dKvf?
3/ þyk*¾dKvfum; rZÑwåyk*¾dKvf?
4/ þyk*¾dKvfum; a0&Dyk*¾dKvf[k
þuJo h aYkd om ydik ;f jcm;uefo
Y wfcsuf uif;atmif arwåmpdwx f m;-
csi;f nDrQatmif arwåmbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdo k Ykd arwåmyGm;&m
ü rdrud ,
kd u
f kd tm½kH jyKí arwåmyGm;cJah omf psmefouYkd m; rqdu k af &mufEikd /f
odkYaomf þtydkif;üum; twå yd, rZÑwå a0&D[laom yk*¾dKvftydkif;
tjcm;uif;atmif = nDrQaom arwåmpsmefpdwfcsnf; tqufrjywf
jzpfatmif yGm;rsm;jcif;om jzpf\/ arwåmpdwx f m;csi;f nDrQcahJ omf oDrm
oarÇ' = yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsufqD;EdkifNyD jzpf\/ ,if; oDrm
oarÇ' tvdkYiSmom rdrdudk,fudk arwåmyGm;jcif; jzpf\/

a&S;OD;pGm rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom (tmemygepwkw¬psmef Mo'gw
uodkPf;pwkw¬psmef) orm"dwdkYudk jyefvnfí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mif
jcnfprG ;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg tcsed t f enf;i,fcefY (rdepf-
ydik ;f puúeyYf ikd ;f avmuf) rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rdrd arwåmyGm;yg/ xdak emif yd,yk*Kd¾ vf
wpfO;D udk tm½k, H í
l wwd,psmefoq Ykd ukd af tmif arwåmyGm;yg/ xdak emif
tv,ftvwfy*k Kd¾ vf wpfO;D udk tm½k, H í l wwd,psmefoYkd qdu k af tmif
arwåmyGm;yg/ xdkaemif a0&Dyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;udk tm½kH,lí wwd,psmefodkY
qdkufatmif arwåmyGm;yg/
xdak emif twå = rdru d , kd u
f kd wpfzefjyefí tvm;wl arwåmyGm;yg/
xdkaemif aemufxyf tjcm;yd,yk*¾dKvf wpfOD;udkç xdkaemif aemufxyf
tjcm; rZÑwyå *k Kd¾ vf wpfO;D udçk xdak emif tjcm;a0&Dy*k Kd¾ vf wpfO;D udk tm½kH
,lí tvm;wlyif arwåmyGm;yg/ xdkodkYyGm;&mü yd,-rZÑwå-a0&Dyk*¾dKvf
wdkYudk arwåmyGm;&müum; yk*¾dKvfwdkif;ü arwåmpsmefudk wwd,psmefodkY
qdu
k af tmif arwåmyGm;yg/ arwåmyGm;enf; av;rsK;d vH;k ü wwd,psmefoYkd
qdkufygap/
þenf;tm;jzifh yd,ç rZÑwçå a0&Dy*k Kd¾ vw f üYkd wpfa,mufNy;D wpf
a,muf ajymif;vJí twåç yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&Dç twåç yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&D
[laom yk*Kd¾ vpf Ofjzifh Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum arwåm bm0emudk
yGm;rsm;yg/ arwåmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aeaom arwåmpdwcf sn;f jzpfatmif
yd,ç rZÑwçå a0&Dy*k Kd¾ vw f üYkd nDrQaom arwåmpsmefpw d cf sn;f jzpfatmif
avhusiyhf g/ nDrQaom arwåmpdwx f m; &Sad tmif nDrQaom arwåmpsmefukd
&&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;EdkifcJhaomf oDrmoarÇ' = yk*¾dKvf tydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcJG
zsuq f ;D Edik Nf y/D yk*Kd¾ vt
f ydik ;f tjcm; uif;ayNy/D xdt
k cgwGif toifoal wmf-
aumif;onf y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmf (314)ü vm&Sdonfhtwkdif; ---
1/ taem"daomz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (5)rsKd;?

2/ Mo"daomz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (7)rsKd;?
3/ 'domz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (10)rsKd;?
þarwåmbm0emwdkYudk qufvufí yGm;EdkifNyD jzpfayonf/
wrÜd tyÜemyÜwåpdwåaó0 orÜZÆwDwd a0'dwAÁH/
(0dok'¨d?1?302/)
txufyg taem"daomz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd paom

arwåmbm0emwdkYum; twåç yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&D[laom yk*¾dKvftydkif;
tjcm;udk NydKatmif NzdKcGJzsufqD;Edkifojzifh yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&Dyk*¾dKvfwdkYü
tyÜempsmefodkYqdkufatmif a&muftyfNyD; &tyfNyD;aom tyÜemarwåm
pdwf&Sdaom yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefüomvQif NyD;pD; jynfhpHkEdkif\[k od&Sdygav/
(0dok'¨d?1?302/)
þ pnf;rsOf;Oya'oum; -- oaAÁ owåm ta0&m a[mEÅ K --

þodkYponfjzifh arwåmbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;vdkaom a,m*D
olawmfaumif;wdoYk nf OD;xdy&f u
G yf efqifvsuf ½kad opGm vdu
k ef mjyKusihf
oifhaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'o wpfckyif jzpfayonf/
taem"daomz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (5) rsKd;

&nfñTef;ydkif;jcm;jcif;r&Sd ysHUESHUaptyfaom arwåm apawm0drkwåd
(5)rsKd; ----
1/ oaAÁ owåm = cyfodrf;ukefaom cE¨m (5)yg;ü NiduyfwG,f-
wmjcif; &SdMuukefaom owå0gwdkYonf/
2/ oaAÁ ygPm = cyfodrf;ukefaom 0ifouf xGufouf &SdMu

ukefaom owå0gwdkYonf/
3/ oaAÁ blwm = cyford ;f ukeaf om uH udavomaMumifh xif-
&Sm; jzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkYonf/
4/ oaAÁ yk*¾vm = cyford ;f ukeaf om i&Jüusa&mufjcif;oabm
&SdMuukefaom owå0gwdkYonf/
5/ oaAÁ twåbm0y&d,myEém = cyfodrf;ukefaom cE¨mudk,f
twåabmü tusK;H 0ifMuukef
aom owå0gwdkYonf/
Mo"daomz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (7) rsKd;

&nfñTef;ydkif;jcm;jcif; &Sdaom ysHUESHUaptyfaom arwåm apawm-
0drkwåd (7)rsKd; ----
1/ oAÁm £w¬da,m =
cyfodrf;ukefaom trsKd;orD;wdkYonf/
2/ oaAÁ yk&dom =
cyfodrf;ukefaom trsKd;om;wdkYonf/
3/ oaAÁ t&d,m =
cyford ;f ukeaf om t&d,myk*Kd¾ vw
f o
Ykd nf/
4/ oaAÁ te&d,m =
cyfodrf;ukefaom t&d,mr[kwfaom
yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf/
5/ oaAÁ a'0g = cyfodrf;ukefaom ewfwdkYonf/
6/ oaAÁ rEkóm = cyfodrf;ukefaom vlom;wdkYonf/
7/ oaAÁ 0dedygwdum = cyfodrf;ukefaom tyg,fom; owå0g
wdkYonf/
arwåmyGm;yHkpepf
a&S;OD;pGm Mo'gwuodkPf;pwkw¬psmefodkY qdkufonfhwdkifatmif
orm"dudk jyefvnf xlaxmifyg/ twåç yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&Dyk*¾dKvfwdkYü
arwåmpdwx f m;csi;f nDrQatmif arwåmpsmefukd (txufwiG f a&;om;wif
jycJo h nft h wdik ;f ) Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum 0ifpm;yg/ arwåmcsi;f
nDrQí tydkif;tjcm; uif;aomtcg rdrdpGrf;EdkiforQ ausmif;y&d0kPf
wpfct k wGi;f ü odrYk [kwf tdryf &d0P k f wpfct k wGi;f ü wnf&adS om owå0g
tm;vH;k udk vSr;f í tm½k, H yl g/ xdt k csed tf cg0,f toif olawmfaumif;
\ arwåmbm0emwnf;[laom orxbm0empdwaf Mumifv h nf; vif;-
a&mifjcnfrsm;onf NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyaernfom
jzpfayonf/ xdkvif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh rdrdydkif;jcm;xm;onfh
e,fajrtwGif;ü wnf&Sdaom owå0gtm;vHk;udk vSrf;í tm½kH,lvdkuf
aomtcg ,if;owå0gtm;vH;k udk ,if;vif;a&mifjcnfatmufwiG f xif
xif&mS ;&Sm; awGUjrifaeygap/ ,if;odYk awGUjrifaomtcgrS taem"daom-
z&Pm arwåm apawm0drw k då (5)rsK;d Mo'daomz&Pm arwåm apawm-
0drw k då (7)rsK;d ESp&f yfaygif; (12)rsK;d aom arwåmwdu Yk kd qufvufí yGm;yg/
xdo k yYkd mG ;&mü ,if; (12)rsK;d wdüYk wpfrsK;d rsK;d vQif arwåmyGm;enf; (4)rsK;d pD
&Sdjyefojzifh (12 _ 4 = 48) rsKd;aom arwåmyGm;enf;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;&rnf
jzpfonf/ yGm;yHkrSm --- þodkY jzpf\/
1/ oaAÁ owåm (u) ta0&m a[mEa[mEÅÅ K?K?
( c ) tAsmyZÆm a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K?K?
( * ) teDCm a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K?K?
(C) okcD twåmeH y&d[& EÅ K?K?
1/ cyford ;f ukeaf om cE¨m (5)yg;ü Niu

d yfw,
G w
f mjcif; &SMd uukeaf om
owå0gwdkYonf ---
(u) ab;&efuif;Muygap/ (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif yGm;yg??)
( c ) pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap/ (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif yGm;yg??)
( * ) udk,fqif;&J uif;Muygap/(wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif yGm;yg??)
(C) usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrdwdkY\ cE¨m0efudk
&GufaqmifEdkifMuygap/ (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif yGm;yg??)
þodkY arwåm (4)csufyGm;&m tcsufwdkif;ü wwd,psmefodkY qdkuf
a&mufygap/ arwåmpsmef\ t½Ict H m½kjH zpfonfh owå0gtm;vH;k udv k nf;
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; ÓPfvif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUjrifaeygap/ atmifjrifrI
&&Sdvmaomtcg oaAÁ ygPm - üvnf; tvm;wlyif (4)csuf yGm;yg/
wpfcsufwpfcsufü wwd,psmefodkY aygufygap/ tvm;wlyif (4)csuf
yGm;yg/ tvm;wlyif oaAÁ blwm - ponfh <uif;usefaom yk*¾dKvfwdkYü
vnf; (4)csufpDyif qufvufí arwåmyGm;yg/ oAÁm £w¬da,m =
trsK;d orD;tm;vH;k wdoYk nf[k arwåmyGm;&mü rdryd ikd ;f jcm;xm;aom e,fajr
twGif;ü wnf&Sdaom trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;wdkYudk vif;a&mifjcnfatmuf
wGif jrifawGUaeygap/ oaAÁ yk&o d m[k arwåmyGm;&müvnf; trsK;d om;
tm;vH;k udk jrifawGUaeygap/ oaAÁ a'0g[k yGm;&mü rdryd ikd ;f jcm;xm;onfh
e,fajrtwGi;f ü wnf&adS om ewftm;vH;k udçk oaAÁ rEkóm[k yGm;&mü
vnf; tvm;wlyif vlom;tm;vHk;udkç oaAÁ 0dedygwdum[k yGm;&mü
vnf; tvm;wlyif rdryd ikd ;f jcm;xm;onfh e,fajrtwGi;f ü wnf&adS om
tyg,fom; owå0gtm;vHk;udk ÓPfjzifh iHkEdkiforQ jcHKiHkí ½Iyg/ þ
(48)rsKd;aom arwåmwdkYudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm avhusifhyg/
ausmif;y&d0kPf wpfcktwGif;ü odkYr[kwf tdrfy&d0kPf wpfckt-

wGi;f ü atmifjrifru I kd &&Sdaomtcg ausmif;0dik ;f wpf0ikd ;f vH;k ausmif;wdu k f
wpfckvHk; twGif;ü (48)rsKd;ç ausmif;wdkuf (2)wdkuf twGif;ü (48)rsKd;ç
þodkYponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; arwåmpsmefudk jzefYMuufyg/ &Gmwpf&Gmç
wpfNrdKUe,fç ESpfNrdKUe,fç jynfe,f wpfckç jynfe,f ESpfckç wpfjynfvHk;ç
wpfurÇmvHk;ç (31)bHkvHk; - þodkYponfjzifh (48)rsKd;pD wjznf;jznf;
jzefMY uufí ½Iyg/ atmifjrifrI &&Sad omtcg teEÅpMu0Vmodw Yk ikd af tmif
(48)rsKd;aom arwåmbm0emwdkYudk jzefYMuufí ½Iyg/ xdkaemif 'dom-
z&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (10)rsKd;odkY ajymif;½Iyg/
'domz&Pm arwåm apawm0drkwåd (10) rsKd;

t&yf (10)rsufESmwdkYü ysHUESHUaptyfaom arwåm apawm0drkwåd
(10)rsKd; ---
1/ taU&S t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
2/ taemuf t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
3/ awmif t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
4/ ajrmuf t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
5/ taU&Sawmif t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
6/ taemufawmif t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
7/ taemufajrmuf t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
8/ taU&Sajrmuf t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
9/ txuf t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;?
10/ atmuf t&yfrsufESmü (48)rsKd;/
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf t&yf (10)rsufESmü (10 _ 48 = 480)

jzpf\/ txufwiG f teEÅpMu0Vmodw Yk ikd af tmif owå0gtm;vH;k udk jcKH ií
kH
jzefYMuufum yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom (48)rsKd;aom arwåmESifh þ (480)
wdkYudk aygif;aomf (528)oG,f arwåm jzpf\/
þ'domz&Pm apawm0drw k då arwåmudk yGm;&mü taU&w
S nfw h nfh
t&yfrsufESmbufü wnf&Sdaom teEÅpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif owå0g
tm;vHk;udk tm½kH,lí ,if;owå0g tm;vHk;wdkYudk vif;a&mifjcnf\
atmufü awGUjrifaeaomtcgrS (48)rsKd;aom arwåmbm0emwdkYudk
pD;jzef;yg/ taemuft&yfrsuEf mS ponfh <uif;useaf om t&yfrsuEf mS wdYk
üvnf; enf;wlyif ½Iyg/ atmifjrifr&I &Sad omtcg arwåmokweå f ponf-
wdkYü vm&Sdaom arwåmyGm;enf;rsm;udkvnf; qufvufí yGm;rsm;Edkif
ayonf/ þodkY (528)oG,faom arwåmwdkYudk pepfwus yGm;rsm;Edkif
aomtcg toifolawmfaumif;\ arwåmbm0em ur®|mef;onf
atmufyg bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfEiS hf tH0ifciG u f saeojzifh bk&m;&Si\f
tvdak wmfustwdik ;f yGm;rsm;aeonfukd toifoal wmfaumif;ud, k wf ikd f
od&Sdayvdrfhrnf/
aom arwåmo[*awe apwom {uH 'doH z&dwGm 0d[&wd/
wxm 'kwd,H/ wxm wwd,H/ wxm pwkw¬H/ £wd O'¨ra"m wd&d,H
oAÁ"d oAÁwåwm, oAÁm0EÅH avmuH arwåmo[*awe apwom
0dykave r[*¾awe tyÜrmaPe ta0a&e tAsmyaZÆe z&dwGm
0d[&wd/ ('D?1?234/)
xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vo f nf arwåmESi,
hf OS af ompdwjf zifh wpfcak om
t&yfrsuEf mS udk ysUH ESUH apí ae\/ xdt
Yk wl ESpcf ak jrmuf t&yfrsuEf mS udçk
oHk;ckajrmuf t&yfrsufESmudkç av;ckajrmuf t&yfrsufESmudk ysHUESHUapí
ae\/ þenf;jzifh txuf atmuf zDvm tvH;k pHak om t&yfrsuEf mS wdüYk

&Sdaom owå0gtm;vHk;udk rdrdESifhtwljyKí owå0gtm;vHk; yg0ifaom
owåavmuudk jyefaY jymaom jrifjh rwfaom twdik ;f t&Snrf &Sad om &ef-
r&Sdaom NidKjiifjcif; r&Sdaom arwåmESifh,SOfaompdwfjzifh ysHUESHUapvsuf
ae\/ ('D?1?234/)
arwåmtusKd; (11) yg;
arwåm, bdu©a0 apawm0drkwåd,m tmao0dwm, bm0d-
wm, A[kvDuwm, ,meDuwm, 0w¬Kuwm, tEk|dwm,
y&dpdwm, okorm&'¨g, {um'omedoHom yg#ducFg/ --
uwar {um'o ------ okcH okywd? okcH y#dAkZÑwd? e ygyuH
okyed H yówd? rEkómeH yda,m a[mwd? trEkómeH yda,m a[mwd?
a'0wm &u©EÅd? emó t*¾d 0g 0doH 0g ow¬H 0g urwd? wk0#H pdwåH
orm"d,wd? rkc0aPÖm 0dyo Ü 'D wd? tor®LaV§m umvH ua&mwd? Owå&d
tyÜ#d0dZÑaEÅm jA[®avmulya*g a[mwd/ (tH?3?542/)
&[ef;wdkY ...qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufaMumif; jzpf
aomaMumifh arwåm apawm0drkwåd trnf&aom arwåmpdwfudk ½kdao
ojzifh rSD0Jtyfonf&Sdaomfç wdk;yGm;aptyfonf&Sdaomfç Budrfzefrsm;pGm
tavhtvm jyKtyfonf&adS omfç pD;eif;vdu k yf g&ef uNy;D aom,mOfuo hJ Ykd
jyKtyfNy;D onf&adS omfç wnf&m0w¬Kuo hJ Ykd jyKtyfNy;D onf&adS omfç wnfwhH
cdik cf ahH tmif pGjJ rpJ mG aqmufwnfxm;tyfonf&adS omfç 0oDabmfoaYkd &muf
atmif avhvmtyfNyD;onf&Sdaomfç vGefpGm toifhtm;xkwftyfNyD;
aumif;pGm jynfph akH ptyfNy;D onf&adS omf (11)rsK;d aom tusK;d w&m;wdu Yk kd
rcGswf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukef\/ tb,f (11)rsKd;wdkYenf;
[lrl ---
1/ csrf;ompGm tdyfpuf&\/
2/ csrf;ompGm tdyf&mrS Edk;&\/
3/ tdyfrufqdk;udk rjrifruf/
4/ vlwdkY\ cspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif;udk cH&\/
5/ om;&JbDvl;wdkY\ cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;udk cH&\/
6/ ewfwdkYonf apmifha&Smufukef\/
7/ xdk arwåmyGm;rsm;aomoltm; rD;ç tqdyfç vufeufwdkYonf rpGJ
rus rzsufqD;Edkif/
8/ xdyk *k Kd¾ v\
f bm0empdwo
f nf vsijf refpmG wnfMunf\/ (orm"d-
udk &vG,f\/)
9/ rsufESmta&tqif;onf Munfvif\/
10/ rawGra0 ao&\/
11/ tvGejf rwfaom t&[wåzv kd uf kd xd;k xGi;f í rodEikd af omf jA[®mh
jynfodkY vm;a&muf&\/ (tH?3?542/)
tdyEf ;kd csr;f om? ,kwrf mrruf? ESpo
f ufvel wf? apmifrh w
S ef wfrsm;?
qdyu
f m;rESUH ? pdwyf sUH wnfMunf ? &Tio
f nfrsuEf mS ? aocg rawG? vm;av
jA[®m? q,fhwpfcg[k? arwåmedoif? usKd;qufxifonf? &Sifvltrsm;
usifh&maomf/ (jynfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;-0dok'¨dr*fedó,?2?332/)
{ { {
u½kPmbm0em
u½kPmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv f akd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v-f
onf a&S;OD;pGm rdrdESifh eD;pyf&m vdifwl touf&SifaeqJ 'ku©dwowå0g
wpfO;D udk a&G;cs,yf g/ xko
d wå0g\ qif;&J'uk r© sm;udk qifjcifyg/ u½kPm-
w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfyGm;vmatmif ESvkH;oGif;yg/
xkad emif Mo'gwuodPk ;f odrYk [kwf tmavmuuodPk ;f pwkw¬
psmeform"dudk jyefvnfxlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;-
aumif;vmaomtcg rdrd a&G;cs,fxm;aom ,if; 'ku©dwowå0gudk
vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif tultnDjzifh jrifatmifMunfhyg/ ÓPfxJü
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifaomtcg xkd 'ku©dwowå0gudk tm½kHjyKí
arwåmpsmefukd 0ifpm;vdu
k 0ifpm;yg/ tu,fí arwåmpsmefukd 0ifpm;-
cJhaomf ,if; arwåmpsmefrSxí u½kPmbm0emudk yGm;yg/ tu,fí
(arwåmpsmefudkr0ifpm;vkdygu u½kPmbm0emudk wkduf½dkufyGm;vdk-
uvnf; yGm;yg/) u½kPmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;vdkygu xkd'ku©dwowå0g-
udkyif tm½kHjyKí ---
t,H oyÜK&daom 'ku©m rkpöwk .../
= þolawmfaumif;onf qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfygap .../
þodYk Burd zf efrsm;pGm u½kPmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;yg/ wwd,psmef-
odYk qku d o
f nfwidk af tmif psmefwidk ;f psmefwidk ;f ü 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;-
atmif yGm;rsm;yg/ qufvufí tvm;wlyif 'ku©dw vdifwlowå0g
av;ç ig;ç q,fOD;avmufudk wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf tm½kH,lum
ykpH w
H yl if u½kPmbm0emudk wwd,psmefoYkd qku d o
f nfwidk af tmif yGm;-
rsm;yg/ xkdaemif arwåmur®|mef;ü a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; yd,-
yk*¾dKvfüç xkdaemif rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfüç xkdaemif a0&Dyk*¾dKvfü tpOftwdkif;
u½kPmbm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif yGm;rsm;yg/
ykxZk efreS o
f rQ tyg,fab;qk;d Bu;D rS rvGwaf o;ojzifh oem;p&m
owå0gcsn;f omwnf;/ oHo&mtqufqufro S nf ,aeYow Ykd ikd af tmif
rSm;cJrh ad om 'kp½du k w f aYkd Mumifh tyg,f0#fqif;&J'u k B© u;D udk tyg,foo H -
&mab;rS rvGwfajrmufao;orQumvywfvkH; wpfaeYwGif cHpm;Mu-
&OD;rnfom jzpfMuojzifh ykxkZefrSeforQonf oem;p&mowå0gcsnf;-
omwnf;/ ykxZk ef t&d,mr[l owå0gwkid ;f owå0gwkid ;f onf tdak b;-
qkd;BuD;ç emab;qkd;BuD;ç aoab;qkd;BuD;rS rvGwfajrmufMuao;ojzifh
oem;p&mowå0gcsnf;omwnf;/ ,if;uJhodkYaom oem;p&mowå0g-
jzpfaeykHoabmudk ÓPfjzifhqifjcifum tm½kH,lí okcdwowå0gwdkYü-
vnf; u½kPmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifayonf/
atmifjrifru I dk &&Syd gu arwåmpsmefü a&;om;wifjycJo h nft h wdik ;f
twåç yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&D[laom yk*¾dKvfav;rsKd;wkdYü yk*¾dKvftykdif;tjcm;
uif;atmif oDrmoarÇ'udk jyKí oDrmoarÇ'jyKNyD;aom xkdowå0g
ynwferd w d uf kd rS0D jJ cif;ç yGm;rsm;jcif;ç tBurd rf sm;pGm jyKjcif;jzifh yxrpsmefç
'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmefodkY qkdufonfwkdifatmif u½kPm tyÜem-
psmefukd wk;d yGm;atmif jyKvyk yf g/ xkad emif taem"daomz&Pm u½kPmç
Mo"daomz&Pm u½kPmç 'domz&Pm u½kPmbm0emwdkYudk quf-
vufyGm;rsm;yg/
teEÅpMu0Vmodw Yk idk af tmif owå0gtm;vk;H wdt
Yk ay:ü jzefMY uuf-
í yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom ---
1/ taem"daomz&Pm u½kPmbm0em (5)rsKd;
2/ Mo"daomz&Pm u½kPmbm0em (7)rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm u½kPmbm0em (10_12 = 120)rsKd;
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf u½kPmbm0em (132)rsKd;wnf;/
{ { {
rk'dwmbm0em
rk'dwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf
onf a&S;OD;pGm BuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;&Sdaeonfh okcdwowå0gwpfOD;udk
a&G;cs,yf g/ ,if;yk*Kd¾ vrf mS tvGef cspcf ifjrwfE;dk tyfonfh taygif;tazmf
oli,fcsi;f jzpfygap? touf&iS af eqJ vdiw f yl *k Kd¾ vf jzpfygap/ jrifawGU-
vku
d &f ygu 0rf;omrI &Tiv f ef;rIukd trsm;qk;H jzpfapEkid o f nfh yk*Kd¾ vvf nf;
jzpfygap/
Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuodkPf; pwkw¬psmef-
orm"dudk wpfzef jyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm;
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg rdrd a&G;cs,fxm;onfh okcdwowå0gudk
vSrf;tm½kH,lyg/ vufESdyfrD;jzifh xkd;pdkufMunfhaeouJhodkY xkdyk*¾dKvfudk
awGUjrifaomtcg xkdyk*¾dKvfudk tm½kHjyKí tvdk&Sdygu arwåmpsmefudk
wpfzef jyef0ifpm;yg? xkdaemif u½kPmpsmefudk qufvuf0ifpm;yg?
tu,fí arwåmbm0em u½kPmbm0emwdu Yk kd ryGm;awmhbJ rk'w d m-
bm0emudkyif wkduf½dkufyGm;vdkuvnf; yGm;rsm;Ekdifayonf/ tu,fí
arwåmbm0em u½kPmbm0emwkdYudk yGm;rsm;ygu ,if;arwåmpsmefç
u½kPmpsmefwdkYrS xaomtcg odkYr[kwf arwåmbm0em u½kPm-
bm0emwdu Yk kd ryGm;rsm;awmhbJ rk'w d mbm0emudyk if wdu k ½f u
kd f yGm;rsm;-
vdkaomtcg rdrd a&G;cs,fxm;onfh xkdyk*¾dKvfudkyif tm½kHjyKí ----
t,H oyÜK&daom ,xmv'örÜwådawm rm 0d*päwk .../
= þolawmfaumif;onf &&Sd Ny;D aom pnf;pdrcf sr;f omrS ra&GUavsm
ygapownf; .../
þodYk rk'w
d mbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k -f
onfwkdifatmif Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfum xyfum yGm;rsm;yg/ a&S;a&S;
bm0emorm"dw\ Ykd tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyedó,ypö,owåjd zifh aus;-
Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g owådxl;BuD;udk qufcH&aom rk'dwmbm0em-

onf vG,fulacsmarmaernfom jzpfayonf/ twdwfu csrf;omcJh-
onfh ½kyyf v Hk mT ç ypöKyeÜ f csr;f omaeqJ ½kyyf v Hk mT ç tem*wfü csr;f omvwåUH
½kyfykHvTmwkdYudk tm½kH,lí ½IEkdifonfom jzpfonf/ (tem*wfb0[k
twdwfb0[k rqkdvdkyg/ þypöKyÜef touf&SifaeqJb0udkom qkdvdk-
onf/)
cspcf ifjrwfE;dk tyfonfh vdiw f ol ck wd owå0g (10)OD;cefaY vmufukd
ykHpHwl qufvufí rk'dwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;yg/ xkdaemif yd,yk*¾dKvfç
xkdaemif rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfç xkdaemif a0&Dyk*¾dKvf toD;toD;ü tpOftwdkif;
rk'dwmbm0emudk jzpfapyg/ wwd,psmefodkY wkdifatmifaom rk'dwm-
psmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ rk'dwm tyÜempsmefudk wdk;yGm;-
atmif jyKvyk yf g/ twåç yd,ç rZÑwçå a0&D yk*Kd¾ vaf v;rsK;d wküYd nDrQaom
rk'wd mbm0empdw&f adS tmif yk*Kd¾ vt f ykid ;f tjcm;uif;atmif oDrmoarÇ'-
udk jyKí oDrmoarÇ'jyKNy;D aom xko d wå0gynwferd w d u
f ykd ifvQif rS0D jJ cif;ç
yGm;rsm;jcif;ç Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKjcif;jzifh rk'w d mbm0em tyÜ-
empsmefukd wk;d yGm;atmif jyKvyk yf g/ xkad emif teEÅpMu0Vmü wnf&MdS u-
aom teEÅowå0gwdkYudk tm½kHjyKí ---
1/ taem"daomz&Pm rk'dwmbm0em (5)rsKd;
2/ Mo"daomz&Pm rk'dwmbm0em (7)rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm rk'dwmbm0em (10_12 = 120)rsKd;
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf rk'dwmbm0em (132)rsKd;wnf;/
þ rk'w
d mbm0emwdu Yk kd qufvufí yGm;rsm;yg/ arwåmbm0em-
cef;ü a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;onfh taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufwdkYudk
enf;rSDíom yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygav/
{ { {
Oayu©mbm0em
Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m&bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f akd om a,m*g-
0p&yk*¾dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm ---
1/ Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuokdPf; pwkw¬psmef-
orm"dukd wpfzef jyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm;
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ---
2/ rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwf rZÑwå vdifwl touf&SifqJ yk*¾dKvf-
wpfO;D udk tm½kjH yKí wwd,psmefoYkd qku
d o
f nfwikd af tmif arwåm
bm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
3/ xkdyk*¾dKvfudkyif tm½kHjyKí wwd,psmefodkY qkdufonfwdkifatmif
u½kPmbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
4/ xkdyk*¾dKvfudkyif tm½kHjyKí wwd,psmefodkY qkdufonfwdkifatmif
rk'dwmbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
xkduJhodkY rZÑwå vdifwlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;udk tm½kH,lum arwåmç
u½kPmç rk'dwm bm0emtoD;oD;ü &tyfNyD;aom wwd,psmef&Sdaom
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfNyD;aom tpOftwkdif;
0ifpm;xm;NyD;aom ,if;jA[®0d[m& (rk'dwm) wwd,psmefrS xí ---
a[mEÅÅ K = owå0gwkdYonf csrf;omjcif;odkY a&mufMuyg-
1/ okcdwm a[mE
apukefownf; --- [k þodkY ponfjzifh arwåmjA[®0d[m&
wwd,psmefodkY qkdufatmif arwåmbm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;-
jcif;onf ,if;wwd,psmef\ owå0gwdkYtay:ü jrwfEkd;wem
jyKaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;jcif;ESifh ,SOfonf\tjzpfaMumifh-
vnf;aumif;ç
2/ 'ku©m rkpöEÅ K = owå0gwkdYonf qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfMuygapukef-

ownf; --- þodYk u½kPmjA[®0[ d m&bm0emudk wwd,psmefoYkd
qku
d o f nfwidk af tmif pD;jzef;jcif;onf ,if;wwd,psmef\ rke;f jcif;
cspfjcif;\ teD;ü usifvnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;ç
3/ ,xmv'örÜwådawm rm 0d*ppää EÅ K = owå0gwdkYonf &&SdNyD;aom
pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS ra&GUavsmMuygapukefownf; --- þodkY
rk'dwmjA[®0d[m&bm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qkdufonfwkdif-
atmif pD;jzef;jcif;onf ,if;wwd,psmef\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;
aomreóESihf ,SOo f nf\ tjzpfaMumifh ½ke&Yf if;onf\ tjzpf-
aMumifhvnf;aumif;ç
þodkYvQif arwåmjA[®0d[m&wwd,psmefç u½kPmjA[®0d[m&
wwd,psmefç rk'dwmjA[®0d[m&wwd,psmefwdkYü tjypfudk jrifatmif
½Ií Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m& pwkwp¬ smef\ Nird o f ufaom oabm&So d nf\
tjzpfaMumifh tusK;d tmedoo H udv
k nf; jrifatmif½í I xdak ,m*g0p&-
yk*Kd¾ v\
f jyuawhtm;jzifo h mvQif vspvf sL ½Iavh&adS om Oayu©mt&mü
xm;Ekdifaom (txufü wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; arwåmjA[®0d[m&
wwd,psmefç u½kPmjA[®0d[m&wwd,psmefç rk'dwmjA[®0d[m&
wwd,psmefwdkYudk yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;aom) tMuif tv,ftvwf rcspf
rrkef; rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfonf &Sd\? xkdjyuawh rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfudk vspfvsL½Ií
Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0emudk jzpfaptyf\/ yGm;rsm;ykHrSm --- xkdrZÑwå
yk*Kd¾ vwf pfO;D udyk if tm½kjH yKí arwåmjA[®0[ d m&wwd,psmefç u½kPm-
jA[®0[ d m&wwd,psmefç rk'w d mjA[®0[
d m&wwd,psmefwu Ykd kd 0ifpm;Ny;D -
aemuf txufygtwdkif; qifjcifí odkYr[kwf þolawmfaumif;onf
igu ---
1/ ab;&efuif;ygap[k arwåmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf;

ab;&ef uif;csifrS uif;rnf? pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap[k arwåm-
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; pdwfqif;&J uif;csifrS uif;rnf?
udk,fqif;&J uif;ygap[k arwåmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf;
udk,fqif;&J uif;csifrS uif;rnf? usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;-
omomjzifh rdrd\ cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifEkdifygap[k arwåm-
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh
rdrd\ cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifEkdifcsifrS &GufaqmifEkdifrnf/
2/ qif;&J'u
k r© S vGwyf gap[k u½kPmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf;
qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfcsifrS vGwfrnf/
3/ &&SdNyD; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS ra&GUavsmygapownf;[k rk'dwm
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; &&SdNyD; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS ra&GU-
avsmbJ &SdcsifrS &Sdrnf/
4/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl owå0gtm;vkH;wkdYonf uHomvQif
udk,fydkifOpöm&SdMuukef\[k þodkY qifjcifí ---
t,H oyÜK&daom ur®óaum/
= þolawmfaumif;onf uHomvQif ukd,fydkifOpöm &Sd\/
þodkYvQif Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Oayu©mbm0emudk
yGm;rsm;yg/ arwåmç u½kPmç rk'w d mjA[®0[ d m&w&m;wdüYk wwd,psmefukd
tajccHNyD;rS Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0emodkY wufa&mufvmojzifh
a&S;a&S;aom bm0emorm"dw\ Ykd tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyedó,ypö,-
owåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed t
f 0g owåx d ;l aMumifh aemufaemufaom
Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0emonf rMumrDtcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif
pwkw¬psmefodkY qkdufa&mufoGm;ayvdrhfrnf/
atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu tvm;wlyif rZÑwåyk*¾dKvf (10)a,muf-

cefaY vmufukd wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf tm½k, H u
l m arwåmç u½kPmç
rk'w d mç Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m&w&m;wdu
Yk kd qufvuf yGm;rsm;yg/ yk*Kd¾ vwf ikd ;f
yk*¾dKvfwdkif;ü arwåmbm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmifç
u½kPmbm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmifç rk'dwm-
bm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif yGm;rsm;NyD;ygrS ,if;
yk*Kd¾ vu
f ykd if tm½k,
H ul m Oayu©mbm0emudk pwkwp¬ smefoYkd qdu k o f nf-
wdkifatmif yGm;rsm;yg/ Oayu©mbm0emü yxrpsmefç 'kwd,psmefç
wwd,psmef r&Sdonfudkç pwkw¬psmefom &Sdonfudk owdjyKyg/ odkYaomf
,if; Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&pwkw¬psmefrSm arwåmç u½kPmç rk'dwm
bm0emtoD;toD;ü yxrpsmefç 'kw, d psmefç wwd,psmef toD;toD;-
udk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;onfh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonfomvQif
yGm;rsm;í &&SdEkdifaom psmefrsKd; jzpfayonf/ tmemygewwd,psmef
odrYk [kwf uodP k ;f bm0emwwd,psmefwu Ykd kd tajccHum Oayu©mjA[®-
0d[m&bm0emudk wufa&mufyGm;cJhaomf (,if;wwd,psmefwdkY\
tm½krH mS owå0gynwftm½kH r[kwMf uaomaMumif)h Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m&
pwkw¬psmefodkY rqkdufa&mufEkdif[k rSwfom;ygav/
rZÑwå = rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwfy*k Kd¾ vf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wdüYk
arwåmç u½kPmç rk'w d mç Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m&w&m;wdu Yk kd tpOftwdik ;f
yGm;rsm;í pwkwp¬ smefoYkd wdik af tmifaom atmifjrifru
I kd &&Sad omtcg-
1/ yd,yk*¾dKvf (10)a,mufcefY
2/ twdyd,yk*¾dKvf (10)a,mufcefY
3/ rZÑwåyk*¾dKvf (10)a,mufcefY
4/ a0&Dyk*¾dKvf (10)a,mufcefY odkYr[kwf &SdorQ
þyk*Kd¾ vf cyfrsm;rsm;ü wpfO;D csi;f udk tm½kjH yKí ykpH w

H yl if arwåmç
u½kPmç rk'dwmç Oayu©mbm0emwdkYudk yGm;rsm;yg/ yk*¾dKvfwdkif; yk*¾dKvf-
wdik ;f ü arwåmç u½kPmç rk'w d mpsmefwu Ykd kd tajcrcHbJ Oayu©mbm0em-
udk yGm;rsm;vdkY r&&SdEkdifonfudk owdjyKyg/
xkdaemif twåç yd,ç rZÑwåç a0&D[laom yk*¾dKvfav;rsKd;wdkYü
yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm; uif;atmif ykHpHwlyif arwåmpsmefç u½kPmpsmefç
rk'dwmpsmefç Oayu©mpsmefwdkYudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ oDrm-
oarÇ' = yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKzsufEkdifatmif oDrmoarÇ'udk jyKí
,if;odkY oDrmoarÇ'udk jyKNyD;aemuf &&Sdvmaom xkdowå0gynwf
edrdwfudkyif tm½kHjyKí ---
1/ arwåm --- yxrpsmefç 'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmef
2/ u½kPm --- yxrpsmefç 'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmef
3/ rk'dwm --- yxrpsmefç 'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmef
4/ Oayu©m --- pwkw¬psmef
þodkY jA[®0d[m&bm0em toD;toD;ü qkdif&mqkdif&m psmef
toD;toD;udk &&Sdonfwkdifatmif arwåmç u½kPmç rk'dwmç Oayu©mç
jA[®0[ d m&bm0emwku Yd kd rS0D yJ gç yGm;rsm;ygç Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvm
jyKyg/ þuJo h Ykd arwåmç u½kPmç rk'w d mç Oayu©m jA[®0[ d m&bm0em-
wkdYudk tpOftwdkif; yGm;rsm;aejcif;udkyif Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0em
udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfonf[k qkdayonf/ þuJhodkY yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm;
uif;atmif jyKNy;D onfah emuf &&Sv d maom owå0gynwferd w d u
f kd tm½k-H
jyKí Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m&bm0emudk rS0D aJ om yGm;rsm;aom Burd zf efrsm;pGm
tavhtvmjyKaom xkda,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü Oayu©mjA[®0d-
[m&pwkw¬psmefonf jzpfay:í vmay\/ xkdaemif ..
1/ taem"daomz&Pm Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0em (5)rsKd;

2/ Mo"daomz&Pm Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0em (7)rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0em (10_12 = 120)rsKd;
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0em (132)rsKd; -
þ (132)rsK;d aom Oayu©mjA[®0[
d m&bm0emwdu Yk kd qufvufí
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf g/ Oayu©mjA[®0[
d m&bm0emqkad omfvnf; Oayu©m-
jA[®0d[m& wpfckwnf;udkom yGm;rsm;&onfum; r[kwf? arwåmç
u½kPmç rk'dwmç Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&bm0emwkdYudk tpOftwdkif;
psmeftoD;toD;odkY qkdufatmif yGm;&onf[k rSwfyg/
ar;oifhaom ar;cGef;
tar; ------ þOayu©mjA[®0[
d m&pwkwp¬ smefonf yx0DuodP
k ;f
ponfwdkYü jzpfNyD;aom wwd,psmef&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefüvnf; jzpfavoavm[k ar;&ef &Sd\/
tajz --- rjzpf[lay/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl --- yx0DuodkPf;
ponfwdkYü wwd,psmefum; yx0DuodkPf; ponfvQif tm½kH&Sd\/
Oayu©mjA[®0[ d m& pwkwp¬ smefum; owå0gynwfvQif tm½k&H \
dS / xko
d Ykd
tm½kH\ oabmrwlonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ yxrpsmefç 'kwd,-
psmefç wwd,psmefwdkY\ tm½kHESifh pwkw¬psmef\ tm½kHrSm tm½kHcsif;
rwl uGJjym;aomaMumifh r&Ekdif[k qkdvdkonf/ tavsmftm;jzifhqkd&rl
arwåmur®|mef;ç u½kPmur®|mef;ç rk'dwmur®|mef;wdkYü jzpfNyD;aom
wwd,psmef&adS om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\f oEÅmefüomvQif þ Oayu©m-
jA[®0[ d m&pwkwp¬ smefonf jzpfay:vmEkid \ f / tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl

owå0gynwf tm½kHcsif; oabmwlnDrI &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
yd,yk*¾dKvfü arwåmpsmefç u½kPmpsmefç rk'dwmpsmefwdkYudk jzpfapvQif
,if;yk*¾dKvfüyif Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&psmefudk jzpfapEkdif\/ yxrpsmefç
'kw, d psmefç wwd,psmefw\ Ykd tm½kEH iS hf þOayu©mjA[®0[ d m&pwkw-¬
psmef\ tm½ko H nf tm½kcH si;f wlnaD e&rnf[k qkv d \ kd / þodYk ponfjzifh
arwåmç u½kPmç rk'dwmç Oayu©m psmeftoD;toD;wdkY\ tm½kHonf
yd,yk*¾dKvfcsif;ç rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfcsif;ç a0&Dyk*¾dKvfcsif; wlnDMu\/ wpfzef
owå0gtm;vkH;wdkYü arwåmwwd,psmefç u½kPmwwd,psmefç rk'dwm-
wwd,psmefwdkYudk jzpfapvQif ,if;owå0gtm;vkH;wdkYüyif Oayu©m-
jA[®0[ d m&pwkwp¬ smefukd jzpfapEkid \f / þodv Yk Qif jA[®0[ d m&bm0em-
wkdYü owå0gynwftm½kHcsif; wlnDrI&Sd\/ (0dok'¨d?1?287-319-Munfhyg/)
{ { {
vu©P - &o - ypöKy|mef - y'|mef

1/ [dwmum&y0wådvu©Pm arwåm?
2/ [dwlyoH[m&&om?
3/ tmCmw0de,ypöKy|mem?
4/ owåmeH remybm0'óey'|mem/
Asmyg'lyoarm {wdóm orÜwåd? odae[orÇa0g 0dywåd/
(0dok'¨d?1?311/)
1/ arwåmonf --- owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk usifhaom tjcif;-
t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;vu©Pm &Sd\/ 0g / tusKd;pD;yGm;[laom
tzkdYtpkudk jzpfapjcif;vu©Pm &Sd\/
2/ owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk uyfíaqmifjcif; udpö (&o) &Sd\/
0g/ owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk uyfí aqmifjcif;[laom
jynfhpkHaom*kPf (orÜwåd &o) &Sd\/
3/ &efNidK; (tmCmw)udk y,fazsmufwwfaom oabmw&m;[k
½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ v\
f ÓPftm; a&S;½Ixifwwf\/ (Oy-
|memum&ypöKy|mef)/ 0g / &efNidK;aysmufjcif;[laom tusKd;udk
jzpfapwwf\/ (zvypöKy|mef)
4/ owå0gwdkY\ jrwfEkd;zG,f&mudkom ½Ijrifwwfaom a,medaom-
reodum&vQif eD;pGmaom taMumif;&Sd\/
owå0gwdt Yk m; zsuq f ;D vdak om ysupf ;D apvdak om Asmyg' = a'go
\ 0du©rÇey[meftm;jzifh Nidrf;jcif;onf xkdarwåm\ jynfhpkHjcif;rnf\?
aumif;pGm udpNö y;D jcif; rnf\/ wG,w f mrufarmjcif; wPSmodae[\
jzpfjcif;onf xkdarwåm\ ysufpD;jcif;rnf\/ (0dok'¨d?1?311/)
1/ 'ku©mye,emum&yÜ0wådvu©Pm u½kPm?
2/ y&'ku©mo[e&om?
3/ t0d[ðomypöKy|mem?
4/ 'ku©mbdblwmeH temxbm0'óey'|mem/
0d[ðolyoarm wóm orÜwåd? aomuorÇa0g 0dywåd/
(0dok'¨d?1?311/)
1/ u½kPmonf --- owå0gwkdY\ qif;&J'ku©udk y,f&Sm;vdkaom

tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabmvu©Pm&Sd\/
2/ olwpfyg;wd\ Yk qif;&J'uk u© kd y,f&mS ;vdo
k nf\tjzpfjzifh onf;-
rcHEkdifjcif; udpö&Sd\/ (udpö &o)
3/ owå0gwkdYudk rn§Of;qJjcif;udk jzpfapwwf\/ (zvypöKy|mef)
owå0gwkdYudk n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif; 0d[ðom\ qefYusifbuf-
tjzpfjzifh ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ ÓPftm; a&S;½Ixif-
vmwwf\/ (Oy|memum&ypöKy|mef)
4/ qif;&J'u
k j© zifh tn§O;f yef; tESyd pf ufcaH eMu&ukeaf om owå0g-
wdkY\ udk,f;uG,ftm;xm;&m r&Sdonf\tjzpfudk ½Iwwfaom
a,medaomreodum&vQif eD;pGmaom taMumif; &Sd\/
owå0gwkdYudk n§Of;qJaMumif;jzpfaom n§Of;qJaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfaomç u½kPm\ xdyfwdkufqefYusifbuf a'gorl pdwf-
apwoduf w&m;pk\ Nird ;f at;jcif;onf xku d ½kPm\ jynfph jHk cif;rnf\?
aumif;pGm udpNö y;D jcif; rnf\/ 'kuw
d© owå0gwdt
Yk ay:ü aomujzpfjcif;
onf xkdu½kPm\ ysufpD;jcif; rnf\/ (0dok'¨d?1?311/)
1/ yarm'evu©Pm rk'dwm?
2/ tedóm,e&om?
3/ t&wd0dCmwypöKy|mem?
4/ owåmeH orÜwåd'óey'|mem/
t&wd0lyoarm wóm orÜwåd? y[moorÇa0g 0dywåd/
(0dok'¨d?1?311/)
1/ rk'dwmonf --- olwpfyg;wdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpöm ukHvkHjynfhpkHonfudk
Munf&Tif0rf;ajrmufjcif; oabmvu©Pm&Sd\/
2/ olwpfyg;wkdY\ pnf;pdrfOpöm ukHvkHjynfhpkHonfudk rjiLpljcif; udpö
&S\
d / 0g / jiLpljcif;\ qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfí xk£
d ómudk y,fzsu-f
jcif; udpö &Sd\/
3/ olwpfyg;wkdY\ pnf;pdrfOpömwkdYüvnf;aumif;ç vGefuJ jrifhjrwf-
aom orx-0dyóem tpjzmonfh t"dukov"r®wdkYüvnf;-
aumif; rarGUavsmf rESpo
f ufjcif;udk y,fazsmufwwfaom tjcif;
t&mtm;jzifh ½Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvf\ ÓPftm; a&S;½I
xifvmwwf\/ (Oy|memum&ypöKy|mef)
wpfenf; -- olwpfyg;wk\ Yd pnf;pdrOf pömwküYd vnf;aumif;ç vGeu
f J
jrifjh rwfaom orx 0dyóem tpjzmonfh t"duo k v"r®wüYkd -
vnf;aumif; rarGUavsmf rESpfoufjcif; t&wd\ aysmufNidrf;
jcif;udk jzpfapwwf\/ (zvypöKy|mefwnf;/)
4/ olwpfyg;wk\
Yd pnf;pdrOf pöm ukv
H jHk ynfph o
Hk nfukd toif½h EI ikd af om
a,medaomreodum&vQif eD;pGmaom taMumif; &Sd\/
olwpfyg;wk\
Yd pnf;pdrOf pömwküYd vnf;aumif;ç vGeu
f J jrifjh rwfonfh
orx 0dyóem tpjzmonfh t"dukov"r®wdkYüvnf;aumif; rarGU-
avsmf rESpfoufEdkifjcif; t&wd\ aysmufNidrf;jcif;onf xkd rk'dwm\

jynfhpkHjcif; rnf\/ olwpfyg;wdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpömESifh t"dukov"r®wdkYü
umr*kPt f rd u
f kd rSí
D jzpfay:vmaom a*[odwyDwt d m;jzifh Munf&iT f
0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf xkrd 'k w d m\ ysupf ;D jcif; 0dywård nf\/ (0do'k ?d¨ 1?311??)
1/ oawåok rZÑwåmum&yÜ0wådvu©Pm Oayu©m?

2/ oawåok orbm0'óe&om?
3/ y#dCmEke,0lyorypöKy|mem?
4/ ]]ur®óum owåm? aw uó ½kpd,m okcdwm 0g b0dóEÅd?
'ku©awm 0g rkpödóEÅd? ywåorÜwådawm 0g e y&d[m,dóEÅD}}wd
{0H y0wåur®óuwm'óey'|mem/
y#dCmEke,0lyoarm wóm orÜw?då a*[odwm, tnmPk-
ayu©m, orÇa0g 0dywåd/ (0dok'¨d?1?311-312/)
1/ Oayu©monf --- owå0gwdkYü tv,ftvwfoabm&Sdaom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;vu©Pm &Sd\/
2/ owå0gwdüYk O'godet
f m;jzifh (= vspv
f sLrlaomtm;jzif)h jzpfjcif;-
aMumifh nDrQonf\ tjzpfudkom ½Ijcif;udpö &Sd\/
3/ owå0gwdkYü rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;wdkYudk Nidrf;apjcif;udk jzpfapwwf\/
(zvypöKy|mefwnf;/)
4/ ]]owå0gwdkYonf rdrdwdkY jyKxm;tyfaom uHomvQif udk,fydkif-
Opöm &Sd Muukef\/ xkdowå0gwdkYonf tb,fol\ tvkdtm;jzifh
csr;f omygap[k arwåmydo Yk onfth wdik ;f csr;f omjcif;odYk a&muf-
ukefonfrlvnf; jzpfukefvwåHUenf;/ qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfygap[k
u½kPm bm0emudk yGm;onfhtwdkif; qif;&J'ku©rSrlvnf; vGwf-

ukev f wåUH enf;/ &Ny;D pnf;pdrcf sr;f omrS ra&GUavsmygapownf;[k
rk'wd m bm0emudk yGm;onft h wdik ;f a&muf&t dS yfNy;D &&St
d yfNy;D onfh
pnf;pdrcf sr;f omrSrv l nf; rqkw, f w
k b
f J &Su
d ek v
f wåUH enf;}} þod-Yk
aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom uHomvQif rdrd\
ud,k yf ikd Of pöm &So
d nf\ tjzpfukd ½Iwwfaom ÓPfvQif eD;pGmaom
taMumif; &Sd\/
rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;wdkYudk Nidrf;apjcif;onf = rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;wdkY\
Nird ;f jcif;onf xdOk ayu©mjA[®0[ d m&\ jynfph jHk cif; aumif;pGm Ny;D pD;jcif;
orÜwdå rnf\/ umr*kPu f rkd aDS om ÓPfuif;aom arm[ESi, hf OS af om
Oayu©m\ jzpfjcif;onf xdkOayu©mjA[®0d[m&\ ysufpD;jcif; 0dywåd
rnf\/ (0dok'¨d?1?311/)
udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufrI
1/ edó&PaO§wH tm0kaom Asmyg'ó ,'d'H arwåm apawm-
0drkwåd/
2/ edó&PaO§wH tm0kaom 0da[om, ,'d'H u½kPm apawm-
0drkwåd/
3/ edó&PaO§wH tm0kaom t&wd,m ,'d'H rk'dwm apawm-
0drkwåd/
4/ edó&PaO§wH tm0kaom &m*ó ,'d'H Oayu©m apawm-
0drkwåd/ ('D?3?205-206/ tH?2?257/)
1/ ighoQif ... udavomrS vGwfajrmufaom ,if;arwåmESifh-
,SOfaom psmefpdwfonf owå0gwkdYudk zsufqD;vdkjcif; = a'gorS
xGufajrmufaMumif;wnf;/
2/ ighoQif ... udavomrS vGwfajrmufaom ,if;u½kPmESifh
,SOfaom psmefpdwfonf owå0gwkdYudk n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufvdkjcif; =
0da[omw&m;rS xGufajrmufaMumif;wnf;/
3/ ighoQif ... udavomrS vGwfajrmufaom ,if;rk'dwmESifh
,SOfaom psmefpdwfonf rarGUavsmfjcif; = t&wdw&m;rS xGuf-
ajrmufaMumif;wnf;/
4/ ighoQif ... udavomrS vGwfajrmufaom ,if;vspfvsL ½Ijcif;
= Oayu©mESifh,SOfaom psmefpdwfonf pGJrufjcif; = &m*rS xGuf-
ajrmufaMumif;wnf;/ ('D?3?205-206/ tH?2?257/)
þa'oemawmfrsm;ESifh tnD þjA[®0d[m&psmefw&m;wdkYum;
qefYusifbuf udavomwkdYrS vGwfajrmufapEkdifonfh pGrf;tm;&Sdaom
psmefw&m;wkwYd nf;/ ,if;odYk qefu
Y sib
f uf udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmuf-
aom pdwf"mwfjzifh aexkdifjcif;udk jA[®0d[m& = rGefjrwfaom aexdkif-
jcif;[k qkdtyf\/ jA[®muJhodkY aexdkifjcif;[kvnf; qdktyfygay\/
{ { {
Ak'g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;
tm&uwåm [wwåm p? udavom&De aom rked/
[woHom&puúma&m? ypö,m'De pm&a[m/
e &a[m ua&mwd ygyged? t&[H awe 0kpöwd/
(0dok'¨d?1?195/)
1/ 0goemtaiGU"mwfEiS w hf uG udavomwduYk kd t<uif;rJh zsuq
f ;D Edik f
ojzifh udavomwdrYk S ta0;Bu;D a0;uGmawmfrjl cif;wnf;[laom
þtaMumif;aMumifh ]]t&[H t&[H}} rnfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGm-
bk&m;?
2/ wpfaxmifih g;&m udavomwdu Yk kd t&[wår*f ÓPfoefvsujf zifh
csKd;zJhzsufqD;awmfrlwwfjcif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifh
]]t&[H
t&[H}} rnfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m;?
3/ t0dZÆm-wPSm OD;pD;onfh y#dpöorkyÜg'f oHo&mpuf&[wf\
axmuftuefYwdkYudk csKd;zJhzsufqD;awmfrljcif;wnf;[laom þ
taMumif;aMumifh ]]t&[H
4/ olrwlaom oDv-orm"d-ynm-*kPfouwfaMumifh vl ewf
jA[®m owå0gwdkY\ jrwfaomtvSL ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lawmfrl
xdu
k jf cif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifh ]]t&[H
t&[H}} rnfawmfrl
ygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m;?
5/ qdwfuG,f&mt&yfü raumif;rI [lorQwdkYudk jyKawmfrrl ajym-
awmfrrl MuHpnfawmfrrljcif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;aMumifh
]]t&[H
þum; t&[H*kPfawmf\ teufig;euf jzpfonf/ þteuf
t"dyÜg,fwdkYudk ausyGefatmif EIwfwuf&atmif avhusufxm;yg/ þ

t&[H*P k af wmf ur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vdak om toifoal wmfaumif;onf
a&S;OD;pGm Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkw¬psmeform"dudk odkYr[kwf tmemyge
pwkwp¬ smeform"dukd wpfzef xlaxmifí xdo k rxbm0emÓPfaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif; tultnDjzifh rdrd MunfndKav;pm;
onfh ½kyyf mG ;awmfwpfqu l kd jrifatmif xd;k pdu
k f tm½k, H Ml unfyh g/ ouf-
awmfxif&mS ; jrwfpmG bk&m;udk rzl;jrif&ojzifh oufawmfxif&mS ; bk&m;
&Si\ f ud, k pf m; ½kyyf mG ;awmfukd pwifum tm½k, H jl cif;jzpfygonf/ xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifaomtcg ,if;yHkawmfudk oufawmfxif&Sm;bk&m;[k
trSwjf yKum tm½kH ñw G Mf unfyh g/ twdwu f oufawmfxif&mS ; bk&m;&Sif
rsm;udk zl;awGU cJh&vQif xdkbk&m;&Sif\ ½kyfyHkawmfonf ay:vmwwfyg
onf/ xdb k &k m;yHak wmfrS *kPaf wmfukd ajymif;í ½I&ef jzpfonf/ tu,fí
xdkodkY tm½kH,lMunfh&mü oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&Sif\ yHkawmfray:cJh
aomf rdrd tm½k, H x l m;aom ½kyyf mG ;awmfuykd if oufawmfxif&mS ;bk&m;
[k trSwfxm;í xdkyHkawmfrS *kPfawmfudk ajymif;í ½Iyg/ txufyg
t&[H*P k af wmf\ teuft"dygÜ ,f ig;rsK;d wdw Yk iG f rdrd ESpNf cKd u&f m teuf
t"dygÜ ,f wpfrsK;d rsK;d udk tm½k, H í
l ]]t&[H-t&[H}}[k yGm;rsm;yg/ orm"d
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg yHak wmfaysmufí *kPaf wmftay:ü bm0em
pdwo f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeayvdrrhf nf/ xdt k cg yHak wmfukd vdu k í
f
tm½kH r,lygESi/hf vdu k íf r&SmazGygESi/hf *kPaf wmftay:üom bm0em
pdwu f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeatmif yGm;rsm;yg/ wpfem&DcefY bm0em
pdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGmuyfí *kPfawmftm½kHü wnfaecJhaomf psmeft*Fg
wduYk kd jyefqifjcifMunfyh g/ odaYk omf þpsmefrmS Oypm&psmefrQomjzpfonf/
,if;Oypm&psmefodkY qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;yg/ <uif;usefaom *kPfawmf
wdüYk vnf; enf;rSí D yGm;rsm;ygav/ 0oDabmfEikd ef if;atmif avhusiyhf g/
{ { {
tokbur®|mef;
tmemygepwkw¬psmeform"dudkaomfvnf;aumif;ç Mo'gwu-
odkPf; pwkw¬psmeform"dudkaomfvnf;aumif; wpfzefjyefí orm"d
xlaxmifyg/ xdo k rm"dEiS hf ,SOaf om bm0emÓPfaMumifh ta&mif t-
vif;rsm;onf 0ef;usiyf wfcsm t&yfrsm;odw Yk ikd af tmif jyefEY UHS vsuf NyKd ;NyKd ;
jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg rdrjd rifz;l xm;aom &G&H mS
pufqyk zf ,G t
f aumif;qH;k aom vdiw f l tokbtavmif;aumif wpfcu k kd
vSr;f í tm½k, H yl g/ ÓPfvif;a&mifjcnfatmufwiG f xdt k avmif;aumif
udk awGUjrifaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ a&S;,cifu rdrd jrifzl;xm;onfh yHkpH
twkid ;f jyefvnfí jrifatmif tvif;a&mif tultnDjzifh vSr;f tm½k-H
,lyg/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ÓPfvif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUjrif&aomtcg xdk
tavmif;aumif\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f taumif;qH;k aom taetxm;ü
rdrd\ bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;í --- ]]y#dulv y#dulv =
&GHp&m &GHp&m}}[k ½Iaeyg/
xdktavmif;aumiftm½kHü wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh tokb
bm0empdwo f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeaomtcg tokbtavmif;-
aumif tm½kHonfvnf; O*¾[edrdwfrS y#dbm*edrdwfodkY ul;oGm;rnf
jzpf\/ yuwdrsupf jd zifh zGiMhf unfo
h uJo
h Ykd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGUjrifae&-
aom tavmif;aumifedrdwfum; O*¾[edrdwfwnf;/ (0dok'¨d?1?180/)
O*¾[edrw
d Hå 0d½yl H 0dbpäH ab&0'óeH [kwmG Oy|mwd/ y#dbm*-
edrdwåH ye ,m0'w¬H bkÍÆdwGm edyaEém xlv*Fypö*Fyk&daom 0d,/
(0dok'¨d?1?183-184/)
tokbtavmif;aumif tm½ku H kd ESv;kH oGi;f aeaom bm0emre-
odum&\ rjyefYajymao;onfhtwGuf rBuD;us,f rjrifhjrwfao;onfh
twGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;ç tokbtavmif;aumiftm½kH\ tvGef

BuD; NidrfoufrI r&Sdao;onfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif; O*¾[edrdwf
onf azmufjyefonf t½kyq f ;kd onf aMumufrufz, G af om tjrif&o dS nf
jzpfí xifvm\/ y#dbm*edrw d o f nfum; tokbbm0emreodum&\
jyefaY jymBu;D us,f jrifjh rwfonf\tjzpfoYkd a&muf&v dS mjcif;aMumifv h nf;
aumif;ç tokbtavmif;aumif tm½k\ H Nird o
f ufr&I vdS monf\ tjzpf
aMumifv h nf;aumif; tvd&k w dS ikd ;f 0atmifpm;Ny;D í avsmif;vsut f yd af e
aom qlNzKd ;aom ud, k t f *FgBu;D i,f &Sad om a,mufsm;uJo h Ykd xifvm\/
(0dok'¨d?1?183-184/ r[m#D?1?210/)
xdk y#dbm*edrdwfudkyif ]]y#dulv-y#dulv = &GHp&m-&GHp&m}}[k
Burd zf efrsm;pGm ESv;kH oGi;f ½IymG ;cJah omf bm0empdwo
f nfvnf; ,if;tm½küH
wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyfí wnfaeaomf psmeft*Fgrsm;
onf xif&Sm;aeayvdrfhrnf/ xif&Sm;ygu yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkuf-
ayNyD/ 0oDabmf (5)wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhxm;yg/
{ { {
r&Pówd = r&PmEkówdur®|mef;
ww¬ r&PEÅd {ub0y&d,myEéó ZD0dwdÈ´d,ó Oyapäa'g/
y / £wd ZD0dwdÈ´d,kyapä'ocFgwó r&Pó o&PH r&Pówd/
(0dok'¨d?1?222/)
yke py&H bdu©a0 bdu©K ao,sxmyd yaó,s o&D&H od0xd-
um, q×dwH {um[rwH 0g 'GD[rwH 0g wD[rwH 0g O'¨KrmwuH
0deDvuH 0dykAÁuZmwH/ aom £rar0 um,H OyoH[&wd ]]t,rÜd
acg uma,m {0H"ar®m {0Hbm0D {0HtewDawm}}wd/ (r?1?73/)
wo®m ww¬ ww¬ [wrwoawå MoavmauwGm 'd|ykAÁ-
orÜwåDeH owåmeH rwmeH r&PH tm0aZÆwGm owdÍ ö oHa0*
0*ÍÍ ö ÓP
ÓPÍÍ ö
a,maZwGm ]]r&PH b0dówD}}wdtm'dem ea,e reoduma&m
y0awåwaAÁm/ (0dok'¨d?1?223/)
þ txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkYESifh tnD r&PmEkówd
ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;vdkaom toifolawmfaumif;onf rdrd&&Sdxm;
Ny;D aom tokbur®|mef;udyk if yxrpsmeform"doYkd qdu
k af tmif wpfzef
jyefí orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ ,if;A[d'¨ tokbtavmif;aumifü
yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif ½IEdkifaomtcg ]]þ ig\ cE¨mudk,f
onfvnf; þuJhodkYaom aojcif;oabm &Sd\? þuJhodkYaom aojcif;
oabmonf rcGswf{uef jzpfvdrfhrnf? þuJhodkYaom aojcif;oabm
w&m;udk rvGefajrmufEdkif}}[k rdrd\ aojcif;w&m;tay:odkY ÓPfjzifh
a&S;½I uyfaqmifí owduv kd nf;aumif;ç oHa0*udv
k nf;aumif;ç ÓPf
udkvnf;aumif; jzpfapvsuf Munfh½Ivdkufaomtcg rdrdaoaeonfh
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokbtavmif;aumifudk awGU&Sdrnf jzpfonf/ xdk-
tcg rdrdaoaeaomyHk0,f ZD0dwdaÈ´\ ysufpJrIoabmudk ÓPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfí
h xdZk 0D w
d ad È\
´ jywfprJ t
I m½küH bm0empdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG
uyfxm;vsuf ---
1/ r&PH ar "k0H? ZD0dwH ar t"k0H/
ig\ aojcif;w&m;onf jrJ\? touf&Sifjcif;onf rjrJ/
2/ r&PH ar b0dówd/
ig\ aojcif;w&m;onf rcGswf{uef jzpfvdrfhrnf/
3/ r&Py&da,momeH ar ZD0dwH/
ig\ touf&Sifjcif;onf aojcif;vQif tqHk;tydkif;tjcm; &Sd\/
4/ r&PH r&PH = aojcif;w&m; aojcif;w&m; ---
þodpYk aom ESv;kH oGi;f enf;wdwYk iG f rdrBd uKd uEf pS o
f uf&m wpfenf;
enf;jzifh ygVdvdkjzpfapç jrefrmvdkjzpfap ½Iaeyg/ rdrd aoaeonfhyHk0,f
ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJoGm;rI oabmw&m;tm½kHü r&Pówd bm0em
pdwfudk wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh Nidrf0yfpGmuyfí wnfaeatmif
BudK;pm;yg/ ,if;odkY Nidrf0yfpGmuyfí wnfaeaomf psmeft*Fg (5)yg;wdkY
onfvnf; xif&mS ;vmMurnf jzpfayonf/ odaYk omf Oypm&psmefrQom
jzpfonf/
ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJrI
þ½IuGufum; y&rwfw&m; - ZD0dwdaÈ-´ --ESifh qufpyfaeojzifh
vG,fra,mifESifh cufaom ½IuGufwpfck jzpfae\/ ----- ZD0dwdaÈ´-
,kyapä'ocFgwó r&Pó o&PH r&Pówd/ ----- [laom
0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm zGiqhf x
dk m;onft
h wkid ;f rdr\
d ZD0w
d ad È\
´ jywfprJ u I dk
jrifatmif Munfhí ½I&rnfh ½IuGufjzpfaeayonf/ rdrd aoaeonfh
tavmif;aumifudk ÓPfEiS hf uyfaqmifum MunfEh idk ½f rHk Qjzifu
h m; vk&d if;-
udpö rNyD;Ekdif &Sdaeao;\/ xkdYaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu A[d'¨
tavmif;aumiftm½kHü yxrpsmeform"dokdY qkdufonfwkdifatmif

½INyD;aomtcg rdrdaoaeonfh ykHukdvnf; ÓPfjzifh uyfaqmifum
Munf½h EI idk o f jzifh rdrad oaeonfh tavmif;aumifuv dk nf; awGUjrifaom
tcg ,if; tavmif;aumif\ ESvkH;tdrftwGif;bufokdY xkd;pkdufum
½IMunfhyg/ xkdokdY ½I&mü ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJrIukdum; vG,fvG,fulul
awGUcsirf aS wGUrnf jzpf\/ taMumif;um; ,if;aoaeaom tavmif;-
aumifü ZD0dwdaÈúm; jywfpJNyD; jzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ okdYtwGuf
,if;tavmif;aumif\ ESv;Hk tdrf twGi;f bufoYdk ÓPfudk apvTwu f m
½IMunfhEkdifaomtcg raorD tcsdefumvbufokdY tenf;i,f aemuf-
qkwfum ½IMunfhyg/ xkdtcg aocgeD; b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd
okdYr[kwf pdwftpOfukd awGU&SdEkdifayonf/ þt&m0,f ajymvkd&if;rSm
b0ifraemtMunf"mwfyif jzpfonf/ a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf psmeft*Fg-
rsm;ukd odr;f qnf;cJph Ofu ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk odrq f nf;-
Ekid cf NhJ y;D jzpfojzifh þtcsed w f iG v
f nf; ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk
vG,fvG,fulul odrf;qnf;Ekdifrnf jzpfayonf/ ,if; b0ifraem-
tMunf"mwfukd ÓPfjzifh awGUjrifaomtcg aornfhbufokdY wpfzef
wkd;í ½IMunfhyg/ xkdtcg ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwf\ &yfpJrI-
oabmukdum; awGUjrifEkdifayonf/ xkdtcgwGif txufu &Sif;jycJh
onfhtwkdif; ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd jzpfaponfh taMumif;
&if;b0ifpw d u
f dk xk;d pku
d u
f m ½IMunfyh g/ ,if; b0ifpw
d u f dk awGUonft
h cg
,if; b0ifpdwfESifhtwl ,SOfzuf ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJrIoabmukd
jrifatmif wpfqifh ½IMunfhyg/ awGUjrifygu ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJrIukd
oabmaygufrnf jzpfayonf/
okdYaomf a,m*Dtrsm;pkrSm ----- emrfur®|mef;ukd r½I&ao;onfh
twGuf r½Izl;ao;onfhtwGuf b0ifpdwfESifh ZD0dwdaÈúkd oabm
aygufzkdYum; tvGef cJ,Of;aeao;aom tcsdefumvyif jzpfayonf/
rnfoyYdk ifcufcaJ omfvnf; b0ifraemtMunf"mwfuu dk m; awGU&Sad eNyD

jzpfonfhtwGuf ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwf\ jywfpJrIukdyif tm½kH
,lum r&PmEkówdur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vku d vnf; pD;jzef;Ekid af yonf/
okaYd omf txufu &Si;f jycJoh nfth wkid ;f ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwf
rSm Oypm&tm;jzifo h m b0if[k ac:qkx d m;jcif; jzpfayonf/ rnfoyYdk if
cufcaJ eaomfvnf; rdrd aoaeonfh tavmif;aumifuu dk m; ÓPfjzifh
uyfaqmifí ½IcJhaomf &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/ twdwfb0xkdxkdu
r&PmEkówdur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;cJzh ;l ol jzpfvQiv f nf; ,if; ZD0w d ad È\
´
jywfpJrIukd wpfenf;qkd&aomf ZD0dwdaÈÉSifh wuGaom b0ifpdwf\
jywfpJrIukd ½IjrifEkdifayonf/ xkdokdY ½IjrifEkdifvQifum; taumif;qkH;yif
jzpfayonf/ okaYd omf emrfur®|mef;ukd r½Iz;l ao;aom a,m*Dtrsm;pkrmS
Oypm&tm;jzifh wifpm;um ac:a0:okH;pGJaeaom txufwGif &Sif;jy-
cJhNyD;aom b0ifraemtMunf"mwf\ jywfpJrIoabmukdum; ½Ií &&Sd-
aeayonf/ ,if; b0ifraemtMunf"mwf\ jywfprJ I &yfqidk ;f rIoabm
ukd tm½kH,lum r&PmEkówd ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vkdu pD;jzef;Ekdifyg
onf/ okdYaomf... ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfykdif;okdY qkdufonfwkdifatmif
aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI = y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;wkdYukd ½Ixm;NyD;ol
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfwkdYonfum; ,if; ZD0dwdaÈÉSifhwuGaom b0ifpdwf\
jywfpJrIukd vG,fvG,fululyif ½Ií &&SdEkdifayonf/
þ arwåm? Ak'¨gEkówd? tokb? r&Pówd ur®|mef; (4)rsKd;
wdu
Yk m; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vw
f t
Ykd m; apmifah &Smufay;wwfonfh pwk&m&u©
trnf&aom tapmifh (4)yg; ur®|mef;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ 0dyóemodkY
rul;rD oif,xl m;oifah om yGm;rsm;xm;oifah om ur®|mef;rsm;yif jzpf
Muayonf/
tokbm bma0wAÁm &m*ó y[mem,?

arwåm bma0wAÁm Asmyg'ó y[mem,?
tmemygeówd bma0wAÁm 0dwuúKyapä'g,/
(tH?3?169/ O'ge?120 - arCd,okwåef/)
þtxufyg arCd,okweå Ef iS t
hf nD tokbbm0emum; &m*udk
wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;aom vufeufjzpf\/ tokb t-
avmif;aumifudk tm½kH,lí ½IyGm;&aom þtxufyg tokb bm-
0emudk t0dnmPu tokb = oufrJh tokb[k ac:qdk\/ ouf&Sd
owå0gwdkY\ (32)aum|moudk tm½kH,lí y#dulvreodum&tm;jzifh
½IyGm;&aom bm0emudk tokbur®|mef;tjzpf *d&drmeEókwåef (tH?3?
343/)ü a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ o0dnmPu tokbwnf;? &Sif
tokbwnf;/ ,if; t0dnmPu tokbbm0emç o0dnmPu
tokbbm0em ESpfrsKd;vHk;onfyif &m*udk y,fowf&eftwGuf t-
aumif;qHk;aom vufeufyif jzpfonf/ arwåmur®|mef;um; Asmyg'
a'goudk y,f&Sm;&mü taumif;qHk;aom ur®|mef;jzpf\/ tmemyge-
ówdur®|mef;um; MuHpnfpdwful;rI 0dwuftrsKd;rsKd;udk wdkufzsuf&mü
tpGrf;xufjrufaom ur®|mef;wpfck jzpf\/
odkYtwGuf toifolawmfaumif;onf &m* x<uaomif;usef;
vmaomtcg tokbbm0emudk yGm;yg/ a'go jyif;xefvmaomtcg
arwåmbm0emudk yGm;yg/ 0dwuf xlajymvmaomtcg tmemygeówd
udkyGm;yg/ bm0emvkyfief;cGifü o'¨gw&m; avsmhenf;vmaomtcgç
pdwfrMunfvifaomtcg Ak'¨gEkówdudk yGm;yg/ oHa0*ÓPf enf;yg;
vmaomtcgç bm0emvkyfief;cGifü ysif;&dvmaomtcg r&Pówd
bm0emudk yGm;ygav/
bk&m;&Sifonf .. orxur®|mef;ydkif;wGif ur®|mef; (40)

a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkur®|mef;wdkYwGif þorxur®|mef;ydkif;ü
1/ tmemygeur®|mef;
2/ y#duv l reodum& t½k;d pkur®|mef;
3/ uodP k ;f (10)yg; ormywf (8)yg;
4/ jA[®p&kd w f &m; (4)yg;
5/ Ak'g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;
6/ tokbur®|mef;
7/ r&PmEkówdur®|mef;
þur®|mef;rsm;udk tusOf;csKyfum wifjyxm;ayonf/ <uif;
useaf om orxur®|mef;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f ykd gu q&morm;
rsm;xHodkY csOf;uyfum avhvmMuygukef/ tu,fí toifolawmf
aumif;onf 0dyóemur®|mef;odkY ul;wufvdkygu ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;
ponfukd qufvufum yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf gav/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mE

a[mEÅÅ K o*g&0g/
bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf t"GefY&SnfpGm
wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzm omoemü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwåvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
aumZmouú&mZf - 1367 - ckESpf
] 137
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef;
tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm
« t» trkef;qkH;yk*¾dKvfudk
taumif;qkH;aoma&rSm 43 aemufqkH;xm;um 98
tMuHay;csuf 62 t&wd 124
tcuftcJwpf&yf 68 t&[wåzkdvfayguf
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*Drsm; 42 tESpfom&rsm; 35
tpGef;tp bifrQrusef 71 t&[H*kPfawmf\
tqifhqifh omvGefjrifhjrwfykH 88 teufig;euf 127
tZÑwåESifh A[d'¨ 18 t½lyg0p&psmefyikd ;f 57
tZÑwå - A[d'¨ 13 t½kd;pkur®|mef; 9
txl;rSmxm;csuf 64 ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk
teEÅH 0dnmPH 70 ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh 46
teD;rSonf ta0;odkY 4 tvdr®mtwGuf csD;rGrf;xkduf 84
tEky'"r®0dyóemenf;\ tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; 22
tpGrf;jzifhum; 87 tokbur®|mef; 129
tEkyg'dEéuyu© 6
taem"daomz&Pm arwåm « tm»»
apawm0drkwåd (5)rsKd; 102 tmumouodkPf; =
tyÜemarwåmpdwf&Sdaom aumif;uifuodkPf; 52
yk*¾dKvf 102 tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef 57
tyÜrmP 21 tmumomeÍöm,wepsmefokdY 63
tjzLa&mifoufoufudkom 28 tmuddÍönm,wepsmef 71
tbdbm,wepsmef 16 tmudÍönm,wepsmefodkY
tar;ESifh tajz 85 qkdufNyD 77
tmudÍönm,wepsmef 78 « Mo ..»
tmudÍönm,weH orwduúr® 82 Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY 21
tmayguodkPf; Mo"daomz&Pm arwåm
= a&uodkPf; 42 apawm0drkwåd (7)rsKd; 103
tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom tkd;0wGif zkH;vTrf;xm;tyfaom
tmaygaum|mo (12)rsKd; 3 t0wf 64
tmabm*onf 85
tm½kH\ oabmrwlonf\ « u»
tjzpfaMumifh 119 u&Zum, 57
tmavmuuodkPf; = u½kPm\ ysufpD;jcif; 122
tvif;a&mifuodkPf; 49 u½kPm\ jynfhpkHjcif; 122
tm;&ESpfouf Nrdef&SufpGm u½kPmbm0em 110
csD;rGrf;aomfvnf; 85 uvmyor®oeenf;\
tpGrf;jzifhomvQif 87
«O » uodkPf; (10)yg; 54
O*¾[edrdwf - uodkPf; (10)yg; - ormywf
y#dbm*edrdwf 40? 44? 47 (8)yg; 15
O*¾[edrdwfESifh y#dbm*edrdwf 10? umr*kPf ñGeftkdifwGif;rS 35
49? 51? 53 udavomwdkYrS
Oyg'dEu
é yu© 6 vGwfajrmufrI 125
Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&\ uHomvQif
ysufpD;jcif; 0dywåd 125 udk,fydkifOpöm&SdMuukef\ 116
Oayu©mjA[®0d[m&\ aumif;uifuodkPf; 52
jynfhpkHjcif; 125 usdef;aoonfh vufrSwfudk 36
Oayu©mbm0em 114 <uif;usefaom uodkPf;rsm;
orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c) - rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; ] 139
« c» « Ú»
csrf;wufvmwwf\ 44 ÓPfjzifh iHkEdkiforQ jcHKiHkí
½Iyg 105
« i»
ig;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m 12 « w»
Nidrfoufyg\ rGefjrwfyg\ 83
awaZmuodkPf; =
« p» rD;uodkPf; 45
pwkuúenf; - psmef (4)yg; 27 wdk;vQdKayguf 3
pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;ydkif; 91 wefzkd;&Sdaom
puf0kdif;usus azmufyg 53 b0wpfckjzpfatmif 33
pdwfygvufyg 97
« x»
« q» x'¨vu©Pm 39
qdkvdk&if;oabm 69 xderd'¨ y,fazsmufa&; 51
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf 58
« Z»
ZD0dwdaÈ´\ « '»
ysufpJrIoabmudk 131 'domz&Pm arwåm
ZD0dwdaÈ´\ jywfpJrI 132 apawm0drkwåd (10) rsKd; 106
'ku©dwowå0g wpfOD;udk
« ps » a&G;cs,fyg 110
psmeft*Fg (5)yg; 11? 26 'kAP
Á Ö 21
« e» y#dulvreodum&
ew¬d udÍöd = bmrQr&Sd 77 t½kd;pkur®|mef; 1
ew¬d - ew¬dç oknH - oknHç yx0DuodkPf; = ajruokdPf; 37
0d0dwåH - 0d0dwåH 75 yx0D"mwfvGefuJaom
edAÁmefodkY0if&m rkcfOD;BuD; oHk;rsKd; 4 yx0Daum|mo (20) 2
eDvuodkPf; = y&rwftm½kHjzpfonfudk
tndKa&mifuodkPf; 29 owdjyKyg 67
ae0onm - emonm 86 y&dwå 21
ae0onmemonm,we yd,*½kbm0eD,
psmef 79 vdifwlyk*¾dKvf 95
ae0onmemonm,we yDwuodkPf; =
psmefokdY qkdufNyD 82 t0ga&mifuodkPf; 32
ESpfckNydKifwlum; rjzpfEkdif 69 yDwd aomreó 11
ESpfNcdKuf&mu pEdkif\ 9
ykxkZefrSeforQonf oem;p&m
ESpfrsKd;vkH;onf owå0gcsnf;om 111
psmefpdwfcsnf;omwnf; 67 ykyæq×u 12
EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m ydkrkdí ½IyfaxG;apaom
avmuOyrm 59? 85 jyóem 40
EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmudk jyuawhtm;jzifh 87
ESD;aESmjyjcif; 76 jyKusifh&rnfh vkyfief;cGif 60
jyKjyifpDrHxm;aom tvif;a&mif
uodkPf;0ef; 50
« y» yef;ydawmufESifh ika&T0g 33
yÍöuenf; - psmef (5)yg; 27 yGm;rsm;xm;oifhaom
y#dulvreodum& 5 ur®|mef;rsm; 134
orxur®|mef;ydkif; (c) - rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; ] 141
« z» arwåmtusKd; (11)yg; 108

zsmwpfcsyfudk arwåm\ ysufpD;jcif; 121
acgufvdyfouJhodkY 61 arwåm\ jynfhpkHjcif; 121
arwåmyGm;yHkpepf 104
« A» arwåmbm0emudk
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef; 127 zsufqD;wwfaom yk*¾dKvf 91
jA[®0d[m&ur®|mef;ydkif; - ar;oifhaom ar;cGef; 119
arwåmbm0emur®|mef; 91 rnfonfht&yfudk rqdk
jA[®muJhodkY aexdkifjcif; 126 Munfhvdkufwdkif; 14
rkefYtkd;uif;rS rkefYudk
« b» cGmouJhodkY 61
bm0emukodkvf yknorÇm& 45 rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;\ teD;ü 115
ajr[laom
«r» avmua0g[m&ynwfü 39
rcHEkdifojzifh xGufajy;&zl;\ 46 rSwfom;apvdkaom
rajympavmuf ocFg&rQom 79 xl;jcm;csuf 74
r&Pówd =
r&PmEkówdur®|mef; 131 « ,»
rvTJomí tm½kHjyK&onf 88 a,medaomreodum&&Sdol 31
rD;awmufrD;vQH xGufay: ,if;psmefpdwfudk
vmonfhwdkifatmif 45 jrifatmif½Iyg 68
rk'dwm\ ysufpD;jcif; 0dywåd 124
rk'dwmbm0em 112 « &»
rlv#Dum\ &Sif;vif;csuf 7 &&SdEkdifaom tjypf 39
arCd,okwåefESifhtnD 135 a&uodkPf; 42
a&jr§Kyf a&>yufESifh a&maom 0PÖuodkPf; (4)rsKd; 15

a&jzpfcJhrl 44 0ga,muodkPf;
½kyftqif;twGuf uJh&JUxkduf 84 = avuodkPf; 48
a&TonfwkdifuJhodkY 48 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef 66
0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefokdY
« v» qkdufa&mufaeol 68
vu©P - &o - ypöKy|mef - 0dnmPÍöm,weH orwduúr® 77
y'|mef 121 0dwuftrsKd;rsKd;udk
avm[dwuodkPf; = wdkufzsuf&mü 135
teDa&mifuodkPf; 34 0dywåd 125
vufESdyfrD;jzifh
xkd;pdkufMunfhaeouJhodkY 112 « o»
vdifwl owdjyK&ef 12
tokbtavmif;aumif 129 owå0g[k pGJ,lxdkufaom
vkyfief;cGif tqifhqifh 80 tjcif;t&mudk pGefYí 13
vrf; (3)oG,f 4 oDrmoarÇ' =
vTrf;rdk;zdpD; ESdyfeif;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk
uodkPf;tm½kH 17 NzdKzsufjcif; 99
ok0PÖ 21
« 0» aocgeD;
0atmifpm;NyD;í avsmif;vsuf b0ifraemtMunf"mwf 133
tdyfaeaom 130 okH;q,fhESpf (= 32) aum|mo 2
0PÖuodkPf; 15 onf;rcHEkdif jzpfwwfayonf 40
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edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf (tusOf;csKyf) - twGJ (2)

'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

pd&H wd|wk o'¨ar®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

jyefí xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg

tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom tmaygaum|mo (12) rsKd;

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vrf; (3) oG,f

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(32)aum|mowdkY\ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; xifvmjcif;onf jzpfouJhodkY

jcif;aMumifh ur®|mef;tm½küH bm0empdwo f nf wnfMunfaejcif; jzpf\/

ygVdvdk jzpfap jrefrmvdk jzpfap ESpfNcdKufovdk ½Iaeyg/ xdk &GH&Sm

xifvmaom t½kd;pkaum|moum; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/

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cyford ;f aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,

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uodkPf; (10) yg; - ormywf (8) yg;

psmefukd 0dyóem\ tajcyg'ujyKí 0dyóemÓPfukd jzpfap-

xdk tbdbm,wepsmefwdkYonf xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf\ tjzpfjzifh

oavmuf t&yf (10)rsufESmodkYwdkifatmif = teEÅpMu0VmodkYwdkif

t0dblwwåmwd £'H ÓPkwå&meH o[ edrdwåKyÜg'aee tyÜem-

a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfonf tZÑwå (32)aum|moü wnf&Sdaom

ur®bm0emudk yGm;rsm;&ef tvdkr&SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;ç tZÑwå

tZÑwåH ½lyonD (t½lyon

þ tbdbm,wepsmefwdkYü atmufygtwdkif; uodkPf;tm½kH

1/ y&dwå = rjzefYMuuftyfao;aom i,faom uodkPf;0ef;?

tqif;½kyw f uYkd kd r½Irí

y&dur®bm0emudk pD;jzef;vdku pD;jzef;Edkifygonf/ tZÑwåuodkPf;½kyfü

ponfjzifh ydkif;jcm;í t"d|mefjyKum jzefYMunfhyg/ vufwpfopf vuf

wnfaeatmif tjzL tjzL[kyif ½Iaeyg/ xdktcg ,if; y#dbm*edrdwf-

psmeft*Fg (5) yg;

pwkuúenf; - psmef (4) yg;

yÍöuenf; - psmef (5) yg;

r[kwfyg/ 0dyóem\ tajcyg'utjzpf &nf&G,fí orm"dudk xl-

axmifcJhaomf ,if;bm0emrSm y&dur®bm0emç ,if;orm"drSmvnf;

pwkwp¬ smeform"dow Ykd idk af tmif orm"dukd qufvufxal xmifyg/

cE¨mtdrftwGif;rS bm0em[laom tESpfom&udk &&Sdatmif xkwf,l-

&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\oEÅmefü pwkw¬psmeform"d jzpfay:

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tcsdefra&G; xkwf,lí &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/ wpfzef ,if;pwkw¬-

aomfvnf;aumif;ç aumufe,fwvif; t0ef;üaomfvnf;aumif; y&d-

&cJhaomf rdrdESpfouf&mae&modkY oGm;í xkdifEkdifNyD/ xkdodkY xkdifaom-

vdrfhrnf/ yx0DuodkPf;vrf;rS ta&mifuodkPf;vrf;odkY ajymif;oGm;NyD

rlvedrdwf ,lcJhzl;aom yx0DuodkPf;0ef;edrdwfukdyif wpfzef jyefí

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rnf/ tmayg"mwf\ ,kdpD;jcif; y*¢&Pvu©Pmudkvnf; ESvkH;roGif;-

ESv;Hk roGi;f rlí tv,fü rcsrJ í

ta&mifESifh vu©Pmudk ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh

awaZm - awaZm - awaZm = rD; - rD; - rD; - [k ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;

a'goonf xif&Sm;\? rD;tydkif;tp = rD;xif;ponfvnf;aumif;ç

\ tultnDjzifh xdak vudk jrifatmifMunfí h xkad vü owdujkd zpfapí

txufwGif wifjyxm;aom pwkw¬psmeform"d trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk

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tu,fí atmifjrifrIudk r&&SdcJhvQif wpfxGmcefY wpfaycefY

a,mg0p&yk¾dKvfonf tZÑwå (32)aum|moü wnf&Sdaom

&Sdaom a,mg0p&yk¾dKvfwpfOD;\oEÅmefü pwkw¬psmeform"d jzpfay:

em;a&mg ponfjzifh a&mgtrsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;&\/ þ u&Zum,

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