- 1اللغة الإنكليزية س2

Syrian Arab Republic
Ministry OF Waqef
Directorate of Religious
Education
FURTHER TEXTS
ON
ISLAM
THIRD SECONDARY GRADE
OF
SHARIA
PUBLISHED
BY
THE MINISTRY OF WAQF
Damascus – S. A. R.
2012-2011
1
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful
First printed in 1973 A.D

Edited, checked & reprinted in 2010 A.D
Prepared
By
Sadallah Jouejati
Abdul-Hadi Abla
Mahmoud Ajaj
Farouk Akbik
Edited & Checked

By
Kassem al-Tarras
2
Contents
Preface
5
Part One TEXTS. 6
Verses From the Chapter of Clots of Blood 7
I Arabia The Cradle of Islam 8
II Monotheism in Islam 15
III Devotions and Transactions 17
IV Muhammad Invites Hercules to Islam 22
V The Prophet's Journey to Taif 28
Verses From the Chapter of the Cow 31
Some Hadiths on the Subject of Prayer 32
VI The Mosque (The House of God) 34
Verses From the Chapter of Ta Ha 39
VII The Conquest of Makkah 41
VIII The Blessings of Fasting 47
IX Abu Hanifa (699-767) 52
X Al-Shafi'i (768-820) 57
Verses From the Chapter of Ya Seen 60
XI Marriage 62
Some Hadiths on the Subject of Women 66
Verses From the chapter of The Earthquake 68
XII Divorce 69
XIII Omar Bin Abdul Aziz 74
3
XIV The Pilgrimage 80
XV The Farewell Pilgrimage 87
Part Two GRAMMAR.

Tenses In English
The Simple Present Tense and The Simple
1 91
Past Tense
2 The Unreal Past 93
The Present Continuous Tense and The Simple
3 95
Present Tense
The Present Perfect Tense and The Present
4 97
Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Present & Present Perfect Tense in
5 99
Clauses of Time
6 The Continuous and Simple Past Tenses 101
The Continuous Past Tense and the Simple
7 103
Past Tense
8 The Past Perfect Tense 105
9 Revision of Tenses I 107

10 Revision of Tenses II 109
Clauses 111
Prepositions 122
Certain Verbs 135
SOME PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 141
Appendix Word List 154
4
Preface
In 1968 we were asked to write a textbook for the Third Secondary
Grade of Sharia, and we wrote «Texts on Islam», taking into consideration
the number of hours assigned to this subject in the curriculum and the
specialized field of study concerned.
Since then two events have taken place:
First: The curriculum was revised according to the Ministerial
Decision No. 565 dated 25.9.1971. As far as English in the third
secondary grade of Sharia was concerned the number of hours was
doubled, i.e. it became 6 hours a week,
Second: The Presidential Decree No. 36 dated 2.5.1972 made the
Syrian Sharia Secondary Certificate equivalent to the General Secondary
Certificate (Literary Section).
So when the Ministry of Waqf asked us in 1973 to write a new
textbook for the third secondary grade of Sharia we took these two events
into consideration. The number of texts was increased to twenty-five with
seven others for outside reading as compared with twenty-eight texts in
«English for Secondary School-book three-Literary». Moreover, the
Grammar Section was taken as a whole from the above mentioned book.
On the other hand this book retained the basic features of «Texts on
Islam» regarding the variety of the chosen texts, the vocabulary, and the
Exercises on these texts. Naturally enough, the Quranic texts have been
increased in number and the Hadiths have been centered on two subjects;
namely Prayer and Women.
We sincerely hope that this book will satisfy the specific requirements of
the Sharia secondary certificate and the general requirements of enabling
the students to explain the religious points to non-Arabs through English.
Damascus: 25th July 1973
Authors:
... Sadallah Jouejati
... AbduI-Hadi Abla
... Mahmoud Ajaj
... Farouk Akbik
5
FURTHER TEXTS
ON
ISLAM
Part One
TEXTS
6
Verses from the Chapter of Clots of Blood
In the name of Allah, , the Most Gracious,

the Most Merciful
Recite! In the name of your Lord, the Creator, Who has

created ( all that exists ) He has created man from clots of
blood Recite! And your Lord is the Most Generous Who
has taught by the pen He has taught humans things they
did not know
( )
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I
7
Arabia
The Cradle of Islam
S ince the country is surrounded by sea on three sides and

bounded in the North by the water of the Euphrates and the
Mediterranean, the Arab has called this land the Arabian Island
(Jaziratul-Arab). But Arabia proper literally means the Arabian
Peninsula and excludes Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq.
Within Arabia there are well marked regions. Prominence among these
regions may go to Najd, Hijaz and Yemen, but other parts have distinct
features on their own which have influenced history.
Najd: is mostly a table-land (plateau) and has always been a healthy

place; its climate is dry and invigorating. It has valleys, where there
have been settlements from the remote past.
Eastern Belt and Hadramout: East of Najd and along the Arabian
Gulf are the low hills and the plains of Kuwait and Al-Ahsa. They were
originally not very productive except for the pearl fisheries of Bahrein.
Further east lies 'Uman' a very hot place indeed and consequently it has
seldom figured in history, but the southern country of Hadramout is
very interesting. It is a land of low hills and numerous valleys and in
winter, when there is rain in plenty, many little rivers flow in this land.
8
Yemen: To the west of Hadramout and in the south-west corner of
Arabia lies the ancient province of Yemen. This is the highest part of
Arabia, many of its mountains rising above 10,000 ft. The plateau has
always been rich, and fruits and vegetables grow there in plenty.
Asir: Beyond Yemen lies Asir, a semi-mountainous region, which is

neither barren nor very hot. Swift little currents flow in its valleys when
rain falls, and the people grow fruit and cereals and raise flocks of
sheep.
Hijaz: The land immediately to the north of Asir is the region which
has played the chief role in medieval Arab history. This land is called
Hijaz; except for the northern desert of Al-Nufud and the southern one
of Rub-Al-Khali (the Empty Quarter). AI-Hijaz is the least fertile and
attractive region of Arabia. It is mostly a table-land,
9
dry and broken, with some mountains. It has its share of oases and at
places like Taif there are orchards and even fruit farming on a small
scale; and wherever water seeps through, date-plains are to be found.
Its pre-eminence among the various regions has been due to the sacred
town of Makkah, which was the traditional religious and cultural centre
of all the Arabs and which was also the chief trade depot on the land
route from Yemen to Syria.
The Arabs of the central region (Hijaz), except for those who were
settled in or around Makkah, Yathrib (Madina), Taif in Hijaz or in the
valleys of Najd were all nomads. Their way of life centred round their
camels, the eternal search for watering places, and priority at these life-
giving places. Since there existed a trade route from the rich land in the
south to Sinai and Syria which had to pass through Al-Hijaz, two trade
centres had emerged in that land and the nomads of the region found
employment as escorts to the caravans.
Agriculture was practised only at the various oases, the chief crops
being dates though cereals were grown too. Makkah subsisted mostly
on trade and on the pilgrimage made to the Kaaba, the sacred place of
the central Arabs.
Except for a few towns like Makkah and its sister towns, Yathrib in
Al-Hijaz and San'a in distant South, there have never been any big
towns in the vast land of Arabia.
The Bedouin, who is the truest representative of the land,
10
developed certain characteristics. He lived in and for his family, and
complete loyalty and devotion to the family and after the family to the
group of families, called the clan, was the centre of his social life. The
chief of the clan or the head of the family had to be selected with care
because their very existence depended on his advice and his leadership
in council or in war. Age, experience, and wisdom were the three
qualities the Arab expected of his leader. All clans belonged to some
tribe or other and the entire country was organized into these tribal
groups, which of course included their clients.
11
1. surround
2. bound
3. Mediterranean
4. prominence –
5. features –
6. plateau ! " #$
7. invigorate %& ' ( )*
8. remote +& ,
9. pearl-fisheries - -. 23 4 1 - -. / 0
10. province ",5 6
11. barren 7) (
12. cereals. 9 :–8 )
13. fertile ;<
14. oases = )>
15. orchard ?@
16. seep 8 @B 1 A
17. pre-eminence .C ?D% ",EF
18. depot G( "HI J3 @
19. eternal K3 2 *
20. priority " >*
21. escort " ) L)
22. subsist M,
23. characteristics 9<
24. clan N%C
12
Comprehension
1) Name the main regions of the Arabian Peninsula.
2) Where did the settlements of Najd centre and why?
3) What was Al-Bahrain famous for?
4) Why is Hadramout very interesting?
5) Why has the Yemen plateau always been rich?
6) Name some of the oases of al-Hijaz.
7) Why was pre-eminence given to al-Hijaz among the various
regions of Arabia?
8) What was the chief employment of the nomads?
9) Name the social organisations of the Bedouins.
Language I:
Fill each space with the correct word from this list:
are, Gulf, practised, plateau, pilgrimages, plains, grow, sacred,

numerous, means, trade, excludes, regions, seeps, currents, table land,
hills.
1) Arabia proper (………) the Arabian Peninsula and (………)
Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq.
2) Prominence among the various (………) may go to Najd, Hijaz
and Yemen.
3) Along the Arabian (………) are the low hills and the (………)
of Kuwait and Al-Ahsa.
4) Hadramout is a land of low (………) and (………) valleys.
5) The Yemen (………) has always been rich; and fruits and
vegetables (………) there in plenty.
13
6) Swift little (………) flow in its valleys when rain falls.
7) Al-Hijaz is mostly a (………), dry and broken, with some
mountains.
8) Wherever water (………) through, date-plains (………) to be
found.
9) Agriculture was (………) only at the various oases.
10) Macca subsisted mostly on (………) and on the (………) made
to the Ka'ba, the (………) place of the central Arabs.
Language II
a. Make adjectives from:
region, hill, mountain, plenty, province, coast.
b. Make nouns from:

true, distinct, grow, fertile, eternal, subsist.
c. Make verbs from:

health, passage, employment, selection, expectation.
Language III
Use five of the following words and phrases in sentences of your own:
region, climate, town, fertile, oasis, subsist on, central, nomad, trade.
14
II
Monotheism in Islam
T o say: «I bear witness there is no god but Allah», and that He

alone is to be worshipped, means a rejection of polytheism and
idolatry. When Muhammad entered Makkah in triumph in 630 A.D.,
he smashed all the three hundred and sixty idols in the shrine of the
Ka'bah. From that day to this, Islam has been uncompromising in its
doctrine of monotheism and its insistence on transcendence:
God , the Creator and Judge , is the Lord of the entire universe, is
high above all his creatures and beyond them, and beyond all their
imaginations - and certainly beyond their representations. Humans
must not bow down to other deities nor worship them, or look to them
for help, or think about them. God is God alone; on this point Islam is
emphatic, positive and clear.
At a subtler level this doctrine means a rejection of human tyranny.

No earthly power, no human figure deserves or can legitimately claim
man's allegiance; and any attempt to impose
a purely human yoke on man's neck is an infringement not only of
human dignity but of cosmic order, and to submit to it would be the
greatest sin.
There is still a third level of meaning, which was stressed

particularly by the Sufi mystics and beginning to get wide support
15
today. According to this view, to worship God alone is to turn aside
from false gods not only in the concrete sense of idols and religious
polytheism but also in the subtler sense of turning aside from a moral
polytheism, from false values - the false gods of the heart i.e. to pursue
merely earthly goals, to value them, to give them one's allegiance and
in a sense to worship them - goals such as wealth, prestige, sex,
comfort etc.. This, says the sensitive Muslim conscience, is to infringe
the principle of monotheism. Similarly to look for help to purely
mundane forces, to rely upon armies or clever stratagems, to trust
anything that is not intrinsically good, this is to have more than one
god. The affirmation that God alone is to be worshipped means, for the
man of true piety and rigorous sincerity that no other objective must
claim man's effort or loyalty; he must fear no other power, honour no
other prize, pursue no other goal.
16
III
Devotions and Transactions
The Dual Nature of Religious Goodness
I slam is a way of life. It covers man's whole field of activity and

regulates the spiritual and personal aspects of his life as well as
the physical and social ones. The spiritual aspects are technically
termed as devotions and the social aspects are termed as transactions. It
is a well-attested fact that, although distinguished from one another,
devotions and transactions are not exclusive of one another. Their
ultimate ends and functions are one and the same, namely; to promote
man's welfare and happiness and to help develop in him a well-
balanced personality.
Devotions and transactions in the Islamic conception are so

interconnected, so interwoven that one can hardly know where the
sphere of the one ends and that of the other begins. One cannot be
socially good unless and until one is spiritually good. Likewise, one
cannot be spiritually good unless and until he is socially good. That is
to say, social goodness has become spiritual goodness and the latter has
become a factor necessary for the realization of social goodness. The
inner and the external lives of people have thus been intimately blended
together in a way in which no one of them can be really enriched or
reach its ultimate perfection without the other. That which truly helps
one of them must thereby help the other.
17
To clarify our point we cite the following quotation.
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)1 relates the following as said by

God: «Not all who perform their prayers are good worshippers. I accept
the prayers of those who are humble to My greatness and refrain from
forbidden sensual desires, and do not persist in their disobedience to
Me. They feed the hungry, clothe the needy, have pity on the injured,
and give refuge to strangers; they do all that for My sake. I swear by
My glory and majesty, that the light of their faces shall be brighter than
the light of the sun. I vow to make their ignorance learning and their
gloom brilliance. Wherever they ask Me I readily fulfill their wishes
and provide what they beg Me for. My angels are their safeguards and
they are always in My Providence. They are like Paradise; it never
changes and its fruits never decay.»
1
May Allah's peace and blessings be upon him, and May Allah raise his
position more and more.
18
1. devotions =3 ,
2. transactions = ,
3. activity " ,E O %&
4. aspects ;& P
5. attest Q R* S.C T 4 S.C
6. distinguished U
7. not exclusive of one V B W <X& Y
8. ultimate N * ZK [
9. function "V
10. promote S(
11. balanced ?\
12. interconnected 7<
13. interwoven 7
14. sphere K3
15. realization ] 6^ _ F3`
16. external ZPF
17. blended "P> U
18. perfection 9 Va
A Balanced Rock.
19
COMPREHENSION:
1) What is Islam? What does it cover?
2) What does Islam regulate?
3) What is meant by devotions and transactions?
4) What is a well-attested fact?
5) What are their ultimate ends and functions?
6) How does Islam conceive devotions and transition?
7) What has social goodness become?
8) How are the inner and external lives of men blended?
9) Who are good worshippers?
10) How shall be the light of the faces of good worshippers?
11) What does God vow?
Language I:
Fill each space with a suitable word form this list:
has, aspects, way, unless, whole, hardly, ultimate, regulates, termed,

exclusive.
1) Islam is a (………...) of life.
2) Islam covers the (………...) field of human activity.
3) Islam (………...) the spiritual and personal aspects of human
life.
4) The spiritual aspects are technically (………...) devotions.
5) The social (………...) are termed transactions.
6) Devotions and transactions are not (………...) of one another.
20
7) Their (………...) ends and functions are one and the same.
8) One can (………...) know the beginning of one and the end of
the other.
9) One cannot be socially good (………...) he is spiritually good.
10) Social goodness (………...) become spiritual goodness.
Language II:
Islam, activity, function, happiness, goodness.
b. Make nouns from:

regulate, spiritual, distinguish, exclude, external.
c. Make verbs from:

life, devotion, transaction, conception, realization.
Language III:
spiritual, as well as, ultimate, hardly, goodness, necessary, persist.
21
IV
The Prophet Muhammad Invites Hercules to Islam
(Hercules and Islam)
T he treaty of Hudeybieh gave Prophet Muhammad more time to

work for the spreading of his Allah's religion and to make it
known to the world. He sent ambassadors with letters inviting the
neighbouring rulers of that time to embrace Islam. One of them was
Hercules , the Roman Emperor, who happened to be in Jerusalem.
Hercules welcomed the envoy and heard the letter. A little later he asked
his soldiers to look around, find an Arab from Makkah and bring him
before the emperor for questioning. At that time, Abu Sufyan, who was a
very bitter enemy of Islam and some of his friends, happened to be in
Jerusalem for trade. They were brought to the Emperor, who questioned
Abu Sufyan, their leader. This is the conversation that took place between
them.
Hercules : Do you know this man, Muhammad , who sent
me a letter claiming to be a prophet? Can you say
what sort of family he comes from?
Abu Sufyan : He comes from a noble family.
Hercules : Have any of his forefathers been a king?
Abu Sufyan : No.
Hercules : Has there ever been anyone from his family who
made claims similar to this?
Abu Sufyan : No.
22
Hercules : Are the people who accepted his religion poor or
rich?
Abu Sufyan : They are poor.
Hercules : Do his followers increase or decrease?
Abu Sufyan : They increase.
Hercules : Did you accuse him of falsehood before he made
that claim?
Abu Sufyan : No, we have never known him to tell a lie.
Hercules : Does he ever go against his covenants?
Abu Sufyan : Not so far, but we have to see whether he carries
out the new agreement made between us and him.
Hercules : Have you ever fought him in war?
Abu Sufyan : Yes.
Hercules : What were the results?
Abu Sufyan : Sometimes we won, and sometimes he did.
Hercules : What does he teach?
Abu Sufyan : He teaches the people to worship one God, and not
set up equals to Him. He teaches them to be chaste,
to speak only the truth, and to keep away from all
vicious and corrupt practices. He exhorts the people
to be good to one another and to keep their coven-
ants and discharge their trusts.
Hercules : You say he is of noble birth; prophets are always of
noble birth. You say his family has never claimed
prophethood before. If it had done so, I would have
23
thought that he was claiming it under the influence
of heredity. You admit that there have been no kings
in his family. If there had been any, I would have
thought that he was after a kingship. You
acknowledge he does not lie. He who does not lie to
people, cannot lie to God. You witness that poor
people follow him. It is always the poor who follow
prophets, before others. You say his followers are
increasing. A true faith is always like that. You say
he does not break his promises. Prophets never
deceive. You say he teaches prayers, piety and
chastity. If all this is true, I am sure his kingdom will
reach the place I tread. I was certain that a prophet
was coming, but I did not think he would be born in
Arabia.
From this comment, we understand that Hercules was sure of

Muhammad 's prophethood. There was a tremendous sensation in the
court on the pronouncement of the Emperor and uproar started against
him. He dismissed the court and pacified the courtiers with gifts and
made some excuses for what he had said.
24
1. treaty $,
2. propagate %B
3. ambassadors + X
4. envoy b,
5. claim ZC
6. forefathers 3> P
7. similar c %d
8. covenants ]R
9. exhort Ff S.C e <B
10. prophethood B
11. heredity "R F>
12. comment ; 6,d ] .,d
13. dismiss g<
14. courtiers O 9 PF
A Treaty
25
COMPREHENSION:
1) What did the treaty of Hudaybiyah offer Muhammad ?

2) Why did he send letters to the neighbouring rulers?
3) What did Hercules ask his soldiers to do?
4) Whom did the soldiers find?
5) What did Hercules want to know about Muhammad 's family?
6) What did Hercules want to know about Muhammad 's
followers?
7) What did Hercules want to know about Muhammad 's wars?
8) What did Abu Sufyan say about Muhammad 's teachings?
9) What did Hercules conclude about Muhammad 's teachings?
10) What did Hercules comment about Muhammad 's prophethood?
Language I:
Fill each space with the suitable word or phrase from this list:
think, followers, discharge, worship, accepted, embrace, heard,
bitterest, welcomed, ambassadors, sort, poor, keep, claimed, certain.
1) Abu Sufyan was one of the (………….) enemies of Islam.
2) Hercules (………….) the envoy and (………….) the letter.
3) Muhammad sent (………….) with letters inviting the

neighbouring rulers to (………….) Islam.
26
4) Can you say what (………….) of family he comes from?
5) Are the people who (……….) his religion (……….) or rich?
6) He teaches the people to (………….) one God.
7) He teaches the people to (………….) their covenants and
(………….) their trusts.
8) You say his family never (………….) prophethood before.
9) You say his (………….) are increasing.
10) I was (………….) that a prophet was coming, but I
did not (………….) he would be born in Arabia.
Language II:
falsehood, surely, influence, faith, emperor.
b. Make nouns from:
bitter, poor, similar, accept, chaste.
c. Make verbs from:
propagation, conversation, agreement, birth, prayer.
Language III:
Use five of the following words in sentences of your own:
treaty, tremendous, witness, ambassador, look around, take place,
forefather.
27
V
The Prophet's Journey to Taif
Steadfastness Before Hardships
F or nine years, since his selection by God for his mission the
Prophet had been delivering the message of Allah in Makkah.
Excepting a few persons like Abu Talib, the Makkahns persecuted the
Prophet and his followers.
The following year of the death of Abu Talib, Quraysh got a free
hand in torturing the Muslims. At Taif, the second biggest town of
Hijaz, there lived Banu Thaqif - a clan strong in number. The Prophet
left for Taif with the hope of winning them over to Islam, thus
providing a place for Muslims to escape the persecution of Quraysh
and also establishing a base for the future spread of Islam.
On reaching Taif, he visited the three chieftains of the clan separately,

placed before each of them the message of Allah, and called upon him to
stand by His Prophet's side. Instead of accepting his message they
refused even to listen to him. In spite of the well-known Arab hospitality
each of them treated him most rudely, and told him that they did not like
his stay in their town.
The Prophet who was a rock of steadfastness did not lose heart over
this check from the chieftains, and tried to approach the common
people; but nobody would listen to him. When he realized that further
efforts would be in vain, he decided to leave the town. But
28
they would not let him depart in peace, and set the street boys after him
to stone him. He was so much thrown with stones that his whole body
was covered with blood. When he was far out of the town, the Prophet
prayed to Allah saying:
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"0, my God! To You I complain of the feebleness of my strength, of my

lack of resourcefulness, and my insignificance in the eyes of people. 0,
most Merciful of all! You are the Lord of the weak and You are my
Lord. To whom will You entrust me, to an unsympathetic foe who
would sullenly frown at me, or to an alien whom You have given
control over my affairs? Not in the least do I care for anything except
that I may have Your protection for myself. In the light of Your face I
seek refuge, the light of which illumines the Heaven and dispels all
sorts of darkness, and which controls all affairs in this world as well as
in the hereafter. May it never be that I should incur Your wrath or that
You should be displeased with me. I must remove the cause of Your
displeasure till You are pleased. There is no strength nor power but
through You."
29
The Heavens were moved by this prayer and Gabriel appeared before
the Prophet and put the angel in charge of the mountains at his
command. The angel greeted the Prophet and said, "0, Prophet of
Allah! I am at your service. If you wish, I can cause the mountains
overlooking this town on both sides to collide with each other, so that
all the people in the town would be crushed to death, or will you
suggest any other punishment for them?"
The merciful and noble Prophet said, "Even if these people do

not accept Islam, I do hope Allah will create persons from among their
progeny who would worship Allah and serve His cause."
30
Verses from the Chapter of the Cow
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful
((Alif-Lam-Meem This Book is not to be doubted, a guide

to the righteous (Al Muttaqun) who belive in the unseen
and are steadfast in prayer; and who bestow in charity a part
of what We give them; who trust what has been revealed
to you (Muhammad ) and to others before you, and firmly
believe in the hereafter (the life to come). Those are
rightly guided by their Lord, and those shall surely triumph
As for the unbelievers, it is the same to them whether you
forewarn them or do not forewarn them, they will not have
faith. Allah has set a seal upon their hearts and ears; their
sight is dimmed and a grievous punishment awaits them.
))
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31
Some Hadiths on the Subject of Prayer
Hadith I
((On the authority of Ibn Omar, who said that the Prophet
(PBUH) said, "Islam is founded on five pillars: Testifying that
there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His
Servant and Apostle, performance of prayer (salat), payment
of alms (zakat), performance of pilgrimage (Hajj) and fasting
of Ramadan."))
Hadith II
((On the authority of Abu Zar, who said that once the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) came out of his house in winter
. It was autumn and the leaves were falling off the trees. He
took hold of a branch of some tree and its leaves began to
drop in a good number. At this the Prophet remarked, "Oh,
Abu Zar,” I said :at your service He said: “When a Muslim
offers his salat to please Allah, his sins are shed away off him
as these leaves are falling off this tree."))
32
Hadith III
((On the authority of Jabir, who said that he heard the

Prophet (PBUH) say, "The day's five prayers are much like
a running river near the door of any of you in which he
bathes five times a day." ))
Hadith IV
((On the authority of Imran ibn Hussayn, who said that

when the Prophet (PBUH) was asked about Allah's saying,
"Prayer fends away indecency and evil," he replied, "He
whose prayer does not prohibit him from indecency and evil,
he has no prayer."))
33
VI
The Mosque
(The House of God)
T he mosque is built to enable Muslims of the neighbourhood to

assemble for the purpose of congregational prayers. It
facilitates the performance of collective worship and is used for
individual worship as well as for other religious and social purposes.
The Muslims gather in the mosque for divine worship in the simplest
possible manner, and Islamic religious services are free from all artistic
and emotional distractions. There is no music or singing, no temple
dances, no priestly vestments, no burning of candles, and the light
inside mosques is not dimmed artificially.
At the appointed hour the worshippers collect in the mosque and
arrange themselves in rows to indicate that they are ready to offer
collective worship to God. They praise God and render thanks to him in
a perfectly calm atmosphere undisturbed by the strains of music. While
so engaged, no worshipper may look to the right or to the left nor speak
to any other worshipper. The rich and the poor stand shoulder to
shoulder with each other, and no worshipper may object to another
worshipper standing next to him, nor may any worshipper be moved
from his place to another.
34
They all stand humble and subdued in the presence of God and bow
and prostrate themselves and revert to the standing posture under the
leadership of the Imam. During some of the services the Imam recites
aloud a few verses from the Quran to impress their meaning upon the
minds of the whole congregation.
The mosque was not only a place of worship, but also a pulpit for
oratory, and a centre for the spiritual, intellectual and political life of
the state. It was a place for worship, a college for learning, a house for
justice, a camp where armies gathered and a place to receive envoys
and ambassadors.
Students sat in a circle under the guidance of a recognized man of
learning. Lectures were delivered not only in religious subjects but in
all arts and sciences as well. The student could join the circle that
suited the course of study he chose.
Some of the famous college mosques were: Al-Mansour in Baghdad,
the Omayyad Mosque in Damascus, Al-Azhar in Cairo. Al-Zaituna in
Tunisia, and the Mosque of Cordova in Spain.
35
1. enable ijkV
2. neighbourhood F P
3. assemble % lV m
4. congregational ZC n
5. facilitate 7@
6. distraction kX Q %d 9 $o
7. vestments (" d B a q ) 7j.)
8. artificially lBH<
9. strains ? s* W 0&*
10. subdued tu
11. recite .
12. pulpit vB
13. oratory " Hw
A Pulpit
36
COMPREHENSION:
1) Why is a mosque built?
2) What purposes are mosques used for?
3) How do the Muslims gather for divine worship?
4) What is meant by artistic and emotional disturbances?
5) What position do the worshippers take at the appointed hour?
6) How do the worshippers praise God and render thanks to him?
7) What is the worshipper not allowed to do?

8) Why does the Imam recite aloud some verses from the Quran?
9) How is the mosque used as a place for learning?
10) Name some of the famous college mosque?
Language I
indicate, enable, recognized, congregational, ready, circle, per-
formance, simplest, prostrate, religious, presence, artistic, humble,
artificially, gather, poor.
1) The mosque is built to (………...) Muslims of the
neighbourhood to assemble for the purpose of (………...)
prayers.
2) The mosque facilitates the (………...) of collective worship.
3) The Muslims (………...) in the mosque for divine worship in the
(………...) possible manner.
37
4) Islamic (………...) services are free from all (………...) and
emotional disturbances.
5) The light inside, the mosque is not (………...) dimmed.
6) The worshippers arrange themselves in rows to (………...) that
they are (………...) to offer collective worship to God.
7) The rich and the (………...) stand should to shoulder.
8) They all stand (………...) and subdued in the (………...) of
God.
9) They bow and (………...) and revert to the standing posture.
10) Students sat in a (………...) under the guidance of a (………...)
man of learning.
Language II
simplicity, emotion, art, priest, collection, presence.
b. Make nouns from:
famous, choose, deliver, assemble, facilitate, emotional.
c. Make verbs from:
guidance, service, collection, perfection, engagement.
Language III
Use five of the following words and phrases in sentences of your
own:
enable, artificial, recite, pulpit, envoy, lecture, guidance.
38
Verses from the Chapter of Ta Ha

the Most Merciful
((Have you heard the story of Moses? When he saw a fire,

he said to his family, "Stay here, for I can see a fire.
Perchance I can bring you a lighted torch or find guidance
hard by." When he came near, a voice called out to him,
"Moses, I am your Lord. Take off your sandals, for you are
now in the sacred valley of Towah (Tuva). Know that I
have chosen you. Therefore listen to what shall be revealed.
I am Allah. There is no god but Me. Serve Me, and recite
your prayers in My remembrance. The Hour of Doom is
sure to come. But I choose to keep it hidden, so that every
soul may be rewarded for its labours. Let those who
disbelieve in it and yield to their desires not turn your
thoughts from it, lest you
perish. ))
39
S…
( )
4 I, " \*+E ẑz , &S& ,?#6& #h #9#] w " v#." -b+E =" 4 z† &T" "‡ "Y#. -e?" "8
%&Š 4 "? "Y#. tW# #] vwT4? + t< =# "2 4T+a#. ,8#. 1‰"g9# +! "F,<* z Y& \u " ( w "
"#."8 vw z… +;tT#94W- &Š " - +! ")t+E "), # , " ,[# ,$ #] ")7!" "#. \*+E =" 4 "
+ I&/.#"8 \+,T4g2, ]# "#. (+E "S#+E # 4S( "#. \+<t+E =" 4 "W& ,[W& "O, #] ")4Y, "O,$
I"W+! 1‰-M" ‹e5z v" ,X4O& "F &M$, .z 4Š #5#. • "&Y#€ # 2" t (3+E %+ -5&'& # # t|
v"Š, "O#] 4Œ " "? "[g"tY "8 "F+! 4 & y, 4 #n , " "F,<"2 ")ttT4|" #^#] =" , "Y
+ƒ " – ( q• – •) S…
40
VII
The Conquest of Makkah
A Turning Point in the History of Islam
I t was the 10th of Ramadan in the year 8 after Hijra that the Holy
prophet (peace be on him) left Medina at the head of an army of
about 10,000 devoted soldiers of God. It was the biggest show of force
that the Muslims had mobilized against the enemies of Islam.
Muhammad was riding to his native town whence his cruel
prosecutors had driven him eight years ago. The Koreishites and their
allies, Bani Bakr, violated the terms of the peace concluded at
Hudeibiya by attacking Bani Khuzaah who were in alliance with the
Muslims. Bani Khuzaah, a number of whose men were killed, appealed
to the Prophet for help and protection. Muhammad consulted with his
council and then sent a message to the Makkahns to pay Blood money
to Bani Khuzaah or to proclaim that they had nothing to do with Bani
Baker.
After the Makkahns had given the Prophet their reply of refusing
either, they realized that they had made a mistake, so they sent Abu
Sufyan to Medina in order to pacify the Muslims and thus avert the
attack on Makkah. But the Holy Prophet very wisely ignored that great
enemy of Islam and his companions disappointed Abu Sufyan too.
Abu Sufyan returned disappointed after his diplomatic failure in the
city of the Holy Prophet. At the same time he had also begun,
41
realising that it was impossible for him to stop the tidal waves of
Islam. In fact Abu Sufyan was frightened with what he had seen in
Madina, where the Muslims were united under the banner of
Muhammad . They were ready to die at his call.
The first Makkahn to see the Muslim army was Abu Sufyan, who
went to the outskirts of the city to seek information. He was surprised
to see the large army, and he no longer doubted that God was on
Muhammad 's side. He was now convinced that fighting such a strong
army was useless and would not bring any good results. He went to the
Prophet and proclaimed his acceptance of Islam. Muhammad told
Abu Sufyan that it was his desire to enter Makkah without bloodshed,
and promised that anyone who remained indoors, in the Ka'ba or in
Abu Sufyan's house would be quite safe.
Muhammad divided his army into several groups, each entering
Makkah from a different entrance. There was only one incident of
bloodshed. Some of the pagans under the command of Ekrema Ben Abu
Jahl refused to surrender. They were quickly subdued by a Muslim group
under the leadership of Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed. In this small fight, eleven
pagans and two Muslims were killed.
When the Prophet met with the Makkahns who had stood against
Islam, he most graciously pardoned all of them: I saying: «Go away,
you are freed.»
The Prophet also ordered the breaking and throwing away of all the
360 idols that were kept in the Ka'ba since the days of ignorance. When
the light of Islam had arrived, here was, of course, no place for the
agents of darkness.
42
Having cleared the House of Allah of all the stinking 'rubbish', the
Messenger of Allah began circumambulating (tawaf) the kaaba,
reciting these well-known verses from the holy Qur'an: "Say: Truth has
come and Falsehood has perished. Falsehood shall surely perish."
As the messenger of God recited these verses, the centuries of old
darkness of falsehood disappeared from the horizons of Arabia.
The conquest of Makkah had opened the gates of light for all the
world and all the ages. The conquest of Makkah was in fact the victory
of truth over falsehood.
1. mobilise x,
2. prosecutor yk%
3. allies + X.)
4. violate Tz
5. consult F> %
6. pacify {
7. avert ?>3 9 ;B| lB}
8. banner "F
9. outskirts 3> ) W ~
10. convince lB6
11. bloodshed + yX
12. surrender .@ @ iCf
13. pardon X,
43
COMPREHENSION:
1) Describe the Muslim army.
2) How did Quraysh violate the treaty of Hudaybiyah?
3) What did Bani Khuza'ah do?
4) What did the prophet ask Quraysh to do?
5) Why was abu Sufyan sent to Madina? How was he received?
6) Why was abu Sufyan frightened?
7) What did the Prophet tell abu Sufyan after he became a Muslim?
8) How did the Muslim army enter Makkah?
9) What was the verse the prophet recited?
10) How important was the conquest of Makkah?
Language I:
native, message, disappointed, ready to die, army, agents, mobilised,
refused, alliance, without, attack, united, show of force, violated,
pacify, diplomatic, desire, light.
1) It was the biggest (………...) that the Muslims had (………...)
against the enemies of Islam.
2) Muhammad was riding to his (………...) town.
3) Quraysh and Bani Baker (........ ....) the terms of the treaty.
4) Bani Khuza'ah were in (………...) with the Muslims.
5) Muhammad consulted with his council and then sent

a (………...) to the Makkahns.
44
6) Abu Sufyan was sent to Madina in order to (………...)
the Muslims and thus avert the (………...) on Makkah.
7) Abu Sufyan returned (………...) after his (………...) failure.
8) The Muslims were (………...) under the banner of
Muhammad and they were (………...) at his call.
9) Muhammad told abu Sufyan that it was his (………...) to
enter Makkah (………...) bloodshed.
10) Muhammad divided his (………...) into several groups.
11) Some of the pagans (………...) to surrender.
12) When the (………...) of Islam had arrived, there was no place
for the (….........) of darkness.
Language II:
peace, diplomacy, doubt, ignorance, victory.
b. Make nouns from:
violate, conclude, refuse, safe, devote, consult, proclaim, realise.
c. Make verbs from:
peace, alliance, protection, acceptance, division, entry, ignorance,
falsehood.
45
Language III:
Supply the correct preposition:
1) The prophet cleaned the House of God ......... all the idols.
2) Muhammad was presented ......... the prisoners who had stood

......... Islam.
3) Muhammad divided his army ......... several groups, each

entering Madina ......... a different entrance.
4) The Muslim soldiers were ready to die......... the prophet's call.
5) The Muslims were all united ......... the banner of Muhammad .
6) It was impossible......... Abu Sufyan to stop tidal waves of Islam.
7) Abu Sufyan was sent to Madina ......... pacify the Muslims and
avert the attack ......... Makkah.
8) Muhammad consulted ............ his council and then sent a
message ......... the Makkahns.
9) The Makkahns had to pay blood money ........ Bani Khuza'ah or
to proclaim that they had nothing to do ......... Bani Bakr.
10) The Makkahns had violated the peace concluded .........
Hudaybiyah ......... attacking Bani Khuza'ah who were alliance
......... the Muslims.
46
VIII
The Blessings of Fasting
I n Islam, fasting is primarily a spiritual discipline. The month of

fasting is Ramadan, the month in which the Quran was revealed.
During this month all Muslims abstain from eating, drinking and smoking
between dawn and sunset. Overcoming the temptation to eat or drink
when one is very hungry or thirsty, is a supreme achievement which is
hardly matched by the deepest devotion. The divine presence becomes a
reality for the person, and this is made possible by the spiritual discipline
underlying fasting.
Moreover, fasting accustoms the individual to face the hardships of
life, and being in itself a practical lesson to that end, it increases his
power resistance. And so the person who is able to control his desires
and to make them work as he likes is the one who has attained to true
moral greatness.
Fasting is as important as prayer. Prayer prevents us from
indecencies, but mere prevention is not enough. Fasting strengthens our
power of resistance solidifies our devotion to God, and paves the way
for the general exultation of the spirit. It is only when we conquer our
body that our soul can attain the height of divine bliss.
The Messenger of Allah said, "Fasting is an armour with which one

protects oneself." He also said: "The odour of a fasting person's
mouth is sweeter in Allah's regard than the scent of musk."
47
The Holy Qur'an says, "Fasting has been prescribed for you as it
had been prescribed for those before you so that you may be
pious."
The attainment of piety is a progressive cultivation of spiritual

values.
The Prophet (PBUH) emphatically drew attention to this
aspect of fasting when he said, "He who abstains from food and drink
(during the fasting period), but does not strive to safeguard
himself against moral lapses, starves to no good purpose." He also
said, "Fasting is a shield until it has a crack." When asked what he

meant by 'crack', he replied, "Telling lies and speaking ill of
others."
Since the lunar year is shorter than the solar year by about ten days,
Ramadan falls in all seasons in turn. In the tropical countries when the
month falls in summer, fasting entails considerable hardship because in
the intense heat and dryness, a sever degree of thirst may have to be
endured for several hours each day. Thus fasting places everybody, rich
and poor alike, on the same level. The rich experience the pangs of
hunger with the poor - quite an educative experience shared in
common.
Fasting urges man on to a wider view of life. He is no longer a mere
rational animal searching for means to satisfy his physical demands. He
has grown fully conscious of the high purpose of his life.
48
1. blessings 7K #E
2. fasting W<
3. primarily •€>*
4. spiritual Z)>F
5. discipline W •&
6. revealed 9 &*
7. abstain GkB @ lB }
8. temptation + :`
9. supreme Z
10. solidify C€
11. exultation + 6dF
12. armour JF3
13. odour " KF
14. crack ‚€ ]
15. strive $ m JF <
16. lunar 2 V(
17. solar Z@ƒ
18. tropical ZK
COMPREHENSION:
1) What is fasting in Islam?
2) Which is the month of fasting?
3) What do the Muslims do during the month of fasting?
4) What is the supreme achievement?
5) What does fasting accustom the individual to do?
49
6) How important is fasting?
7) How does fasting complete prayer?
8) What does the Holy Koran say about fasting?
9) Why does Ramadan fall in all seasons in turn?
10) How docs fasting place all Muslims on the same level?
11) How does fasting urge man on to a wider view of life?

Language I
Fill each space with the suitable word from the list:
presence, spiritual, safeguard, armour, prevents, entails,
piety, Quran, lapses, speaking, same, power.
1) The attainment of (………...) is a progressive cultivation of
(………...) values.
2) «Crack is lying and (………...) ill of others.»
3) «Fasting is an (………...) with which one protects oneself.»
4) Ramadan is the month in which the (………...) was revealed.
5) The Divine (………...) becomes a reality to the fasting person.
6) Prayer (………...) us from indecencies.
7) Fasting strengthens our (………...) of resistance.
8) In summer fasting (………...) considerable hardship.
9) Fasting places everybody on the (………...) level.
10) «He who does not strive to (………...) himself against moral
(………...) starves to no purpose. »
Language II:
Supply the missing preposition:
1) «Fasting is prescribed ......... you as it was prescribed for those
......... you.
50
2) He has drawn my attention ......... the facts.
3) Ramadan falls ......... all seasons ......... turn.
4) Fasting places all Muslims ......... the same level.

5) The Muslim becomes conscious ......... the high purpose of life.
6) «Fasting is an armour ......... which one protects oneself.»
7) Fasting solidifies our devotion ......... God.
8) Fasting paves the way ......... the gradual exultation of the spirit.
9) This achievement is hardly matched ......... any other one.
10) ......... this month Muslims abstain ......... eating and drinking
......... dawn and sunset.
Language III:
a. Make adjectives from the following:
presence, reality, person, hardship, power.
b. Make nouns from the following:
reveal, abstain, hungry, achieve, thirsty.

c. Make verbs from the following:
deep, devotion, exultation, strength, cultivation.
51
IX
Abu Hanifa (699-767)
THE GREAT JURIST
I mam Abu Hanifa was the first and most influential jurist of
Islam. He is rightly called the father of Fiqh, the science of
Islamic laws through which God's commandments (as revealed in the
Holy Quran and elaborated in the Hadith) were made available to the
latter generations. He devoted his entire life to studying the Fiqh and to
its exposition and systematisation, and his fame as a jurist spread to the
four corners of the Muslim world for well over a thousand years.
Imam Abu Hanifa was born in 699 at Kufa. His father, Thabet, was a
well-to-do Persian merchant. The child was named Numan and brought
up to follow his father's business. He was endowed with a good
memory and a great faculty for imbibing and retaining knowledge. He
was by nature a Mujtahid and legislator.
Numan, who later on came to be known as Imam Abu Hanifa,
received his early education and training in the Holy Quran, the Hadith
and the Fiqh under Hammad ibn Muslim, a theologian of great repute.
Hammad didn't take long to discern signs of uncommon intelligence
and a logical mind in his young pupil and gave him a good grounding
in these subjects.
In due course Numan himself went into the silk trade. He was a man
of scrupulous honesty and never tried to make even a single dirham by
unfair means. Once he sent some silk clothes to one of his agents in a
distant town and instructed him to point out to all his customers certain
defects which he had himself noticed in some of the pieces. The agent
forgot to do so, but when the Imam came to know of this, he distributed
the entire proceeds of the sale of silk in alms to the poor.
52
Imam Abu Hanifa was known far and wide for his piety, earnestness,
practical wisdom and acute sense of right and wrong. When his great
teacher died he formed a circle (halaqah) at Kufa which soon became a
trusted authority on Islamic law.
The great Imam's learned lectures were attractive to people of high
intellectual gifts and to the ordinary man. They came to him with
difficult questions on ritual and on law and received satisfactory
answers. Before his times, each populous city in the Islamic world had
its leading purist with a local following. The jurists had access to legal
opinions of earlier generations for use as a guide, but no collection and
no jurist has achieved recognition on a universal scale.
Imam Abu Hanifa formed a group with as many as forty of his disciples
and worked hard for thirty years to make Islamic jurisprudence into a
coherent system of laws. They set down fundamentals and principles and laid
down clear-cut rules for dealing with as many as 129,000 cases covering
practically the whole field of civil and criminal actions, details of revenue and
matters of contract, wills, evidence etc. This system of laws was most literal
and comprehensive and in accordance with the wide variety of human needs.
Abu Hanifa angered the rulers of his time by refusing to hold any
official judicial post. Abu Jafar AI-Mansour, the last of these rulers,
tried to force him to do so by threatening him, but Abu Hanifa took a
firm, stand preferring prison and torture. He spent the remaining years
of his life in prison.
53
1. influential o X& >o
2. jurist c 6E
3. commandments >* 4> W k)*
4. elaborated kI i6
5. exposition „ C …#`
6. endowed 8$
7. memory ao
8. faculty F6
9. imbibe i$f † ‡
10. legislate J%
11. repute
12. scrupulous L> > _ k% Nˆa ](
13. alms "( 4 ? @)`
14. piety JF> ' 6d
15. earnestness WV$ P
16. disciples f d
17. jurisprudence c6E
18. coherent y V
19. revenue 3 ` lF
20. wills 4>
54
COMPREHENSION:
1) What is abu- Hanifa rightly called?
2) What did abu-Hanifa devote his entire life to?
3) How famous is Imam abu-Hanifa?
4) Where and when was the Imam born?
5) What was the name of his father and what was his trade?
6) With what was he endowed?
7) What did his teacher Hammad discern in the young pupil?
8) What did the Imam do with the proceeds of the sale of the
defective silk cloths?
9) What did abu-Hanifa do to make Islamic jurisprudence into a

coherent system?
10) What did the collected cases cover?
11) Why was abu-Hanifa imprisoned?

Language I
Fill each space with the suitable word from this list:
point, faculty, follow, signs, right, influential, scrupulous, called,
proceeds, named, acute.
1) Abu-Hanifa was the most (………...) jurist in Islam.
2) The child was (………...) Nu'man,
3) He distributed the entire (………...) of the sale of silk cloths.
4) Abu-Hanifa was brought up to (….......) his father's business.
55
5) The Imam is rightly (………...) the father of Fiqh.
6) Hammad discerned (………...) of uncommon intelligence in his

pupil.
7) He was endowed with a great (………...) for imbibing and

retaining knowledge.
8) Abu Hanifa was a man of (………...) honesty.
9) He instructed his agent to (………...) out the defects to the

customers.
10) Abu Hanifa was famous for his (………...) sense of (………...)
and wrong.
Language II:
rightly, science, education, earnestness, piety.
b. Make nouns from:
influential, young , distant, give, know.
c. Make verbs from:
commandment, sale, variety, life, memory.
Language III:
Jurist, exposition, bring up, repute, point out, set down, in accordance
with.
56
X
Al-Shafi'i (768-820)
Founder of the Science of Islamic Law
M uhammad ibn Idris Al-Shafi'i was born at Gaza (Palestine)

in the year 768 and shortly after he lost his father. His poor
mother saw no future for her son, and so carried her two-year infant to
Makkah just to preserve the noble pedigrees of the Qurayshite father.
The lad learnt the standard subjects. From the mosque school he was
sent to the desert school to learn horsemanship and archery and acquire
the correct form of Arabic. The tribe roamed between Makkah and
Medina. This schooling (apprenticeship) lasted ten years. After this Al-
Shafi'i came across Malik's al-Muwatta' and memorized it from cover
to cover. Not satisfied the eager student sought the source. For eight
months he sat at the feet of the aged master in Madina, from whom
only death separated him.
By now Al-Shafi'i was twenty-eight years old. He married
Humaydah, a descendant of Uthman ibn 'Affan, by whom he had a son
named abu-'Uthman and two daughters. Shortly after his marriage, AL-
Shafi'i met the governor of Yemen while on a pilgrimage, and accepted
an appointment at his court. Several years later, he and some Yemenis
were led in chain to Harun al-Rashid but Al-Shafi'i was freed. This
enforced visit to Iraq gave him a golden opportunity to imbibe from a
new source, the Hanafi. He established firsthand contact with the
disciples of Abu-Hanifa.
After two or three years he returned home with a camel-load of
57
books to occupy a chair in the Haram. For nine years he preached,
taught and wrote. Again he turned his face to Baghdad as an exponent
of a new school.
By his reasonableness and reasoning Al-Shafi'i gained followers
from the Malike's and the Hanafis and the non-committed. One of his
admirers was ibn-Hanbal, the founder of the fourth school. He was
credited with the saying «jurisprudence (fiqh) was a closed science
until al-Shafi'i provided the key.»
While in Baghdad, the new imam issued the first edition of what
became known as al-Risalah (epistle) generally considered the earliest
scientific treatment of Islamic law.
In 815, he left for Egypt in the company of a newly appointed
governor. From his residence at Fustat the imam walked daily after the
early morning prayer to lecture at the Mosque of 'Amar ibn-al-'As.
After five years of teaching and writing al-Shafi'i died in 820 and was
buried in old Cairo at the foot of the Muqattam.
To Al-Shaft'i and his fellow jurists (fiqh) was meant to regulate all
man's relations to God ('ibadat), to himself and to other men
(mu'amalat). This made it inclusive of theology and made jurists
antedate theologians. This comprehensive science provided regulations
(ahkam) for religious obligations and for the performance of such basic
dogmas as prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage. All acts of man
were divided into what is legally permitted (halal) and what is legally
forbidden (haram) with several gradations in between. What is legally
permitted may be an obligation (fard) or a desirable thing to do
(mustahabb). Otherwise the act is reprobated (makruh) or absolutely
58
forbidden (haram). Then there is the category of indifferent acts
(mubah).
Al-Shafi'i's two major works are al-Risalah and al-'Umm (the
mother).
Al-Shafi'i disagreed with his master regarding the sources of the
Islamic law. To him the practices of the Prophet's companions were
less value than the sunnah , as a source of the Islamic law . He
established the science of hadith alongside the Quran as a leading
source of legislation . He highly appreciated the other two sources of
law, i.e., consensus (ijma') and reasoning by analogy (qiyas).
59
Verses from the Chapter of Ya Seen

the Most Merciful
(( Recount to them the parable of the city to whose
inhabitants We sent Our messengers. At first, We sent
them two messengers, but when they rejected both, We
strengthened them with a third. They said, "We have been
sent to you (by Allah)." But the people replied, "You are
only mortals like ourselves. The Merciful has revealed
nothing; you are surely lying. They said, "Our Lord knows
that we are true apostles. Our only duty is to warn you
plainly." The people answered, "Your presence bodes
nothing but evil. Desist, or we will stone you or inflict on you
a painful punishment." They said, "The evil you forebode
can come only from yourselves. Will you not take heed?
Surely, you are great transgressors." ))
60
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61
XI
Marriage
M arriage is a civil contract but has a spiritual value. The

Prophet (PBUH) said, "He who marries perfects half of
his religion; let him, therefore, mind the other half." And although,
like all civil contracts, it may be called a sacred contract, marriage goes
deeper in sacredness because it is connected with the foundation and
origination of mankind. Thus, there are conditions to make the
marriage contract valid. The contracting parties must be mature in age
and mind and must be free to act. The couple should be under no
condition which makes it illegal for them to marry one another. The
contract itself should not be limited in time, and it should be made
public or at least two witnesses should be present during the marriage
performance. And lastly, the wife should be given a dowry.
Marriage can be performed for one or all of the following purposes: for
the multiplication of the human race, the unification of different people
which is not less if not more important than that of blood relationship,
to cherish in man and women a sense of responsibility which is
particularly essential for human stability and progress, to develop in
man and woman the feeling of respect and love and to keep the
character of both man and woman pure and clean. But the more often
mentioned purpose in the Holy Quran is that each one of the couple
should find comfort, peace of mind and tranquility. We also read this
verse in the Holy Qur'an, "And by another sign of His He created for
you wives from yourselves that you might live in joy with them,
and planted between you love and kindness. Surely there are signs
in this for thinking men."
62
That ease of mind cannot be achieved unless one marries one wife;
but since Islam is universal, everlasting and alive to the fact that in
some cases and in some communities plurality of wives may be
essential and monogamy would be unsuitable for social progress, so
polygamy was allowed. But it was not allowed to satisfy one's sensual
desires but as a solution to some social problems which could not
otherwise be solved.
1 civil ‰
2 contract 6C
3 spiritual Z)>F
4 foundation L *
5 origination J ` ]. + %&`
6 valid 4
7 mature Šu &
8 dowry
9 multiplication 3\
10 unification )d
11 stability F 6
12 universal Z C
13 everlasting 2 *
14 communities = ,V ‹
15 monogamy = P> 3 ,d W C
16 polygamy = P> 3 ,d
63
COMPREHENSION:
1) What did the prophet say about married people?
2) Why does marriage go deeper in sacredness?
3) Name one condition for the validity of marriage contracts.
4) How many witnesses should be present during the marriage

performance?
5) Name one of the purposes of marriage.
6) What is essential for human stability and progress?
7) What is the purpose mentioned in the Quran?
8) What is considered «one of God's signs»?
9) How can ease of mind be achieved?
10) Why was polygamy allowed?
Language I:
Fill each space with the suitable word from this list:
solution, wives, sacred, sense, dowry, conditions, absolutely, find,
universal, mature, civil.
1) Polygamy may be the (………...) to some social problems.
2) Each one of the married couple should (………...) tranquility in

the other.
3) Islam is (………...) and everlasting.
4) Sometimes plurality of (………...) may be (………...) essential
64
5) Marriage is a (………...) contract.
6) Marriage may be called a (………...) contract.
7) There are (………...) to make the marriage contract valid.
8) The contracting parties must be (………...) in age and mind.
9) Marriage aims at cherishing in man and woman a (………...) of

responsibility.
10) A (………...) should be given to the wife.

Language II:
value, religion, condition, progress, compassion.
b. Make nouns from:
valid, lovely, develop, create, sacred.
c. Make verbs from:
marriage, comfortable, multiplication, unification, pure.
Language III:
Use five of the following words in sentences of your own :
contract, mature, dowry, respect, universal, monogamy, polygamy.
65
Some Hadiths on the Subject of Women
: �� : �� -
( �� ) ".�� ‫"�� ﻝ�� ی‬
The Prophet Muhammad said, "Seeking knowledge is
obligatory on every Muslim (men and women)."
And when his companion Muawiyah ibn Heedah asked him,

"What are the rights of the wife of any of us over him?" the
Prophet said, "Feed her when you take your food, and clothe
her when you clothe yourself. Don't slap her face, nor abuse
her. Don't forsake her except within your house."
: �� :��‫ �� ﻝ‬-
."�� ‫�� ﻝ‬
� � ��‫"�� ﻝ�� ی‬
On the authority of the Mother of the Faithful, Aiysha, who
said that the Prophet said, "Verily, the most perfect among
the believers is one who enjoys the best manners and
displays the greatest kindness to his family."
66
: �� :��‫�� ﻝ‬
."�� "
(�� -�� ‫)�� ﻝ‬
And on the authority of the Mother of the believers , Aiysha,
who said that the Prophet said, "The best among you is the
best to his family and I am the best , of you all , to my
family."
( �� )
Once the Prophet portrayed the ideal wife by saying, "Next to

righteousness, a believer cannot attain anything better than
a good wife who pleases him when he looks at her, obeys
him when he orders her, and safeguards her honor and his
property in his absence."
67
Verses from the chapter of The Earthquake

the Most Merciful
When the Earth is rocked in her last convulsion; when the
Earth shakes off her burdens, and man asks, "What is the
matter with her?". On that day she will proclaim her
tidings, for your Lord will have inspired her. On that
day, men will come in scattered bands to be shown their
labours. Whoever has done an atom's weight of good shall
see it, and whoever has done an atom's weight of evil shall
also see it
( < TP )
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68
XII
DIVORCE
D espite the fact that the marriage contract is supposed to be a

permanent one, and despite the sacredness which is attached
to the marriage tie, the religion of Islam recognizes the necessity of
keeping the way open for its dissolution if the parties concerned have
made their decision that they can no longer live together as husband
and wife. Nothing is more harmful to the individual and the society
than to force such a couple to live under the same roof under the
pretension that they are finding ease of mind in one another. Divorce is
thus recognized as a necessary evil, as a preventive measure to avoid
the occurrence of what may prove more dangerous and more evil. It
ought not to be resorted to divorce before all means to effect
reconciliation have been exhausted. If the couple or one of them cannot
live with the other and all means of reconciliation have utterly failed,
divorce will be, then, the best alternative.
In one of its very expressive and instructive verses, the Holy Qur'an
says, "If You fear a breach between a man and his wife appoint an
arbiter from his people and another from hers. If they wish to be
reconciled, Allah will bring them together again. Allah is wise and
all-knowing.”
Thus, Muslims have to seek reconciliation before resorting to

divorce.
Another verse in the Holy Qur'an says, "If you hate them (your
wives) it may be that you hate something in which Allah has
69
placed abundant good.”
Here men are told not to be hasty about divorce, for the wife whom
they want to divorce may be the source of many blessings to them. It
was often said by the Prophet of Islam that divorce was the most
hateful of all things permitted. In this respect again if a Muslim
government or community deems it necessary to lay down rules for the
determination of the procedure of divorce and to place such limitations
of the procedure of divorce upon the husband which are not
inconsistent with the principles laid down by the Holy Quran, such
limitations will be acceptable.
Now all causes which allow a man to divorce his wife will equally
allow his wife to apply for a divorce from him.
70
1. despite i :
2. contract 6C
3. permanent K3
4. sacredness " (
5. dissolution ykXd
6. pretension + C3
7. measures = + P`
8. preventive ZK (>
9. resort to Œ` D|.
10. reconciliation "s < .4
11. exhaust fXB @
12. alternative 7
13. enjoin D
14. blessings ,•&
15. hateful c a
16. deem i• v ,
17. determination V<d 6d
18. procedures = + P`
19. limitations 3> )
20. inconsistent l ]X Y l |@B N:
COMPREHENSION:
1) What is the marriage contract supposed to be?
2) What is attached to the marriage tie?
3) What does the religion of Islam recognize?
4) What is most harmful to the individual and the society?
5) What is divorce recognized to be?
71
6) When is divorce resorted to?
7) What does the Quran ask us to do if we fear a breach between
husband and wife?
8) What is enjoined upon the Muslims?
9) What did the Prophet often say about divorce?
10) What are men told about divorce in the Quran?
Language I:
Fill each space with the suitable word from the list:
inconsistent, contract, attached, often, source, concerned, means,
necessary, alternative, hasty.
1) The marriage (………...) is supposed to be permanent.
2) Sacredness is (………...) to the marriage tie.
3) The parties (………..) have made up their minds to separate.
4) Divorce is recognized as a (………...) evil.
5) All (………...) of reconciliation have failed.
6) Divorce will be then the best (………...).
7) We are told not to be (………...) about divorce.
8) The disliked wife may be the (.... ...) of many blessings to her
husband.
9) These measures are not (………...) with the basic principles.
10) This was (………...) said by the prophet.

Language II:
Fill each space with a suitable preposition.
1) Sacredness is attached (………...) the marriage contract.
72
2) The way is open (………...) the dissolution of marriage.
3) Nothing is more harmful (………...) the individual.
4) They are forced to live together (………...) the same roof.
5) They are finding ease of mind (………...) one another.
6) He finally resorted (………...) this measure.
7) The breach (………...) the husband and his wife was final.
8) They appointed an arbiter (………...) his family and the other
from hers.
9) Reconciliation is enjoined (………...) the Muslims.
10) "God has placed abundant good (………...) it."
11) We are told not to be hasty (………...) divorce.
12) His wife was a source of many blessings (………...) him.
Language III:
sacredness, necessity, harm, prevention, equality.
b. Make nouns from:
suppose, recognize, pretend, prove, break.
c. Make verbs from:
pretension, necessity, dissolution, government, procedure.
73
XIII
Omar Bin Abdul Aziz
The fifth Rightly Guided Caliph
O mar II is very famous for the radical changes that affected the
Islamic society during his reign.
Muawiyah, the first Umayyad Caliph and the founder of the dynasty,
gave the principle of sovereignty a new turn. The Caliphate became a
dynasty, established on the principle of succession rather than on the
principle of casual election.
The Umayyad government was a system entirely different from the
Caliphate. This had brought with it new relations between the governor
and the governed. One of these relations concerned the Public
Treasury. This had been organised by Omar Bin Al-Khattab (Omar I).
It was communal property. Every Muslim had a share in it. But the
Umayyad dynasty considered it their own and could do with it what
they liked. Omar II was related to Omar I on his mother's side.
Moreover, he had been brought up in Madina among the children of the
Prophet's companions and those of his great grandfather. The Madina
society had still had the fundamental features and traditions of the early
Islamic society.
All this constituted an integral part of the character of the Caliph
Omar II.
As he was declared Caliph he was asked to head the traditional
procession, but he refused to do and prepared his own equipage and
went to his own modest house. The first thing he did was to restore all
74
the means appropriated to him by the former Umayyad caliphs to its
original use, i.e. for public charity through the Public Treasury. He
asked his wife to surrender to the treasury the costly jewels given to her
by her father; else he could no longer live with her. He also forced the
other members of the Umayyad house to do the same.
As far as the Public Treasury was concerned he applied the
principles formulated by Omar I and asked his governors to cancel the
modifications of the former Umayyad Caliphs. Those Caliphs had
looked upon the Public Treasury as a financial government institution
which should provide the state with the money needed to cover the
expenses. Omar I and the other rightly guided caliphs looked upon it as
an Islamic institution, and Omar II shared their views. When his
governors objected that his measures will decrease the state income, he
replied; "The Prophet was a guide and not a tax-collector."
The radical changes that took place during Omar II's reign were so
deep and extensive that later historians considered him as the fifth
Rightly Guided Caliph. What makes this idea remarkable is the fact
that his reign lasted only less than 3 years.
On Omar II's death, Yazeed II, his wife's brother, succeeding to the
throne, offered to restore her jewels which Omar II had made her
surrender to the Public Treasury. But Fatima did not accept Yazeed's
offer. She visualized her husband before her and wept. She wanted to
remain faithful to his memory as she had been faithful to him in his
life. She refused her brother's offer saying: "I would not disobey him
after his death. I have no need for them."
75
1 radical 2Ff)
2 reign C
3 dynasty "
4 sovereignty 3
5 establish q -
6 succession • d l d
7 election 8Ž&
8 communal ZC n
9 fundamental Z *
10 features =
11 constitute ? k 7k%
12 integral 7 k
13 character " <Ž
14 procession ;a
15 modest lu
16 equipage J
17 restore ,
18 formulate t<
19 modifications = N 0d
20 financial •
21 institution "@ -
22 expenses = E> <
23 visualize F< '
76
COMPREHENSION:
1) What did Muawiyah do?
2) What was the Umayyad government?
3) How was the Public Treasury organized by Omar I?
4) How did the Umayyad dynasty look upon the Public Treasury?
5) Where was Omar II brought up?
6) What did Omar II do as he was declared Caliph?
7) What was the first thing he did after he became a Caliph?
8) What did Omar ask his wife to do?
9) What did Omar force his relatives to do?
10) What did Omar do to the Public Treasury?
11) What did Yazeed II offer his sister to do and what was her
answer?
Language I:
Fill each space with a suitable word from this list:
traditional, faithful, sovereignty, visualized, children, forced,
principle, radical, formulated, between, concerned, modifications.
1) Muawiyah gave the principle of. (.. ......) a new turn.
2) The Caliphate was based on the (.........) of casual election.
3) New relations were established (.........) the governor the

governed.
77
4) One of these relations(.........) the Public Treasury.
5) Omar was brought up among the (.........) of the Prophet's

companions.
6) Omar was asked to head the (.........) procession.
7) Omar (.........) his relative to do the same.
8) He applied the principles (.........) by Omar I.
9) He asked his governors to cancel all the (.........) of the former

Umayyad Caliphs.
10) The (.........) changes were so deep and extensive.
11) Fatima (.........) her husband before her.
12) She wanted to remain (.........) to his memory.
Language II:
Fill each space with the correct preposition:
1) Omar II is very famous ......... the radical changes affected the

Islamic society ......... his reign.
2) The dynasty was established .......the principle of succession.
3) The Umayyad government was different......... the Caliphate.
4) Every Muslim had a share ......... the Public Treasury.
5) Omar II is related .........Omar I ......... his mother's side.
6) Yazeed II succeeded ......... the throne.
7) Fatima wanted to remain faithful ......... her husband ...... his
78
death as she was ......... his life.
Language III:
society, origin, finance, expense, remark.
b. Make nouns from:
famous, different, organize, consider, relate, traditional.
c. Make verbs from:
succession, election, government, institution, equipage.
79
XIV
The Pilgrimage
T he Pilgrimage is the fifth pillar (rukn) of Islam, but it is not so

absolute duty as the other four (shehadah, Salah, Zakah.
Sawm) since it involves so much practical difficulty in certain cases.
Every adult Muslim, man or woman, must make a pilgrimage at least
once in his lifetime if he has the means to accomplish it. It is
permissible to send a representative. The following are exempt from
pilgrimage: the Unfit, the slaves, and women who have no male
relative to accompany them.
The rites connected with pilgrimage are divided into two kinds:
1. Omra which is made by the individual at any date he wishes, except
at the time of the official pilgrimage.
2. Hajj which must be undertaken at a given date and in a company
with all the other pilgrims. It takes place in the months of Shawwal,
Dhul- Qu'dah and Dhul-Hijja.
The Makkahn territory is sacred (Al-Haram.). Before entering
Makkah the pilgrim puts on the consecrated dress (Ihram). This
consists of unsewn white cloth. One piece is wrapped round the upper
part of the body covering the back; the other covers the body from the
middle down to the knees. The Head remains bare. Sandals are
permitted. Before putting on this sacred dress the pilgrim goes through
an ablution (Ghusl) for major purification and shaves his hair. A man in
Ihram is consecrated: He cannot hunt, pick plants, shed blood or have
sexual intercourse. After putting on the Ihram the pilgrim recites a
prayer and formulates his intention (Niyyah) of making the Omra and
80
the Hajj at the same time; or only one of them as the case may be. Then
he begins to say in loud voice «Labbayk» meaning «at your service!»
This cry is constantly repeated up to the beginning of the ceremony of
the throwing of stones.
Having arrived at Makkah, the pilgrim goes seven times around the
Ka'ba (Tawaf), then enters the court of the Sanctuary and kisses or
touches the black stone. When the pilgrim leaves the Sanctuary, he
formulates his intention of performing the ritual of al-Sa'i which
consists of going between the two hills of Makkah, Safa and Marwa,
seven times. One part of the route is traversed by trotting.
By finishing al-Sa'i, the pilgrim completes the rites of Omra. If the
81
pilgrim has no further intention of making the official Hajj, he shaves
his head as a sign of being free from further ritual interdictions. If, on
the other hand, he intends to continue with the Hajj he retains his
Ihram. The following rules are observed:
1. On the eighth day of Dhul-Hijja, the pilgrim goes to Mina and to
Muzdalifa.
2. On the morning of the ninth day, he halts at the hill of 'Arafat. The
pilgrims climb the hill crying «Labbayk! Labbayk!» (here I come to
you.)
82
3. After the sun crosses the meridian, the Prince of Pilgrimage
ascends the hill of 'Arafat where he preaches and recites pious
invocations amid general emotion. When the Sun sets, the Ifada begins.
This is a swift movement towards the Muzdalifa plains where the
pilgrims spend their night.
4. Early in the morning of the tenth day there is a congregational
prayer followed by a sermon after which the pilgrims start for Mina.
The day is marked by three different rituals:
1) Each pilgrim carries some stones with him from Muzdulifa.
When the assembly reaches Mina each pilgrim throws his
stones (Jamrat) one each of the three stone-heaps of Mina
(Jamrat al-'Aqabah, Al-Jamrat al-Wustat, Al-Jamrat Al-
Sughra).
2) Each pilgrim sacrifices in person (or has some sacrifice in his
name) a sheep, a goat or a camel. The meat is distributed
among the poor.
3) Finally the pilgrim shaves his hair again. He is then in a state
of semi-consecration (Tahallul). His complete consecration is
achieved after he visits the rest of the sacred places of
Makkah.
Hajj has two aspects: the religious, by which Muslims believe it to
be a mean of obtaining divine grace; the political, by which it brings
together, at least in theory, all Muslims of the world at a given place
and time.
83
1 pilgrimage Šs
2 involve 7V%
3 practical Z.VC
4 accomplish 7Vk |B
5 exempt i •ˆ @ i SX,
6 consecrate L€ k
7 sanctuary ,
8 traverse \ m v,
9 interdiction • ^ Z[
1 retain S.C Z6 Z6 @
1 halt G(
1 meridian • F B G<& K 3
1 invocation 9 + C3
84
COMPREHENSION:
1) Who are exempt from pilgrimage?
2) What are the differences between Omra and Hajj?
3) What does the consecrated dress consist of?
4) What does the pilgrim do before putting on the consecrated
dress?
5) What is meant by Tawaf?
6) What is meant by Sa'i?
7) What does the pilgrim do on the eighth day of Dhul-Hijia?
8) What does the pilgrim do on the ninth day?
9) What does the pilgrim do in Mina on the tenth day?
10) What are the two aspects of pilgrimage, and what is their
significance?
Language I:
Fill each space with the suitable word or phrase from the following
list:
sanctuary, continue, rest, pilgrimage, undertaken, consecrated,
constantly, sets, practical, company, recites, ceremony, intention,
formulates.
1) The rites connected with (…..........) are divided into two kinds.
2) The Pilgrimage involves so much (………...) difficulty in
certain cases.
3) Hajj must be (………...) at a given date and in (………...) with
all other pilgrims.
4) Before entering Makkah, the pilgrim puts on the (………...)
dress.
5) After putting on the Ihram, the pilgrim (………...) a prayer and
(………...) his intention.
6) This cry is (………...) repeated up to the beginning of the
85
(………...) of throwing the stones.
7) When the pilgrim leaves the (………...) he formulates his
(………...) of performing the ritual of Sa'i.
8) If the pilgrim intends to (………...) with the Hajj, he retains his
Ihram.
9) When the sun (………...) the Ifada begins.
10) Complete consecration is achieved after the pilgrim has visited
the (………...) of the sacred places of Makkah.
Language II:
sex. difficulty, rite, grace, representation, territory,
b. Make nouns from:
practical, accomplish, divide, connect, official, permit.
c. Make verbs from:
purification, invocation, assembly, consecration, recitation.
Language III:
Use five of the following words and phrases in sentences of your
own:
absolute, difficulty, once in his life time, exempt, rite, sacred,
go through.
86
XV
The Farewell Pilgrimage
I n the tenth year after his flight to Medina, the holy Prophet
decided to go on a pilgrimage to Makkah. In February 632,
he left Medina with a crowd of Muslims numbering 90,000 to 140,000
persons. Soon after arriving at the holy sites, from which every trace
and sign of idolatry had been removed and which no idolater was
allowed to visit unless he professed Islam and assumed the pilgrimage
outfit, the Prophet addressed the multitudes of Muslims present there
on Mount Arafat with the following words:
"O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I don't know whether,

after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen
carefully to what I am saying to you and take these words to those who
could not be present here today.
O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as
Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred
trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt
no one so that no one may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed
meet your Lord, and that He will indeed reckon your deeds. Allah has
forbidden you to take usury (interest), therefore all interest obligations
shall henceforth be waived...
Beware of Satan, for the safety of your religion. He has lost all
hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so
beware of following him in small things.
O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your
87
women, but they also have right over you. If they abide by your right,
then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do
treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners
and committed helpers. And it is your right that they do not make
friends with any one of whom you do not approve, as well as never to
commit adultery.
O People, listen to me in earnest, worship Allah, accomplish

your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and
give a part of your wealth in charity (Zakat). Perform Hajj if you can
afford to. You know that every Muslim is the brother of another
Muslim. You are all equal. Nobody has superiority over any other
Muslim except by piety and good action.
Remember, one day you will appear before Allah and answer for
your deeds. So beware, do not be led astray from the path of
righteousness after I am gone.
O People, no prophet or apostle will come after me and no new

faith will be born. Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand my
words which I convey to you. I leave behind me two things: Allah's
Book (the Qur'an) and my example, the Sunnah, and if you follow
these, you will never go astray.
All those who listen to me shall have to pass on my words to

others and those to others again; and may the last ones understand my
words better than those who listen to me directly now. Be my witness,
oh Allah, that I have conveyed your message to your people."
Overcome by the enthusiasm of the multitude, the noble Prophet

concluded his sermon with the words: "O Lord! I have carried out my
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message and accomplished my mission." Then the assembled
congregation replied in one voice: "Yes, indeed you have!"
The Prophet was happy. His face was bright with joy and his
eyes were filled with the tears of contentment. He raised his hands
towards Heaven and said, "O God! Be my witness!"
Thus, when the Prophet finished his sermon, he dismounted

from his camel and carried out the noon, and then the afternoon
prayers.
This verse, the last part of the Qu'ran, was revealed at that time
and place: "This day I have finalized your religion for you, and
completed my favour to you and have contentedly chosen Islam to be
your religion."
As was the custom then, the Prophet recited the verse just
revealed to his companions. Abu-bakr understood the meaning of the
verse and was aware that the Prophet was living the last days of his life;
so tears filled his eyes.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
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FURTHER TEXTS
ON
ISLAM
Part Two
GRAMMAR
90
… … TENSES IN ENGLISH … …
Exercise 1 The Simple Present Tense

and
The Simple Past Tense
The Simple Present Tense is used for habitual actions and

general truths. It is usually accompanied by words such as:
always, often, generally, sometimes, usually, everyday, once a
month, whenever, etc.
The Simple Past Tense is used for a past action or a habitual

action in the past, e.g.
Last year I visited my aunt once a week.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense either simple past or
simple present:
1) Wood always (float).

2) My aunt Fadwa (hate) girls who wear a lot of make up.
3) His Parents don't know what to do with that child. He (lie)
habitually.
4) When I was young, my father always (give) me some money on
Fridays.
5) The ancient Egyptians (build) pyramids as tombs for their
kings.
6) You (play) with dolls when you were a little girl?
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7) How often you (go) to the theatre when you were in Cairo?
8) In the past men frequently (fight) duels. Nowadays they seldom
(do).
9) Whenever I (go) to see him, he was out.
10) Every time he opens his mouth, he (say) something foolish.
11) Ali often (strike) little boys, and then he (run) away when they
(cry).
12) It (rain) hard last winter, so the farmers (stay) indoors till the
land (dry).
13) Farmers (serve) the nation because they (provide) food that we
cannot do without even if we (try).
14) How long you (lie) down yesterday? You (sleep)?
15) I seldom (see) him at concerts these days. He (go) to them
regularly before the war.
16) She (sing) very beautifully before she was married, but
nowadays she (not sing) anymore.
17) I (have) my hair cut whenever it gets too long.
18) Water always (freeze) at O° degrees centigrade.
19) Students frequently (make) mistakes of tense usage when they
do this exercise.
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Exercise 2 The Unreal Past
The Past Simple Tense is used for something unreal or wished for
now.
The Past Perfect Tense is used for something unreal when the
supposition or wish was all in the past.
Some expressions using the past tenses in this way are:

I wish, as if, if only, suppose, I'd rather.
Examples:
- If only I knew the answer (now).
- If only I had known the answer (yesterday).
Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:
1) I wish I (know) his name.
2) It's time we (go) home.
3) I'd rather (go) now.
4) It's about time you (get) the tea ready.
5) He came in looking as if he (see) a ghost.
6) I wish I (not break) it.
7) I felt as if I (be pulled) through a hedge backwards.
8) My wife says she wishes I (be) a thousand miles away; indeed, I
wish I (be).
9) He said he wished he (never see) me.
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10) I feel as if my head (be) on fire.

11) It's the time you (have) a haircut.
12) If only he (tell) you the whole story!
13) I'd rather you (pay) me now. Suppose he (ask) me for the
money tomorrow.
14) A person who (refuse) to eat would be dead in a month.
15) I would have helped you if I (hear) about your trouble.
16) He acts as if he (knew) English perfectly.
17) Suppose I (get) there late.
18) Don't you wish you (come) earlier?
19) If only I (know) earlier, I'd have sent you an e-mail.
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The Present Continuous Tense

Exercise 3 and
The Simple Present Tense
The Present Continuous Tense is used for actions in progress

at the time of speaking.
The Simple Present Tense is used for habitual actions.
Examples:
- He generally goes to school by bus.
- He is going by train today.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tenes, continuous or
simple:
1) The school bell usually (ring) at eight o'clock but it (not ring)
now.
2) At present we (study) the tenses and the teacher (help) us with
this exercise.
3) He always (explain) difficult points which we (not understand).
4) The pupils (wait) for the bell to ring now; some of them (review)
the next lesson, but most of them (talk) and (joke). Some boys
never work hard.
5) The director (take) a great interest in all the pupils. He (not
know) all of them personally, but he (receive) class reports from
the teachers.
6) Whenever I (see) him, he (work) in his office or (visit) the
classrooms.
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7) Two men (wait) at the gate; they often (stand) there.
8) She (hold) up her umbrella because it (rain); she (hurry) home I
think.
9) The bus usually (run) along this street, but today it (not run)
because it is under repair.
10) My father (pass) the post office on his way to work everyday.
11) She usually (sit) at the back of the class, but today she (sit) in
the front row.
12) What you generally (do) for a living?
13) We nearly always (spend) our holidays at the seaside, but this
year we (go) to the mountains.
14) Mr. Masry usually (sell) only newspapers, but this week he (sell)
magazines as well.
15) I'm sorry you can't see her. She (sleep) still. She usually (wake)
up much earlier.
16) Why you (wear) a coat this morning? I never (wear) one till October.
17) These builders generally (build) very rapidly. They (work) at
present on two separate contracts.
18) What (do) you at this moment? If you (not do) anything please
help me.
19) Sameer, who (study) medicine at present, hopes to go abroad
after graduating.
20) He generally (come) to my office everyday, but today he (visit)
his parents in the country.
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The Present Perfect Tense

Exercise 4 and
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The Present Perfect Tense is used for:

a. Actions that have just been finished, e.g.
They have finished their work now.
b. Actions which began in the past and are still going on at the time
of speaking, e.g.
I have learnt English for six years.
c. Past actions if we are thinking of their present result, e.g.
Clouds have gathered in the sky. (The sky is cloudy now)
This tense is used with such adverbs as these:
Now, just, today, this morning (week, month), still, ever, never,
not yet, already, recently, lately.
and adverbial clauses and phrases beginning with for and since.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an
action or state covering a period which may include the preset.
This tense is more often used with verbs which have the
meaning of prolonged action such as:
live, wait, stay, work, read, sleep, study.
and with many other verbs when they mean repeated actions. The
adverbs used with this tense often have all before them: all this
morning, all this week.
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Examples:
- They have been living here since 1963.
- I have been waiting for you all morning.
Supply the correct form of the Perfect Tense, Continuous or Simple
in place of the verbs in brackets:
1) He (work) hard on his book for some time and (finish) it at last.
2) He (take) the exam three times.
3) He (go) to the dentist off and on for six months.
4) They (build) that bridge for over a year and it still isn't finished.
5) I (knock) on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.
6) Since when you (have) that new car?
7) She already (ring) the bell twice.
8) She (write) letters all morning, but I (not start) to write any yet.
9) We (wait) on the platform since three o'clock
10) I just (grind) the coffee; let's have a cup.
11) The farmers (not sell) their apples yet, so they don't have any
money to pay their bills.
12) He (lose) his books. He (look) for them all the afternoon, but
they (not turn up) yet.
13) How long you (learn) English?
14) I (not have) a good night's sleep since last week.
15) He (sell) cars for ten years.
16) They (work) in the same factory for twenty years now.
17) I just (receive) an email from my brother in India.
18) We (not forget) our promise to visit you; will you be at home
this evening?
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Simple Present & Present Perfect

Exercise 5 Tense in Clauses of Time
In English we do not use the future tense in clauses of time introduced

by:
when, until, as soon as, before, after, now that, the moment that, by
the time that, once.
In these cases we use the Simple Present Tense or the Present Perfect
Tense, e.g.
He will come as soon as he has finished his homework.
He will come as soon as he finishes his work.
Both these tenses are used equally often in this way and there is no
difference of meaning between them.
Repeat each sentence twice: once with the Simple Present Tense and
once with the Present Perfect Tense in place of the verbs in brackets:
1) It will not be possible to finish the experiment until we (get)
better equipment.
2) Sameer and Salma are going to the cinema when the children
(go) to bed.
3) You may not borrow another book until you (return) the one you
have.
4) The postman cannot reach the house until the snow (melt).
5) The children are to do their homework the moment they (arrive)
back from school.
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6) We cannot wait here until you (make) up your mind.
7) Ali is going to Study medicine as soon as he (finish) military
service.
8) You will get the doctor's bill as soon as you (get) better.
9) They refuse to give me any more money until I (do) some more
work.
10) As soon as they (pay) the first instalment, the television set will
be delivered.
11) When I (hear) from you again I shall let you know.
12) I shall stay here until you (promise) to do as I ask.
The conjunctions «after, now that, once and when» with the meaning of
after are generally found with the Present Perfect Tense only.
Replace the verbs in brackets with the Present Perfect Tense:
13) Come and see me when you (have) your dinner.
14) He will visit you after he (has) something to eat.
15) After they (write) their letters they are going for a walk.
16) Now that you (leave) school, you must learn to be more grown-
up.
17) You will get a higher salary when you (work) for three months.
18) You will never forget it once you (learn) it properly.
19) Now that you (win) the lottery, what are you going to do?
20) Once you (drink) that tea, you will never want to drink any other.
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Exercise 6 The Continuous and Simple

Past Tenses
The Continuous Past is used when we are not interested in the
completion of an action, but simply in the fact that it was in progress at
the time something else happened:
I was having lunch when the telephone rang.
When the telephone rang, I was having lunch
Supply the correct tense, Continuous or Simple Past in place of the
verbs in brackets:
1) She (sit) at the table when the children (come) home.
2) The cup (break) while the visitor (drink) his coffee.
3) The motorist (drive) fast when the accident (happen).
4) While the teacher (write) on the blackboard, a boy (leave) the
room.
5) As the sun (set), I (take) a picture.
6) When the little boy (swim) in the sea, a fish (bite) him.
7) I (hurt) myself while I (climb) over the wall.
8) She (sing) two beautiful songs last night, but while she (sing)
one of the impolite people (walk) out.
9) The hunter (shoot) a tiger as it (creep) towards a village, but he
(be) not in danger because he (sit) high up in a tree.
10) As soon as the villagers (hear) the shot, they (rush) to see
whether the beast (chase) him.
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11) The architect (choose) the site for the new factory last year.
While he (measure) the land, he (find) a Roman coin. He
(examine) it when it (fall) into a muddy stream.
12) She (look) for her pen when she discovered she (have) it in her
handbag all the time.
13) The aeroplane (fly) very low when I (catch) sight of it
14) Her aunt (die) while she (spend) her holidays in Italy.
15) They all (have) breakfast when I (get) up.
16) The children (run) away when they (see) the policeman.
17) What you (do) when I knocked at the door?
18) He (teach) English for two months when he (live) in Iraq and
(work) as a journalist.
19) When the teacher (come) in, the boys (play).
20) When I (see) him, he (sing) and (smoke) a cigar at the same
time.
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The Continuous Past Tense and the

Exercise 7 Simple Past Tense (With the meaning
of habitual action in the past.)
The Simple Past Tense is used for habitual actions in the past.
The Continuous Past Tense is not used with this meaning (see
previous exercise):
He was sitting in a café when I passed.
He sat in the café everyday last week.
Give the correct tense Simple or Continuous Past in place of the verb
in brackets in the following sentences:
1) My grandmother (bake) the most delicious cakes when I was
young.
2) We (fly) over the Alps when we ran into bad weather.
3) Fuad (work) on a new project when the manager came in.
4) The thief just (get) out of the window when the police arrived.
5) My grandmother (walk) in the park everyday until she was
ninety.
6) My aunt (walk) in the park when I met her.
7) The Karam family (swim) in the sea when it began to rain.
8) The Karam family (swim) in the sea during their holidays.
9) She (cook) dinner when the doorbell rang.
10) She (cook) beautifully before she got married.
11) We (drive) along the river when the car ran out of petrol.
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12) Uncle Fareed (drive) a Ford all last year; now he drives a Fiat.
13) My wife (wear) stockings always when we were on holiday.
14) Fadwa (wear) a new hat when the wind blew it away.
15) You often (play) football at the university?
16) She (play) tennis when she sprained her ankle.
17) Fadwa always (mend) her stockings until her eyes became bad.
18) The old lady (mend) stockings when the lights went out.
19) She (talk) to her neighbours when the baby began to cry.
20) She (talk) to her neighbours in Arabic, because it is her native
language.
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The Past Perfect Tense

Exercise 8
When we have two actions in the past, the one that happened first is
in the past prefect tense, the other is in the past simple, e.g.
The thief, who had stolen my money, was caught.
When Napoleon reached Moscow, the Russian army had
already left.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, Simple Past or Past
Perfect.
1) The patient (die) already by the time the doctor (arrive).
2) When Sameer (enter) the room the thief already (escape).
3) It already (rain) for half an hour when we (step) out into the
street.
4) The fire (burn) for three hours when the firemen (arrive).
5) When we (get) home, night already (fall).
6) He (lose) his new knife shortly after he (buy) it.
7) His finger (begin) to bleed as soon as he (cut) himself.
8) She (burst) into tears the moment he (shut) the door.
9) Until he (explain), the students (not understand).
10) Until the aeroplane (take off), we (can) not hear ourselves speak.
11) Until the gardener (water) the plants, they (not grow).
12) His neighbours (will) not speak to him until he (apologize).
13) They (be) not able to make the pudding until the maid (bring)
the eggs.
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14) He (begin) to read as soon as he (find) the place in his book.

15) You ought to have brought her straight home after she (fall) in
the river.
16) He asked why we (come) so early.
17) The politician (declare) that his party always (stand) for social
security.
18) He (refuse) to admit that he (steal) the peaches.
19) The wetness of the deck (tell) him that the dew (fall) in the
night.
20) I (write) three letters before I (come) to school.
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Exercise 9 Revision of Tenses I
Note:
Remember the three main patterns of the Conditional Sentences:
a - If I study, I will succeed.
b - If I studied, I would succeed.
e - If I had studied, I would have succeeded.
Or: Had I studied, I would have succeeded.
Supply the correct tense:

1) If it (be) convenient, let's meet at nine o'clock.
2) You would be taking a great risk if you (invest) your money in
that concern.
3) We should not have sent the goods if they (not be) in good
condition.
4) If men (be) only reasonable, there would be no more war.
5) If Fadwa (eat) another cake, she will be sick.
6) It is easy to paint pictures if one (know) how to.
7) We (enjoy) the play better if it had not been so long.
8) If she were older, she (have) more sense.
9) He (walk) very quickly when I (meet) him yesterday.
10) I (finish) the book before my next birthday.
11) A: Why she (run) away?
B: Because she (know) it is time for bed and (not want) to go.
12) We (meet) you tomorrow after you (finish) your work.
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13) He (sleep) and (not understand) what you (say) to him. He

(wake) up if you (speak) louder.
14) He (be) so good to me when I was a boy, that to this day I (not
forget) his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget).
15) When I (meet) them in the street, they (go) to the mosque.
16) I (know) him for a long time.
17) I (go) there when I (be) told, not before.
18) After leaving school he (study) French in Paris for two years
then (move) to Algeria where he now (live). He (visit) Syria
once or twice and knows Arabic well, but (not have) yet the
opportunity of visiting other Arab countries.
19) He will come at once because I (tell) him by phone that you
(need) him urgently. I'm sure he (find) his way easily, although
he (never visit) this house before.
20) By the time you get back I (finish) all my correspondence, and
then I (can) help you with yours.
S
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Exercise 10 Revision of Tenses II
Supply the correct Tense:

1) I never (read) a story that (interest) me so much as the one I (read) last
night.
2) When we (go) to see them last night, they (play) cards. They (say)
they (play) since six o'clock.
3) When he (grow) old he often (think) of all things he (do) when he (be)
young.
4) When he grew old he often (think) of all things he (do) when he (be)
young.
5) I (read) in yesterday's paper that a boy (steal) a watch and (sell) it, and
that the police (look) for him everywhere but (not find) him.
6) What you (do) just now while I (wash) the dishes?
7) I (work) very hard lately.
8) They (intend) to go there next week, but now they (find) they (have
not) enough money.
9) You (go) with us to the zoo tomorrow if you (be) a good boy.
10) I'm worried about my approaching marriage. I (wish) I (can) get out
of it, but I simply (can) not.
11) I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) you.
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12) I am sorry you (get) lost coming here. I (go) to meet you at the station
if I (know) you (want) me to.
13) He (know) her a long time before he finally (get) married to her.
14) In a few minutes' time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here three
quarters of an hour.
15) This is the second time you (break) a cup; you (break) one yesterday.
My last servant (never break) anything, and you (break) nearly half
the things in the house.
16) Mother (just go) to the market. Sameer (see) her just now in the main
road as he (come) home from school.
17) You forever (misunderstand) what I (explain) to you! Why you (not
listen) while I (speak) to you?
18) I always (tell) you to comb your hair, but you never (do) what I (say).
19) By the end of last year he (read) four Shakespearian plays, and by
next year he (read) two more. I (not see) him since last Monday, but I
(believe) he (write) an essay on Hamlet at present.
20) The sick man (tell) me he (feel) better when I (say) goodbye at that
time he (wait) for the doctor's visit. The next day when I (go) to see
him, he (sit) in an armchair; he (ask) me several questions which
(make) me think that he (worry) about his sickness.
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… … CLAUSES … …
Introductory
In good composition there must be sentence variety, i.e. Simple, Compound and
Complex.
a. A Simple sentence follows the following pattern:
Subject + Verb + Rest of sentence.
My father goes to work everyday.
b. A Compound sentence is composed of two simple sen-

tences joined by a conjunction. Each one can stand alone
and can give full sense, e.g.
We play games, and my parents listen to music.
c. A Complex sentence contains a clause dependent in its
meaning on a principal clause e.g.
My father, who is an old man, goes to work everyday.
In this sentence the speaker wants to tell us:
«My father goes to work everyday.»
and this is called The Principal Clause.
The other part of the sentence: «who is an old man» cannot
stand alone to give a full sense. So it is called Dependent or
Subordinate Clause (it depends on the principal clause).
Note:
Two clauses may be joined by a relative pronoun to from a complex
sentence, e.g.
1. I want to speak to the girl who wrote this letter.
(who wrote this letter) is an adjective qualifying the girl.
2. Or by a relative adverb, e.g.
This is the house where I was born.
(where I was born) is an adjective clause.
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Exercise 11
In Compound Sentences clauses are joined by the coordinating
conjunctions and, but, or, and sometimes by for, yet, so, either ... or, and
neither ...... nor.
Join the following pairs of sentences to form one compound sentence
by using the above coordinating conjunctions:
1) Fareed lost his books yesterday. Sami found them today.
2) Sami likes Cola. Fuad likes 7 Up.
3) The mechanic repaired the car. The boy washed it.
4) The tailor cut the cloth. His wife sewed it.
5) You must work hard. You will fail.
6) The rider tied up his horse. It broke loose in five minutes.
7) The cook dropped the dish. The hot food burned her foot.
8) The search party went out last week. It hadn't returned last night.
9) He has never experienced war. He wouldn't talk like that.
10) Fareed is the goal-keeper. Ali plays on the right wing.
11) The days are hot and humid. The nights are cool and refreshing.
12) A strong wind blew from the west. The fog disappeared.
13) School starts at eight o'clock. I must be there at half past seven
today.
14) You can hire a car for fifty pounds. You can go by bus for ten
pounds.
112
15) The teacher took us for a trip yesterday. We had a party in the
evening.
16) The explorer got lost in the forest. He was later eaten by wild
animals.
17) The mother waited for her son. He never came back.
18) The government must take sterner measures against crime. Life
will be insecure.
19) The general gave the orders. The officers never carried them out.
20) You must bring an excuse. You may be allowed to enter class.
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Exercise 12
Join the following pairs of sentences by means of Relative Pronouns
as: who, whom, which, whose, that. See that you put the relative
pronoun next to its antecedent, e.g.
Examples:
This is the hook. I bought it yesterday.
This is the book which I bought yesterday.
1) The teacher has been explaining Relative Pronouns. They are
very important.
2) The teacher asked me a question. He didn't expect a correct
answer to it.
3) Who was the young lady? You were talking to her.
4) Where is the citadel? We have heard such a lot about it.
5) Where is the queen's pearl? Its value is so great.
6) This old lady has many cats. She is fond of them.
7) Two men guard the factory at night. Their homes are very near.
8) The girls pack the biscuits. They have to work very hard.
9) The guide waited at the museum. We arranged to go with him
the night before.
10) The cake was made in a factory. We had it for supper.
11) The tired traveler reached the inn at sunset. He had walked 30
miles.
12) The hunter shot the lion. He was rewarded by the villagers.
114
13) I found a man on the road. He was groaning in pain.

14) The old house was near the school. My father sold it.
15) The student was very pleased. I gave full marks to him.
16) The field was very wet. We had to walk across it.
17) So this is the answer. I have been waiting for it.
18) The shop-keeper will do very little business. His prices are too
high.
19) The bread is very stale. We are going to have it for supper.
20) The driver cannot be depended upon. We employ him.
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Exercise 13
Look at this example:
John , who returned yesterday, is coming to see me.
In this example the antecedent is already clear and doesn't
need defining. The adjective clause used in this case just
gives more information about a person (thing, etc.)
already known and is called a Non - Defining Clause
which must be set off with commas.
The words this, that, my, etc. as well as proper nouns
do not need other words to define them.
Join each pair of sentences with Relative Pronouns, and
set off the clause with commas. (Don't forget to drop the
personal pronouns).
Example:
Mr. Karam examined me. I met him during the holiday.
Mr. Karam, whom I met during the holiday, examined
me.
1) Beirut is an important commercial city. It has a free
zone in the customs.
2) Large quantities of dates are shipped from Basra. It
is a large port in the Arabian Gulf.
3) The prime-minister made a fine speech. Our school
held a banquet in his honour.
4) The world was to be a great adventure for him. He
knew very little about the world.
5) The great fire of London destroyed a large part of
the city. It broke out in 1666.
6) I met your friend Ali. You introduced me to him last
week.
116
7) My old headmaster has just paid me a visit. Through
his kindness I got my present job.
8) Those dead flowers smell bad. You put them in the vase
ten days ago.
9) Olive oil is plentiful here. It is almost unknown in some
countries.
10) Fairouz is not widely known abroad. Her
songs have charmed thousands of her countrymen.
11) The Nile is still the life-blood of Egypt. All
school children everywhere have studied about it.
12) This novel is nearly finished. I started it in
Libya last year.
13) My uncle Fareed says I ought to pass my exam
if I work hard. I have great confidence in him.
14) Summer is pleasant in the mountains. It is very
hot in Damascus.
15) My grandfather worked hard in his early life.
He enjoyed a long retirement.
16) The silk-worm industry lost heavily when
nylon was produced. Many families previously grew
rich from it.
17) Atomic weapons should be banned. Their
destructive power is so frightful.
18) The Suez Canal was nationalized in 1956. It is
an important sea-way for many nations.
19) He only let me have one kilo of tea. I must
give a quarter of it to my sister
20) Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55 B.C. He
was a powerful Roman general.
117
Exercise 14
1. Look at this sentence:
He said something.
Notice that «something» is an object of «said».
2. Look at this sentence:
He said that he was ready.
Notice that «that he was ready» is an object of «said». It
is a noun clause.
A noun clause may be object, subject, etc.
Replace the nouns in brackets by noun clauses.

Notice that you can use that, why, where, when, whether,
who, etc. to join a noun clause to a principal clause:
1) I know (something).
2) I can tell (the time).
3) (Something) is quite true.
4) Can you guess (the way)?
5) Can you tell me (the reason)?
6) We all guessed (something).
7) We heard (the news).
8) He promised (something.).
9) He begged (leave).
10) He told me (the result).
118
Now complete the following by adding a noun clause to

each
11) The teacher wants to know whether ----------.
12) Can you tell me when ----------?
13) The general said that ----------.
14) The tired traveler wanted to know where -------
---.
15) That ---------- has now been proved.
16) Fareed told his friend that ----------.
17) .Sami's father asked him why ----------.
18) I am not interested in what ----------.
19) That little boy doesn't know why ----------.
20) No one seems to know how ----------.
119
Exercise 15
Look at this sentence:
When the sun is very hot we cannot work hard.
Notice that the clause «When the sun is very hot» shows the time when
we cannot work. It is called an adverb clause of time. Like adverbs,
adverb clauses are used to indicate time (when, until -----), place
(where ------), reason (because -------), condition (if ---------),
concession (although ---), comparison (than, as), result (so--- that),
purpose (in order that -----) and manner (as -----).
Join the following pairs of sentences to form one complex sentence

using the necessary relative adverbs:
1) He remained cheerful. He had lost his health.
2) I meet him. He is always complaining about his luck.
3) I will visit you. I have enough time.
4) The weather was hot. We couldn't work.
5) We had a good time. We couldn't stop talking about it.
6) He was too short. He couldn't join the police force.
7) No one will believe him. He swears by God.
8) The officer was punished. He himself had broken the law.
9) People or countries unite. Their demands must be met.
10) We haven't had such a good government. Independence was
won.
11) The army didn't stop lighting. The enemy had surrendered.
12) I hid behind a tree. The thieves couldn't see me.
13) There will be a flood. It stops raining soon.
120
14) He sits at the piano. He were Beethoven.

15) He entered the room. I was sleeping.
16) Don't come back. You have decided to behave yourself.
17) The man was old. He could remember the Civil War.
18) We must not wait. Luck comes to us.
19) All countries respect the right of others. Troubles will disappear.
20) I went to the doctor's office. He might explain the matter to me.
121
… … PREPOSITIONS … …
This is a list of some difficult prepositions.

Note how certain words are followed by special prepositions or
prepositional phrases:
Study these sentences carefully:
1) He believes in God.
2) What are you aiming at in life?
3) His car collided with a bus.
4) I'll comply with your wishes.
5) He was cured of cancer.
6) I disagreed with him.

7) The meeting with him was disagreeable to me.
8) Birds feed on seeds and insects.
9) Some people are incapable of making decisions.
10) Most people are opposed to such a solution.
11) They are in favour of another scheme.

12) There is no remedy for some diseases.
13) Repent of your sins.

14) He bought it for a pound.
15) He bought it at a high price.

16) This substance is composed of many elements.
17) He was defeated at the end of the story.
122
18) He argued with me for an hour.

19) I bargained with him about the price.
20) That merchant deals in rice.
21) He doesn't deal with merchants.
22) I am tired of listening to the same story.

23) I was tired by a long walk.
24) He is poor; have pity on him.
25) The team participated in all the games.

26) We listened to the sweet music.
27) I was ignorant of the facts of the case.
28) I am not familiar with the rules of every game.

29) His face is familiar to me.
30) He couldn't write; I wrote for him.
123
Exercise 16
Learn to use the following:

1) Abstain from something.
2) Acceptable to us.
3) To account for the mistake.

4) An account of the accident.
5) To take advantage of him.
6) Apparent to us.
7) An appetite for food.
8) Astonished at the news.
9) Attend to it.
10) Beware of danger.
11) Borrow from - lend to.
12) Challenge to a fight.
13) Comment on the news.
14) Compare this with that.

15) Compete with him.
16) Confidence in him.

17) Confident of success.
18) Conscious of danger.
124
19) Consist of bread and water.

20) Recover from sickness.
21) Indebted to you in that.
22) Feel for one in sorrow.
23) Jealous of someone.

24) Exposed to the cold.
25) Operate on someone.
26) Engaged in doing something.

27) Engaged to somebody.
28) Distinguish one from another.
29) Surrender to.
125
Exercise 17 Adjectives Followed by

Prepositions «to» and «at»
Supply the missing prepositions using only to and at.

1) She was standing too close ---------- the fire and got burned.
2) That fellow is no good ---------- games at all.
3) He remained faithful ---------- his principles in spite of great
pressure.
4) He doesn't like me although I have always been kind ---- him.
5) Naturally she was sad ---------- the death of her parrot.
6) You shouldn't be surprised ---------- a thing like that.
7) A dutiful daughter is obedient ---------- her parents.
8) Can't you manage to be a little more polite ---------- your aunt?
9) She is so terribly cruel ---------- her dog.
10) He does his work carefully but he is terribly slow ---------- it.
11) He works in a factory. Previous ---------- that he was in the
army.
12) I have been truly astonished ---------- the number of people who
believe it.
13) He is not equal ---------- the job they have given him.
14) He is an expert ---------- making himself understood in foreign
languages.
126
15) Contrary ---------- my expectations, I quite enjoyed myself at the

party.
16) I am sorry! I am very bad ---------- explaining myself.
17) This flower is not native ---------- our country.
18) It should be obvious ---------- everybody.
19) He is quite blind ---------- her faults.
20) It is useful ---------- me to have him about the house.
127
Exercise 18
Supply the missing prepositions using with, for or of:
1) Are you familiar ---------- the works of Shakespeare?
2) This exercise is full ---------- the most terrible mistakes.
3) Don't be afraid ---------- the dog. It won't bite you.
4) Are you aware ---------- the fact that it is a quarter to nine?
5) You ought to be ashamed ---------- yourself.
6) I can't be angry ------- him now that he's apologized ---------
what he has done.
7) They proved themselves unworthy ---------- the trust which was
placed in them.
8) I'm tired ---------- arguing with you.
9) It is wise to be sure ---------- your facts before you speak.
10) His income is sufficient ---------- his needs.
11) I can't bake a cake as we are short ---------- eggs this week.
12) He was jealous ---------- his brother's good fortune.
13) I know he is a difficult child, but you must be patient ----- him.
14) That student is ignorant ---------- the first rules of grammar.
15) That is something I'm very glad ----------.
16) The manager is well qualified ---------- his position.
17) I am not at all certain ---------- the date of his arrival.
18) They are not capable ---------- doing it.
19) Sameer is very discontented ------- his salary.
20) We are all very fond ---------- going to the theatre.
128
Exercise 19
Supply the missing prepositions using from, about, on or in:
1) Keep away ---------- the machine while it is running.
2) The diet is deficient ---------- vitamins.
3) He was perfectly honest ---------- his intentions to win the prize
at all costs.
4) This is quite different ---------- what I expected.
5) I am extremely doubtful ---------- the wisdom of following that
course of action.
6) I am not very interested ---------- the story of your life.
7) Our plans must remain dependent ---------- the weather.
8) Of course, you are quite right ---------- that.
9) The enemy is weak ---------- artillery.
10) I am afraid he is wrong ---------- the date of the invasion.
11) He was involved in an accident, resulting ---------- the slippery
condition of the road.
12) His father was very sad ---------- his son's failure in his final
exams.
13) Put the cake back in the cupboard, where it will be safe ------ the
cat.
14) Everybody was very uneasy ---------- the outcome of the
negotiations.
15) The secretary was not well qualified ---------- shorthand.
129
16) He is intent ---------- attending the football match.

17) They are proficient ---------- the use of their fists.
18) The young man is very keen ---------- cycling.
19) It was far ---------- my intention to suggest that he was
unintelligent.
20) Some people appear completely immune ---------- this disease.
130
Exercise 20
Verbs Followed by Prepositions
Supply the missing prepositions, using at or to:

1) Would you please reply ---------- my question?
2) I don't know him, but he has been staring ----- me for ten minutes.
3) We shall never surrender ---------- that enemy.
4) I am sure this one doesn't belong ---------- me.
5) It is rude to point ---------- people in the street.
6) He challenged him ---------- a game of chess.
7) Do you object ---------- my smoking?
8) Just have a look ---------- this for me, would you?
9) You can safely entrust your little son ---------- her care.
10) Let's invite them all ---------- dinner.
11) It is very unkind to joke --------- the expense of the disabled.
12) What time did you arrive ------- your home?
13) ---------- what do you attribute your success in life?
14) If you want to pass your examination, you will have to work
hard ---------- mathematics.
15) If you want them to hear, you will have to knock a good deal
harder ---------- the door.
16) Turn ---------- page 89 and start reading.
17) I refuse to submit ---------- that sort of treatment.
18) Such an idea would never occur ---------- me.
19) If you want permission, you must apply -------- the caretaker.
20) He finds it difficult to accustom himself --------- the climate.
131
Exercise 21
Supply the missing prepositions using on or in:
1) I have never believed ---------- all the traveler's tales.
2) She does not seem to be very interested ---------- the film.
3) He performs beautifully ---------- the flute.
4) I cannot impress ---------- you enough the seriousness of the
situation.
5) Help me ---------- my efforts to explain this to her.
6) You must not depend ---------- me for financial aid.
7) We must now decide ---------- the form of our answer.
8) They failed ---------- the attempt to reach the top.
9) It is essential to economize ---------- clothes, when you travel by air.
10) We congratulate you ---------- becoming a father.
11) I must ask you to concentrate a bit more ---------- your work.
12) Children delight ---------- fanciful stories.
13) I shall now call ---------- Mr. Karam to give the accounts.
14) He has been employed ---------- that job for twenty years.
15) The story of this book is based ---------- the truth.
16) They quickly took revenge ---------- those who injured them.
17) They will be operating ---------- him tonight.
18) You can rely ---------- him completely.
19) I would not advise you to trust ---------- him.
20) They all shared ---------- the happiness at her success.
132
Exercise 22
Supply the missing prepositions using from or of:
1) He refused to hear ---------- anything against her.
2) I would be glad to hear ---------- them, if you know anyone who
can help me.
3) You will have to paint it to protect it ---------- the weather.
4) That is a matter on which I differ ---------- you.
5) This word is difficult to distinguish in meaning ------- the others.
6) They did all they could to cure him ---------- his disease.
7) She accused her servant ---------- stealing.
8) Who can I borrow a pencil ----------?
9) I am sure your mother does not approve ---------- that sort of
behavior.
10) Beware ---------- the dog.
11) He is always boasting ---------- his tennis.
12) This dish tastes funny. What does it consist ----------?
13) I want to draw some money ---------- the bank.
14) I despair ---------- ever teaching them anything.
15) That is something you cannot escape ----------.
16) I should never dream ---------- asking him to do it.
17) I must warn you ------- the dangers you will meet on the way.
18) I cannot get rid ---------- this cough.
19) I don't think he'll ever recover ---------- his wife's death.
20) He dislikes to be reminded ---------- his part in the affair.
133
Exercise 23
Supply the missing prepositions using for, with or against:
1) How do you account ---------- this terrible condition?
2) You can even insure ---------- loss of income.
3) I think you should apologize ---------- your bad behavior.
4) Let me first acquaint you ---------- the facts.
5) I wish you wouldn't interfere ---------- me.
6) For years she has been longing ---------- this day.
7) He has been corresponding ---------- a scientist for years.
8) People don't often rebel ---------- their chosen leaders.
9) How much do they charge ---------- pens in that shop?
10) He was charged ---------- a whole series of crimes.
11) Hope ---------- the best and prepare ---------- the worst.
12) You don't compare his work ---------- mine.
13) It is useless trying to compete ---------- the world's champion.
14) The prisoner begged ---------- mercy.
15) I would like to exchange my old car ---------- a new one.
16) This exercise is intended ---------- advanced students.
17) How long have you been waiting ---------- your friend to come?
18) Doctors are fighting ---------- disease.
19) History is the story of the struggle ---------- power.
20) Oil won't mix ---------- water.
134
… … CERTAIN VERBS … …
Exercise 24 Verbal Expressions
In the following lists, the verbs on the left-hand side form some
verbal expressions with an object from the list on the right-hand side.
Find the right object for the verb:
pay a train miss the truth

bear a trumpet strike an end to
beg a visit fall a chance
blow a pardon put fault with
keep one's temper tell ill
catch a child find the hour
serve a habit keep a risk

fly a trick lead a secret
waste free run an example
set time lose confidence in
play a flag set a busy life
break a purpose throw suspicion on
pay force set hands

set attention speak a business
fall to death shake touch with
put sail run the truth
catch asleep lose light on
use sight of throw fire to
135
lose in love break the table

hold mercy on catch a promise
tell a lie change one's nose
have a meeting blow one's mind
ask heart put a cold
fall questions lay a stop to
earn an exam catch a prayer

have the piano reach fire
tell a meeting save a hand
pass a living strike trouble
play occasion lend a match
call the time say an agreement
136
Exercise 25 «DO» and «MAKE»
Supply with do or make in their right form:
1) There is nothing to ---------- here; let's ---------- our way out.

2) Would you please ---------- me a favour?
3) That glass of lemonade has ---------- me good.
4) Will you ---------- me a favour?
5) You must ---------- up for lost time.
6) ---------- up your mind to ---------- what is right.
7) Will this ---------- for you?
I think I can ---------- it -------.
8) It doesn't---------- your face any good to---------- up too much.
9) I can't ---------- out what he is trying to ----------.
10) You can't ---------- use of that anymore.
11) We've only half an hour left, so you'd better ---------- the most of
it.
12) It won't----------you any harm to take another week's holiday.
13) It has nothing to ---------- with you.
14) He ---------- a lot of business with us.
15) He----------a big mistake in----------business with such a firm.
137
16) Why can't you ---------- him ---------- his work properly?
17) I am afraid half a spoonful won't ---------- at all; he'll have
to ---------- without it altogether.
18) The two fighting countries decided to ---------- peace at last.
19) You've only to ---------- your duty.
20) He ---------- his way with difficulty through the crowds.
138
Exercise 26 «Raise» and «Rise»,

«Lay» and «Lie»
«Raise» and «lay» always have an object.

They are regular verbs:
raise, raised, raised He raised his hand.
lay, laid, laid She laid her hat on the table.
«Rise» and «lie» do not have an object.

They are irregular:
rise, rose, risen The sun rise every morning.
lie, lay, lain He lay on his bed all day.
Choose the correct verb in the brackets for the following sentences:
1) How long have those books been (lying, laying) on the door?
2) Prices have (raised, risen) sharply in the last few months.
3) The rocket (rose, raised) into the sky.
4) The patient tried to (raise, rise) himself up.
5) They let him (lie, lay) where he had fallen.
6) He found his papers (laying, lying) on the floor when he came
in.
7) This pottery has (lain, laid) buried in the earth for two thousand
years.
8) These bricks have been (lain, laid) very badly.
9) (Lay, Lie) your hand on the book and say ......
139
10) They told the doctor that she had been (lying, laying) motionless
for three hours.
11) The minister (lay, laid) the foundation stone of the new school.
12) The prisoners were ordered to (lay, lie) down their arms.
13) Fadwa (lay, laid) her head on her mother's shoulder and cried.
14) If you know the answer (raise, rise) your hand.
15) She told her dog to (lay, lie) down.
16) I don't wish to (raise, rise) false hopes.
17) His hopes (raised, rose) as the day drew near.
18) They have (raised, risen) the level of the water in the reservoir.
19) He (rose, raised) from his seat.
20) He tried to (raise, rise) the lid of the box.
140
… … SOME PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES … …
Some Prefixes
1. The Prefix «re-» is added to give the meaning of repetition, e.g.
write - rewrite (write again)
Add the prefix «re-» to the following words:
cover arrange discover open
reads organize wash
consider build establish
2. The prefix «be-» is added to give the meaning of «to make... or

to put into the state of ......»
Make these words into verbs adding the prefix «be-»
fit fall siege calm moan
frien
witch head little get
d
3. The Prefix «en-» «em-» is added to give the meaning of «to

make ......» or «to put into the state of ......»
Make these words into verbs adding the prefix «en-» «em-»:
slave trust rage large
rich joy sure danger
able force bitter close
141
Some Prefixes
4. The prefix «co-» means «with». It occurs in many forms (col-,

com-, con-,) according to the following sound.
Give the meaning of:
correspondence colleague
contact co-education
cooperate with co-exist
collaborate with conference
collect combine
5. The prefix «anti-» means «opposite» or «against».

Give the meaning of these words:
anti-aircraft weapons anti-social
anti-clockwise movement anti-trade winds
anti-friction substance antiseptic substance
anti-nationalistic anti-slavery
anti-revolutionist anti-climax
142
Some Prefixes
6. The prefix «pre-» means «before».

Give the meanings of the following and study them carefully:
prefix precede
pre-eminent among men prepaid postage
presuppose a pre-war car
to predict the future preface
prefer prehistoric ages
7. The prefix «ex-» means «out» or «without».

When this prefix is used with a hyphen it usually «formerly», e.g.
ex-king = one who was formerly the king.
Give the meaning of the following:
excursion ex-headmaster
exempt from tax exclude
exhale an extinct animal
exit gate exceptional strength
ex-president exclaim
143
Some Prefixes
8. The prefix «sub-» means «under» or «down».
to subdue a substation
the king's subjects sub chairman
a submarine subterranean cave
a sub-committee subversive elements
a subordinate clause subway train
9. The prefix «inter-» means «between» or «among».
interval interfere
international interrupt
intermediate internet
intercommunication intertribal warfare
an interview between two persons
intermarriage between two races
the interdependence of two things
144
Some Prefixes
10. The prefix «counter-» means «in return» or «in an opposite

direction».
a counter-weight counterattack
to counteract counterstroke
a counter-statement counter threat
countercurrent counter-suggestion
counter-movement counter-clock wise
11. The prefix «post-» means «after», «behind» or «since».
post-classical writers postwar events
posterior postgraduate work
post-natal post-mortem examination
a postscript to postpone
145
Some Prefixes
12. The prefix «bi-» means «in two» or «double».
biplane bi-weekly
a bilingual dictionary bi-monthly
bicycle binominal
binary bicolour
biaxial bipolar
13. The prefix «semi-» means «half», «partially» «imperfectly.»
semi-monthly semi-cylinder
semi-annual semi-dome
Semi-civilized semi-tropical
semicircle semi-liquid
semicolon
146
Some Prefixes
14. The prefix «de-» means «down» or «un-».
It may give the idea of something bad. In some words (such as

denationalise) it means «do the opposite of (nationalise)».
a. Decrease.
b. He felt depressed.
c. The bicycle tyre was deflated.
d. Defeat.
e. He was denounced a spy.
f. Many things which were controlled during the war were
decontrolled later.
g. The metal was deformed by the intense heat.
h. The statue was defaced.
i. I cannot decipher this handwriting.
j. To deposit money in a bank.
147
Some Suffixes
1. The suffix «-hood» is used to make abstract nouns from the

names of people, especially for members of a family.
Make abstract nouns from these words using the suffix «-hood»:
child brother girl
father lively mother
likely bachelor man
knight
2. The suffix «- dom» is used to make abstract nouns with the

meanings:
a. dignity, office (e.g. kingdom)

b. state, condition (e.g. freedom)
c. state of, office, occupation (e.g. officialdom)
Give the abstract nouns from the following words using the suffix «-
dom»:
wise free
Christian martyr
duke bore
148
Some Prefixes
3. The suffix «- ship» is used to make abstract nouns from the

names of people, especially those ending in «-er», «-or» or «-
man».
Give the abstract nouns by adding the suffix «-ship» to the following:
showman scholar governor
lord seaman champion
horseman partner fellow
friend
4. The suffix «-ment» is added to a verb to form a noun having the

meaning of «the action of» or «the results of the action of».
Make nouns from the following verbs using the suffix «- ment»:
develop require
confine arrange
fulfit govern
improve discourage
acknowledge imprison
149
Some Prefixes
5. The suffix «- ation» is added to a verb to form a noun having the

meaning of «the action» or «the results of use action of».
Make nouns from the following verbs using the suffix «- ation»:
inform confirm
separate cancel
situate nationalize
invent organize
dictate devote
6. The suffix «-ance» or «-ence» is added to a verb to form a noun

having the meaning of «the action of» or «the results of the action
of».
Make these words into nouns using the suffix «-ance» or «-ence»:
assist exist resist
rely disappear endure
ally perform inherit
interfere
150
Some Prefixes
7. The suffix «-al» is used to make a noun from a verb with the
meaning of «the act of» or «the results of the act of».
Make these words into nouns ending in « - al»:

renew bury
approve betray
arrive propose
deny refuse
dismiss try
8. The suffix «-age» is used to make a noun from a verb with the
meaning of «the act of» or «the results of the act of».
Make these verbs into nouns ending in «- age»:

marry break
pass pack
carry wreck
use post
stop store
151
Some Prefixes
9. The suffix «-ise» is very active and is added to adjectives and

nouns to give the meaning «to make».
Some scholars prefer the correct Greek form «-ize», but there are a few
words which are not from Greek and so end with «- ise». It is therefore
best for students to keep to «-ise» which is always acceptable.
Make verbs from these words by adding the suffix «-ise» making any
small changes in spelling that are necessary:
sympathy philosophy pressure
apology American standard
Pasteur special equal
critic
10. The suffix «-ate» is found at the end of words forming a verb. The
verbs formed in this way have the meaning «to make... ...»
Make verbs from these words by adding the suffix «-ate»:
regular venerable captive
captive circular terminus
active authentic formula
esteem
152
Some Prefixes
11. The suffix «-en» makes verbs from adjectives and sometimes
nouns with the meaning of «to make ........».
Make verbs from the following:
wide hard
rough length
height strength
deep loose
fat sharp
12. The suffix «-fy» is used to make verbs from adjectives and
sometimes nouns with the meaning of «to make ... ...»
Make verbs from the following using the suffix «-fy»:
beauty pure
example horror
liquid terror
clear just
simple peace
153
Appendix 1
Word List
«A»
Abandon _ |
Ablution + u>
Abstain GkB @ lB }
Accomplish 7Vk |B
According to ‘ ’6 5
Achieve \ \
Activity " ,E O %&
Admit ?oD V@
Advise <B
Allies + X.)
Alms "( 4 "B@)
Almsgiving ? @)“
Alternation N 0d
Alternative 7
Ambassadors + X
Ankles ” 6,
Annul @X 7H
Apostasy 3
Approach •, 8 6
Aptitude 7
Armour JF3
Artificially lBH<
Ascribe to ‘ > , Œ` ;@B
Aspects ;& P
154
Assemble % lV m
Astronomy y.X .C
Attain 9B
Attest Q R* S.C T€ 4
Attitude G(
Authority "H. lP
Authorship G Dd G B<d
Avert ;B| lB} ?>3 9
«B»
Balanced ?\
Banner "F
Barren 7) (
Battle-field "a , ")
Belie ( & 8jfk
Blameworthy W f
Blended –> U
Blessings 7K #E
Bloodshed + yX
Bound
«C»
Cereals 9 : 8 )
Character " <Ž
Characteristics 9<
Civil ‰
Clan N%C
Claim ZC
Clash 8 Hu
Coherent y V
155
Commandments W k)* 4>
Comment ; 6,d ] .,d
Community lV ‹ "C n
Conditions 9 )* g> —
Confident of i ]R >
Confused 8 H# y d
Congregational ZC n
Consult F> %
Consecrate _F / L€ 6
Contagious ™,
Contemporary 4,
Contract 6C
Convince lB6
Crack ‚ ]
Crops 74I
Courtiers O 9 PF
Covenants ]R 3 C
«D»
Deem i• v ,
Depot J3 @ "HI G(
Disciple f d
Despite i :
Determination 6d V<d
Devotions =3 C
Discipline W •&
Dismiss g<
Dissolution ykXd
Distinguished U
Distraction 9 $o kX Q %d
156
Divorce T H
Dogma 6C
Dowry
Duel \F
Duplicate 7R V
Dynasty "
«E»
Earnestness WV$ P
Elaborated i6 kI
Elbow J a ]E
Election 8Ž&
Emanation E Tˆ&
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164
Appendix 2
Formulas Used in this book

Arabic Symbolic
English Translation
Formula Image
j7P> C Might and Majesty belong to
Him!
j. > c .C ¢ S.4 May the peace and blessings
of Allah be upon him!
W @ c .C May peace be upon him!
cBC ¢ ZuF May Allah be pleased with

him!
BC ¢ ZuF May Allah be pleased with
them!
GHIJK LM NOPQ RSTUVM WX
165

- 1اللغة الإنكليزية س2

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- 1اللغة الإنكليزية س2

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Syrian Arab Republic

First printed in 1973 A.D

Edited & Checked

I Arabia The Cradle of Islam 8

III Devotions and Transactions 17

IV Muhammad Invites Hercules to Islam 22

V The Prophet's Journey to Taif 28

Verses From the Chapter of the Cow 31

Some Hadiths on the Subject of Prayer 32

VI The Mosque (The House of God) 34

Verses From the Chapter of Ta Ha 39

VII The Conquest of Makkah 41

VIII The Blessings of Fasting 47

IX Abu Hanifa (699-767) 52

Verses From the Chapter of Ya Seen 60

Some Hadiths on the Subject of Women 66

Verses From the chapter of The Earthquake 68

XIII Omar Bin Abdul Aziz 74

XV The Farewell Pilgrimage 87

Part Two GRAMMAR.

9 Revision of Tenses I 107

In the name of Allah, , the Most Gracious,

Recite! In the name of your Lord, the Creator, Who has

S ince the country is surrounded by sea on three sides and

Najd: is mostly a table-land (plateau) and has always been a healthy

Asir: Beyond Yemen lies Asir, a semi-mountainous region, which is

The Bedouin, who is the truest representative of the land,

are, Gulf, practised, plateau, pilgrimages, plains, grow, sacred,

b. Make nouns from:

c. Make verbs from:

T o say: «I bear witness there is no god but Allah», and that He

At a subtler level this doctrine means a rejection of human tyranny.

There is still a third level of meaning, which was stressed

I slam is a way of life. It covers man's whole field of activity and

Devotions and transactions in the Islamic conception are so

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)1 relates the following as said by

has, aspects, way, unless, whole, hardly, ultimate, regulates, termed,

b. Make nouns from:

c. Make verbs from:

spiritual, as well as, ultimate, hardly, goodness, necessary, persist.

T he treaty of Hudeybieh gave Prophet Muhammad more time to

From this comment, we understand that Hercules was sure of

1) What did the treaty of Hudaybiyah offer Muhammad ?

3) Muhammad sent (………….) with letters inviting the

The Prophet's Journey to Taif

Steadfastness Before Hardships

On reaching Taif, he visited the three chieftains of the clan separately,

H I . JK . .; < = 2 > ?8 @ /8 A / B C D. ) E F "

SI / D. %' )Fa8 <! b 2. .Z [ 8. \? )O ] 2 8 JZ !. ^] _N` \ 2 )!

)I .)cd \ 2 ef 8. )gN` L hiY 3. $j 8 T . S 2 k l8 Wm

"0, my God! To You I complain of the feebleness of my strength, of my

The merciful and noble Prophet said, "Even if these people do

In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful

((Alif-Lam-Meem This Book is not to be doubted, a guide

((On the authority of Jabir, who said that he heard the

((On the authority of Imran ibn Hussayn, who said that

T he mosque is built to enable Muslims of the neighbourhood to

2) What purposes are mosques used for?

3) How do the Muslims gather for divine worship?

4) What is meant by artistic and emotional disturbances?

5) What position do the worshippers take at the appointed hour?

6) How do the worshippers praise God and render thanks to him?

7) What is the worshipper not allowed to do?

simplicity, emotion, art, priest, collection, presence.