istoria 11

11
istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis
nino kiRuraZe
giorgi sanikiZe
levan gordeziani
lali fircxalava
revaz gaCeCilaZe
nodar asaTiani
(nino kiRuraZis saerTo redaqciiT)

istoria 11
istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis

redaqtori: nino gogalaZe

dizaini: TinaTin berberaSvili
ydis dizaini: naTia kvaracxelia
dakabadoneba: TinaTin berberaSvili

pirveli gamocema, 2012

© bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2019

wignSi gamoyenebuli vizualuri masala:

© goga Canadiri; rukebis – kolxeTi Zv.w. IV-II ss.; saqarTvelo VII-VIII ss.; saqarTvelo daviT
aRmaSeneblis dros; saqarTvelo XIII s.; saqarTvelo XV s.-is bolos – avtori: manana SeyilaZe

Cveni mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda zogi fotosa da rukis saavtoro uflebis
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tel.: 2 91 09 54, 2 91 11 65
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ISBN 978-9941-15-625-0

HISTORY 11
Student’s Book

N. Kighuradze
G. Sanikidze
L. Gordeziani
L. Pirtskhalava
R. Gachechiladze
N. Asatiani

© Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, 2019

Tbilisi, Georgia

Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of copyright. The publishers will be glad to make suit-
able arrangements with any copyright holder whom it has not been possible to contact.
nino kiRuraZe, giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani,

11
lali fircxalava, revaz gaCeCilaZe, nodar asaTiani

istoria moswavlis wigni

grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012)
 sarCevi

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

I 1. Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

(kreaciuli da evoluciuri) 8
2. uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis
13
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvneloba) 12
3. socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.
27
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema 16
4. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi 21

33
Zveli msoflio

II 5. saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Teoriebi

saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb 26 45
6. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi 31
7. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. egvipte 36
8. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi.
Sumeri da babiloni 41
9. asureTi, xeTebi, urartu 44
61
10. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
erTeulebi ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi 52
11. saxmeleTo imperia. aqemenianTa irani
(Zv.w. VI-IV ss.) 58 70
12. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. finikiuri
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia 66
13. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZnuli polisebi, saxelmwifos
mmarTvelobis formebi 69 79
14. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. didi
berZnuli kolonizacia da misi Sedegebi 76
15. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZen-sparselTa omebi 84
16.
84
sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
aTenis kavSiri – pirveli sazRvao `imperiis~
Seqmnis mcdeloba 88
17. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
peloponesis omi 92 92
4
 18. aleqsandre makedonelis imperia, elinizmi da
elinisturi saxelmwifoebi 97
19. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi 104
20. romis warmoSoba; romauli sazogadoeba,
97 saxelmwifo wyoba – mefoba/respublika 109
21. romauli dapyrobebi. respublikis dacema 113
22. romi imperiis epoqaSi 120
23. romis imperia da saqarTvelo. romis urTier-
112 Toba parTiasTan da sasanianTa iranTan 124

Sua saukuneebi

124 24. romi da `barbarosuli samyaro~, cvlilebe-

bi evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi 131
III
25. dasavleT romis imperiis dacema.
aRmosavleT romis imperia – bizantia 135
26. qristianoba – msoflio religia.
145 qristianobis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba 145
27. qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi.
msoflio saeklesio krebebi da saqarTvelo 152
28. qarTli V saukuneSi. vaxtang gorgasali 158
149 29. bizantia da irani VI saukuneSi 165
30. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi 170
31. feodalizmi evropaSi 176
32. papizmi. eklesia da Zalauflebis legitimacia 187
33. Sua saukuneebis evropis qalaqebi da
165 saqalaqo cxovreba 195
34. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi 203
35. ganaTleba da mecniereba. `universitetebis
xana~ evropaSi 211
174 36. Sua saukuneebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlo-
biTi organoebi 220
37. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul
samyaroSi. bizantia VII-XII saukuneebSi 225
38. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul
218 samyaroSi Sua saukuneebSi. `imperiis
gadatana~ 231

230
5
 saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi
VII-XV saukuneebSi

IV 39.
40.
arabebi da islamuri saxalifo
saxalifos kultura da socialur-
236
236
ekonomikuri ganviTareba 248
41. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi 255
42. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba da kultura VIII-IX saukuneebSi 259 249
43. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianeba 266
44. bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi 272
45. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifo 276
46. Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo 286
47. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi 290 260
48. didgoris brZola 295
49. Tamar mefis epoqa 301
50. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba Tamar mefis epoqaSi 309 286
51. jvarosnuli epoqa 314
52. monRolTa dapyrobebi da misi Sedegebi 325
53. saqarTvelo XIII saukuneSi. monRolebi
saqarTveloSi 333
54. qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla 343 327
55. konstantinopolis dacema 349

evropa da amerika axal droSi

346
V 56. renesansi da humanizmi. aRorZinebis
evropuli centrebi 356
57. axali samimosvlo gzebisa da kontinentebis
aRmoCena 362 365
58. kolumbamdeli amerika 367
59. koloniuri epoqis dasawyisi 373
60. reformacia da kontrreformacia 378
61. religiuri omebi 384
62. holandiis revolucia da misi mniSvneloba 392
371
63. XVII saukunis inglisis revolucia 395
64. absolutizmi 402
65. Svidwliani omi evropaSi 410
382
6
 66. ganmanaTlebloba 415
67. amerikis kolonizacia da aSS-is Seqmna 422
68. safrangeTis didi revolucia. `Zveli
reJimis~ krizisi da agonia 427
398 69. safrangeTis didi revolucia. revoluciis
dasawyisi 434
70. safrangeTis didi revolucia. monarqiis
damxoba da pirveli respublika 444
411 71. industriuli revolucia 454

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi

72. brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg

evropasa da aRmosavleTSi 458
VI
459 73. sefianTa iranis saxelmwifo 464
74. ruseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da
reC-pospolita 468
75. petre I-is sagareo politika da reformebi 474
76. saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi 478
475 77. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sah abas I-isa da misi
memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis dros 485
78. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs Soris XVII saukuneSi 493
489 79. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi 499
80. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi 505
81. saqarTvelos urTierTobebi ruseTTan.
georgievskis traqtati 512
495

504

517
7
 I uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili
sazogadoeba

1. Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

(kreaciuli da evoluciuri)

adamians yvela religia RmerTis qmnilebad miiCnevs. Zvel samyaros mraval

religiaSi adamiani RmerTma (an RmerTebma) Seqmna Tavis damxmared da msaxurad.
`Zveli aRTqma~ da is msoflio religiebi, romlebic mas efuZnebian, adamians
RmerTis xatad, msgavsad miiCneven.
`Zveli aRTqmiseuli~ samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnis ambavi jer kidev Zveli
drois mecnierTa diskusiis sagnad iqca. cxadia, yvela droSi arsebobdnen
teqstis sityvasityviT gagebis momxreebi. ax.w. I saukunis moRvawem, filon
aleqsandrielma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom
`bibliis~ zogi pasaJi amgvarad esmis im wyaro 1
mkiTxvels, visac uWirs ufro Rrma arsis
wvdoma. magaliTad mas mohyavs moses sityve- Zvelegvipturi teqstidan sam-
bi imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTma samyaro eqvs yaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb:
dReSi Seqmna, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, `warmoiSva guliT da eniT
rom Txroba gasagebi da mowesrigebuli yo- atumis saxe. didia ptaxi, rome-
filiyo, xolo realurad es aRniSnavda Se-
Tavi pirveli

lic qmnis RmerTebs da maT kas

saqmis erTdroul da yovlismomcvel aqts.
aqedan moyolebuli, saeklesio moRva-
weebSi ar aris erTsulovneba Sesaqmis in-
terpretaciisas. marTalia, isini aRiare-
ben samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnas Rmer-
Tis mier, magram RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis
Tanmimdevrobas da eqvs dReze ganawilebas
mravali maTgani, magaliTad origene (III s.)
da basili didi (IV s.), erTgvar alegoriad
miiCnevda. am pasaJis sityvasityviTi gage-
bis momxreTa Soris iyvnen, magaliTad, re-
formaciis mamebi – martin luTeri da Jan
kalvini.
axali drois geografiulma aRmoCene-
bma, agreTve codnam, romelic sabunebis-
metyvelo mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi
dagrovda, am Temebze diskusias axali suli
STabera. Tumca, TiTqmis sayovelTaod iyo
gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom RmerTma saTi-
Taod Seqmna cocxal arsebaTa TiToeuli
saxeoba. 1605 wels frensis bekonma gamo-
Tqva azri, rom RmerTis qmnilebebi bunebaSi
gvaswavlis `bibliaSi~ RmerTis sityvis ga-
gebas, rac ganmsazRvrel meTodad iqca mis
8
(= RmerTebisa da adamianebis
sulieri oreuli) am eniT, am
guliT. warmoiSva xori misgan
– ptaxisgan, warmoiSva Toti
misgan – ptaxisgan, guli da ena
batonoben yvelaferze, radgan
ptaxi aris yovel sxeulSi, yo-
vel RvTaebaSi, yovel adamian-
Si, yovel mwerSi, romlebic
cocxloben misi ideiT da brZa-
nebiT... ptaxi yoveli gadawyve-
tilebis mizezs warmoadgens...
ena imeorebs gulis azrs. ase
Seiqmna yvela RvTaeba... ase mie-
ca sicocxle keTils da miezRo
sikvdili damnaSaves, ase Seiqm-
na samuSaoebi da xelovneba, xe-
lis Sroma, fexis siaruli... man
Seqmna RmerTebi, Seqmna qala-
qebi, daaarsa nomebi, gaanawila
RmerTebi TavianT sakulto ad-
gilebSi, daawesa maTi Sesawi-
ravi, daaarsa maTi taZrebi~.
 wyaro 2

biblia. dabadeba 1. 26-31.

26. Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze
daxoxavs.

27. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.

28. akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa,

daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki
dedamiwaze daxoxavs.

29 . Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac
ki dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni
sazrdo.

30. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicocxlis suli
udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase.

31. dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac gaaCina, da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo
dila _ meeqvse dRe.

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi. mecnierebi bunebasa Tu warsulis naSTebSi eZebdnen

`bibliaSi~ aRweril movlenaTa, pirvel rigSi, warRvnisa da noes kidobanis
dadasturebas.
XIX saukunis dasawyisidan Cndeba ideebi saxeobaTa cvlilebis Sesaxeb. Carlz
darvinma Camoayaliba Tavisi Teoria bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb. mis publika-
ciebs 30-ian da 40-ian wlebSi didi gamoxmaureba, magram amasTanave samecniero
wreebis kritika mohyva. 1859 wels man gamoaqveyna wigni `saxeobaTa warmoSobis
Sesaxeb~, sadac sakmaod didi masala da argumentacia hqonda motanili
saxeobaTa bunebrivi gadarCevis, evoluciuri gziT warmoSobis
dasadastureblad. naSromma mniSvnelovani Zvra gamoiwvia
sazogadoebriv azrSi da safuZveli Cauyara Widils
evoluciur da kreaciul (an kreacionistur) Teo-
riebs Soris.
uxeSad rom iTqvas, dava daiyvaneba kiTxva-
mde: `adamiani Seqmna RmerTma (zebunebrivma
Zalam), Tu igi warmoiqmna maimunisagan, Ta-
visiT, met-naklebad SemTxveviTi mizeziT
gamowveuli cvlilebebis Sedegad?~
dRemde arsebobs orive ukidure-
si poziciis mimdevrebi. magram ukve
XIX saukunis II naxevarSi mecnierebi
dafiqrdnen maT erTgvar morigebaze.

9
 evolucionistTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom RvTaebriv nebas SeiZleboda mieca
biZgi im procesebisaTvis, rac samyaroSi ganviTarda da ris aRwerac mecniere-
bam moaxerxa, maT Soris, adamianis warmoSobisTvisac. maTTvis es rCeba rwmenis
sakiTxad, radganac ver gaizomeba mecnierisaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT.
saerTod, is dapirispireba, erTi mxriv, racionalur azrovnebas, mecnierebasa
da, meore mxriv, religias, eklesias Soris, romelic XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ar-
sebobda da evropaSi revoluciuri xanis aTeizmis erT-erTi masazrdoebeli
gaxda, dRevandel civilizebul msoflioSi daZleulia da rwmena da azrovneba
aramcTu uSlian xels erTmaneTs, aramed erTgvarad avseben kidec, rogorc es,
magaliTad, Tundac qristianobis gariJraJze iyo.
agreTve maTTvisac, vinc uciloblad miiCnevs RvTaebriv Semoqmedebas,
dRes mTlianad ugulebelyofili ar aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
saSualebebiT dagrovili codna. ase magaliTad, kreacionistTa calkeuli
skolis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben samyarosa da dedamiwis warmoSobas ramde-
nime miliardi wlis win, agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da, maT Soris, adamianis
garkveul evolucias.
dRes kreacionistTa mravali skola arsebobs. isini gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisagan met-naklebad principuli sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebiT. ase
magaliTad, `axalgazrda dedamiwis kreacionistebi~ faqtobrivad `bibliis~
sityvasityviTi gagebis poziciaze dganan. maT sapirispirod, `Teisturi evo-
Tavi pirveli

luciis~ mimdevrebi, faqtobrivad, srulad iziareben dRevandeli sabunebisme-

tyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs da RmerTis rols samyaros Seqmnis inicirebaSi
(gamowvevaSi) xedaven. maT Soris aris kidev mravali Sualeduri mimdinareoba,
romelic `bibliis~ calkeuli pasaJisaTvis Tu bunebis ama Tu im movlenisaTvis
gansxvavebul interpretacias gvTavazobs. mag., erTni Sesaqmis `erT dRes~ erT
epoqad iazreben, ris saSualebasac iZleva ebrauli originalis Sesabamisi si-
tyva; meoreni calkeuli saxeobis warmoSobas `gonivruli Canafiqris~ Sedegad
warmoadgenen da Aase Semdeg.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi am TeoriaTa miReba-gaziareba araTanabradaa gada-
nawilebuli. yvelaze meti momxre evolucionistebs – sxvadasxva gamokiTxviT,
mosaxleobis 70-80% dasavleT evropis qveynebSi hyavs. dasavlur civilizacia-
Tagan yvelaze meti dasayrdeni kreacionistul mimdinareobebs aqvs amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, im qveynebSic, sadac `biblia~ ar warmoadgens Zi-
riTad religiur wigns, agreTve vxvdebiT Widils evolucionistur Teoriasa
da adgilobrivi religiis Sesabamis kreacionistul Teoriebs Soris.
aSS didi xnis manZilze iyo am Teoriebs Soris mZafri brZolis arena, pirvel
rigSi, skolaSi maTi swavlebis gamo. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zalze
gaxmaurda e. w. `maimunis procesi~, romelzec sasamarTlo arkvevda, hqonda
Tu ara axalgazrda bunebismetyvels skolaSi darvinis moZRvrebis swavlebis
neba. arcTu Soreul warsulSi agreTve sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani gaxda
sxvadasxva kreacionistuli moZRvrebis mecnieruloba da, Sesabamisad, misi
skolaSi swavlebis ufleba.

10
 klasSi samuSao

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

1. SeadareT wyaroebi erTmaneTs. ipoveT gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi.
2. rogori axsna mouZebna samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb bibliidan pasaJs filon
aleqsandrielma da ra saxis dava wamoiSva Semdgom saeklesio moRvaweebs
Soris? daaxasiaTeT ori mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi.
3. ra aris evolucionizmi da rogor Caeyara mas safuZveli? romel sasamarT-
lo davas ewoda `maimunis procesi~ da ratom?

RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmna. miqelanjelos freska

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masala da werilobiT CamoayalibeT adamianis

warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

11
 2. uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba)

pirveli `adamianebi~
leqsikoni
evoluciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, rasac
kreacionistTa zogi mimdinareobac izia- r ekosistema – cocxali or-

rebs, adamiani biologiurad primatebis ganizmebiTa da maTi sabina-

rigs ganekuTvneba. misi uaxloesi naTe- dro garemoTi warmoqmnili
bunebrivi kompleqsi
savebi arian adamianismagvari maimunebi,
romlebic, adamianTan erTad dRes homi- r universaluri – sayovel-
nidebis ojaxSi erTiandebian. am ojaxis Tao, yvelgan miRebuli
SigniT klasifikacia ukanasknel aTwleu- r diferenciacia – ca-
lebSi araerTxel Seicvala. es arcaa ga- lkeuli nawilebis gamoyofa,
sakviri, radganac mecnierebs xelT aqvT danawevreba
mxolod umniSvnelo naSTebi, romelTa r rekonstruqcia – aRdgena
Seswavla da erTmaneTTan Sedareba Zalze
r proto – wina, Zveli
garTulebulia.
Tavi pirveli

tradiciulad, hominidebs uwodebdnen r genetikAADFGHa – mecniereba orga-

Tanamedrove adamianis uSualo winapre- nizmTa memkvidreobiTobisa
bs da maT monaTesave saxeobebs. yvela es da cvalebadobis kanonebis
saxeoba, Tanamedrove adamianis garda, ga- Sesaxeb
daSenebulia. r komponenti – Semadgeneli
adamianis msgavsi arsebebi – hominide- nawili
bi – afrikaSi ramdenime milioni wlis win
r kombinirebuli – sxvadasx-
gaCndnen. va nawilebis gaerTianebiT
uZveles naSTad dRes zogierTi mec- Seqmnili
nieri miiCnevs 2001 wels CadSi, afrikaSi
aRmoCenil, 7 milioni wlis winandel `Ca-
dis sahelanTropuss~, romelsac zedmet-
saxeli `tumai~ misces. man CamoarTva pirveloba masze 3-4 milioni wliT ufro
axalgazrda avstralopiTeks, zedmetsaxelad `liusis~.
2,5 milioni wlisaa homo habilisi – `marjve adamiani~, adamianTa (homo) gvaris
CvenTvis cnobilTagan yvelaze adreuli warmomadgeneli, romelic adamianis
uSualo winaprad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas adamianismagvari sxva arsebebisgan
gamoarCevda, pirvel rigSi, tvinis zoma. igi ara marto iyenebda sxvadasxva
sagnebs iaraRad, rasac zogi cxovelic axerxebs, aramed TviTon amzadebda qvis
primitiul iaraRs. amitomac ewoda `marjve~.
misi savaraudo STamomavali, homo ereqtusi – `gamarTulad mosiarule
adamiani~ daaxl. 2-1,8 milioni wlis win gaCnda da man TandaTan aiTvisa evra-
zia. zogi mecnieri am saxeobis mravali variaciis arsebobas varaudobs, zogic

12
mis gverdiT gamoyofs sxva saxeobebs – homo ergaster, homo georgikus, anu
`qarTveli~, misi aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT.
adamianis uZvelesi sadgomebi afrikis farglebs gareT aRmoCnda saqarTve-
loSi, dmanisSi (daaxl. 1,8 milioni wlis winandeli), agreTve espaneTSi, indoeT-
Si, CineTSi, indoneziaSi.

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

dmaniseli adamiani
dmanisel adamians zogi mkvlevari homo ereqtusis saxeobas miakuTvnebda,
zogi – homo ergasterisas, zogic calke gamoyofs homo georgikuss, rogorc
gardamaval saxeobas homo habilissa da homo ereqtuss Soris.
dmanisSi araerTi adamianis naSTebia aRmoCenili. ori yvelaze kargad Senaxu-
li Tavis qalis patronebs saxelad mzia da zezva daarqves. am aRmoCenam didad
gazarda saqarTvelos mniSvneloba kacobriobis saerTo warsulis Seswavlis
saqmeSi da qarTveli mecnierebic CaerTvnen am sakiTxebis Semswavlel saer-
TaSoriso qselSi.
ganviTarebis am etapze adamianma SedarebiT daxvewa qvis iaraRi, Seqmna kom-
binirebuli iaraRi qvis, xis, Zvlis komponentebis gamoyenebiT. homo ereqtusma
pirvelma `moaTviniera~ da sakuTar samsaxurSi Caayena cecxli.
mogvianebiT, kvlav afrikidan gavrceldnen adamianis sxva, ufro maRalgan-
viTarebuli saxeobebi – `haidelbergeli adamiani~, neandertaleli da Tanamed-
rove adamiani – homo sapiens, `gonieri an moazrovne adamiani~.

homo sapiensi
homo sapiensi daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win gaCnda da daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis
win man sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo (homo sapiensis ganviTarebis
Sedegad Camoyalibebul Tanamedrove adamians homo sapiens sapiensadac moixse-

homo habilisi homo ereqtusi

13
 nieben). dRes homo sapiensi adamianis erTaderTi saxeobaa, sxvebma ver gauZles
masTan konkurencias, ver moaxerxes klimatur cvlilebebTan Tu bunebis sxva
gamowvevebTan adaptacia da gadaSendnen, gonierma adamianma ki TiTqmis mTeli
planeta aiTvisa. daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis win is gamoCnda evraziaSi, 40 aTasi wlis
win – okeaniaSi da bolos, 14 aTasi wlis win amerikasac miaRwia.
garkveuli drois manZilze evropaSi neandertaleli da homo sapiensi Ta-
naarsebobdnen. mecnierebi dRes intensiurad swavloben am saxeobaTa Tanaar-
sebobas, maT urTierTdamokidebulebas, Sejvarebis SesaZleblobas. calkeuli
naSTebidan moxerxda dnm-is analizis aReba. am analizebis safuZvelze naTeli
gaxda, rom neandertalelsa da homo sapienss saerTo winapari daaxl. 500 aTasi
wlis win unda hyolodaT da isini arc erT saxeobas, arc uSualo winaparsa da
mis memkvidres ar warmoadgendnen. genetikurma analizma Searyia aseve erT
dros sakmaod popularuli Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis warmoSoba pla-
netaze sxvadasxva adgilas erTdroulad mimdinareobda. dRes mecnierebs ga-
moTvlili aqvT, rom mitoqondriebis mixedviT homo sapiensis saxeobis yvela
qals erTi winapari qali hyavda – e. w. `mitoqondriuli eva~, xolo yvela kacs,
qromosomis mixedviT, erTi winapari kaci – `adami~. sainteresoa, rom es adami
da eva ramdenime aTeuli aTasi wliT arian erTmaneTisagan daSorebulni, ma-
gram orive afrikelia da swored aqedan unda momxdariyo adamianis xelaxali
gansaxleba planetaze. H
Tavi pirveli

uZvelesi adamiani moixmarda imas, rasac mas buneba sTavazobda – agrovebda

sakvebad vargis mcenareebsa Tu mis nayofs, nadirobda, Tevzaobda. igi sxvadasx-
va masalisgan – qvisgan, Zvlisgan, xisgan, amzadebda iaraRs, romelsac iyenebda,
pirvel rigSi, sakvebis mosapoveblad. cxovelis tyavisa da mcenareuli masa-
lisgan igi amzadebda agreTve tansacmels, romelic mas sicivisgan, mcxunvare
mzisgan an cxovelis kbenisgan icavda.
Tavdapirvelad adamianTa mcire jgufebi – jogebi uvlidnen mozrdil te-
ritorias sakvebis mopovebisa da usafrTxo droebiTi sadgomis moZebnis miz-
niT. saukeTeso sanadiro da sacxovrebeli adgilebis Ziebam adamiani miiyvana
Cveni planetis yvela kuTxeSi, sadac cxovrebisaTvis met-naklebad Sesaferisi
pirobebi iyo. gaazrebuli koleqtiuri qmedebebi da damatebiT saSualebaTa
gamoyeneba garemo pirobebTan adaptaciisas zrdida adamianis warmatebis Se-
saZleblobas sruliad gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. swored garemosTan
adaptaciis Sedegia is rasobrivi gansxvavebebi, rac dRes sxvadasxva kontinen-
tis mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris SeimCneva.
daaxl. 70 aTasi wlis win, savaraudod, kunZul sumatraze tobas vulkanuri
superamofrqvevis Semdeg daiwyo intensifikacia procesisa, romelsac `didi
gamyinvareba~ ewodeba da romelmac planetaze mosaxle adamianebis didi nawi-
li Seiwira, magram gadarCenilebi gamoawrTo da Semdgomi warmatebebisTvis
Seamzada.
yinulis ukan daxevis Semdeg, daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis win iqmneba xelSemwyobi
pirobebi demografiuli zrdisa da axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.

14
 uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba
homo sapiensi

klasSi samuSao

1. CamoTvaleT adamianis Camoyalibebis anTropologiuri safexurebi. daaxa­

siaTeT isini.
2. ram gamoarCia adamianis msgavsi pirveli arsebebi cxovelTa samyarosagan?
3. ra SeiZleba miviCnioT homo ereqtusis `did gamarjvebad~?
4. ratom sWirdebodaT adamianebs koleqtiuri moqmedeba?

saSinao davaleba

1. ewvieT saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums. moiZieT aseve masalebi muzeumis veb-

gverdze da klasisTvis moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: `pirveli adamianebi
saqarTveloSi~.

15
 3. socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema

pirvelyofili jogi
Tavdapirvelad adamianebi mcire jogebad cxovrobdnen. am jogSi, iseve,
rogorc sxva cocxal arsebaTa nebismier erTad mcxovreb jgufSi, arsebobda
garkveuli socialuri organizacia, ierarqia da funqciaTa danawileba. mecnie-
rebs ar aqvT zusti warmodgena am urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb da maT Seswavlas sxva-
dasxva saSualebiT cdiloben: dRes arsebuli primitiuli tomebis, cxovelTa,
pirvel rigSi, primatebis sociumebis, arqeologiuri masalis SeswavliT da am
monacemTa urTierTSepirispirebiT. cxadia, ikveTeba garkveuli kanonzomie-
rebebi, romlebic adamianTa nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo Cans, magram
agreTve sakmao gansxvavebebic, romlebic ganpirobebulia garemo pirobebiTa
Tu sxva racionaluri an jerac amoucnobi mizezebiT.
adamianTa jogebSi maTi raodenobis zrda, iaraRis daxvewa, yoveldRiuri
saqmianobis gamravalferovneba iwvevda socialuri organizaciis, adamianebs
Soris urTierTobaTa sistemis garTulebas. ukve dmaniseli homo georgikusi,
Tavi pirveli

rogorc es mecnierebma calkeuli naSTebis Seswavlis Sedegad daadgines, zru-

navda ara marto sakuTari Tavisa da STamomavlobis gamokvebaze, e. i. gadarCe-
nasa da gamravlebaze, aramed sazogadoebis umweo, moxuc wevrebzec.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba adamianTa Soris urTierTobebSi komunikaciis
saSualebas – enas eniWeba. dRes mecnierebi intensiurad swavloben sxvadasxva
cxovelis `enas~ – emociisa da informaciis gadacemas ZiriTadad xmovani signa-
lis meSveobiT. cxadia, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, amgvari komunikaciis
saSualeba hominidebsa da adamiansac hqonda. magram danawevrebuli metyveleba,
romlis saSualebiTac martivi emociebisa da informaciis garda, abstraqtuli
cnebebis, azrebis, dagrovili codnis gadacema da ganzogadebaa SesaZlebeli,
savaraudod, homo sapienss ukavSirdeba da es unari aTaswleulebis manZilze
ixveweboda.
rogorc irkveva, cxovelebs esmiT ara marto sakuTari saxeobis, aramed eko-
sistemaSi mcxovrebi sxva cxovelis signalebic. aseve adamianis Zvel saxeobeb-
sac ar unda hqonodaT komunikaciis Tu `urTierTgagebis~ problema sakuTari
saxeobis farglebSi an mis gareT. Sesabamisad, jogi SeiZleba met-naklebad
mdgradic yofiliyo da sakmaod cvalebadic, romelSic mcire jgufebi mcire
xniT erTiandebodnen arsebobisaTvis erToblivad brZolis mizniT.

gvari da Temi
komunikaciis saSualebis – enis daxvewa-ganviTareba da sociumSi urTier-
TobaTa gaRrmaveba-garTuleba paraleluri procesebia, romlebsac mivyavarT
axlo naTesavTa myari gaerTianebis, gvaris warmoqmnisaken. erT teritoriaze
mcxovreb ramdenime gvars SeiZleba hqonoda erTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSirebi,
16
erToblivi interesebi: teritoriis ucxoTagan dacva, did cxovelebze erTo-
blivi nadiroba. binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlasTan erTad, izrdeba calkeul
sociums Soris mWidro TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, rogorc TavdacviTi,
aseve sameurneo mizniT. ramdenime monaTesave an mezobeli gvari qmnida Tems.
garemo pirobebisa da sxvadasxva mosazrebis gamo, Tems SeiZleboda erT mWi-

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

dro dasaxlebaSi ecxovra, an gafantulad, mis mier kontrolirebul mTel
teritoriaze. erTi an zogjer ramdenime Temis wevrebs, saerTo interesebis
garda, aerTianebda komunikaciis saSualeba – saerTo ena. amgvar gaerTianebas
SeiZleba tomi vuwodoT.
garTulebul socialur urTierTobebs Tan axlda sazogadoebis wevrebs
Soris ierarqiis daxvewa da funqciaTa ganawileba. gvars Taobda zrdasruli,
Zlieri da gamocdili individi. sxvadasxva drosa Tu regionSi meTauri SeiZle-
ba qalic yofiliyo da kacic.

matriarqati da patriarqati
mecnierebi miiCnevdnen, rom `qalis batonobis~ periodi, matriarqati kaco-
briobis ganviTarebis universaluri safexuri iyo, romelsac mosdevda aseve
universaluri safexuri `kacis batonobisa~ – patriarqati. dRes es aRaraa
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli. marTalia, arsebobs calkeuli SemTxveva, sadac qa-
lis pirveloba met-naklebad dasturdeba, magram ZiriTadad sociumis lideri
kaci iyo. sxva sakiTxia, rom naTesaobis dadgena qalis xaziT ufro ioli iyo da,
Sesabamisad, pirveloba memkvidreobiT matrilinearulad, e.i. qalis meSveobiT
gadaecemoda. mamidan Svilze Zalauflebis gadacema mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda
SesaZlebeli, rac qorwinebasa da ojaxTan dakavSirebulma wesebma met-naklebad
ucilobeli gaxades mamobis dadgena.
odiTganve qalsa da kacs Soris funqciebi
danawilebuli iyo. kaci ZiriTadad nadirobda
da orfexa Tu oTxfexa mters igeriebda, qali ki
bavSvebs zrdida, mcenareul sakvebs agrovebda
da sxvadasxva Sinaur saqmes akeTebda.
binadar cxovrebasa da warmoebiT meurne-
obaze gadasvlasTan erTad kacma SeinarCuna
garesamyarosTan urTierTobis funqcia, xolo
meurneobaSi ZiriTadad iseT saqmes akeTebda,
rasac uxeSi fizikuri Zala metad sWirdeboda.
qali kidev ufro Caiketa saxlSi da Sinameur-
neobaSi.
soflis meurneobisa da xelosnobis dargebis
gaCenam gamoiwvia erTgvari specializacia gva-
risa Tu Temis wevrebs Soris, gaRrmavda Sromis
danawileba. Temsa da tomSi gaCnda fena, beladi
da uxucesebi, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoTavi-
sufldnen yoveldRiuri Sromisagan da sazoga-
doebis dacvisa da marTvis funqcia itvirTes. deda-RvTaeba

17
 cxadia, rom Tavdapirvelad mterTan dapirispirebaSi Tu koleqtiur nadi-
robaSi Tavkacobas fizikuri ZaliTa da Wkua-gonebiT, gamocdilebiT gamor-
Ceul kacs andobdnen. qonebrivi diferenciaciis gaCenis Semdeg, mdidari da
warCinebuli gvarebi axerxebdnen Zalauflebis SedarebiT didi xniT, TaobaTa
manZilze dapatronebas, radgan maT hqondaT meti saSualeba, rom pirvelobis
pretendenti gamoewrToT da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisTvis moemzadebinaT.
TandaTanobiT xelisufleba memkvidreobiTad iqca, jer ojaxis farglebSi
gadadioda uxucesze, Semdeg ki mamidan ufros vaJze.
tomisa Tu Temis Tavkacsa da uxucesebs mravali funqcia hqondaT. garda
omSi winamZRolobisa, isini arCevdnen davebs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris,
aRasrulebdnen samarTals, maTve ekisrebodaT sxvadasxva ritualis Catareba.

uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi da xelovneba

dRes gadaWriT verafers vityviT uZvelesi adamianismagvari arsebebis re-
ligiurobis Sesaxeb, Tumca gamoTqmulia eWvi, rom maTac SeiZleba hqonodaT
garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebi garemomcveli samyarosa Tu erTmaneTs Soris
urTierTobaTa wesebis Sesaxeb. `gonier adamians~, homo sapienss misi arsebo-
bis adreul xanaSive Camouyalibda rwmena-warmodgenaTa erTgvari kompleqsi,
romelic aiZulebda Caetarebina ritualebi, daekrZala Tavisi micvalebuli,
daexata Tu gamoeZerwa adamianebisa da cxovelebis gamosaxulebebi.
Tavi pirveli

adamianis uZvelesi warmodgenebis rekonstruqcia dRes mxolod pirobiT

xerxdeba, sxvadasxva saxis masalisa da analogiebis kompleqsuri SeswavliT.
cxadia, rom adamiani ar grZnobda samyaroSi Tavs marto da mas intensiuri ur-
TierToba hqonda rogorc xorciel arsebebTan, ise sulebTan. gardacvlili
winaprebisa da axloblebis sulebis keTilganwyoba da Tanadgoma maT yovel-
dRiurad sWirdebodaT. cxovelebisa Tu bunebis movlenebis sulebTan kontaq-
ti maT warmatebuli nadirobis, kargi amindis Tu usafrTxoebis imeds aZlevda.
ama Tu im nivTs an gamosaxulebas aseve hqonda Zala, raTa adamians daxmareboda,
an misTvis evno.
axali drois eTnografiuli kvleva, romelic dRevandeli msoflios nakle-
bad civilizebuli, `veluri~ xalxebis cxovrebas swavlobs, saintereso masalas
gvaZlevs Cveni Soreuli winaprebis azrebisa da ocnebebis amosacnobad. aseTi
tomebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda primitiul religiaTa nairsaxeobebi
(fetiSizmi, totemizmi, Samanizmi da sxv.), agreTve maTi, rogorc universaluri
stadiebis Tanmimdevroba. dRes mecnierebs ukve eWvi eparebaT imaSi, rom garda
zogadi kanonzomierebebisa, arsebobda universaluri stadiebi Zveli religie-
bis ganviTarebaSi. mravalferovani adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi SeiZleba war-
moqmnides garkveul saazrovno stereotipebs, romlebic Zalze myaria da met-
naklebad ucvlelad darCa aTaswleulebis manZilze, ama Tu im xalxis maRal
civilizaciebTan ziarebis Semdegac ki. sxva SemTxvevaSi rwmena-warmodgenaTa
sxvadasxva elementebis kanonzomieri Tu SemTxveviTi kombinaciebi gvaZlevs
SesaZlo Sedegebis did siWreles, romlis klasifikacia yovelTvis ar xerxdeba.
mecnierebs Soris sadavod rCeba sakiTxi, rodis gaCnda adamianebSi Rmer-
Tis – maradiuli, gonieri da Tu ara yovlisSemZle, Zlieri arsebis cneba. zogs

18
miaCnia, rom es xdeba mxolod religiur warmodgenaTa SedarebiT gviandel
etapze, civilizaciis zRurblze. sxvani ki fiqroben, rom uZvelesi adamiani
ara mxolod icnobda am cnebas, aramed mas bevrad ufro uSualo kontaqti
hqonda RmerTTan da sulier samyarosTan, vidre es civilizaciis pirobebSia
da amis sabuTs Zvel religiur gadmocemebSi xedaven – adami da eva `bibliur~

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

samoTxeSi, hesiodes `oqros xana~ da sxv.
adamianis rwmena-warmodgenebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli uZvelesi xe-
lovneba. naxatebi gamoqvabulebis kedlebze, qvisa da Zvlisgan gamoTlili an
Tixisgan gamoZerwili figurebi, savaraudod, Zveli ritualebis ganuyofel
nawils warmoadgendnen. aseve ritualis Semadgeneli unda yofiliyo cekva da
simRera. magram maT adamianis gaxaliseba da misTvis esTetikuri siamovnebis
miniWebac SeeZloT. ritualuris garda, esTetikuri, anu samkaulis funqcia
SeiZleboda hqonoda mZivebs, samajurebsa Tu sxva aqsesuarebs, romlebsac
gonieri adamiani aTeulaTasobiT wlis win amzadebda.
rogorc vnaxeT, uZvelesi droidan adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli misi meurneobis formasTan, rac sazogadoebis
kompleqsuri Seswavlis saWiroebas ganapirobebs. zogi mecnieruli mimdina-
reoba, gansakuTrebiT ki, marqsizmi ekonomikas adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTad,
ganmsazRvrel sferod miiCnevs da, Sesabamisad, kacobriobis istorias yofs
periodebad `social-ekonomikuri formaciebis~ mixedviT, rasac sabWoTa dros
gamocemul araerT wignSi waawydebiT. marqsizms mimdevrebi dResac hyavs,
gansakuTrebiT maT Soris, vinc Zveli samyaros sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur
istorias swavlobs.
uZvelesi adamiani am klasifikaciiT eqceva `pirvelyofili formaciis~ an
`wyobis~ safexurze, romelsac agreTve `gvarovnulsac~ uwodeben, radgan Semg-
roveblobidan warmoebaze gadasvlis Semdeg adamianuri sazogadoebis ZiriTad
ujreds gvari warmoadgens. am etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-naklebad
Tanasworuflebiani, erTmaneTTan naTesaobiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis er-
Toblivi cxovreba da Sroma.

pirvelyofili adamianis naxati gamoqvabulis kedelze

19
 es sainteresoa

matriarqati

mecnierebi miiCneven, rom yvelaze tipur matriarqalur TemSi erTiandeboda 200-

300 naTesavi qalis xaziT. mas saTaveSi edga `ufrosi~ qali, zogjer ki misi Zma. Temis
SigniT arsebobda mravali mcire jgufi, romlebic Sedgeboda qalis, misi Svilebisa
da SviliSvilebisagan. am `ojaxebisgan~ iqmneboda `dedis~ Temi, romelsac erTob-
livad ekuTvnoda miwis nakveTi. sxva saxis sakuTreba ki dedisgan qaliSvilebs gadae-
cemodaT.

arsebobda matriarqalur-patriarqaluri wesrigis saxeobac: tomi orad iyo gayofi-

li – qalebad da kacebad. TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebeli iyo meorisgan.

matriarqalur sazogadoebebSi araerT qalRmerTs scemdnen Tayvans. umaRles RvTae-

bad ki iTvleboda deda-RvTaeba.

matriarqaluri wyobis calkeul niSan-Tvisebebi dRemde SemorCa zogierT primi-

tiul toms.
Tavi pirveli

leqsikoni

r sociumi – gakveuli r stereotipi – movlene-

principebis (moraluri, bis aRqma Camoyalibebu-
eTikuri da a.S.) safuZve- li, SemuSavebuli Sexe-
lze Seqmnili adamianTa dulebebis mixedviT
jgufi, sazogadoeba

klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT enis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi.

2. ra gamaerTianebeli faqtorebi arsebobda gvarisaTvis? ris safuZvelze
iqmneboda tomi?
3. ra pirobebSi Caeyara safuZveli xelisuflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemas?
4. ra mniSvneloba aqvs dRevandeli `aracivilizebuli~ xalxebis eTnogra-
fiul Seswavlas?
5. gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT daaxasiaTeT mat-
riarqati. Tqveni azriT, ris gamo Seicvala matriarqati patriarqatiT?

20
4. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

istoria uZvelesi, winaistoriuli xa-
nis periodizaciisaTvis iyenebs arqeo-
logebis mier miRebul terminologias,
romelic emyareba adamianis mier iaraRis
dasamzadeblad gamoyenebul ZiriTad ma-
salas, kerZod – qvis xana, brinjaos xana,
rkinis xana.
qvis xana
leqsikoni
r pleistoceni – dedamiwis
arsebobis `meoTxeuli~ pe-
riodi. iwyeba daaxl. 2,6 mln
wlis win da sruldeba 11,7
aTasi wlis win.
r proto (berZn. protos
– pirve-
li) – pirveladi, sawyisi

qvis xana, Tavis mxriv, iyofa samad – Zve-

li qvis xana, paleoliTi; Sua qvis xana, me-
zoliTi da axali qvis xana, neoliTi.
adamianis arsebobis udidesi periodia Zveli qvis xana, paleoliTi, rome-
lic qvis sakmaod primitiuli iaraRiT xasiaTdeba. uxeSad damuSavebul qvas
daumuSaveblisgan specialistis Tvali Tu gaarCevs. qvis damuSavebis teqnikis
mixedviT gamoyofen qveda, Sua da zemo paleoliTs.
qveda da Sua paleoliTi adamianis Zveli saxeobebis arsebobis xanaa. zeda
paleoliTSi ki `gonieri adamiani~ gamodis asparezze.
paleoliTi moicavs kacobriobis istoriis 99%-s, drois monakveTs adamianis
gaCenidan da daaxl. 20-12 aTasi wlis win sxvadasxva regionSi icvleba mezoli-
TiT, Sua qvis xaniT, romelic ramdenime aTasi weli gagrZelda.
momdevno periodi – neoliTi (axali qvis xana) formalurad xasiaTdeba qvis
damuSavebis axali teqnikiT, adamianma iswavla qvis gaxvreta, gaprialeba, mis-
Tvis sasurveli, sakmaod daxvewili formis micema. am niSniT arqeologi Seuc-
domlad miakuTvnebs Tavis aRmoCenas neoliTs. magram am periodSi moxda sxva
umniSvnelovanesi, revoluciuri Zvrebi adamianis cxovrebaSi.

`neoliTuri revolucia~
`neoliTuri revolucia~ aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi texili kaco-
briobis istoriaSi, rodesac adamiani nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas sakuTari
sakvebis warmoebiTa (miwismoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da binadari cxovrebiT
anacvlebs. sxvadasxva mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis kvali mecnierebs
msoflios mraval kuTxeSi aRmouCeniaT. axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebareobda
yvelaze Zveli (daaxl. 10 000 wlis winandeli) da mniSvnelovani kera, romelic
`nayofieri naxevarmTvaris~ saxeliTaa cnobili.
miuxedavad saxelisa `revolucia~, rac Cvens cnobierebaSi swraf da radika-
lur cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo da
aTaswleulebs moicavda.
21
 Zvlis iaraRebi

Tavad saxeli `neoliTuri revolucia~ gordon Caildma gamoiyena gasuli

saukunis 20-ian wlebSi axlo aRmosavleTis agrokulturuli (samiwaTmoqmedo)
Tavi pirveli

revoluciis aRsaniSnavad.
mainc ram aiZula adamiani planetis sxvadasxva wertilSi sakvebis mopovebi-
dan mis warmoebaze gadasuliyo? am kiTxvaze mecnierebs ar aqvT erTi pasuxi.
Tavad gordon Caildi emxroboda `oazisis Teorias~, romlis Tanaxmadac
mSrali klimatis dasadgurebam gamoiwvia adamianebisa da cxovelebis didi
koncentracia sicocxlis momcemi wyaroebis garSemo, sadac moxda kidec cxo-
velebisa da mcenareebis moSinaureba. dRes neoliTis xanaSi amgvari klimaturi
cvlilebebi TiTqos ar dasturdeba. Tumca klimati ama Tu im formiT SeiZleba
am revoluciis gamomwvevi faqtori yofiliyo. SesaZloa, gamyinvarebis Semdgom
didi cxovelebis gawyvetam aiZula adamiani, sakvebis axali wyaro eZebna. kli-
matis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli dRevandeli SiSis fonze gaCnda azri, rom
neoliTis xanaSi stabilurma klimatma ganapiroba miwaTmoqmedebis gaCena.
mniSvnelovani faqtori unda yofiliyo demografiuli – adamianebis ricxvis
mkveTri zrda garkveul teritoriaze.
miwaTmoqmedeba SeiZleboda Casaxuliyo axlo aRmosavleTSi tavrosisa da
zagrosis mTebis nayofier ferdobebze, sadac mravlad iyo iolad moSinaure-
badi cxovelebi da mcenareebi. moSinaurebis procesi, SesaZloa, evoluciuric
(TandaTanobiTi, bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi) yofiliyo. nayofier adgileb-
Si sakvebad vargisi mcenareebis dacva da movla TandaTanobiT miwaTmoqmedebis
saxes iZenda. uZvelesi kulturuli mcenareebia xorbali da qeri. neoliTis
xanas ganekuTvneba vazis moSinaurebac. Sinauri yurZnis dReisaTvis cnobili
uZvelesi naSTebi samxreT saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili.
jer kidev mezoliTSi, daaxl. 15 aTasi wlis win unda damegobrebuliyvnen
adamiani da ZaRli – pirveli moSinaurebuli cxoveli.

22
 ukanaskneli gamokvlevebis fonze ZaRlis gaCenis, anu mglis moSinaurebis
procesi mecnierebs amgvarad warmoudgeniaT:
adamianTa ricxvis zrda da met-naklebad stabiluri dasaxlebebis gaCena
gaxda nagavsayrelis warmoSobis mizezi. es ukanaskneli ki gareuli cxovele-
bisaTvis sakvebis SedarebiT iolad mopovebis saSualebas iZleoda da qmnida

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

axal garemos, romelSic SedarebiT Tvinier da adamianTan Semguebel indivi-
debs meti perspeqtiva hqondaT. SedarebiT mokle droSi amgvari gadarCevis
Sedegad mglebis erTma jgufma ganicada transformacia da proto-ZaRlad
iqca. genetikuri kvlevis mixedviT, es procesi CineTis teritoriaze unda
warmarTuliyo. ZaRlebis jiSebis mTeli dRevandeli mravalferovneba am Ci-
nuri proto-ZaRlidan unda iyos warmomdgari. adamianisa da ZaRlis megobroba
aRmoCnda uaRresad produqtiuli adamianisaTvis – man ganapiroba axali teri-
toriebis aTviseba, meurneobis axali dargebis, maT Soris, mecxvareobis gaCena.
saqarTvelos teritoriazec neoliTis xanaSi xdeba gadasvla mwarmoeblur
meurneobaze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi adreul neoliTSi viTardeba mesa-
qonleoba, arqeologiur masalaSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi Cndeba
marcvleuli kulturebis – fetvis, xorblis, qeris, agreTve yurZnis warmoebis
niSnebi.
sakvebis mopovebis wesis Secvlas mniSvnelovani Zvrebi mohyva sazoga-
doebaSi. Tanasworuflebian adamianTa mcire da mobiluri jgufebi, romle-
bic aTaswleulTa manZilze imiT ikvebebodnen, rasac maT buneba sTavazobda,
iwyeben soflebisa da qalaqebis Senebas. maT garSemo icvleba bunebrivi ga-
remoc. miwaTmoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saqmianoba, mag.,
irigacia (sarwyavi sistemebis mowyoba) iZleoda zedmeti produqtis Seqmnis
saSualebas. aman, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis zrdas, Sromis danawi-
lebas, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis gaCenas. viTardeboda xelovneba, arqiteqtu-
ra, sazogadoebrivi Tu politikuri struqturebi, gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba
da damwerloba. am yovelives vxvdebiT samxreT SuamdinareTis (mdinareebis
– evfratisa da tigrosis auzebSi, dRevandeli erayis teritoria) Sumerul
qalaqebSi jer kidev 5-6 aTasi wlis win. swored aq mTavrdeba preistoriuli
(winareistoriuli) xana da iwyeba istoriuli dro.

Zvlis savarcxlebi. xramis didi

gora, Zv. w. VI aTaswleuli

23
 adamianis
epoqa maxasiaTeblebi
saxeobebi
Zveli qvis xana, monadireTa da Semgrove- hominidebi: homo habilisi,
paleoliTi belTa xana. kaJisgan iaraRis homo ereqtusi, homo sapiensi.
damzadeba Sua paleoliTSi homo nean-
dertalensisi da homo sapiens
sapiensi

Sua qvis xana, iwyeba pleistocenis dasas- homo sapiens

mezoliTi ruli evropaSi. monadireebma sapiensi
da Semgroveblebma iswavles
ufro daxvewili iaraRebis
damzadeba qvisa da Zvlisagan,
aseve daiwyes mSvild-isris
gamoyeneba.

axali qvis xana, `neoliTuri revoluciis~ homo sapiens

neoliTi dros axlo aRmosavleTSi sapiensi
Cndeba keramikis pirveli
Tavi pirveli

nakeTobebi (daaxl. Zv.w.

12000). yalibdeba meurneobis
warmarTvis axali xerxebi
– miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqon-
leoba, romelic ufro gvian
evropaSic vrceldeba. gvian
neoliTs erwymis spilenZis
xana, halkoliTi anu eneo-
liTi. es ukanaskneli xasiaT-
deba sawarmoo revoluciiT,
romlis umTavresi niSania
liTonis iaraRebis gaCena.

brinjaos xana metalurgiis gavrceleba homo sapiens

iZleva liTonebis (oqro, sapiensi
vercxli, brinjao) mopove-
bisa da damuSavebis saSuale-
bas. iqmneba pirveli werilo-
biTi Zeglebi wina aziasa da
egeosis zRvis auzSi.

rkinis xana homo sapiens

sapiensi

24
 klasSi samuSao

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

1. ra mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli adamianisaTvis qvis damuSavebis srulyofas?
2. ras warmoadgens `oazisuri Teoria~?
3. ra saxis cvlilebebi mohyva sakvebis mopovebis axali wesis damkvidrebas?
4. gaecaniT cxrils da moawyveT diskusia adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

saojaxo WurWeli

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da dawereT Tema `neoliTuri revoluciis~

Sesaxeb.

25
 II Zveli msoflio

5. saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Teoriebi saxelmwifos

warmoSobis Sesaxeb

RmerTebi da gmirebi
Zvel samyaroSi saxelmwifo, samefo RvTaebriv Semoqmedebad ganixileboda.
Sumeruli `mefeTa siidan~, magaliTad, vigebT, rom `mefoba cidan Camovida~,
anu RmerTebis dadgenilia:
`mefoba cidan rom Camovida, eriduSi iyo mefoba... warRvnis Semdeg mefoba
cidan Camovida da qiSSi iyo mefoba...~.
sxva Sumeruli teqstis Tanaxmad, samefos sazRvrebic RmerTebis nebis Se-
sabamisadaa gansazRvruli:
`RvTaeba enlilma, qveynierebis meufem, RvTaebebis mamam, Tavisi uryevi si-
tyviT RvTaeba ningirsusa (qalaq lagaSis mfarveli RvTaeba) da RvTaeba Saras
(qalaq umas mfarveli RvTaeba) daudgina Tavisi sazRvrebi, xolo mesilimma,
qiSis mefem, Tavisi RvTaebis sarTanas TanxmobiT miuzoma maT miwebi da samanic
Caagdo.~
Zvel aRmosavleTSic da antikur samyaroSic gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve
meore modeli, rodesac qalaqs an samefos gmiri aarsebs. xSirad es daarsebis
Tavi meore

ambavi Sesaqmis miTis qargazea agebuli, sadac RvTaebas RvTaebrivi warmoSobis

gmiri, xolo samyaros – qalaqi enacvleba.
samefos damaarsebel gmirTa didi nawilis Tavgadasavali msgavsi sqemiTaa
gadmocemuli: winaswarmetyvelebis meSveobiT misi saqmeebi jer kidev mis daba-
debamde xdeba cnobili. mefe brZanebs arasasurveli bavSvis mospobas, magram is
saswaulebrivad gadarCeba, mtris Tvals mofarebuli gaizrdeba, davaJkacdeba
da aRasrulebs, rac winaswar iyo gansazRvruli. daaxloebiT amgvarad mogviTx-
roben wyaroebi sargon aqadelis, mikenis pirveli mefis persevsis, romis da-
maarsebeli romulusis, sparseTis imperiis Semqmneli kirosis da sxva mravali
gmiris Sesaxeb. igive sqema garkveulwilad esadageba mosesac da qristesac.

ZvelberZnuli warmodgenebi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

saxelmwifos aA rsze, warmoSobis meqanizmsa da mis funqciebze pirvelad Zve-
li berZnebi dafiqrdnen. mizani, pirvel rigSi, praqtikuli iyo – saxelmwifo
mowyobis optimaluri formis povna, moqalaqeTa interesebis maqsimaluri
dacva, maTi cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es naazrevi aisaxa kanonmdeblobis dax-
vewisa da reformebis im talRaSi, romelmac berZnul polisebs Zv.w. VII-VI sauku-
neebSi gadauara. Tavisi kanonmdeblobiTa da reformebiT Svid berZen brZens
Soris sapatio adgili daimkvidra aTenelma solonma (Zv.w. 638-558).
saxelmwifos SeswavliT berZeni filosofosebic dainteresdnen. platoni
(Zv.w. 424/3-348/7) mimoixilavs saxelmwifos arsebul modelebs, maT av-kargs,
maT transformacias erTi wyobidan meoreSi da sakuTar idealur saxelmwifos
gvixatavs. iq mmarTveloba specialurad SerCeul da aRzrdil filosofo-
26
sebs ekuTvniT, xolo Tavad mmarTvelebi, miuker-
Zoebelni rom iyvnen, moklebulni arian ojaxsac
da kerZo sakuTrebasac. platoni miwveuli iyo
qalaq sirakuzSi kunZul siciliaSi, magram misi
ideebis xorcSesxma iq ver moxerxda. garkveulwi-
lad, platonis modelis calkeuli elementebi
aisaxa dRevandeli saxelmwifoebis mowyobaSi –
moxeleTa specialuri ganaTleba da karieruli
winsvlis safexurebi, maTi piradi cxovrebisa da
qonebrivi mdgomareobis gamWvirvalobis moTxo-
vna, interesTa konfliqtis cneba da sxva.
aristotele (Zv.w. 384-322), Tavisi maswavle-
blisa da ufrosi megobris, platonisagan gansx-
vavebiT, kerZo sakuTrebasa da xelovnebas qvey-
nisaTvis saxifaTod ar miiCnevda. Tavis naSromSi platoni
aTenis saxelmwifos Sesaxeb igi poliss (qalaq-
saxelmwifos; ix. Sesabamisi paragrafi) sazoga-
doebrivi mowyobis optimalur da bunebriv for-
mad miiCnevs da erTgvarad ojaxze da individ-

Zveli msoflio
ze maRla ayenebs. filosofosis azriT, polisi
warmoadgens adamianTa erTobas, Tanamegobro-
bas, romelic Seqmnilia saerTo sikeTisaTvis da
individs, `politikur arsebas~ Tavis keTilad
warmoCenis saSualebas aZlevs.

axali drois Teoriebi

`adamianTa mier saerTo sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili
erTobis~ idea `socialuri kontraqtis~ (sazo-
gadoebrivi xelSekrulebis) saxeliT gvxvdeba
Jan-Jak rusosa (1712-1778) da sxva ganmanaTle- aristotele

blebis politikur naazrevSi. ganmanaTleble-

bTan adamianis `bunebrivi mdgomareoba~ pirad Tavisuflebas da erTgvarad
civilizaciamdel primitiul yofas, `velurobas~ ukavSirdeba, rac dairRva
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis batonobiT. sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos `gonieri~
mowyoba unda dafuZneboda adamianis `bunebrivi uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs~
da `socialuri kontraqti~ amis ganxorcielebis saSualebad Canda.
ingliseli jon lokisa (1632-1704) da frangi Sarl-lui de monteskies (1689-
1755) naSromebSi gaanalizebulia xelisuflebis danawilebis principi, ro-
melic garkveulwilad jer kidev romis respublikaSi iyo ganxorcielebuli
da romelic pirvelma Zv.w. II saukunis istorikosma da politikurma moRvawem,
polibiosma Teoriulad ganixila Tavis `istoriaSi~. monteskie ganasxvavebs
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs. amgvari dayofa,
misi azriT, gamoricxavs mTeli Zalauflebis erTi piris xelSi Tavmoyras da
mis aramarTebul gamoyenebas.
27
 veluroba da civilizacia, primitiuli
yofa da saxelmwifo – ganmanaTleblobi-
dan moyolebuli, mravali moazrovne Se-
exo am dapirispirebebs sxvadasxva kuTxiT.
da mainc, sad gadis zRvari maT Soris, ro-
dis da rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo?
Sotlandieli ekonomistis, adam smitis
(1723-1790) Tanaxmad, ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis stadiebs – monadireoba-Semgroveb-
lobas, mesaqonleobas, miwaTmoqmedebasa
da komercias Seesabameba `sazogadoebri-
vi ganviTarebis stadiebi~ – velurobis,
barbarosobis, feodalizmisa da civili-
zaciis. pirvel stadiaze sazogadoeba `de-
mokratiulia~, meoreze Cndeba sakuTreba
da mmarTvelobis Canasaxovani formebi,
mesameze igi viTardeba `beladobidan~ `mo-
narqiamde~, xolo meoTxeze gvaqvs ukve Ca- adam smiti
moyalibebuli, civilizebuli saxelmwifo.
karl marqsis (1818-1883) moZRvrebac ekonomikur princips efuZneba. mis
Tanaxmad gamoiyofa Semdegi stadiebi Tu `social-ekonomikuri formaciebi~:
Tavi meore

pirvelyofili Temuri wyobileba, monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi, kapita-

lizmi, socializmi da komunizmi. amaTgan pirvelyofili Temuri wyobileba da
komunizmi – warmosaxviTi idealuri wyoba, romelic miwier samoTxes SeiZle-
ba SevadaroT, `uklaso sazogadoebebia~, e.i. sazogadoeba ar iyofa klasebad
meurneobaSi da sameurneo urTierTobebSi maTi adgilis mixedviT. monaTmf-

wyaro 1

herodote sparseTSi kirosis gamefebis Sesaxeb:

`mandanes kambisesTan cxovrebis pirvelsave wels astiagesma sizmari naxa. misi asu-
lis muclidan amosuliyo vazi da es vazi mTel azias mosdeboda. astiagesma naxa
es da mouxmo sizmris amxsnelebs, Tan gamoiZaxa sparseTidan Tavisi asuli, romel-
sac mSobiarobis dro mosvloda. mamam qals darajebi miuyena, radgan undoda misi
naSobi moespo. es imitom, rom sizmris mixedviT mogvTa Soris sizmris amxsnelebma
mas aniSnes, rom mis qaliSvils Svili SeeZineboda da igi gamefdeboda astiagesis
magivrad. amitom frTxilobda astiagesi da rogorc ki gaCnda kirosi, dauZaxa harpa-
goss…... da uTxra: `aiyvane bavSvi, romelic mandanem gaaCina, waiyvane Sens qveyanaSi da
mokali.~

harpagosma bavSvi mwyemss gadasca, man kirosi daindo da mis magivrad sakuTari
mkvdradSobili bavSvi gadaagdo, kirosi ki SviliviT aRzarda. kirosi gaizarda,
saTaveSi Caudga sparselebs, daepatrona papamisis taxtsa da midiis samefos, Semdeg
ki aqemenianTa Zlevamosili msoflio imperia Seqmna.

28
lobeloba, feodalizmi da kapitalizmi eFfuZneba dapirispirebuli klasebis –
eqsploatatorebisa da eqsploatirebulebis Tanacxovrebasa da Widils. monaT-
mflobelobisas eseni arian monebi da monaTmflobelebi, feodalizmSi – yma
glexebi da aznaurebi, miwaTmflobelebi, kapitalizmSi – muSebi da burJuazia
an kapitalistebi. socializmis dros klasebi jer kidev arsebobs, magram maT
Soris aRaraa antagonizmi da sazRvrebi TandaTanobiT iSleba. saxelmwifo,
rogorc `erTi klasis meoreze batonobis iaraRi~ arsebobs monaTmflobelo-
bis, feodalizmisa da kapitalizmis safexurebze, socializmisas ki TandaTan
funqciis dakargvasa da gaqrobas iwyebs.
XIX-XX saukuneebis sociologia, mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebas, masSi
mimdinare procesebs swavlobs, ZiriTad yuradRebas awmyos, mis analizs, misi
sasikeTod Secvlis SesaZleblobas uZRvnis. Soreuli warsulis Seswavla sak-
maod sqematurad xdeba da dRevandelobis interesebidan gamomdinareobs.
amdenad, Tanamedrove sociologiur moZRvrebaTa didi nawilisaTvis, msgav-
sad adam smitisa, `namdvili saxelmwifo~ is nacionaluri saxelmwifoebia,
romlebic axal droSi iwyebs Camoyalibebas evropaSi. rac Seexeba Zveli sam-
yaros saxelmwifoebs, maT swavloben ufro meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
rogorc calkeuli instituciisa Tu modelis magaliTs. SedarebiT met inte-
ress amJRavneben im mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebi, romlebic `cikluri~
Tu `spiraluri~ ganviTarebis ideas iziareben da, Sesabamisad, antikurobasa

Zveli msoflio
da dRevandelobas Soris sagrZnob paralelebs xedaven.

wyaro 2

Tukidide sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis transformaciasa da saxelmwifoebriobis

TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb:

`cxadia, rom axla eladad wodebul qveyanas cota xnis win gauCnda binadari mo-
saxleoba. Zvelad aq gadaadgildebodnen tomebi da yoveli tomi tovebda Tavis
sacxovriss ufro Zlieri momxvduris dawoliT. maSin jer ar arsebobda arc dRevan-
deli vaWroba da arc tomebs Soris urTierToba zRvasa Tu xmeleTze. miwas mxolod
imdenad amuSavebdnen, rom Tavi gamoekvebaT. maT ar gaaCndaT zedmeti qoneba da ar
rgavdnen xexils, radgan ar icodnen, rodis daesxmoda Tavs mteri da waarTmevda yve-
lafers, miT umetes, rom maTi dasaxlebebi ar iyo gamagrebuli. xalxi Tavisuflad
tovebda Tavis miwas im imediT, rom sxvaganac iolad moipovebda sarCos. amitom
ar hqondaT maT didi qalaqebi da mniSvnelovani avladideba. mosaxleobis aseTi
gadaadgilebebi metwilad qveynis yvelaze nayofier mxareebSi xdeboda _ Tesa-
liaSi, beotiaSi, peloponesis did nawilSi, radgan swored iq, sadac miwis nayofie-
rebas adamianisTvis keTildReoba mohqonda, Cdeboda samoqalaqo dapirispireba.
dasaxleba kargavda Tavdacvis unars da Tanac ucxoelTa sixarbes aRZravda. mwir
atikaSi didi xnis manZilze ar yofila SinaaSliloba da xalxic sul erTi cxovrob-
da. imis Sedegad, rom eladis sxva mxareebSi atikasTan SedarebiT, mosaxleoba swra-
fad izrdeboda, warCinebuli ltolvilebi mTeli eladidan iyridnen Tavs aTenSi,
sadac usafrTxod iyvnen da moqalaqeobasac iRebdnen~.

29
 sociologTa erTi nawilisaTvis, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, erisa da erovnu-
li saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba axal dros ukavSirdeba. meore ukiduresobaa
saxelmwifos warmoSobis sawarmoo meurneobaze gadasvlasTan da qonebrivi
uTanasworobis gaCenasTan dakavSireba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic uka-
nasknel xanebSi preistoriuli xanis mniSvnelovani dasaxlebebis gaTxrebis
fonze sul ufro met mimdevars iZens, saxelmwifoebriobis gaCena `neoliTuri
revoluciis~ Sedegia.
im momentis dadgena, rodesac SedarebiT ufro dabali donis sazogadoebri-
vi organizacia gadadis saxelmwifoSi, damokidebulia, erTi mxriv, imaze, Cven
ra azrs vdebT sityvaSi `saxelmwifo~, meore mxriv, Cvenamde moRweul masala-
ze, romelic saSualebas mogvcems, garkveuli momentisaTvis davadasturoT
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi niSnebis arseboba.
Tavi meore

klasSi samuSao

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaroebi, gamoyaviT maT Soris gansxvavebebi. istoriu-

li TvalsazrisiT, romeli wyaro geCvenebaT ufro faseulad? ratom?
2. SeadareT erTmaneTs platonisa da aristoteles Sexedulebebi saxelmwi-
fos Sesaxeb.
3. klasSi moawyveT diskusia saxelmwifos warmoSobis sxvadasxva Teoriebis
Sesaxeb.

30
6. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

saxelmwifos arsi leqsikoni

saocaria, magram is cnebebi, romelTa
mniSvnelobac, erTi SexedviT, TavisTa-
vad cxadia, Znelad eqvemdebareba zust
ganmartebas. aseT cnebaTa ricxvs gane-
kuTvneba `saxelmwifo~. CvenTvis udavoa,
rom saxelmwifo warmoadgens maRalorga-
nizebul sazogadoebriv erTobas Camoya-
libebuli mmarTvelobis aparatiT, magram
cnebis zusti ganmarteba, misi farglebis
dadgena, misi gamijvna sxva tipis ierar-
qiuli sociumebisgan did sirTuleebs
warmoaCens. akademiur wreebSi ar aris
r monopolia – gansakuTre-
buli ufleba, rac ekuTvnis
erT pirs, pirTa jgufs an
saxelmwifos.
r definicia – zusti
gansazRvra yvela arsebiTi
niSnebis saSualebiT.
r qarizmatuli lideri – wi-
namZRoli, romlis avto-
riteti emyareba xalxis
rwmenas misi `zeadamianuri~
SesaZleblobebis, gansakuT-

Zveli msoflio
Tanxmoba saxelmwifos definiciis Taoba- rebuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
ze da, marTalia, arsebul mravalricxovan
ganmartebebs bevri aqvT saerTo, isini gan-
sxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ra mizandasaxulobiT swavlobs saxelmwifos
am ganmartebis avtori, romel ideologiur mimdinareobas ganekuTvneba, saxel-
mwifos arsisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb romel Teorias iziarebs.
dRes SedarebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli germaneli sociologiis maqs ve-
beris definicia, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifo aris iZulebiTi politikuri
gaerTianeba centralizebuli mmarTvelobiT, romelsac aqvs Zalis gamoyenebis
monopoliuri ufleba garkveul teritoriaze.
es ganmarteba TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos aqvs:
• mmarTveloba (erTi piri an koleqtiuri organo), romlis xelisufleba-
sac aRiarebs sazogadoeba;
• teritoria, romelzec es xelisufleba xorcieldeba;
• Zala – is instrumenti, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba xelisufleba;
• samarTlebrivi baza, romlis safuZvelzec moqmedebs xelisufleba.
maqs veberis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis legitimaciis sami wyaro arsebobs:
1. tradicia. arsebuli mmarTveloba miCneulia RvTaebrivi wesrigis nawi-
lad, is yovelTvis iyo da iqneba;
2. qarizmatuli lideris erTguleba, misi Zalisa da siqvelis aRiareba;
3. racionalur-samarTlebrivi avtoriteti, romelic efuZneba mmarTvelis
xelisuflebaSi mosvlas kanonieri meqanizmis saSualebiT da mis mier
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas dawerili kanonebis mixedviT.

31
 saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba
marTalia, saxelmwifos aqvs iZulebis, wyaro 1

`legitimuri Zaladobis~ meqanizmi, magram xeTebis mefis TuTxalia IV-is

misi stabiluri arseboba warmoudgene- xelSekruleba TarxunTasas
lia garkveuli pozitiuri funqciis, misi mefe qurunTasTan (Zv.w. XIII
wevrebis individualuri Tu koleqtiuri s.):
interesebis gamoxatvisa Tu dacvis gare-
`ase ambobs Tabarna TuTxalia,
Se. pirvel yovlisa, esaa moqalaqeebis si-
didi mefe, mefis qveynisa, gmi-
cocxlisa da qonebis dacva, maT Soris Ta-
ri... mamaCemma qurunTa waiyvana
nacxovrebis wesebis dadgena da am wesebis
da is TarxunTasas qveyanaSi
ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa, koleq-
mefed dasva. xelSekruleba,
tiur RonisZiebaTa dagegmva da ganxor-
romelic mas mamaCemma daudo,
cieleba, individualuri aqtivobisaTvis
rogorc daudgina sazRvrebi,
xelSewyoba. yovelive amis sanacvlod ada-
mamaCemma Seqmna xelSekrulebis
miani Tanaxmaa, Seelios sakuTari uflebe-
firfita da is qurunTas aqvs...
bisa da Tavisuflebebis garkveul nawils
me, TuTxalia, didi mefe, jer
da saxelmwifo `Zaladobas~ Seeguos, ri-
kidev sanam gavmefdebodi, me
Tac xorcieldeba `socialuri kontraq-
da qurunTa ukve maSin dagva-
tis~ idea.
megobra RvTaebam... da erTma-
zog SemTxvevaSi cxovreba Tavad adgens
neTs SevficeT: `erTma meore
am kontraqtis pirobebs, rigiTi adamia-
Tavi meore

unda daicvas~... xolo rodesac

nis, gansakuTrebiT, dabali fenebis war-
mamaCemi RmerTi gaxda (=gar-
momadgenlis Tanxmoba pasiuri xasiaTisaa
daicvala), radgan qveynebi
da imaSi vlindeba, rom is ar uwevs winaaR-
ganze gadgnen, qurunTa im dros
mdegobas dadgenil wesebs. magram es mainc
mzad iyo CemTvis momkvdariyo
Tanxmobaa. adamians TiTqmis yovelTvis
da me micavda, fici, romelic
aqvs arCevani, monasac ki – mas SeeZlo gaq-
dadebuli hqonda, srulebiT ar
ceuliyo an ajanyebuliyo.
daurRvevia. xolo rodesac...
zog SemTxvevaSi kontraqti savsebiT
mefe gavxdi, qurunTasTvis xel-
realuria, mis SemuSavebaSi dainterese-
Sekruleba Semdegnairad Sevqme-
buli mxareebi monawileoben da urTier-
ni: ... TuTxalia, xaTis mefe, Sens
Txelsayrel SeTanxmebasac aRweven. amgva-
mefobas daicavs, TuTxalias
ri saxelmwifos nimuSad SeiZleba movita-
STamomavlobam qurunTas STa-
noT antikuri polisi, romelic, moqala-
momavlobis TarxunTasaSi mefo-
qeebisaTvis mainc, met-naklebad Tanaswor
ba aseve unda daicvas~.
uflebebsa da mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawi-
leobas uzrunvelyofda, agreTve SeTanx-
meba patronsa da ymas, siuzerensa da vasals Soris, romelic ZvelaRmosavlur
samyaroSic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da feodalur evropaSic.

saxelmwifos organizacia
patronisa da ymis kontraqti, omSi urTierTTanadgomis garda, garkveul
ekonomikur urTierTvaldebulebebsac gulisxmobda da mis garantad, erTi
mxriv, ficis mowme RvTaebebi, meore mxriv, arsebuli kanonmdebloba gamodioda.
32
 wyaro 2

Tukidides `istoriidan~:

`warmovidginoT, rom lakede-

egvipturi ieroglifuri damwerloba
yvela saxelmwifos, Zvelsac da axal-
sac, hqonda met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli
institutebi – mmarTveli biurokratia,
monelTa qalaqi (sparta) da-
ingra da misgan gadarCa mxolod
samlocveloebi da sajaro
dawesebulebaTa saZirkvlebi.
vfiqrob, mravali wlis Semdeg
Cvens memkvidreebs gauCndebo-
daT eWvi, Seesabameboda Tu ara
maTi realuri Zala maT saxels.
amasTan, dRes lakedemonelebi
floben peloponesis or mesa-
meds, xelmZRvaneloben mTel
naxevarkunZuls da mraval moka-
vSires danarCen eladaSi. magram
sparta ar aris gaerTianebuli

Zveli msoflio
samarTlebrivi sistema, samxedro da re- erT mTlianobad, mas ar gaaCnia
ligiuri organizacia. brwyinvale taZrebi da saja-
rodesac Zvel droze vsaubrobT, ro nagebobebi. Zveli elinuri
saxelmwifoebriobis gaCena unda dastur- qalaqebis msgavsad, is Sedgeba
debodes garkveuli niSnebiT, romlebmac soflebisagan da misi Zliereba
Cvenamde moaRwia da romlebic uciloblad bevrad umniSvnelod moeCvene-
miuTiTeben saxelmwifo institutebis ar- bodaT, vidre es sinamdvile-
sebobaze. Sia. igive bedi rom aTenelebs
pirvel rigSi, es aris qonebrivi dife- sweodaT, garegnuli niSniT maT
renciaciisa da samxedro saqmis nakvale- Zlierebas realurze orjer
vis aRmoCena arqeologebis mier. qonebrivi metad warmoidgendnen. amitom,
gansxvavebebi miuTiTeben sakuTrebis arse- mocemul SemTxvevaSic nu move-
bobaze da vlindeba rogorc samarxis in- kidebiT undoblad gadmocemas
ventarSi, aseve nasaxlaris dagegmarebasa da nu mivaniWebT qalaqebis ga-
da zomaSi. samxedro saqmis niSnad SeiZleba regnul saxes met mniSvnelobas,
CaiTvalos rogorc tipuri sabrZolo ia- vidre maT namdvil Zalas~.
raRi, agreTve iaraRis zemoqmedebis kvali
aRmoCenil ConCxze.
sazogadoebrivi institutebis arseboba aisaxa arqiteqturaSic, rogorc
calkeuli nagebobis, aseve mTeli dasaxlebis dagegmarebis doneze. sakulto
nageboba, sajaro TavSeyris adgili Tu saerTo daniSnulebis sameurneo saTa-
vso arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda zomiTac da dagegmarebiTac rigiTi sacxovri-
sisgan. urTierTdakavSirebuli saxlebi, romelTac saerTo fortifikaciebi
(TavdacviTi zRudeebi da nagebobebi) icavda da romelTac saerTo sakulto
da sameurneo centri – `protosasaxle~ hqondaT, aSkara samxilia maRalorga-
nizebuli ierarqiuli sazogadoebis – saxelmwifos arsebobisa.
33
 swored am tipis miniSnebaTa momravlebam gamoiwvia mravali mkvlevaris naS-
romSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis TariRis gadaweva neoliTis siRrmeSi. magram
garegnuli niSnebi SeiZleba arc iyos mTlad sando, gansakuTrebiT, Tu saqme
ara absolutur Sefasebas, aramed Zveli movlenebis urTierTSedarebas exeba.
Tavi meore

Sumeruli lursmuli
damwerlobis nimuSi

klasSi samuSao

1. moawyveT klasSi diskusia maqs veberis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb.

2. moawyveT diskusia `socialuri kontraqtisa~ da misi saxeebis Sesaxeb. ga-
nixileT wyaro 1.
3. wyaro 2-is mixedviT isaubreT spartis mmarTvelobis sistemis naklovane-
bebze.

34
 ra aris civilizacia

`saxelmwifos~ msgavsad, `civilizaciac~ is terminia, romlis sayovelTaod

gaziarebuli definicia ar arsebobs. termini momdinareobs laTinuridan civis –
`moqalaqe~, civitas – `qalaqi~, civilis – `samoqalaqo~ da Tavdapirvelad adamianu-
ri sazogadoebis, misi kulturis teqnikuri ganviTarebis doneze miuTiTebda,
iTvaliswinebda ra Sromis danawilebas, teqnologiebsa da samecniero codnas.
Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur saubarSi `civilizacia~ maRalganviTarebul sazo-
gadoebas ewodeba da `civilizebuli~ upirispirdeba `velurs, barbaross, pri-
mitiuls~. xSirad es termini `kulturis~ sinonimadac ixmareba, Tumca aqac igi
ZiriTadad iseT sazogadoebas aRniSnavs, romelsac aqvs qalaqebi, damwerloba,
mravaldargovani meurneoba da sxva.
uZvelesi civilizaciebi didi mdinareebis napirebze aRmocenda: egvipte –
nilosis, Sumeri, babiloni, asureTi – evfratisa da tigrosis, indoeTi – indisa
da gangis, CineTi – xuanxesa da ianZis. es arcaa SemTxveviTi. mdinaris roli am
civilizaciebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo. es jer kidev `istoriis mamam~,
herodotem SeniSna da egviptes `nilosis nobaTi~ uwoda.
mdinare uzrunvelyofda mimdebare teritoriis nayofierebas, amavdroulad
adamians organizebul Sromas aCvevda. sezonuri wyaldidoba rwyavda da anayo-
fierebda sakmaod did teritorias, magram safrTxes uqmnida adamianis sacxov-

Zveli msoflio
rissac da mravalwlian kulturebsac. mdinaris sikeTis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba
da safrTxis uvnebelyofa mxolod mravali adamianis darazmuli, kargad orga-
nizebuli SromiT iyo SesaZlebeli. adamianebi aSenebdnen damcav zRudeebs, dam-
bebs, gahyavdaT sarwyavi da sadrenaJe arxebi. amiT miiRweoda ori-sami mosavali
weliwadSi, met-naklebad uzrunvelyofili cxovreba da daculi saxli. amgvari
samuSaoebis Catarebas didZali muSaxelis garda esaWiroeboda maRalkvalifi-
ciuri specialistebi, gamocdili menejerebi da iaraRiani xalxi, vinc muSaxelis
morCilebasa da Wirnaxulis momxvdurTagan dacvas uzrunvelyofda. swored
amitom didi mdinareebis napirebze yvelaze adre Cndeba saxelmwifoebriobis
niSnebi. jer kidev Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis miwuruls SuamdinareTsa da egvipteSi
met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobaze SeiZleba saubari.

35
 7. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. egvipte

egviptes sruliad gamorCeuli adgili ukavia msoflio istoriaSi. es ci-

vilizacia iseTive mdgradi aRmoCnda drois winaSe, rogorc misi simbolo,
msoflios saocrebad aRiarebuli piramidebi. gare samyarosagan SedarebiT
izolirebulma am qveyanam oTxi aTaswleuli iarseba da mTeli am drois manZil-
ze umniSvnelovanes kulturul keras warmoadgenda. maTi codna astronomiaSi,
arqiteqturaSi, medicinaSi da sxva mraval sferoSi ubadlo iyo TanamedroveTa
Soris. berZnebic ki udidesi mowiwebiT ekidebodnen egviptes da mas bevr rameSi
Tavis maswavleblad miiCnevdnen. egvipteSi saxelmwifoebriobisa da mwignob-
robis mravalaTaswlovani, uwyveti tradicia da bunebrivi pirobebi, pirvel
rigSi, mSrali klimati ganapirobebda imas, rom egvipturi masala warmoadgens
ConCxs Zveli samyaros qronologiis dasadgenad, egvipturma papirusebma Tavad
egviptelTa nawerebis garda, Semogvinaxa mravali antikuri avtoris Txzuleba.

egviptis samefos Seqmna

nilosis napirebze ganlagebuli dasaxlebebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi gaer-
Tiandnen jer or samefod (nilosis deltaSi Seiqmna qvemo anu CrdiloeTi
Tavi meore

samefo, nilosis pirveli Woromidan deltamde ki – zemo anu samxreTi samefo),

Semdeg ki erT saxelmwifod, romlis mefec – faraoni – orive samefos mflobe-
lis titulebsa da gvirgvinebs atarebda egviptis arsebobis mravalaTaswlova-
ni arsebobis manZilze. egviptelebi faraons RmerTad miiCnevdnen, xolo mTel
mosaxleobas – mis msaxurebad. RmerTebisa da faraonis winaSe yvela Tanaswori
iyo da adamianis warmateba da samsaxurebrivi winsvla, pirvel rigSi, mis pirad

egvipturi piramidebi

36
Rirsebebsa da miRebul ganaTlebaze iyo
damokidebuli.
egviptelebi bevrs fiqrobdnen imqvey-
niur cxovrebaze da amqveynad yofnas mniS-
vnelovanwilad saiqiosaTvis mzadebad aRi-
qvamdnen. SemuSavda garkveuli zneobrivi
(eTikuri) normebi, romelTa dacvac saval-
debulo iyo rogorc am, aseve imqveynad
Rirseuli adgilis dasakaveblad.
amis gverdiT egviptelebi saiqio cxov-
rebis materialur mxarezec zrunavdnen.
gardacvlilis sxeuli gadioda specia-
lur damuSavebas, raTa ar gaxrwniliyo
da patrons SemdgomSic gamosdgomoda.
amgvarad Senaxul cxedars mumia ewode-
boda. mumiis damzadebis (mumifikaciis)
xelovneba did simaRleze avida. arse-
bobda sxvadasxva kategoriis da fasis
momsaxureba. maRali kategoriis mumiebma
wyaro 1
herodote egviptis Sesaxeb:
`me vfiqrob, rom TavianTi
qveynis Sesaxeb isini sworad
laparakoben. visac goneba aqvs,
misTvis, uwinac rom araferi
smenodes, erTi SexedviTac
cxadi gaxdeba, rom is egvipte,
sadac elinebi xomaldebiT mi-
dian xolme, egviptelebisTvis
SeZenili miwa da mdinaris saCu-
qaria. aseTivea meore nawilic,
romelic aris am tbis zemoT da
ris gavlasac sWirdeba sami dRe
curva, Tumca ki qurumebi amis
Sesaxeb arafers amboben. xolo
egviptis qveynis buneba aseTia:

aTaswleulebs gauZles da Cvenamde sak-
maod karg mdgomareobaSi moaRwies. dRes
mecnierebi maT sxvadasxva analizs uta-
reben, rac egviptelTa cxovrebis mraval
sakiTxs hfens Suqs. micvalebuls SeZle-
bisdagvarad oqro-vercxlsa da pirveli
moxmarebis nivTebsac atandnen da iseT
samarxsac ugebdnen, romelic mis amqvey-
niur saxls xSirad aRemateboda kidec.
swored samarxebs warmoadgenda egviptu-
ri arqiteqturis Sedevrebi – piramidebi.
Zveli msoflio
rodesac jer kidev micurav eg-
viptisken da erTi dRis savali-
Raa darCenili xmeleTamde, Tu
Caagdeb Ruzas, mas Slami amo-
hyveba, rac TerTmeti orgiis
(daaxl. 20 metris) siRrmezea.
es imisi maCvenebelia, Tu ramde-
ni miwa Camoaqvs mdinares~.

egviptis omebi
mkacr bunebriv sazRvrebSi (aRmosavleTiTa da dasavleTiT udabno, samxre-
TiT nilosis Woromebi da CrdiloeTiT xmelTaSua zRva) Caketili egvipte
aTaswleulebis manZilze gare samyarosgan TiTqmis izolirebulad viTarde-
boda. faraonebi sjerdebodnen laSqrobebs udabnoebSi arsebuli oazisebisa
da nilosis aRma mdebare nubiis (dRevandeli eTiopia) winaaRmdeg. nubia iyo
oqrosa da spilos Zvlis, agreTve tyveebis ZiriTadi wyaro.
Zv.w. XVII saukuneSi egvipte daipyres aziidan mosulma gaurkveveli warmomav-
lobis tomebma – hiqsosebma.
berZnuli `hiqsosebi~ warmosdgeba egvipturi `ucxoeli mmarTvelebidan~.
maneToni, ptolemaisebis karze moRvawe qurumi da istorikosi maT `mwyemsebis
mefeebs~ uwodebs. jer kidev antikur periodSi iyo mcdeloba hiqsosebis daka-
vSirebisa ebraelTa egviptur TavgadasavalTan.
37
 samxedro aRWurvilobaSi didi upiratesobis gamo (didi, Sors msroleli
mSvildi, jaWvis perangi da sabrZolo, cxenSebmuli etli) maT iolad daamar-
cxes egvipte da daepatronnen mis CrdiloeT nawils – md. nilosis deltas.
samagierod, egviptelebma moaxerxes maTi kulturuli asimilacia, mogvianebiT
ki damarcxeba da Zalauflebisgan CamoSoreba.
hiqsosebis motanili samxedro aRWurviloba, gansakuTrebiT ki sabrZolo
etli – Zveli drois tanki, gamoadgaT egviptelebs warmatebuli Soreuli da-
pyrobiTi laSqrobebis sawarmoeblad.
etli Zvel aRmosavleTSi didi xnis manZilze gamoiyeneboda, pirvel yovlisa,
mefisa da sardlobis gadaadgilebisaTvis. masSi saxedrebs an xarebs abamdnen.
Zvelma xalxebma, maT Soris, Sumerebma, cxenic icodnen, magram mas didad ar
iyenebdnen, rac Tundac iqidan Cans, rom Sumerebi cxens `mTis virs~ eZaxdnen.
cxenSebmuli etli gaxda ara marto swrafi gadaadgilebis, aramed sabrZolo
saSualebac. man SesaZlebeli gaxada elitaruli nawilebis swrafi gadasrola
Sor manZilze, aseve SedarebiT mcire razms didi damrtymeli Zala mianiWa. ar
aris SemTxveviTi, rom swored cxenisa da sabrZolo etlis gamoCenis Semdeg,
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan iwyeba Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi Soreuli
dapyrobebisa da maT safuZvelze didi, imperiuli tipis saxelmwifoebis zeobis
periodi.
Zv.w. XV-XIII saukuneebSi egviptelebi fexs ikideben aziaSi, imorCileben si-
ria-palestinis did nawils. am regionze kontrolisaTvis isini ebrZvian aziis
Tavi meore

wamyvan saxelmwifoebs – xuritebisa da xeTebis samefoebs. yvelaze Sors eg-

viptis Zalaufleba Totmes III-m ganavrco Zv.w. XV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.

amenxotep IV-is reforma

Zv.w. XIV saukuneSi egvipteSi mefobda faraoni-reformatori, amenxotep IV,
romelsac zogi mecnieri msoflios `pirvel pirovnebad~ aRiarebs. amenxotep
IV-m scada religiuri reformis gatareba, ris Sedegadac egviptelTa uricxv
RvTaebas erTi RmerTi – atoni Caenacvla. am RvTaebis saxelze aago qalaqi,

Zvelegvipturi freska ieroglifebiT

axetatoni, sadac dedaqalaqi gadaitana. mefem Tavadac gadairqva saxeli da
Tavisi RmerTis pativsacemad exnatonad iwodeboda. manve daudgina mxatvre-
bs, rom RmerTi mzis diskos saxiT daexataT, xolo portrets adamiani zustad
unda gadmoeca. Tavad exnatoni am naxatebis mixedviT, ar gamoirCeoda kargi
aRnagobiTa da janmrTelobiT, xolo misi meuRle, nefertiti, misi cnobili
qandakebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ulamazesi qali yofila.
savaraudod, exnatonis mier erTRmerTianobis SemoReba Semzadebuli iyo
qurumebis mravalsaukunovani religiuri ZiebebiT. magram es idea saidumlod
inaxeboda, radgan mravalricxovan taZrebsa da qurumebs ar surdaT Semosavlis
dakargva. swored amitom, mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg qurumebma isargebles
misi memkvidris, tutanxamonis mcirewlovanebiT da misi reformebi gaauqmes,
exnatonisa da misi RmerTis saxeli mospes, xolo axetatoni mitovebul iqna.
tutanxamoni mxolod imiTaa cnobili, rom mxolod misma samarxma moaRwia
Cvenamde gauZarcvavad.

egviptisa da xeTebis omi

exnatonis sikvdilis Semdeg ganaxlda egviptisa da xeTebis brZola sirii-
saTvis. am omis kulminacias warmoadgens ramses II-is mier qadeSis maxloblad
Zv.w. 1274 wels gadaxdili brZola xeTebTan. es erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

Zveli msoflio
brZolaa Zvel samyaroSi.
mefe muvaTalis sardlobiT xeTebma xafangSi Seityues egviptelTa mewinave
razmi, romelsac Tavad ramsesi miuZRoda da TiTqmis srulad gaanadgures igi.
Tavad ramsesma lomiviT ioma da moaxerxa alyidan Tavis daRweva. brZolaSi
muvaTali sasikvdilod daiWra da xeTebma ver SeZles omis saboloo gamarjve-
bamde miyvana. orive mxare am brZolas sakuTar warmatebad miiCnevda, Sedegad
ki egviptesa da xeTebs Soris daido sazavo xelSekruleba, romelic miCneulia
Tanaswori da urTierTsasargeblo xelSekrulebis uZveles nimuSad. am xelSek-
rulebis asli dRes gaeros Stabbinas amSvenebs.
saerTod, Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi ukve aSkarad
Camoyalibebuli Cans saerTaSoriso urTier-
Tobebis, saerTaSoriso samarTlis garkveuli
sistema, romelsac safuZvlad udevs ramde-
nime didi samefos (maT brinjaos xanis impe-
riebic SeiZleba vuwodoT) Tanasworobisa da
erTmaneTisaTvis angariSis gawevis idea. esenia
egvipte, babiloni da asureTi SuamdinareT-
Si, xeTebis samefo mcire aziaSi da aqavelTa
samefo-samTavroTa gaerTianeba balkaneTis
naxevarZulze da egeosis zRvis auzSi.
Semdgom xanaSi egvipte SedarebiT sustdeba
da, miuxedavad imisa, rom kidev didxans rCeba
mniSvnelovan moTamaSed, rogorc kulturis,
aseve politikisa Tu ekonomikis sferoSi, is
Tanmimdevrulad eqceva aRmavlobis gzaze dedofali nefertiti

39
 mdgomi msoflio imperiebis gavlenis sferoSi. egviptes jer asureTi imorCi-
lebs, Semdeg sparseTi, makedonia, romi da bolos, ax.w. VII saukuneSi, arabebis
mier misi dapyrobis Semdeg Zveli egvipte, rogorc kulturuli da politikuri
fenomeni sabolood wyvets arsebobas. Zvel egviptelTa pirdapir memkvidree-
bad dRevandel egvipteSi koptebi arian miCneulni.

wyaro 2

herodote egviptelTa zegavlenis Sesaxeb berZnebze:

`eladaSi TiTqmis yvela RmerTis saxeli egviptidanaa Semosuli. es saxelebi barba-

rosTagan rom aris gadmoRebuli, es danamdvilebiT Sevityve gamokiTxvis Sedegad,
xolo me ki ufro is mgonia, rom swored egviptidan Semovida eladaSi es saxelebi,
garda poseidonisa da dioskurebisa... heras, hestias, Temidas, qaritebis, nereide-
bisa da yvela sxva RmerTebis saxelebi egviptelebis qveyanaSi cnobili iyo imTa-
viTve. me imas vambob, rasac amboben TviT egviptelebi...~

`adamianTa Soris egviptelebi pirvelebi arian, romlebic marTavdnen saxalxo

dResaswaulebs, triumfebsa da sazeimo procesiebs, elinebs ki es yovelive maTgan
uswavliaT. amis sabuTad me Semdegi maqvs: egviptelebTan es ambebi didi xania, rac
xdeba, xolo elinebTan is axlaxan dawesda~.
Tavi meore

klasSi samuSao

1. ras eWira gansakuTrebuli adgili egviptelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi?

2. imsjeleT faraon exnatonis reformis Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, ratom
uaryves igi exnatonis sikvdilis Semdeg?
3. ganixileT wyaro 1. rogor axasiaTebs hedodote egviptis bunebas?
4. wyaro 2-is mixedviT imsjeleT egviptelTa zegavlenis Sesaxeb berZnebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. internetiT moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi Zvelegvipturi piramidebis

Sesaxeb. moamzadeT prezentacia maTi mSeneblobis Taobaze. moawyveT klasSAi
diskusia sxvadasxva Teoriebze piramidebis agebis Sesaxeb.

40
8. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi.
Sumeri da babiloni

Sumeri leqsikoni

mdinareebs – evfratsa da tigross Soris, r dioriti – qani; Zvirfasi sa-

dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze, qalaquri
tipis dasaxlebebi da saxelmwifoebrioba jer
kidev neoliTSi Cndeba. samxreT SuamdinareT-
Si (mesopotamiaSi) Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi
yvavis civilizacia, romelsac Sumeruls
vuwodebT. es ucnobi warmoSobis xalxi
enacvleba aq ufro adreul binadarT da did
simaRleebs aRwevs sulieri da materialuri
kulturis sferoSi. maTi kulturuli miRwe-
vebi, pirvel rigSi, lursmuli damwerloba,
daedo safuZvlad SuamdinareTisa da saer-
Tod wina aziis mraval civilizacias. Sumere-
bis saxels ukavSirdeba pirveli dokumente-
Seni masalaa.
r semitebi – (bibliuri noes
erT-erTi Svilis saxelis
mixedviT). Zveli xalxebis
eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac
sxvebTan erTad, ganekuTvne-
bian aqadelebi, asurelebi,
ebraelebi, arabebi

Zveli msoflio
bi, iqneba es dawerili kanonebi, sasamarTlos
dadgenilebebi Tu sxvadasxva saxis kontra-
qtebi, maT Soris, miwis yidva-gayidvis.
kanonebi mimarTuli iyo adamianTa Ta-
nacxovrebis, adamianisa da saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobis dasaregulireblad, interesTa
balansis SesanarCuneblad. Sumeruli kanon-
mdebloba fragmentulad aris SemorCenili.
am xazis gagrZelebasa da gvirgvins babilonis
mefis, xamurabis cnobili kanonebi warmoad- Sumeruli mozaika
gens. sainteresoa, rom am iuridiul Zeglebs
Soris igrZnoba erTianoba ara mxolod stilSi, aramed garkveuli Temis, prob-
lemis gadawyvetaSi. ase magaliTad, SuamdinareTSi da zogadad Zvel samyaroSi
did problemas warmoadgenda savalo kabala. Raribi meTeme Tu moqalaqe mou-
savlianobis an rame sxva mizezis gamo iZulebuli iyo mdidari mezoblisagan aeRo
sesxi, xolo misi droulad vergadaxdis SemTxvevaSi is jer miwas kargavda, Semdeg
ki pirad Tavisuflebasac. saxelmwifo ar iyo dainteresebuli Tavisufali me-
sakuTreebis ricxvis SemcirebiT, radgan amiT gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa da jaris-
kacTa ricxvic mcirdeboda. meore mxriv, kreditoris (mevalis) uflebac, mieRo
ukan Tavisi kuTvnili, ar unda Selaxuliyo. Suamdinarul kanonebSi vxedavT am
situaciidan gamosavlis Ziebis Tanmimdevrul mcdelobebs, romlebic xamurabis
kanonebSi dasrulda valis gadaxdis pirobebis dazustebiT da vergadamxdeli-
saTvis samwliani `monobiT~, iZulebiTi muSaobiT kreditoris meurneobaSi.
Sumerebi damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi cxovrobdnen. erT-erTi
aseTi qalaqis, uruqis mefe – gilgameSi, romelic Zv.w. XXVII saukuneSi cxov-
41
 robda, Sumerul TqmulebaTa gmirad iqca.
jer kidev Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Sumerebis mier
gilgameSis Sesaxeb Seqmnili legendebi babi-
lonSi gaerTianda msoflioSi erT-erT uZve-
les mxatvrul nawarmoebad. aqaduri teqstis
aRmoCenisTanave yuradReba mieqca calkeuli
pasaJebis msgavsebas `Zvel aRTqmasTan~. uTna-
fiSTimis ambavi Zalian axlos dgas bibliuri
warRvnisa da noes kidobanis ambavTan, xolo
enqidus Seqmna da SamxaTis mier misi ziareba
civilizaciasTan mogvagonebs adamis Seqmnisa
da evas mier misi cdunebis ambavs.
Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan xan erTi
xan meore qalaqis mefe axerxebda sxvebis da-
morCilebasa da qveynis droebiT gaerTianebas.
pirveli didi gaerTianeba, romelic gasc-
da samxreT SuamdinareTis farglebs, aqadis
mefis, sargon didis (Zv.w. XXIV s.) saxels ukav-
Sirdeba.
aqadelebi semituri warmoSobis xalxi iyo,
romelic Sumerebis gverdiT saxlobda da maT
Tavi meore
CrdilSi viTardeboda. mesame aTaswleulis
miwuruls semituri tomebi intensiurad Se-
modian mesopotamiaSi da Sumerebis TandaTa-
nobiT asimilacias axdenen. Sumeruli rCeba
mwerlobisa da mecnierebis enad, mis gverdiT
dgeba aqaduri, romlis calkeul dialeqte-
bze laparakobdnen babilonelebi, asurele-
bi da SuamdinareTis sxva xalxebi. Zv.w. meore
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi aqaduri saer-
TaSoriso enis statuss iZens da did samefoebs
Soris mimowera swored am enaze warmoebda.
babiloni
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi
SuamdinareTSi ori saxelmwifo iwyebs
aRmasvlas – babiloni da asureTi da maTi
brZola SuamdinareTSi pirvelobisaTvis
aTas welze metxans gagrZelda.
qalaqi babiloni vaWrobisTvis Zalze
mosaxerxebel da strategiulad mniSvne-
lovan adgilas mdebareobs, sadac evfra-
ti da tigrosi yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba
erTmaneTs. babilonis aRzeveba mefe xa-
42
wyaro 1
aqadis mefe naramsuenis
(Zv.w. XXIII s.) warweri-
dan:
`naramsuenma dioritisgan
Tavisi qandakeba daamzada
da RvTaeba suens miuZRvna.
RvTaebrivma naramsuenma,
Zlierma, qveynierebis oTxi-
ve mxaris mefem daimorCila
elamis qveyana mTlianad qa-
laq baraxsamde da subarTus
qveyana Soreuli kedris tyem-
de da qalaq TalxaTamde. gza,
romelic mefeTagan aravis
gauvlia, gaiara aqadis mefem,
RvTaebrivma naramsuenma,
romelsac RvTaeba iSTar-
ma toli metoqe ar gauCina.
subarTus qveynisa da maRal-
mTianeTis mmarTvelebma yve-
laferi laSqrobisaTvis mis
winaSe moitanes. RvTaeba ner-
galma RvTaebriv naramsuens,
Zliers, biliki gaukvala da
RvTaeba daganis Zlieri ia-
raRiT Aamani da ebla daamarc-
xebina, amani, kedris tye da
zemo zRva uboZa mas~.
babilonis karibWe
murabis (Zv.w. XVIII s.) saxels ukavSirdeba. xamurabim moqnili diplomatiiTa da
samxedro warmatebebiT moaxerxa patara qalaq-saxelmwifo mTeli mesopotamiis
batonad eqcia. da mainc, xamurabi, pirvel rigSi, misi kanonebiTaa cnobili. Savi
qvis, dioritis stelaze dawerili teqsti Cvenamde srulad moRweulTagan yve-
laze Zveli kanonTa krebulia. es krebuli umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa babilonis
saxelmwifo mowyobisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaswavlad.
babiloni mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze msoflios udides qalaqs warmoadgen-
da, 8 kvadratul kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli. amitom, damoukideblad imisgan,
mesopotamiis did nawils akontrolebda, rogorc xamurabis an nabuqodonosoris
(Zv.w. 605-562) dros, Tu qalaq-saxelmwifos pirvelad sazRvrebs ubrundeboda,
is did samefod da angariSgasawev Zalad rCeboda, sanam sabolood ar dakarga
damoukidebloba Zv.w. 539 wels sparselebis mier dapyrobis Sedegad. SemdgomSi
qalaqi mcire xniT aleqsandre makedonelis msoflio imperiis dedaqalaqic iyo.

wyaro 2

Sumeruli sasamarTlos ganaCeni:

`ganaCeni: SeSqalam, urlamas Zem ganacxada: `me ara var ursaxababas mona`. magram rad-
ganac ludugam da dadumum daadastures, rom SeSqalas mama urlama purisa da maty-

Zveli msoflio
lis sargos Rebulobda mdivan-mweral alas xelidan ursaxababa namus Zis saxlSi,
roca is iq monad iyo da SeSqala, amJamad mona, urlamas swored maSin SeeZina, mona
SeSqala ursaxababas memkvidreobiT gadaeca. saqmis garCevisas zedamxedveli iyo
TiermaxTa, mosamarTleobda luSara. weli, roca mefe Susuenam enlilsa da ninlils
maRali stela aRumarTa~.

klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT xamurabis kanonebis Sesaxeb.

2. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba gilgameSis eposis calkeuli adgilebis msgav-
seba bibliasTan?
3. wyaro 1-is mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu ras ukavSirebs mefe naramsueni saku-
TYar gamarjvebebs.
4. klasSi ganixileT wyaro 2. moawyveT diskusia Sumeruli sasamarTlo proce-
sis Sesaxeb.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `mdinareebis mniSvneloba pirveli civilizaciebis SeqmnaSi~.

43
 9. asureTi, xeTebi, urartu

Zveli msoflios imperiebi da maTi mowyo-

bis bevri principi iqca nimuSad msoflio is-
toriis momdevno epoqebis imperiebisaTvis,
TviT XX saukunis sabWoTa imperiis CaTvliT.
Zvel aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna rogorc kaco-
briobis istoriaSi pirveli militaristuli
saxelmwifo, asureTis imperiis saxiT, ise
pirveli imperia, romelic uzrunvelyofda
masSi Semavali erTeulebis kulturul da
religiur avtonomias, kerZod, sparseTis
aqemenianTa imperiis saxiT. bevri ram aqeme-
nianTa imperiul mmarTvelobaSi misabaZi aR-
moCnda aleqsandre makedonelisaTvis.

asureTis imperia
frTosani xari dur SaruqinSi;
asureTis samefo Crdilo mesopotomiaSi,
sargon II-is sasaxlis mcveli
md. tigrosis Sua welze, ZQ v.w.-is II aTaswleuli-
Tavi meore

dan arsebobda, anu im droidan moyolebuli, roca asurelebis

semiturma tomma aq qalaq-saxelmwifo daaarsa da sakuTari RmerTis saxeli, aSuri
uwoda. magram wina aziis namdvil hegemonad asureTis samefo e. w. axalasuruli
samefos xanaSi, Z Q v.w. 883-614/12 iqca. asurelma mefeebma daipyres aram-damasko
(QZv.w. 732), israeli (Zv.w. 722), egvipte (droebiT, Zv.w. 671), urartu (QZv.w. 714), da-
imorCiles savaWro saxelmwifos, finikiis qalaqebi (tirosi, sidoni, biblosi),
daangries babiloni (Zv.w. 689), Tavis moxarked aqcies kviprosi (Zv.w. 709) (ix. ruka).
asureTis es dauokebeli samxedro eqspansia grZeldeboda manam, sanam axal-
babilonurma samefom da midiam, skviTebis daxmarebiT, bolo ar mouRes asure-
Tis imperias misi orive dedaqalaqis – aSurisa (QZv.w. 614) da nineviis (Zv.w. 612)
ganadgurebis Sedegad.
asurelebi pirvelebi iyvnen kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelTac maTi sa-
xelmwifos militaristuli da imperialisturi miswrafebebidan gamomdinare,
saimedo xerxis moZebna mouxdaT teritoriebis dasapyrobad da Semdeg maT Se-
sanarCuneblad. amitom swored asurul imperias ekuTvnis, TiTqmis mTlianad,
`gamomgoneblis~ pirveloba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa samxedro xelovneba
da imperiis marTvis sistema.
samxedro xelovnebis sferoSi am `gamogonebaTa~ ricxvs ganekuTvneba saalyo
manqanebi, samxedro gzebi da xidebi, xeTebisagan SeTvisebuli rkinis iaraRi da
kavaleriis msubuqi, orTvala sabrZolo etli.
asurelebis gansakuTrebuli `gamogonebaa~ dapyrobili xalxebis masobrivi
deportacia (gadasaxleba) imperiaSi maTi iZulebiTi asimilaciis mizniT. dapy-
robili qveynebis saboloo damorCilebisa Tu ganadgurebis es wesi asaxulia
44
 Savi zRva mtk
var
i
sevanis tba
egeosis urartu (714 w.) kaspiis
zRva vanis tba zRva
urmiis tba

dur Saruqini
midia
ninevia
xmelTaSua arami aSuri

ev
zRva kviprosi (siria)

f
(709 w.) ekbatana

t
biblosi

at

ig
(732 w.)

i
finikia

r
o
sidoni

si
damasko
tirosi israeli babiloni (689 w.)
suza
palestina samaria (722 w.)
ierusalimi uruqi

sp
tiglaTfalasar III-is
iudas uri

ar
(QZv.w. 745-726) sasaxlis

se yur
memfisi samefo

Ti e
arabeTis naxevarkunZuli freska

s
nil
osi

asureTis imperiis sazRvrebi salmanasar

mew

III-is dros (Zv. w. 858-824/23 ww.)

egvipte asureTis imperiis sazRvrebi
amu

(671 w.) asurbanifal II-is dros (Zv.w. 668-daaxl. 631)

Tebe
li

qalaqebi
israeli (722 w.) dapyrobis TariRebi
zR

urartu saxelmwifoebi
va

asureTis imperia

Zveli msoflio
rogorc asurul wyaroebSi, ise bibliaSi, sadac moTxrobilia israelis xalxis
deportaciis ambavi (Zv.w. 722). mogvianebiT (Zv.w. 586) asurelebis mier gamogoni-
li es xerxi axalbabilonuri samefos mefe nabuqodonosorma gamoiyena iudas
samefos* mimarT. ebraelebi `babilonuri tyveobidan~ sparseTis mefe kirosma
gaaTavisufla da iudas tomi ierusalimSi daabruna (ix. paragrafi `aqemenian-
Ta imperia~).
imperiis mowyobis asuruli wesi, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda sxva-
dasxva imperiebs msoflio istoriis sxvadasxva epoqaSi, efuZneboda centrisa
(metropoliis) da periferiebis mkacr biurokratiul gamgeblobas. imperiis
orive dedaqalaqze, aSursa da nineviaze da maT mimdebare provinciebze vrcel-
deboda pirdapiri centraluri mmarTveloba. periferiul vasalur qveynebs ki
unarCundebodaT Sina avtonomia, magram ekisrebodaT xarki da samxedro val-
debuleba.
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, asureTis imperia upiratesad samxedro nadav-
lisa da dapyrobili Tu deportirebuli xalxebisaTvis dakisrebuli gadasa-
xadebis xarjze cxovrobda. amave dros, es didZali Semosavali ixarjeboda
gauTavebel omebze da iflangeboda asureTis mefeTa mier sakuTari saxelisa
da didebis ukvdavsayofad wamowyebul grandiozul mSeneblobebze (mag., sar-
gon II-is qalaqis, dur Saruqinis (xorsabadi) mSeneblobaze).
maSin, roca asurel Sromisunarian mamakacTa umetesoba omobda da maTi rige-
bi mudmiv Sevsebas moiTxovda, bunebrivia, meurneoba naklebad intensiuri iyo.
aseTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, parazituli ekonomika asureTis imperiis dasustebisa
da dacemis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda.
*
solomon mefis gardacvalebis (QZv.w. 928) da arameelTa ajanyebebis Semdeg, ebraelebis sa­
xelmwifo or urTierTmoqiSpe samefod – israelad (samaria) da iudad (ierusalimi) gaiyo.
45
 urartus RmerTis,
xaldis bareliefi.

nineviaSi asurbanifal
II-is (Zv.w. 668-daaxl.
631) sasaxlis reliefis
fragmenti tyveebis
gamosaxulebiT

asureTis mefe
salmanasar II-is (Zv.w.
858-824/23) brinjaos
karze amotvifruli
reliefebi
Tavi meore

asurelebis
sabrZolo
etli

asurelebis saalyo manqanebi (tarani)

46
 xeTebis samefo
mcire azia – dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoria, uZvelesi civilizaciebis
kera iyo. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi aq mravali sxvadasxva xalxi da qalaq-
saxelmwifo iyo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ki asurel vaWarTa dasaxlebebi awar-
moebda. indoevropuli warmoSobis xalxma, xeTebma qalaq qanesis mefe aniTas
meTaurobiT moaxerxes mcire aziis didi nawilis erT samefoSi moqceva. aniTam
daipyro xaTebis (protoxeTebis) qveyana da miwasTan gaaswora maTi sataxto qa-
laqi xaTusa. mogvianebiT xeTebma es qalaqi aRadgines da is Tavis dedaqalaqad
aqcies. xeTebis samefo marbiel laSqrobebs awyobda siriasa da SuamdinareTSi.
erTma aseTma laSqrobam mefe mursilis sardlobiT Zv.w. 1531 w. babilonsac ki
miaRwia da xamurabis dinastias mouRo bolo. Tavis mxriv, xeTebs gauTaveblad
Tavs esxmodnen Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan qasqebis momTabare tomebi.
xaTebica da qasqebic daudgeneli warmoSobis xalxebia. mecnierTa nawili
varaudobs maT naTesaobas kavkasiur tomebTan, saxeldobr, qarTvelurTan,
afxazur-adiReurTan, naxur-daRestnurTan. masalis simciris gamo, sakiTxi
gadauWreli rCeba, magram am tomebis mWidro kavSiri kavkasiur samyarosTan sav-
sebiT realuria da, Sesabamisad, maTi Seswavla CvenTvis Zalze saintereso unda
iyos.
xeTebs mWidro kontaqti hqondaT agreTve aci-xaiasasTan, romelsac zogi

Zveli msoflio
mkvlevari somxebs ukavSirebs, zogic daiaen-diaoxs, asuruli da urartuli
wyaroebis taos.
Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebSi xeTebis samefo Zlierebis mwvervals aRwevs da im-
droindeli msoflios udides saxelmwifoTa rigSi eqceva. mefe sufiluliuma I
warmatebas aRwevs miTanis Zlier samefosTan brZolaSi da mis taxtze sasurvel
kandidats svams. sufiluliumave amtkicebs xaia-
sas taxtze TavisTvis sasurvel pretendents,
xukanas da mas sakuTar das aZlevs colad. amis
Semdeg is egviptes ecileba Crdilo siriaze ba-
tonobaSi. egviptesTan Widili didxans gagrZel-
da da Zv.w. 1274 wels qadeSis brZoliTa da sazavo
xelSekrulebiT dasrulda.
qadeSis brZolis gmiri, mefe muvaTali brZo-
laSi daiWra da male gardaicvala. mis vaJsa da
Zmas, xaTusili III-s Soris qiSpoba am ukanasknelis
gamarjvebiT damTavrda. xaTusilim daimorCi-
la qveyana da vasalebi, moagvara urTierTobe-
bi mezoblebTan da egviptis faraons, ramses II-s
qaliSvili miaTxova colad. amis Semdeg xeTebis
samefo male daqveiTebisaken wavida. aRmosavle-
Tidan is Seaviwrova xelaxali aRmavlobis gza-
ze damdgarma asureTma. XIII saukunis miwuruls
taxtis maZiebelTa Soris dapirispirebas emate-
ba `zRvis xalxebisa~ da qasqebis Semosevebi, ris
Sedegadac xeTebis imperia ecema da ramdenime
xeTebis qalRmerTi CviliT
patara samefod iSleba.
47
 wyaro 1

asurelTa savaWro faqtoriebi (koloniebi) mcire aziaSi da

rkinis eqsporti

`(xeTebis) qveynis simdidreebma, gansakuTrebiT ki liTonebma,

kvlav miizides ucxoeli vaWrebi, ... romelTa Soris wamyvani ad-
gili asurel vaWrebs ekavaT. vaWrobis ukeT warmarTvis mizniT
isini centralur anatoliaSi aarsebdnen ori tipis savaWro
dasaxlebebs: erT maTgans erqva qarumi (sityvasityviT `navsa-
yudeli~), romelsac qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi saqalaqo Temis tipis avtonomiuri
mmarTvelobis ufleba hqonda. meore saxis savaWro dasaxleba ki cnobili iyo vabar-
Tumis (sityvasityviT `ubani~) saxeliT. ucxo savaWro TemTa saorganizacio centri
qaniSis qarumi iyo. aseTi savaWro dasaxlebebi centraluri mcire aziis TiTqmis
yvela mTavar qalaq-saxelmwifoSi arsebobdnen da adgilobriv mmarTvelebs emorCi-
lebodnen.

ucxo savaWro koloniaTa amocana iyo, upirveles yovlisa, mcire aziidan liTonebis
gamozidvis organizacia, rasac warmatebiT arTmevdnen Tavs semiti vaWrebi. liTo-
nebis sanacvlod ucxoel vaWrebs anatoliaSi SehqondaT didi raodenobiT kala,
Suamdinaruli Salisa da selis qsovilebi. savaWro saqonlis gadatana xdeboda
saxedarTa qaravnebiT.
Tavi meore

savaWro operaciebSi CaerTvnen adgilobrivi vaWrebi. mTeli aRmosavleTi anatolia

savaWro gzebiT daisera. vaWroba farTod gascilda mcire aziis sazRvrebs.

rkinis warmoebasa da gamoyenebas gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoboda xeTebis sa-

meurneo cxovrebaSi... arsebobda sxvadasxva saxis rkina rogorc meteorituli, aseve
dedamiwiseuli, madneuli warmoSobisa. xeTur wyaroebSi dadasturebulia: `cis
(ciuri) rkina~ (aSkarad meteorituli), `Savi rkina~, `kargi (wminda) rkina~, `keris
rkina~, rac rkinis sxvadasxva xarisxze unda miuTiTebdes... rkina 40-jer iyo Zviri
vercxlze, xolo oqroze – 5-jer.

... `kargi rkina~ (SesaZloa foladi) iSviaTi iyo da maTgan mzaddeboda SedarebiT
naklebi raodenobis sagnebi. `kargi rkinis~ damzadebis teqnika, rogorc Cans, marto
xeTebisTvis unda yofiliyo cnobili mTel wina aziaSi. `kargi rkina~ gaxda mizezi
werilisa, romelic asureTis mmarTvelma salmanasar I-ma xaTusili III-s gaugzavna
TxovniT, am ukanasknels gamoegzavna misTvis `kargi rkina~. werilze xaTusili III-m
Tavazianad upasuxa: `rac Seexeba karg rkinas, romlis Sesaxeb Sen mwerdi: kargi rkina
qicuvaTnaSi, Cems `beWdis saxlSi~, ar aris. rkina dasamzadeblad (`gasakeTeblad~)
cudia (e. i. Znelia). me ukve davwere (`vbrZane~), rom maT daiwyon kargi rkinis keTeba.
maT jer (igi) ar daumTavrebiaT. rogorc ki daamTavreben, gamogigzavni. axla ki gig-
zavni satevris pirs rkinisa~.

rogorc Cans, rkinis madnis garkveuli nawilis mopovebac TviT xaTis teritoriaze
xdeboda (gansakuTrebiT, mis CrdiloeT raionebSi, romlebic mogvianebiT Sediod-

48
 nen pontoSi, sadac `rkinis mkeTebeli~ xalibebi binadrobdnen). magram garkveuli
nawili madnisa, an TviT gamomdnari rkinisa, mezobeli olqebidan rom SeiZleboda
yofiliyo Semotanili, amaSi daeWveba Zneli unda iyos... magaliTad, tavrosis mTe-
bidan, sadac mogviano xanebSi (Qqr.S-mde I aTaswleulis dasawyisi) rkinis mdidar
sabadoebs amuSavebdnen (aqedan asureTSi tonobiT rkina gahqondaT). aseve ar aris
gamosaricxi rkinis madnis an rkinis Semotana xaTis teritoriaze saxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos (istoriuli kolxeTis samxreT-dasavleTi) raionebidanac, sadac rki-
nis metalurgiis uZvelesi kera aRmoCnda... (rogorc aq mopovebuli arqeologiuri
masalis daTariRebam aCvena, rkinis metalurgiis dasawyisi aRniSnul mxareSi Qqr.S-
mde XVIII s.-s ganekuTvneba).

g. giorgaZe, aTasi RvTaebis qveyana

urartu
mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi, vanis tbis midamoebSi aRmocenda urartus

Zveli msoflio
samefo, romelic Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebSi regionSi mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgen-
da. is metoqeobas uwevda asureTs, avrcelebda Tavis gavlenas samxreT kavkasiis
vrcel nawilze.
Tavdapirvelad, urartu asuruli teqstebis „nairis qveynebis` SemadgenlobaSi
unda yofiliyo. IX saukuneSi mas uCndeba am koaliciaSi pirvelobis pretenzia,
rac urartus pirvel mefeTa asurul enaze Sedgenil teqstebSi Cans. asureTis
mefe salmanasar III-m Zv.w. IX saukunis Sua xanebSi dalaSqra urartu, daamarcxa
misi mefe aramu da mospo misi dedaqalaqi arzaSkuni. rogorc Cans, salmanasari
urartus winaaRmdeg nairis qveynebSi pirvelobis mosurne daiaenis mefesTanac
kravs kavSirs.
urartu male kvlav dadga fexze da daiwyo eqspansia sxvadasxva mimarTule-
biT. Zv. w. IX saukunis miwuruls urartus mefe menua laSqrobs CrdiloeTiT da
aviwroebs diaoxs. misi momdevno mefeebi, argiSTi I da sarduri II Zv. w. VIII saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi ipyroben samxreT kavkasiis nawils, maT Soris qarTuli tomebiT
dasaxlebul miwebsac, da warmatebas aRweven asurelebTan brZolaSic. Zv.w. VIII
saukunis Sua xanebidan viTareba icvleba, CrdiloeTidan SemoiWrnen kimerielebi,
xolo asureTi isev gaZlierda da 714 wels sargon II-m sastikad daamarcxa urar-
tuelebi, daarbia da gadawva maTi sakulto centri – musasiri. didi adamianuri
da teritoriuli danakargebis miuxedavad, urartu kidev didxans inarCunebs
regionSi Zlieri moTamaSis statuss. marTalia, is xels iRebs Soreul dapyro-
biT laSqrobebze, magram cdilobs arsebulis SenarCunebasa da Tavis samefoSi
integracias. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba dRevandeli somxeTis teritorias, sadac
urartuelebma araerTi qalaqi aaSenes, maT Soris, erevani, somxeTis dRevandeli
dedaqalaqi.

49
 wyaro 2

xalxTAa masobrivi deportacia asureTis imperiaSi

a

asurelTa mier israelis xalxis deportacia bibliaSi

1. iudas mefis, axazias meTormete wels gamefda hoSeayelas Ze samariaSi, israelze

da imefa aTi weli.
2. ukuRmarTad iqceoda uflis TvalSi, Tumca arc ise, rogorc israelis mefeebi,
masze win rom iyvnen.
3. mis winaaRmdeg wamovida Salmaneresi*, aSuris mefe, da Seiqmna hoSeayi misi
morCili da uxdida xarks.
4. miuxvda aSuris mefe hoSeays Ralats, radgan mociqulebs ugzavnida igi sos,
egviptis mefes, da aRar uxdida aSuris mefes xarks yovelwliurad. daatusaRa igi
aSuris mefem da sapyrobileSi Casva.
5. moadga aSuris mefe mTels qveyanas, moadga samarias da sam weliwads alyaSi
hyavda.
6. hoSeayis mecxre wels aiRo aSuris mefem samaria, aSurSi gadaasaxla israeli da
xalaxSi, saborTan, gozanis mdinaresTan, da midielTa qalaqebSi daasaxla.

IV mefeTa, Tavi 17
Tavi meore

* salmanasar V (QZv.w. 726­722)

b

asureTis mefe sanxeribis (QZv.w. 705-681) warwera

`me, sanxeribma, aSuris mefem, iSTaris SewevniT, davlaSqre babiloni, davangrie

taZrebi, amovZirkve, movspe mefeTa kanonebi... me gamovamwyvdie xizkia, iudas mefe,
sakuTar qalaqSi, rogorc galiaSi, wavasxi misi qalebi da qaliSvilebi nineviis
sasaxleebSi, Cems sataxto qalaqSi. me, sanxeribma, Sevipyari egviptis mefeTa vaJebi da
davxoce. me wavasxi xalxebi, damarcxebulebs amovglije ena da gul-RviZli~.

wyaro 3

xeTEebis mefe TuTxalias analebidan

„sanam (me), TuTxalia, didi mefe, (qalaq) asuvas qveyanaSi salaSqrod viyavi, (qalaq)
qasqas qveiTma jarma Cems zurgSi brZola daiwyo: Semovida (qalaq) xaTis qveyanaSi
da anadgurebda qveyanas. rodesac (me), TuTxaliam, didma mefem, qalaq xaTusas mi-
vaRwie, mtris jari ga[iqc]a. Semdeg davedevne mas da (qalaq) qasqas qveyanSi salaSq-
rod wavedi. (qalaq) qasqas qveyana mTlianad mo[vida] da (qalaq) TivaraSi dabanakda
(da) banakis ukan tye daikava, mis win mdinare [moedineba] ... TuTxaliam, didma mefem,
mas brZola gavumarTe da is RmerTebma me gadmomces, (qalaq) arinas mzis qalRmerT-
ma, (qalaq) xaTis ..., zababam, iSTarma, mTvaris RvTaebam, lelvanim da davamarcxe (qa-
laq) qasqas jari~.

50
wyaro 4

xeTebis mefis mursili II-is analebidan:

„X weli. xolo rodesac gazafxulda, acis qveynisken xelmeored davadeqi gzas da

ingalavaSi qveiTebis da etlosnebis daTvaliereba movawyve. acis mcxovreblebma
ki, radganac me, mzem, winaT davamarcxe isini, nuvanca meRvineTuxucesmac isini
qanuvarasTan daamarcxa, CemTan SebrZoleba ver gabedes da Rame daiwyes Cemze
Tavdasxmebis mowyoba. „RamiT SevutioT~, – Tqves maT da rodesac me, mzem,
Sevityve: „acis xalxi RamiT apirebs Sens laSqarze Tavdasxmas~,_ me, mzem, laSqars
vubrZane, rom dRisiT sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi evlo, RamiT ki aseve mzad yofiliyo
TavdasxmisTvis. da rodesac acis xalxma ase daculi laSqari dainaxa, (Tavdasxma
ver gabeda)... da me arifsaSi [wavedi sabrZolvelad]. xsenebuli arifsa ki zRvaze
mdebareobs. rac ki mosaxleoba iyo qalaqSi, mTebma da kldeebma Seifares. mTebi
ki Zalian maRalia. mTeli qveyana maRla iyo asuli. mas Sekrebili hyavda qveiTebi
da maT me, mze, SevebrZole da me amindis Zlieri RvTaeba, Cemi batoni, arinas mzis
qalRmerTi, Cemi qalbatoni, amindis RvTaeba xaTisa, xaTis mfarveli RvTaeba,
amindis RvTaeba laSqrisa, mindvris iSTari da yvela RvTaeba damexmarnen... da
arifsa brZoliT aviRe. igi mTlianad xaTusas gadaveci nadavlad. Cemma qveiTebma

Zveli msoflio
da etlosnebma cixe-simagris avla-dideba, tyveebTan, msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa
saqonelTan erTad didi raodenobiT aRmoaCines. im dRes me, mze, arifsaSi davrCi~.

klasSi samuSao

1. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT wyaro 1. SeajereT wyaroSi mocemuli informacia

asureTis imperiis xeTebis samefosTan politikuri da savaWro urTierTobe­
bis Sesaxeb asureTis imperiis teqstSi mocemul SefasebebTan (militarizmi,
masobrivi deportacia, parazituli ekonomika da sxv.). Tqveni azriT, riT iyo
ganpirobebuli asureTis imperiis gansakuTrebuli urTierToba xeTebis sa­
mefosTan?
2. gaecaniT wyaroebs 2a, 2b da gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazrebebi imis Taobaze,
Tu ramdenad mizanSewonili iyo xalxTa masobrivi deportaciebi imperiis
stabilurobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT.
3. gaixseneT ganvlili masala da SeafaseT xeTebsa da egviptelebs Soris
dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba.
4. ganixileT wyaroebi 3 da 4. ras miaweren xeTi mefeebi sakuTar gamarjvebebs?
Tqveni azriT, romeli mefe ganadidebs ufro metad sakuTar Tavs?

51
 10. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi
ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi

daiaeni/diaoxi
qarTveli tomebi wina aziis asparezze aqtiurad gamoCndnen QZv.w. XIII sau-
kunidan, rodesac maTgan samxreTiT ganadgurda ori uZlieresi saxelmwifo
– xeTebis imperia da miTanis samefo. xeTebis saxelmwifo gaanadgures egeosis
zRvidan SemoWrilma e.w. `zRvis xalxebma~, ris Semdegac xeTebis aRmosavle-
TiT damkvidrdnen muSqebi – mesxebis qarTveluri tomebis winaprebi. miTanis
samefo ki asureTma gaanadgura. misma Zlevamosilma mefem, tiglaTfalasar
I-ma QZv.w. 1112 w. daiwyo Seteva CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, qarTvel tomTa ga-
erTianebis, daiaenis winaaRmdeg. urartul warwerebSi am saxelmwifos diaoxi
ewodeba, berZnebi ki aqaurebs taoxebs uwodebdnen. samive dasaxelebaSi Ziri
erTi da igivea ( tao/diao ) da igi Semonaxulia Zveli saqarTvelos am regionis
erT-erTi provinciis – taos saxelwodebaSi.
Tavi meore

didi zemo zRva

ko

(Savi zRva)
mt
l

kv
ar
i
xa

xi
q ro
a
S Wo
q
e
i

b eTiuni
i
x
o

si
ha li
a

muSqebi
i

xaTi
d

i
ur araqs
ar
vanis tba
tu m
a
i tuSpa n
al a
ab miTani
T
(xuritebi)
ti
gr

mi
os
i

a
aSu
d

evf
lT rat as
xme
ia

i
zR
va u
r
eT
i

saqarTvelo da mezobeli teritoriebi QZv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnaze

52
 daiaeni anu diaoxi qarTvel tomTa Zve-
laRmosavluri tipis saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianeba iyo. samxreTiT mis sazRvreb-
Si dRevandeli q. erzrumis midamoebic Se-
modioda, CrdiloeTiT javaxeTi esazR-
vreboda, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTiT misi
gavlena Sav zRvamde aRwevda. asureTis
mefis, tiglaTfalasar I-is CrdiloeTiT
laSqrobisas mas daupirispirda daiaenis
mefe sieni, romelsac exmareboda mezobe-
li qveynebis 60 `mefis~ laSqari. asureTis
mefem gaimarjva, damarcxebuli mefe sieni
datyvevebuli waiyvana Tavis dedaqalaq
aSurSi da morCilebis pirobis CamorTme-
vis Semdeg gaaTavisufla.
tiglaTfalasar I-is mefobis Semdeg
asureTis saxelmwifos siZliere TandaTan
ecema da sustdeba misi gavlena Crdiloe-
Tis qveynebze. diaoxi amiT sargeblobs da
TandaTan Zalebs ikrebs. asureTis samefo
gansakuTrebiT Seaviwrova urartus ax-
ladwarmoqmnilma saxelmwifom. urartus
mefe menua kldeze amokveTil erT-erT Ta-
vis warweraSi mogviTxrobs diaoxis winaaR-
mdeg brZolebze. mas daurbevia diaoxis qve-
yana, misi mefe utufursi daumorCilebia.
urartus mefeebma diaoxs samxreTi nawili
waarTves da TavianTi batonobis gansamtki-
ceblad iq cixesimagreebi aages. urartus
Semosevebma daasusta diaoxi. mis saboloo
ganadgurebaSi monawileoba miiRo misma
Crdiloelma mezobelma, dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos meore didma saxelmwifoebrivma
gaerTianebam – kolxam. ZQ v.w. VIII saukuneSi
diaoxma Sewyvita arseboba. misi teritoriis
nawili urartuelebma daikaves, xolo Crdi-
loeTi mxare kolxas SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
kolxebi
kolxeTi da kolxebi SesaZloa, ukve Zv.w. XIV saukubis mikenur da XII sauku-
nis asurul teqstebSi moixseniebian. asuruli wyaroebi regionSi aTeulobiT
`mefes~, e.i. tomTa belads asaxeleben. isini TandaTanobiT erTiandebian da
yalibdebian tomTa mtkice kavSirad. dampyroblebTan brZolaSi myari gaer-
wyaro 1
asureTis mefe tiglaTfa-
lasar I daiaenis winaaRmdeg
laSqrobis Sesaxeb:
`im dros RvTaeba asuris,
Cemi meufis didi ZaliT, diad
RvTaebaTa SemweobiT, me, ti-
glaTfalasari, romelic samya-
ros oTxiv mxareze samarTlia-
nad vmbrZaneblob, romelsac ar
myavs mZleveli omSi da toli
brZolaSi, Soreul mefeTa qvey-
nebisaken, romelnic zemo zRvis
napiras cxovroben da romleb-
mac ar icodnen, Tu ra aris mor-
Cileba, RvTaeba asurma, meufem,
gamgzavna ... daiaenis qveynebis
Zveli msoflio
mefeebma, sul 23-ma mefem, Sekri-
bes TavianT qveynebSi TavianTi
etlebi da jarebi da brZolisa
da omisaTvis gamoemarTnen. Cemi
Tavzardamcemi iaraRis siSma-
giT Tavs davatydi me maT... maTi
120 SeWurvili etli brZolaSi
xelT vigde. nairis qveynebis
60 mefes maTTan erTad, romel-
nic maT dasaxmareblad movid-
nen, Cemi SubiT zemo zRvamde
mivsdie. maTi didi qalaqebi
davipyar, maTi nadavli, maTi
qoneba, maTi sarCo-sabadebeli
wamoviRe ... cxenebis, jorebis,
jor-cxenebis mravalricxovani
jogebi da maTi mindvris piru-
tyvi uricxvi wamoviyvane".
53
 Tianeba aucilebeli iyo. kolxur tomTa
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebic icvle-
boda. gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikave-
ben gvarovnuli aristokratiis warmomad-
genlebi, romlebic iqvemdebareben tomis
rigiT wevrebs da mmarTvelobasac iseT
formas aZleven, romelic uzrunvelyof-
da maT batonobas. aq farTod viTardeba
mesaqonleoba da metalurgia, gansakuT-
rebiT – rkinis warmoeba.
rkinis samrewvelo gamoyenebaze ga-
dasvlam daaCqara sazogadoebrivi gan-
viTareba da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.
Savi zRvis samxreTi sanapiros mTianeT-
Si rkinis mdidari sabadoebi iyo. aqauri
qarTveluri tomebi, magaliTad xalibebi,
saxelganTqmulni iyvnen rkinis damuSave-
biT. am tomebs mWidro kavSiri hqondaT wi-
na aziis kulturul centrebTan, rac maT
ganviTarebas kidev ufro aCqarebda.
kolxeTis mosaxleobis ganviTarebis
Tavi meore
wyaro 2
nawyveti urartus mefe menuas
warweridan diaoxis qveynis
winaaRmdeg laSqrobis Se-
saxeb:
mefe menua gaemarTa salaSqrod
`diaoxis Zlevamosili qveynis
winaaRmdeg... menua ambobs: da-
vipyari diaoxis qveyana, misi
samefo qalaqi SaSilu, qveya-
na gadavwvi, davangrie cixe-
simagreebi... utufursi, mefe
diaoxisa, movida Cems winaSe,
momexvia fexebze, Zirs daemxo;
me mas mowyaled moveqeci, Seviw-
yale igi xarkis gadaxdis piro-
biT. momca man oqro da vercxli,
momca xarki~.

maRal doneze TvalnaTliv metyvelebs

mdidari arqeologiuri masala. aq aRmo-
Cenilia brinjaosa da rkinis sabrZolo da samuSao iaraRebi, Zvirfasi liTonis
samkaulebi da fufunebis sxva sagnebi. ase, TandaTanobiT, Z Q v.w. XI-IX ss-is man-
Zilze Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT napirze da mis mimdebare teritoriaze
Camoyalibda dasavleT-qarTuli Zlieri da maRalkulturuli saxelmwifo –
kolxeTis samefo. Zv.w. IX-VIII ss-Si kolxeTis samefom Tavisi batonoba gaavrcela
dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawilze, urartusTan erTad gaanadgura diaoxi da
misi CrdiloeTi teritoria SeierTa. kolxeTis samefos siZliere da simdidre
aisaxa Zvel berZnul miTSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb.

urartus mefe menuas droindeli lursmuli warwera

54
wyaro 3

urartus mefe argiSTi I-is warwera diaoxSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb

(Qqr.S-mde VIII s. I nax.):

`...gavemarTe me salaSqrod didis qveynis winaaRmdeg, qalaq zuas winaaRmdeg; qalaqi

zua, diaoxis samefo qalaqi, me gadavwvi. warwera davdgi qalaq zuaSi... diaoxis mefe
davimorCile, Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. ai, ranairi xarki misca argiS-
Tis diaoxelma: 41 mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli... aTi aTasi mina spilenZi, 1000
sajdomi cxeni, 300 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, aTi aTasi suli wvrilfexa
rqosani pirutyvi. ai rogori xarki... diaoxze me davade, raTa mas es xarki eZlia yove-
lwliurad... (?) mina sufTa oqro, 10 000 mina spilenZi... xarebi, 100 Zroxa, 500 cxva-
ri, 300 sajdomi cxeni... argiSTi ambobs: is mefeni, romelnic diaoxel mefis saSve-
lad movidnen _ me maTi ganadgureba aRvasrule. am wels davipyari me luSas qveyana,
qaTarzas qveyana, eriaxis qveyana... davipyari viteruxis qveyana... luSas qveynis mefe
me davasaWurise, xolo igas qveynis mefe davimorCile...

argiSTi ambobs: diaoxis qveyana kvlav ajanyda: meomrebi me Sevkribe da gavemarTe

diaoxis winaaRmdeg, is gamocxadda Cems winaSe omiT~.

Zveli msoflio
ma
ni
Ci
yubani
kuma

q
a
S
q Tergi
e
(k

b
i
as
pi
is

(Savi zRva)
zR

fazisi
va
a

)
x
l

mt

trapezunti
kv
o

ar
i
k

sevanis tba
araqsi
erebuni
evfrati argiStisinili
suxmi
u
r
a
arcani r
vanis tba t
u
tuSpa urmiis tba
kimerielTa laSqroba

skviTTa laSqroba
mid kimerielebisa
ia da skviTebis
qalaqi
Semosevebi
55
 urartusTan aliansi didxans ar gagrZele-
bula. Z Q v.w. VIII s-dan kolxas winaaRmdeg brZo-
las iwyebs TviT urartu, romlis mefe sar-
duri II-m orgzis dalaSqra kolxeTis teri-
toria, daipyro `samefo qalaqi~ ildamuSi. am
brZolebma daasusta kolxeTis samefo, rasac
daerTo Crdilo kavkasiidan momTabare-meoma-
ri tomebis – kimerielebis, mogvianebiT ki kas- urartuelTa mxedrebis da
piis zRvis sanapiroTi da darialis xeobiT ami- saomari etlebis gamosaxuleba
mefe argiSTi menuas Zis
erkavkasiaSi SemoWrili skviTebis Semosevebi.
brinjaos saisreze
Z
Q v.w. 590 wels urartus samefo gaanadgures
midielebma. misi mosaxleobis nawili Crdilo-
eTiT gadasaxlda. isini TandaTan Seerivnen
iq mcxovreb qarTvelur tomebs da maT kul-
turasa da metyvelebaSi bevri sagulisxmo
elementi Seitanes. magaliTad, am dros aris
Semosuli mosavlianobis RvTaebis, arales
kulti, romlis saxelic SemorCenilia ara-
erT qarTul sameurneo simReraSi – orove-
la, kalospiruli da sxv. am simRerebSi arales
ewodeba `ivri arale~, `Tari arale~, romlis
Tavi meore

urartuli mniSvnelobaa `meufeo arale~, `di-

do arale~ da a.S. aseve dRes qarTulSi dam-
kvidrebulia gamoTqmebi – yiramala, Tavdayi-
ra, yiraze gadasvla da sxv. `yira~ urartulSi
miwas aRniSnavda.
brinjaos saritualo
culebi kolxeTidan (QZv.w. II
aTaswleulis I naxevari)

wyaro 4

nawyvetebi berZeni poetis apolonios rodoselis poemidan `argonavtika~:

`roca iazoni da misi mxleblebi aietis sasaxlesTan mividnen... isini gaaoca mefis
sasaxlis galavanma, farTo WiSkrebma da svetebma, romlebic mwkrivad iyo aRmarTu-
li kedlebis garSemo. sasaxlis Tavze, spilenZis qongurebze, qvis koSki idga. iazon-
ma da misma mxleblebma daubrkolebliv daabijes fexi sasaxlis WiSkris zRurbls,
romelTanac maRla amarTuli, mwvane foTlebiT Semosili vazebi gaSliliyvnen. va-
zebis qveS oTxi dauSreteli Sadrevani moCuxCuxebda. es wyaroebi hefestom amoaCqe-
fa miwis gulidan... aseTi RvTaebrivi saqmeebi gaakeTa daxelovnebulma hefestom ku-
taieli aietis sasaxleSi. amas garda, hefestom aiets gamouWeda spilenZis fexebiani
xarebi, romelTac spilenZisave xaxebi hqondaT, saidanac cecxlis sazareli ali
amosdiodaT. manve gaukeTa mTliani guTani magari foladisagan...

56
saomari etlis brinjaos modeli (QZv.w. VIII-VII ss) dedofliswyaros raioni,
mTa goxebidan

Zveli msoflio
klasSi samuSao

1. asureTis mefis motanili warweris mixedviT daaxasiaTeT daiaenis qveyana.

2. moiazreT, motanili nawyvetebidan ra niSnebiT Cans, rom diaoxi
saxelmwifoa?
3. ganixileT wyaroebi 2 da 3. maTze dayrdnobiT ra SeiZleba iTqvas diaoxis
ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ramdenad sarwmunoa
urartus mefe argiSTi I-is warweris monacemebi? ratom SeiZleba iyos gada-
Warbebuli es monacemebi?
4. gaixseneT miTi (an gaecaniT miTs) argonavtebis Sesaxeb da gadmoeciT
rogori warmodgena hqoniaT Zvel berZnebs kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb.
5. rogor fiqrobT, raze unda migvaniSnebdes miTSi vazis xseneba? ras unda
niSnavdes imis miTiTeba, rom hefestom mefe aiets spilenZis fexebiani da
spilenZis xaxidan cecxlis mfrqveveli xarebi gamouWeda?

57
 11. saxmeleTo imperia.
aqemenianTa irani (Zv.w. VI-IV ss.)

kiros II didi. imperiis Seqmna

asureTis imperiis ganadgurebis Semdeg (QZv.w. 614/12) iwyeba sparsuli tomebis
dominirebis epoqa axlo aRmosavleTSi. dinastiis damfuZnebeli aqemeni meTa-
urobda sparsuli tomebis gaerTianebas. swored aqemenianebma SeZles Zveli
aRmosavleTis gaerTianeba erT Zlevamosil imperiaSi.
ZQ v.w. 558 wels sparsul-aqemenur samefos saTaveSi Caudga aqemenis STamomava-
li kiros II didi (Zv. w. 558-530), romelmac 550 wels daamarcxa midielebi da male
SemoierTa axlo aRmosavleTSi manamde arsebuli midiis uzarmazari samefos
teritoriebi. kiros II-m SemdgomSic gaagrZela dapyrobebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSv-
nelovani gamodga 539 wels kirosis mier babilonis dapyroba. babilonis samefos
sxvadasxva mxareSi gansaxlebulni iyvnen TavianTi samSoblodan ZaliT gadmosax-
lebuli xalxebi, maT Soris, ebraelebi. kirosma daabruna ebraelebi samSobloSi
da saxelmwifo saxsrebi gamouyo ierusalimis taZris aRsadgenad. amis gamo bib-
liaSi arc erT araebrael mmarTvels ar miegeba iseTi pativi, rogoric kiross.
kirosis es gadawyvetileba imperiis farglebSi `religiuri avtonomiis~ Se-
moRebis pirveli nimuSia kacobriobis istoriaSi. SemdgomSi imperiaSi Semavali
Tavi meore

erTeulebis mowyobisa da marTvis am saFfuZvels sxva imperiebic iyenebdnen. es

is safuZvelia, rasac, magaliTad, romis imperiaSi `religio licita~, anu saxelmwifo
religiis (am SemTxvevaSi romaelebis sarwmunoebis) garda, `daSvebuli, neba-
darTuli religia~ ewodeboda.
kirosma SeZlo, erTmaneTTan Seerwya gamarjvebulTa da damarcxebulTa wes-
Cveulebebi. man saTave daudo did sparsul imperias. didgvarovani beladebi
samefo samsaxurSi Cadgnen. rigiTi sparselebi samxedro fenad gardaiqmnnen.
isini cxovrobdnen samxedro Temebad, maT miwebs arendatorebi amuSavebdnen,
TviTon ki cxovrebis ZiriTad nawils samxedro laSqrobebSi atarebdnen.

apadanas kibe ZRvenis

mimrTmevTa procesiis
gamosaxulebiT

58
 kiros II-is memkvidris, kambises II-is (Zv.w.
530-522) dros sparselebma daipyres egvip-
tec. male maTi saxelmwifo uzarmazar im-
periad iqca, romelic gadaWimuli iyo cen-
traluri aziidan makedoniamde. am imperi-
aSi Sediodnen, erTi mxriv, iseTi qveynebi,
romlebSic sparsuli imperiis Seqmnamde
gacilebiT adre arsebobda Camoyalibebu-
li saxelmwifo institutebi (mcire aziis
olqebi, elami, babiloni, siria, finikia da
egvipte) da, meore mxriv, arabuli, skviTu-
ri da sxva tomebi, romlebic ganviTarebis
gacilebiT ufro dabal stadiaze imyofe-
bodnen.
imperiis mmarTveloba
am mizeziT dapyrobil qveynebSi saxel-
mwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis Seqmnisas
sparselebi did problemebs waawydnen.
Tumca maT garkveul warmatebebs miaRwi-
es. Tavdapirvelad kirosma da kambises-
ma SeinarCunes adgilobrivi mmarTvelo-
bis sistema, magram momdevno aqemenianebi
mTel rig regionebSi separatistuli ten-
denciebis gamovlenis Semdeg iZulebulni
gaxdnen, ganexorcielebinaT reformebi.
darios I-ma (Zv.w. 522-486) mniSvnelovani
administraciul-finansuri reformebi
Caatara, ramac saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
myari sistemis Camoyalibebis, dapyrobil
qveynebze kontrolis, gadasaxadebis ak-
refis mowesrigebisa da samxedro kontin-
gentis gazrdis saSualeba Seqmna. amasTan
erTad, SenarCunebuli iyo adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobisa da samarTalwarmoebis zo-
gierTi, yvelaze myari forma. zogadad,
aqemenianTa periodSi babilonuri samar-
Ta li iT vle bo da axlo aR mo sav le Tis
samarTlebrivi normebisaTvis nimuSad.
amgvari politikis Sedegad Seiqmna axa-
li administraciuli sistema, romelsac
aqemenianTa imperiis damxobamde arsebiTi
cvlileba ar ganucdia.
darios I-ma saxelmwifo dayo administ-
wyaro 1
herodotes cnobebi aqemenian-
Ta iranis Sesaxeb:
`...(dariosma) sparselTa (sabr-
Zanebeli) dayo 20 sagamgeblod,
romlebsac TviTon sparselebi
uwodeben satrapiebs. sagamgeb-
loebad rom dayo da saTaveSi
gamgeblebi dauyena, daawesa
xarki calkeuli xalxis mixed-
viT...
... mxolod sparseTis qveyana
ar momixsenebia daxarkulTa
Soris, radganac sparselebiT
dasaxlebuli qveyana Tavisufa-
lia xarkisagan. Semdeg xalxebs
xarki ar hqondaT dawesebuli,
Zveli msoflio
magram saCuqrebi ki mihqondaT.
eseni arian... eTiopielebi...
kolxebmac nebayoflobiT
daiweses saCuqrebi da aseve
maTma mezoblebmac vidre ka-
vkasiis mTebamde (radgan am
mTebamde vrceldeba sparselTa
Zalaufleba, xolo kavkasiidan
CrdiloeTisken mdebare qvey-
nebs araferi aqvT sazrunavi
sparselTa mimarT). amaT saCu-
qrebi daiweses da es grZeldeba
Cvens dromde, rom yovel mexuTe
wels gadaixadon 100 yrma da 100
qalwuli. arabebi 1000 talant
gundruks ixdidnen yovelwliu-
rad. esaa saCuqrebi, romelsac
Rebulobs mefe (satrapiebidan
Semosul) xarks garda~.
59
 raciul-sagadamxdelo olqebad, romleb-
sac satrapiebi ewodeboda. satrapiebis
sazRvrebi xSirad emTxveoda aqemenianTa
imperiaSi Semavali qveynebis (mag., egvip-
tis) Zvel saxelmwifoebriv da eTnikur
sazRvrebs. berZeni istorikosi herodote
CamoTvlis 20 satrapias da 70 xalxs, rom-
lebic aqemenianTa imperiaSi iyvnen gaer-
Tianebulni.
me-19 satrapiaSi Sedioda kolxeTis sa-
mefos samxreTi nawili, romelic aqemeni-
anebma uSualod daiqvemdebares. sakuTriv
kolxeTis samefo Semcirebuli terito-
riiT agrZelebda damoukidebel arse-
bobas da aqemenianebs ZRvens ugzavnida.
sparseTs emorCilebodnen samxreTSi mobinadre qarTveluri tomebi, ufro
CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebT ki SedarebiT msubuqi valdebulebebi ekisrebodaT
aqemenianTa imperiis winaSe.
axali administraciuli olqebis saTaveSi idgnen satrapebi. darios I-is re-
formebis Sedegad satrapebis da sxva administraciul postebze sparselebi
iniSnebodnen. darios I-ma aseve gamijna satrapebis da mxedarTmTavrebis fun-
Tavi meore

qciebi. satrapebs ekisrebodaT samoqalaqo funqciebis Sesruleba, xolo mxe-

darTmTavrebi uSualod mefes emorCilebodnen. Tumca am dayofis SenarCuneba
yovelTvis ar xerxdeboda.

wyaro 2

dariosis warwera mewamuli zRvisa da nilosis SemaerTebeli arxis Sesaxeb:

aqemenianTa saaRmSeneblo warwerebis ricxvs ekuTvnis dariosis warwera mewamuli

zRvisa da nilosis SemaerTebeli arxis gayvanis Sesaxeb, romelic aRmoCenili iyo
suecis arxis regionSi. masSi moTxrobilia dariosis mier egviptis dapyrobis Se-
saxeb. arxi, romelzedac laparakia warweraSi, arsebobda jer kidev Qqr.S-mde 1500
wels egviptis dedofal xatSefsutis dros da Semdgom gauqmda. ufro gviandelma
faraonebma scades misi aRdgena, magram, herodotes cnobiT, saqme bolomde ver miiy-
vanes. amrigad, darios pirvelma ganagrZo egviptis faraonebis mier dawyebuli saqme
da daasrula igi.

`ityvis meufe dariosi: sparsi sparseTiT misreTs* veufle. me davadgine arxis gayva-
na mdinariT, romel dis egvipteSi da ewodebis, romels pirava, zRvamde sparseTiT
momavlisa**. da gaiTxara rodesac arxi, ise viTarca es me vubrZane, iwyes xomaldTa
curva am arxiT egviptiT sparseTis Cemi nebisaebr~.

* misreTi, misri – egvipte

** igulisxmeba mewamuli da arabeTis zRvebi

60
 satrapebi da mxedarTmTavrebi mWid-
rod iyvnen dakavSirebulni centralur
mmarTvelobasTan da mefisa da misi Cinov-
nikebis, gansakuTrebiT saidumlo poli-
ciis, mudmivi kontrolis qveS imyofe-
bodnen.
aqemenianTa imperiis arseboba didwi-
lad emyareboda armias. saxelmwifo dayo-
fili iyo samxedro toparqiebad, romelTa
raodenobac icvleboda, magram yovelTvis
CamorCeboda satrapiebis raodenobas.
armia ZiriTadad dakompleqtebuli iyo apadanas (persepolisi)
sparselebisa da midielebisagan. is Sed- agebis memorialuri firfita
geboda kavaleriisa da qveiTi jarisagan. samenovani warweriT (sparsuli,
kavaleriis rekrutireba xdeboda did- babilonuri, elamituri)

wyaro 3

kirosis ediqti bibliis mixedviT

Zveli msoflio
1. sparseTis mefis, kirosis, pirvel wels, raTa aRsrule-
buliyo ieremias piriT Tqmuli uflis sityva, gaaRviZa
ufalma sparseTis mefis, kirosis suli da gamoacxada man
mTels Tavis samefoSi zepir da werilobiTac, rom:

2. ase ambobs kirosi, sparseTis mefe: qveynierebis yvela

samefo momca me ufalma, caTa RmerTma, da manve mibrZana
avuSeno mas saxli ierusalimSi, iudaSi rom aris.

3. vin aris Tqvens Soris am xalxidan, RmerTi iyos masTan!

wavides ierusalimSi, iudaSi, da auSenos saxli ufals,
israelis RmerTs. es aris RmerTi, romelic ierusalim-
Sia.

4. danarCenebma, yvelam Tavis adgilidan, vinc ki cxovrobs,

xeli gaumarTos mas vercxliT, oqroTi, yovelnairi qonebiT, pirutyviT – neba-
yoflobiTi ZRveni gaiRos ierusalimSi myofi RmerTis saxlisaTvis.

6. yvelam, vinc maT garSemo iyo, xeli gaumarTa maT vercxlis WurWliT da
oqroulobiT, yovelnairi qonebiT, pirutyviT, ZvirfaseulobiT, garda imisa,
rac nebayoflobiT gaiRes.

7. mefe kirosma gamoitana uflis taZris WurWeli, romelic nabuqodonosors hqon-

da wamoRebuli da misi RmerTis taZarSi ewyo.

8. gamoitana isini mefe kirosma, sparseTis mefem, miTridat meganZuris xeliT; man ki
TvliT Caabara SeSbacars, iudael mTavars.

I ezra, Tavi 1

61
 gvarovnebisagan, qveiTebisa ki – miwaTmoqmedTagan. armiis birTvs Seadgenda
10 aTasi `ukvdavi~ meomari, romlebic warmoadgendnen uSualod mefis pirad
dacvas.
darios I-ma sakuTari Tavi `mefeT mefed~ da `mETeli qveynierebis mefed~
gamoacxada. marTlac, sparselTa Zalaufleba vrceldeboda TiTqmis mTel
maSindel civilizebul samyaroze; mxolod Sors, dasavleTSi inarCunebdnen
damoukideblobas berZnuli polisebi.
am uzarmazari imperiis centrad da Zlierebis simbolod iqca aqemenianTa
sataxto qalaqi persepolisi. es qalaqi-sasaxle aSenebuli iyo uzarmazar xe-
lovnur terasaze da zemodan dahyurebda dablobs, TiTqos miwas da cas Soris
iyo gamokidebuli. qalaqSi Sedioda farTo sadResaswaulo kibe, morTuli 33

wyaro 4

herodote iranelTa aRzrdis sistemis Sesaxeb aqemenianTa xanaSi:

`brZolaSi mamacobis Semdeg udides vaJkacobad iTvleba bevri Svilis gaCena. mas,
vinc yvelaze met Svils gaaCens, mefe saCuqrebs ugzavnis yovelwliurad, radgan
miaCniaT, rom mravalricxovneba Zala aris. bavSvebs 5 wlidan 12-mde mxolod sam
rames aswavlian: cxenosnobas, mSvildosnobas da simarTlis laparaks. sanam bavSvi
ar gaxdeba 5 wlis, TvaliT ar anaxeben mamas, mas qalebSi aqvs adgili. es imitomaa,
Tavi meore

rom Tu bavSvi mokvda pataraobaSi, am ambavma mamas mwuxareba ar miayenos~.

olbia

Savi zRva kolxeTi sogdania

kaspiis
iberia
zRva
somxeTi
platea maraToni
kapadokia baqtriana
salamisi
asureTi ekbatana midia
parTia
aria
xmelTaSua zRva babilonia elami
ierusalimi susa
libia
arabeTi
memfisi sparseTi
drangiana
egvipte persepolisi

aqemenianTa imperiis maqsimaluri sazRvrebi

aqemenianTa Zalauflebis centrebi

samefo gza

brZolebi

62
xalxis gamosaxulebis reliefebiT, romlebsac xarki mihqondaT mefisaTvis.
uzarmazari karibWe xsnida gzas `apadanisaken~ _ imdroindeli msoflios yve-
laze didi sasaxlisaken. mis darbazSi aTi aTasamde adamiani eteoda, Wers ki
ikavebda maRali svetebis mTeli kolonada.
TeTri qalaqi miwasa da cas Soris msoflio imperiis simbolo iyo. aq ina-
xeboda mefeTa saganZuri. aqedan midioda qviT mokirwyluli gzebi imperiis
sxvadasxva provinciebSi. gzebze yovel 20 kilometrSi sastumro da safosto
sadguri idga. Sikrikebi samefo brZanebebs samefo mwerlebs gadascemdnen.
kiros II-is mmarTvelobis droidan dawyebuli, aqemenianTa saxelmwifos
kancelariaSi iyenebdnen arameul enas, romelzec laparakobdnen axlo aRmo-
savleTSi mosaxle mravalricxovani semituri tomebi. arameeli mwerlebi iye-
nebdnen anbanur damwerlobas da maTi ena didi xania qceuli iyo diplomatiisa
da vaWrobis enad mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi. dariosis mier ganxorcielebuli
administraciuli reformebis Sedegad es ena oficialur enad iqca mTeli im-
periis kancelariebisaTvis.

imperiis daknineba da daSla

Zv.w. V s.-is dasawyisSi mcire aziis berZnuli qalaqebi aqemenianTa imperias eq-
vemdebarebodnen, Tumca xSiri iyo ajanyebebi. sparselebi sworad miiCnevdnen,

Zveli msoflio
rom maTi sruli batonobis dasamyareblad saWiro iyo balkaneTis naxevarkun-
Zulis berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis damorCilebac, romelTa Soris uZli-
eresebi aTeni da sparta iyvnen. aqemenianma monarqebma, darios I-ma da qserqsem
(Zv. w. 486-465) wamoiwyes laSqrobebi berZenTa winaaRmdeg; magram Zv. w. 490 wels
maraTonTan brZolaSi, Zv. w. 480 wels salaminis sazRvao brZolaSi, Zv. w. 479 pla-
teasTan brZolaSi da imave wels mikalis koncxTan sazRvao brZolaSi berZnebma
gaimarjves da aiZules sparselebi, uari eTqvaT saberZneTis dapyrobis gegmaze.
aTenma da spartam samxedro moqmedebebi sparselTa winaaRmdeg mcire aziaSi
gadaitanes. maT Soris saomari mdgomareoba Z Q v. w. 449 wlamde gagrZelda, rode-
sac mxareebma sazavo xelSekruleba dades. Tumca, amis Semdgomac aqemenianebi
aqtiurad ereodnen berZnebis saSinao saqmeebSi, gansakuTrebiT peloponesis
omis dros berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris.
aqemenianTa samefo karis intrigebma, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebma, dapyro-
bili xalxebis periodulma ajanyebebma, satrapTa separatistulma midrekile-
bebma daasustes imperia da mas ukve aRar eyo Zala, winaaRmdegoba gaewia axali
metoqisaTvis – makedoniisaTvis. Zv. w. 334 wels berZnul-makedoniuri armia
SeiWra aqemenianTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi da ramdenime weliwadSi, gamanad-
gurebeli marcxebis gancdis Semdeg, aqemenianTa imperiam arseboba Sewyvita.
imperiis damxoba gardauvali aRmoCnda, miuxedavad imisa, rom aqemenianTa
gankargulebaSi iyo auracxeli materialuri resursebi da uzarmazari armia. es
armia, romelic Sedgeboda sxvadasxva tomebis warmomadgenelTa razmebisagan
da moZvelebuli iaraRiT iyo aRWurvili, bevrad CamorCeboda im droisaTvis
yvelaze saukeTeso SeiaraRebis mqone da samxedro saqmeSi gawaful aleqsan-
dre makedonelis armias, romelsac saTaveSi niWieri mxedarTmTavrebi edgnen.
sparseTis mTavarsardloba arc ki cdilobda SeiaraRebis srulyofas da meo-
marTa samxedro momzadebis donis amaRlebas. sparsuli mTavarsardloba imiT
63
 Semoifargla, rom armiaSi Seiyvana daqiravebul berZen meomarTagan Semdgari
ocdaaTaTAasiani jari, romelic uzarmazari armiis yvelaze brZolisunariani
nawili gaxda. erT dros uZleveli sparsuli qveiTi jari uZluri aRmoCnda
aleqsandre makedonelis armiis winaSe.
saerTo jamSi, aqemenianTa epoqam umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula iranisa
da mTlianad axlo aRmosavleTis istoriaSi. xangrZlivi drois manZilze mSvi-
doba damyarda uzarmazar teritoriaze – aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispire-
Tidan indoeTis misadgomebamde da Seiqmna xelsayreli pirobebi saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis da sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris kulturuli kontaqtebis gasaviTareb-
lad. ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebi, kulturuli tradiciebi,
romlebic Seiqmna aqemenianTa epoqaSi, mravali aswleulis manZilze arsebobda
aleqsandre makedonelis imperiaSi, misi memkvidreebis saxelmwifoebSi, parTi-
is da sasanianTa samefoebSi.
aqemenianTa epoqa aRmosavleTis xalxebis aqtiuri kulturuli urTierT-
gavlenis dro iyo. amas xels uwyobda mravali faqtori: uzarmazari imperia,
romelSic gaerTianda axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis umravlesoba, aqemenianTa
tolerantuli politika adgilobrivi kulturuli da religiuri tradicie-
bis mimarT, rac mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda adre axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebuli
imperiebis politikisagan. zogjer ucxoelebi saxldebodnen qalaqebis gan-
calkevebul ubnebSi, hqondaT sakuTari saxalxo kreba da mmarTvelobis or-
ganoebi, magram ufro xSirad isini adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan gverdigverd
cxovrobdnen, qmnidnen Sereul ojaxebs, icvlidnen religias, erTvebodnen
Tavi meore

sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. xdeboda ucxoelTa TandaTanobiTi

asimilireba adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, isini iTavisebdnen adgilobriv enasa
da kulturas da, Tavis mxrivac, kulturul gavlenas axdendnen adgilobriv
mosaxleobaze.
eTnikuri kontaqtebis gamococxleba xels uwyobda samecniero codnis,
xelovnebis sinTezs da didwilad axali materialuri da sulieri kulturis
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas, romelmac SemdgomSi sasikeTo gavlena moaxdina
elinizmis Seqmnaze.
aqemenianTa saxelmwifom kulturuli TvalsazrisiT bevri
ram SeiTvisa berZnuli samyarodan. amasTan, berZenTa filo-
sofiur sistemebze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina iranel
mogvTa moZRvrebebma da zoroastrizmma – axalma reli-
giam, romelic emyareboda sikeTisa da borotebis Zale-
bis maradiuli brZolis ideas da romlis safuZvlebis
Seqmnac miewereba zaraTuStras (berZn. zoroastri).
zoroastrizmi, romelmac Tanda-
TanobiT mowinave poziciebi
moipova aqemenianTa impe-
riaSi, Semdgom oficialur
saxelmwifo religiad iqca
iranis teritoriaze arse-
bul parTiisa da sasanianTa
saxelmwifoebSi.

64
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT kolxeTis statusze aqemeni-

anTa imperiaSi.
2. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra
mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqonoda dariosis mier aRdgenil arxs sparseTis
imperiaSi savaWro urTierTobebisa Tu, zogadad, masSi Semaval xalxebs
Soris kavSir-urTierTobaTa ganmtkicebisaTvis.
3. gaecaniT wyaroebs 4 a, 4 b da gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazrebebi imis Taobaze,
Tu ratom fasobda Zvirad Zveli msoflios imperiebSi metropoliis
mkvidrTa axali Taobis sicocxle.
4. teqstze da wyaroebze 1, 3 dayrdnobiT imsjeleT aqemenianTa imperiis mow-
yobaze. SeadareT wyaroebs 5 a da 5 b. gansazRvreT, ra aqvT saerTo aqemeni-
anTa imperiul sistemas aleqsandre makedonelis SexedulebebTan sakuTari
imperiis mowyobaze.

Zveli msoflio
saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `Zveli aRmosavleTis imperiebi~ (asureTis da aqemenianTa

imperiebis Sedareba). moawyveT klasSi Tqveni naSromebis prezentacia da
gamarTeT diskusia.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

Zv.w. 558-330
Zv.w. 883-614/12 – axalasuruli aqemenianTa imperia
samefo
Zv.w. 558-30 Zv.w. 490 – maraTonis
kiros II didi brZola

900 800 700 600 500 400

Zv.w. 539 Zv.w. 486-465 –

kirosis mier babilonis dapyroba qserqse

Zv.w. 522-486
darios I
65
 12. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
finikiuri qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia

xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebareobda

finikia. mis teritorias dRes sami qveyana inawilebs: li-
bani, siria da israeli (palestinis arabul avtonomiasTan
erTad). qveyana mdidari iyo xiliT, RviniT, zeTisxiliT,
xe-tyiT. libanis kedari uZvelesi droidan Zvirfas samSe-
neblo masalad iTvleboda, xolo xilis erT saxeobas qve-
yanam Tavisi saxeli misca – finiki. zRvasa da mTebs Soris
viwro zolSi finikielTa mravali qalaq-saxelmwifo iyo
gaSenebuli, maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi da udidesi qala-
qebi iyo tvirosi, biblosi, ugariti da sidoni. am qalaqebis
ZiriTad saqmianobas vaWroba da zRvaosnoba warmoadgenda. finikiuri
qveynis simdidre odiTganve izidavda mtersa Tu moyva- damwerlobis nimuSi
res. jer kidev Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi aqadis me-
feebi awyobdnen laSqrobebs `kedris tyeSi~, rogorc isini
finikias moixseniebdnen. adgilobrivi tomebi aRmosavleT
xmelTaSuazRvispireTs `qanaanis qveyanas~ uwodebdnen.
Tavi meore

qanaanelebi semituri modgmis tomebi iyvnen, romlebic am

teritoriaze adre brinjaos xanidan, e. i. Zv.w. III aTaswleu-
lidan unda dasaxlebuliyvnen.
`finikia~ berZnuli saxelia da Zv.w. XIV saukunidan das- finikiuri xomaldi
turdeba. finikia, kviprosTan erTad, mikenuri saberZneTis
ZiriTad savaWro partniorad Cans knososisa da pilosis arqivebSi daculi
dokumentebis mixedviT.
saukuneTa manZilze berZnebi da finikielebi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen zRvaze
batonobas. berZeni istorikosebi herodote da Tukidide, Soreuli warsu-
lis ambebis gadmocemisas, finikielebs ZiriTadad mekobreebad moixsenieben,
xolo Zv.w. V saukunis omebSi finikiuri floti mrisxane sazRvao Zalad hyavT
gamoyvanili, romelsac qiraoben sxvadasxva mxareebi, ZiriTadad, sparselebi,
aTenelTa da maT mokavSireTa zRvaze upiratesobis gasaneitraleblad.
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, axlo aRmosavleTis didi
saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen am qalaqebze sakuTari gavlenis gavrcelebas. gan-
sakuTrebiT warmatebuli egvipte iyo, romelmac jer kidev Zv.w. XV saukuneSi,
ToTmesis III-isa da amenxotep II-is laSqrobebis Sedegad finikiis didi nawili
daimorCila, xolo xeTebma CrdiloeTiT mdebare ugaritis samefo aqcies saku-
Tar vasalad. egviptesa da xeTebs dapirispireba XIV-XIII saukuneebSi ZiriTadad
finikiisa da Crdilo siriis qalaqebze batonobisaTvis hqondaT. Zv. w. XII sauku-
nis miwuruls finikia asurelebma dalaSqres tiglaTfalasar I-is sardlobiT.
Zv. w. X saukunidan finikia garkveuli xniT damoukidebeli Cans. qalaqebs
Soris pirvelobas tvirosi aRwevs. misi mefe hirami aqtiur sagareo da saSinao
politikas eweoda. mis saxels ukavSirdeba qalaqSi didi aRmSenebloba, agreTve
66
saxelmwifos ganmtkiceba da teritoriuli
zrda. qalaqis mosaxleobam mis dros 40000-s
miaRwia, rac imxanad Zalian didi ricxvi iyo.
hirams keTilmezobluri da samokavSireo da-
mokidebuleba hqonda israelis samefosTan.
am droidan moyolebuli, finikieli
vaWrebi ara marto dacuravdnen mTel xmel-
TaSua zRvaSi, aramed mis kolonizaciasac
axdendnen. finikielTa axalSenebi gaCnda
siciliaze, iberiis (pirenes) naxevarkun-
Zulze, afrikaSi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia:
genua, palermo, alikante, kadisi, malaga,
tripoli, tanJeri da sxv.
Zv.w. 814 wels dRevandeli tunisis teri-
toriaze daarsda qalaqi karTageni, romel-
sac gadmocema tvirosis mefis, pigmalionis
saxels ukavSirebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
karTagenma Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmna da da-
savleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis didi nawili
wyaro 1
amenxotep II-is stela (Zv.w.
XV s. II naxevari):
`miaRwia misma udidebuleso-
bam ugarits da alya Semoartya
Tavis yvela mowinaaRmdeges. man
isini gaanadgura, TiTqos arc
arsebobdnen, daamxo isini da
miwaze ganarTxa. Semdeg wavida
aqedan gaxarebuli. mTeli es
qveyana misi sakuTreba gaxda~.
wyaro 2
herodotes `istoriidan~:
`sparsTa istorikosebi ambo-
ben, rom finikielebi iyvnen
elinTa da sparsTa mtrobis

Zveli msoflio
moicva. Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi sami sisxlismRv-
mizezni, radgan finikielebi
reli omis Sedegad romma daamarcxa karTage-
mewamulad wodebuli zRvidan
ni da male xmelTaSua zRvis patroni gaxda.
rom movidnen am zRvasTan da
finikielebis saxels mravali aRmoCena
dasaxldnen im adgilas, sadac
Tu teqnologiuri siaxle ukavSirdeba. maT
dResac saxloben, maSinve So-
daxvewes gemTmSeneblobis xelovneba da
reuli naosnoba moawyves, wai-
pirvelebi iyvnen sxvadasxva tipis xomalde-
Res egvipturi da asuruli sa-
bis agebis saqmeSi. hiramis mSeneblobebisas
qoneli sxvadasxva qveynebSi da
tvirosSi maT gaafarToes kunZuli xelo-
movidnen argosSic... gamofines
vnuri miwayrilebiT, riTic dRevandeli ia-
TavianTi saqoneli. maTi Camos-
poniisa Tu dubais arqiteqtorebis winamor-
vlidan mexuTe Tu meeqvse dRes,
bedebad mogvevlinen. maTi erT-erTi gamo-
rodesac TiTqmis yvelaferi ga-
goneba ki zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobisa
yiduli hqondaT, movida zRvas-
aRmoCnda – anbani.
Tan sxva bevri qalica da maT
ZAv.w. II aTaswleulis miwuruls civili-
Soris mefis asulic, misi saxe-
zebuli xalxebi ZiriTadad damwerlobis
li... io inaqosis asuli. qalebi
Sereul, ideografiul-silabur formebs
gaCerdnen xomaldis cxvirTan
iyenebdnen, sadac erTi niSani mTel sityvas
da yidulobdnen im saqonels,
an mis nawils – marcvals gamoxatavda. am ti-
rac maT metad moswondaT, fini-
pis damwerlobebs ganekuTvneboda im dros
kielebma ki waaqezes erTmaneTi
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli lursmuli
da daesxnen maT Tavs. qalTagan
da egvipturi ieroglifuri.
meti wili gaiqca, xolo io sxve-
egviptursa da semitur enebSi, am ene-
bTan erTad moitaces. finikie-
bis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, marti-
lebma Cayares qalebi xomaldSi
vi (erTi Tanxmovnis Semcveli) marcvlis
da gacures egviptisken~.
aRmniSvneli niSani faqtobrivad Tanxmo-
67
 vnis aRmniSvnel niSans – asos warmoadgenda. dRes egvipteSi turistebs sTa-
vazoben papirusze Camoweril egviptur „anbans`. savaraudoa, rom egvipteli
qurumebi anbanis Seqmnamde didi xniT adre mixvdnen, rom niSnebis sul mcire
raodenobiT praqtikulad yvelafris dawera SeeZloT, magram am saidumlos
gamJRavneba revoluciis tolfasi iqneboda. egvipteSi xom adamianis sazoga-
doebrivi mdgomareoba mis ganswavlulobaze iyo damokidebuli. samagierod,
dasavleT-semituri tomebis vaWrebma, visTvisac wera-kiTxvis codna ara so-
cialuri mdgomareobis sawindari, aramed saqmis warmoebis saSualeba iyo, es
aRmoCena safuZvlad daudes TavianT konsonantur-silabur damwerlobas (Zv.w.
II aTaswleulis Sua xanebi), romlis ganviTarebis mwvervalsac finikiuri kon-
sonanturi damwerloba (mxolod Tanxmovnebis aRmniSvneli asoebis gamoyeneba)
warmoadgens. berZnebma finikiur TanxmovanTa nusxas xmovnebic daumates da
Seiqmna anbani, romlidanac momdinareobs Tanamedrove anbanTa didi nawili,
maT Soris, qarTuli.

wyaro 3

Tukidide siciliis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb:

`uZvelesi droidan kunZulze sxvadasxva xalxi cxovrobda. gadmocemiT, misi uZve-

lesi mosaxleoba kiklopebi da lestrigonebi iyvnen. vin iyvnen isini warmoSobiT,
saidan movidnen da sad wavidnen, verafers getyviT, amitom poetebis naambobs unda
Tavi meore

davjerdeT. maT Semdeg kunZulze, rogorc Cans, sikanebi dasaxldnen. isini Tavs
mkvidr mosaxleobad miiCneven, magram sinamdvileSi warmoSobiT iberielebi arian.
kunZuls adre maTi saxeli erqva – sikania. isini dResac cxovroben kunZulis da-
savleTiT. ilionis aRebis Semdeg aq gadmosaxldnen troelebic, mogvianebiT ki –
fokidelebi. sikulebi aq italiidan gadmosaxldnen. maT sZlies sikanebs da kunZuls
sakuTari saxeli misces. sikulebma elinTa mosvlamde samasi wliT adre kunZulis
saukeTeso nawili daikaves da dResac kunZulis Suagulsa da CrdiloeT nawilSi
binadroben. maT garda kunZulze gabneulia finikielTa dasaxlebebi. isini sikule-
bTan savaWrod koncxebsa da napirTan axlos mdebare patara kunZulebze dasaxldnen.
elinTa mosvlis Semdeg finikielebma nawilobriv datoves kunZuli. isini dasaxld-
nen elinebis mezoblad, saidanac mokle gziT ukavSirdebodnen karTagens~ .

klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT finikielTa mier danergili teqnologiuri

siaxleebisa da maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. finikiuri moneta

2. imsjeleT finikiuri anbanis Sesaxeb.

3. teqstisa da wyaroebis mixedviT isaubreT finikiuri zRvaosnobisa da ko-
lonizaciis mizezebis Sesaxeb.

68
13. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZnuli polisebi, saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis
formebi

polisebis mmarTvelobis
leqsikoni
formebi
klasikuri xanis sazogadoebrivi r kapiteli – svetis, kolonis

safuZveli jer kidev wina epoqaSi Caisaxa. zeda, damamTavrebeli nawi-

li
meurneobaSi centraluri figura Tavi-
sufali miwaTmoqmedi gaxda, xolo poli- r fiqsacia – aRniSvna, Cawera,
tikur cxovrebaSi – polisi, Tavisufal raimes damagreba garkveul
adamianTa gaerTianeba. polisi, rogorc mdgomareobaSi
wesi, qalaq-saxelmwifod iTargmneba, mag-
ram mxolod imitom, rom Tanamedrove
politikur terminologiaSi misi ufro
zusti Sesatyvisi ver moiZebna. polisi qa-
laqs imiT waagavs, rom mas aqvs akropoli-

Zveli msoflio
si – gamagrebuli borcvi Temis mfarveli
RvTaebis samlocveloTi da mis wevrTa
TavSeyris adgiliT. aq cvlidnen saqo-
nels da wyvetdnen saWirboroto sakiTxe-
bs, borcvis garSemo ki xalxi saxldebo-
da. polisTa umravlesobas soflis tipis
dasaxleba hqonda da qalaqi saerTod ar berZnuli kapiteli

gaaCnda, zogic ramdenime qalaqs moicavda.

saxelmwifoc mxolod pirobiT SeiZleba poliss vuwodoT – misi miwa aris
ara saxelmwifos teritoria, aramed mis wevrTa, „moqalaqeTa~ individualur
Tu koleqtiur sakuTrebaSi myof nakveTTa krebuli, TviTon polisic berZenTa
mier, pirvel yovlisa, „moqalaqeTa~ erTobliobad aRiqmeboda. didi saxelmwi-
foebisagan gansxvavebiT, polisis interesebi ZiriTadad „moqalaqeTa~ inte-
resebis jams warmoadgenda, ris gamoc calkeul adamianebs sazogadoebrivi
saqme piradze naklebad ar ainteresebdaT. berZnebis „koleqtivizmi~ polisis
garegnul saxeSic gamovlinda – xalxi sada da primitiul saxlebSi cxovrobda,
magram sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis ubrwyinvales nagebobebs, pirvel rigSi,
taZrebs aSenebda.
rogorc moqalaqeTa gaerTianeba da maT interesTa gamtarebeli warmonaqmni,
polisi Tavisi arsiT demokratiulia. magram Tavad berZnebi, mmarTvelobis
formis mixedviT ganasxvavebdnen ramdenime politikur sistemas:
monarqia – `erTmmarTveloba~, mefis anu erTi pirovnebis mmarTveloba, ro-
melic ar efuZneba arCevis princips da memkvidreobiT gadaecema. dinastiuri
monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema Zv. w. I aTaswleulis saberZneTSi sak-
maod iSviaTi movlenaa. is ufro TqmulebebSi asaxul sazogadoebas ekuTvnis
da poetTa simpaTiiTac sargeblobs.
69
 oligarqia – `mcireTa mmarTveloba~.
es forma saberZneTSi sakmaod gavrcele-
buli iyo da gulisxmobda, rom realur
mmarTvelobas ganaxorcielebda sazo-
gadoebis elitaruli anu mcire nawili.
misi gamoyofa xdeboda aristokratiuli
principiT (anu mmarTvelobas asrulebd-
nen didgvarovanni), an timokratiuli
principiT (rodesac mmarTvelobas axor-
cielebdnen is pirebi, romlebic TavianTi
realuri mdgomareobiT (qonebiT) iyvnen
gamorCeulni sazogadoebaSi). es poli-
tikuri sistema saberZneTis araerT po-
lisSi moqmedebda.
tirania agreTve erTmmarTvelobas
aRniSnavs, magram ara RvTis wyalobiT,
aramed xalxis risxviT gaCenils. polisSi
saxalxo mRelvarebis Sedegad erTpirov- likurgosi
nuli xelisufleba xSirad am gamosvlebis
erT-erT Tavkacs gadaecemoda. araordi-
naluri situacia da saxalxo mxardaWera
Tavi meore

mas xSirad SeuzRudav uflebebs aZlevda,

bevrad mets, vidre es dinastiur monarqs
Tu warCinebulTa jgufs gaaCnda.
mmarTvelobis es forma mravalma po-
lisma gamoscada. xSir SemTxvevaSi ti-
raniam garkveul etapze bevri sikeTec
moutana xalxs, pirvel rigSi, qalaqis
ganaSenianebis, saxelmwifo struqture-
bisa da sagareo kontaqtebis gaZlierebis
TvalsazrisiT. bevr tirans xalxi pativs
miagebda, rogorc brZen da Rirseul
mmarTvels, magram erTsulovani iyo berZ-
nebis uaryofiTi azri tiraniis, rogorc
mmarTvelobis formis mimarT, radgan xa-
lxisa da qveynis bedis damokidebuleba
erTi kacis nebasa Tu pirovnul Tvisebeb-
ze didi xifaTis Semcvelia.
demokratia – `xalxis mmarTveloba~.
Cvengan gansxvavebiT, Zveli berZnebi, ro-
melTaganac momdinareobs es termini, ase
soloni
mxolod im politikur sistemas moixse-
niebdnen, sadac xalxi, demosi pirdapir
mmarTvelobas axorcielebda: yoveldRiu-
rad ikribeboda mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
70
gadasawyvetad, pirdapir irCevda yvela rangis moxeles. berZnuli polisis zoma
da mosaxleobis raodenoba iZleoda amgvari marTvis SesaZleblobas. demokra-
tiis saukeTeso nimuSs aTeni warmoadgens. aTenis modelma warmatebiT iarseba
TiTqmis saukunis manZilze da xarvezebi mxolod peloponesis omSi, uaRresad
kritikul viTarebaSi gamoavlina.
berZen filosofosTa umetesoba am sistemaTagan arc erTs ar miiCnevda op-
timalurad. platoni Tavis `saxelmwifoSi~ gvTavazobs im models, sadac spe-
cialurad SerCeuli da aRzrdili filosofosebi ganageben qveyanas, xolo Tu-
kidide erTgvarad Sereuli modelisken ixreba, romelic garkveuli saxecvli-
lebiT ganxorcielda romSi da dRevandel demokratiul qveynebSi.

sparta
Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi saberZneTSi mravali qalaq-saxelmwifo, polisi iyo. maT
Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili spartasa da aTens ekavaT. isini iyvnen ara marto
Tavisi drois mniSvnelovani politikuri erTeulebi, aramed maT waruSleli
kvali datoves msoflio istoriaSi.
sparta Seiqmna momxduri dorielebis mier peloponesis (samxreT saberZ-
neTis) didi nawilis dapyrobis Sedegad. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Seda-
rebiT ricxobrivad aTjer naklebi dorielebi samxedro elitad iqcnen da

Zveli msoflio
dapyrobil-daymevebuli xalxis, helotebis Sromis xarjze cxovrobdnen. Zv.
w. IX saukunidan SeiZleba spartaSi saxelmwifos arsebobaze saubari. ori xan-
grZlivi da sisxlismRvreli omis Sedegad (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.) spartam daimorCila
mesenia, riTac saberZneTis yvelaze didi polisi gaxda. xsenebuli omebis dros
sabolood Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi wyoba, romelsac tradicia legenda-
ruli kanonmdeblis, likurgosis saxels ukavSirebda da, romelmac seriozuli
cvlilebebis gareSe ramdenime saukune iarseba. yovel spartels saxelmwifos
sakuTrebaSi myofi lakoniisa da meseniis miwa glexebiTurT Tanabrad dau-
nawilda droebiT mflobelobaSi. maTi Tanasworoba sxva zomebiTac iyo ganmt-
kicebuli: idealuri mebrZolis aRsazrdelad mimarTuli wvrTna, cxovrebis
yvela sferos umkacresi reglamentacia, fulis, sameurneo saqmianobisa da
sagareo kontaqtebis SezRudva.
spartelTa cxovrebis wesi aisaxa maT arqiteqturaSic – doriuli kapiteli
iseve gansxvavdeba ioniurisagan, rogorc pirquSi sparteli jariskaci laRi da
ganebivrebuli ionieli moqalaqisagan. sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia spartelTa
laparakis xelovneba. maTi mokle da saqmiani frazebi imdenad STambeWdavi iyo,
rom azris gamoTqmis es stili dResac spartelTa mSobliuri mxaris saxelwo-
debis mixedviT lakoniurad iwodeba.
spartas saTaveSi ori mefe edga, romlebic sardlis, mosamarTlisa da quru-
mis funqciebs asrulebdnen. umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa gadawyvetaSi monawi-
leobda uxucesTa sabWo – gerusia da saxalxo kreba. magram realurad xelisu-
fleba xuTi arCeviTi eforisagan Semdgar kolegias hqonda – is akontrolebda
likurgosis kanonebis ganuxrel Sesrulebas nebismieri spartelis mier. poli-
sis meurneoba emyareboda sruliad uuflebo helotebsa da pirovnulad Tavi-
sufal, magram politikur uflebebs moklebul periekebs. helotebi mosavlis

71
 meeqvseds aZlevdnen saxelmwifos, xolo periekebi miwaTmoqmedebis garda,
vaWrobiTa da xelosnobiT iyvnen dakavebulni da rig SemTxvevaSi maT samxedro
samsaxuric ekisrebodaT. spartasTan miaxloebuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba dam-
yarda dorielebis mier dakavebul zogierT olqSi: kreta, argosi, Tesalia.

aTeni
saberZneTis olqis, atikis dedaqalaqi aTeni jer kidev mikenur xanaSi daars-
da. is gadaurCa dorielTa Semosevas da saberZneTis Zveli mosaxleobisaTvis
erTgvar centrad Tu TavSesafrad iqca.
aTeni Zalze dinamiurad viTardeboda, misi moqalaqeebi dausruleblad
axlis, srulyofis ZiebaSi iyvnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
aTenis saxels ukavSirdeba klasikuri berZnuli kulturis umTavresi warma-
tebebi literaturis sxvadasxva Janris, Teatris, arqiteqturis, qandakebis
sferoSi. aTenSi gaCnda da daixvewa saxelmwifos marTvis is forma, romelSic
xalxi maqsimaluradaa CarTuli – demokratia. demokratiis xarisxi aTenSi,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, miuRwevel standartad rCeba dRevandeli ganviTa-
rebuli qveynebisTvisac ki.
demosis, xalxis erT-erTi pirveli gamarjveba kanonebis Cawera iyo. aTenSi
xalxis amboxebisa da tiraniis damyarebis pirvel uSedego mcdelobas mohyva
drakonis kanonebi (Zv. w. 624 w.). marTalia, pirveli werilobiTi kanonebi tra-
diciuli samarTlis fiqsacias ar gascdenia da aTasi wliT ufro adreul Sua-
Tavi meore

mdinarul kanonebTan SedarebiTac primitiulad gamoiyureboda, maT gaCenas

didi mniSvneloba hqonda. SeizRuda warCinebul mosamarTleTa TviTneboba.
kanonebis Caweris, gansakuTrebiT ki axalSeqmnil koloniebSi maTi Sedgenis
procesSi berZnebma aRmoaCines, rom kanoni erTxel da samudamod dadgenili ki
ar aris RmerTebis mier, aramed, iseve rogorc nebismieri praqtikuli gadawyve-
tileba, moqalaqeTa SeTanxmebis Sedegia. amas mohyva fiqri kanonmdeblobis,

aTenis akropolisi

72
samarTlis principebze, sazogadoebisa Tu samyaros kanonzomierebebze. SemTx-
veviTi ar aris, rom am dros cxovrobda „Svidi brZeni~, romelTac xalxma ama
Tu im formiT winamZRoloba Caabara: korinTos tirani periandrosi, aTeneli
soloni, qilon sparteli, mileteli Talesi, brias prieneli, pitakos mitile-
neli, kleobulos lindoseli.
brZeni mmarTvelis moRvaweobis saukeTeso magaliTia solonis reformebi.
Zv. w. 594 wels socialuri afeTqebis zRvarze myof aTenSi gamosavlis moZebna
solons miandes. xalxis ZiriTadi satkivari savalo kabala iyo. aTenelTa didi
nawilis miwebi valebis gadauxdelobis gamo warCinebulebis, evpatridebis
xelSi aRmoCnda. yofili mesakuTreebi sakuTar miwaze moijaradeebad muSaobd-
nen, zogi monadac gaiyida. solonma gaauqma valebi (seisaxTeia) da aTenelTa
Selaxuli uflebebi aRadgina. aikrZala valebis gamo Tavisufali adamianis
monad gayidva. Seicvala meurneobis orientacia sasaqonlo warmoebis sasar-
geblod, rasac saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi aTenelTa odnav dagvianebuli, magram
aqtiuri CarTva mohyva. evpatridebis politikur privilegiebs didi dartyma
miayena mmarTvelobis sistemis reformam. gaizarda saxalxo krebis (eklesia)
mniSvneloba, Seiqmna arCeviTi organo – oTxasis sabWo (bule), romelic krebebs
Soris mimdinare sakiTxebs wyvetda. moqalaqeebi qonebrivi cenzis (da ara war-
moSobis) mixedviT gaiyvnen oTx jgufad, rac gansazRvravda maT adgils jarSi

Zveli msoflio
da maT uflebas, daekavebinaT esa Tu is Tanamdeboba. solonis reformebma aTeni
saxelmwifod aqcia, erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyo moqalaqeTa piradi Tavisufle-
bis xelSeuxebloba da, meore mxriv, gza gauxsna nayidi ucxoeli monis Sromis
farTo gamoyenebas. „brZenma mmarTvelma~ es yovelive misi arqontad yofnis
erT weliwadSi ganaxorciela da aqtiur politikas CamoSorda.
Zv. w. 509 wels klisTenes mier gatarebulma reformam sabolood daamkvidra
demokratia. gaTanabrda moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebi (isonomia), SemoRe-
bul iqna polisis axali teritoriul-administraciuli dayofa, Sesabamisad,
Seicvala bules Semadgenloba da formirebis principebi.

wyaro 1

perikles gamosvlidan brZolaSi dacemul gmirTa pativsacemad:

`sanam dacemulT, visac dRes vkrZalavT, xotbas Sevasxamde, vityvi Cveni qveynis
saxelmwifo wyobis Sesaxeb, ramac dRevandeli sidiade mogvitana. vfiqrob, dRes es
unda gavixsenoT da msmenelisTvisac sasargeblo iqneba amis gageba.

Cveni saxelmwifo ucxo nimuSis mixedviT ar mogviwyvia. piriqiT, umal Cven varT
sxvisTvis samagaliTo. da radgan Cven qveyanas marTavs ara adamianTa mcire jgufi,
aramed xalxis umetesoba, am wyobas demokratia hqvia. kerZo saqmeebSi yvela Tanaswo-
ria kanonis winaSe. xolo rac saxelmwifo saqmes Seexeba, sapatio Tanamdebobebze
virCevT gamorCeulT ara romelime wodebisadmi kuTvnilebis mixedviT, aramed pi-
radi Rirsebebis gamo. Tu kacs qveynis samsaxuri SeuZlia, mas amaSi xels ver SeuSlis
siRaribe, mdabio warmoSoba an dabali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba. Cven Tavisuf-
lad vcxovrobT da yoveldRiurobaSi mezobelsac ar vawuxebT zedmeti eWviTa da

73
 Wkuis darigebiT. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi vicavT kanonebs, maTi pativiscemis
gamo, vemorCilebiT xelisuflebasa da kanons, gansakuTrebiT CagrulTa dasacavad
dadgenils da dauwerel wesebs, romelTa darRvevac saTakilod iTvleba.

Cven gasarTobi gvaqvs, raTa kacma Sromisa da sadardelisgan daisvenos, vawyobT Ta-
maSebsa da dResaswaulebs, xolo ojaxuri siTbo aqarvebs yoveldRiur sazrunavs.
Cveni qveynis bazarze mTeli msofliodan moedineba yvelaferi, rac gvWirdeba da
ucxo nawarmiT iseve Tavisuflad vsargeblobT, rogorc sakuTariT.

samxedro saqmeSic mowinaaRmdegisagan gansxvavebuli wesebi gvaqvs. Cven yvelas vuS-

vebT Cvens qveyanaSi da ar vuSliT ucxoelebs mis gacnobas imis SiSiT, rom Cven sai-
dumlos gaigeben. Cven xom ZiriTadad sakuTar simamaces veyrdnobiT da ara samxedro
eSmakobebs. Cveni mowinaaRmdege misi aRzrdis sistemiT cdilobs bavSvobidan mka-
cri discipliniT gamoumuSaos ymawvils vaJkacoba, Cven ki Tavisuflad vcxovrobT,
amgvari simkacris gareSe da mainc mxned vebrZviT Tanaswor metoqes. ai, dasturic:
lakedemonelebi marto ki ar iWrebian Cvens miwaze, aramed mokavSireebTan erTad,
Cven ki martoni vesxmiT Tavs maT mezoblebs da iolad vZlevT maT, miuxedavad imisa,
rom isini sakuTari qonebis dasacavad ibrZvian. mteri jer ar Sexvedria mTel Cven
samxedro Zalas, radgan Cven erTdroulad gviwevs xomaldebis aRWurvac da xmeleT-
zedac sxvadsxva adgilas razmebis gagzavna. erT razmTan SetakebaSi Tu miaRweven
warmatebas, Tavi ise moaqvT, TiTqos aTenelTa gaerTianebul laSqars sZlies, marc-
Tavi meore

xis SemTxvevaSic irwmunebian, rom mTel Cvens ZalebTan damarcxdnen. Cveni upirate-
soba imaSia, rom xifaTs ar gavurbivarT ara mZime varjiSis Cvevisa da kanonis moT-
xovnaTa gamo, aramed sicocxlis xalisisa da Tandayolili simamacis gamo. Cven ar
gvadardebs momavali safrTxe, rTul mdgomareobaSi ki aranakleb vaJkacobas viCenT,
vidre is, vinc mZime SromiT mudmivad amisTvis emzadeba. sxvaTa Soris, Cveni qveyana
amiTac iwvevs gaocebas.

mSvenierebas veswrafviT mflangvelobis gareSe da Cveni gataceba mecnierebiT ar

vnebs sulier Zalas. simdidres imitom vafasebT, rom misi gonivrulad moxmare-
ba SeiZleba. siRaribe ar aris CvenTan samarcxino, magram saTakiloa, Tu kaci ar
cdilobs Tavisi SromiT daZlios igi. Cveni xalxi kerZo da sazogado saqmiT erT-
droulad aris dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela sakuTar saqmeSia gawafuli,
TiToeuli moqalaqe kargad erkveva politikaSi. radgan mxolod Cven miviCnevT sa-
zogadoebriv saqmeTagan Sors mdgom kacs ara saimedo moqalaqed, aramed usargeblo
uqnarad. Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom sazogado saqmes avnebs sajaro ganxilva. piriqiT,
arasworad migvaCnia mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis moumzadeblad, gansjis ga-
reSe miReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mamacni varT, Cven jer kargad davgegmavT da Sem-
deg CavigdebT Tavs safrTxeSi, sxvebSi ki umecari SezRudulobaa gambedaobis mi-
zezi, xolo saRi gansja – gadauwyvetelobis. namdvil vaJkacad mxolod is SeiZleba
miviCnioT, vinc mwarec icis da tkbilic da swored amis gamo ar gaurbis xifaTs.
gulkeTiloba Cven gansxvavebulad gvesmis, vidre adamianebis umravles nawils:
megobrebs viZenT ara imis mixedviT, rasac viRebT maTgan, aramed imiT, Tu ra megob-
robas viCenT maT mimarT. ufro sando megobari swored is aris, vinc samsaxurs uwevs

74
meores da damsaxurebul madlierebas amagrebs Semdgomi samsaxuriT. nakleb sandoa
kaci, romelic keTil saqmes valdebulebis gamo akeTebs da ara wrfeli guliT. Cven
erTaderTni varT, vinc sxvas uangarod exmareba.

mokled, me vamtkiceb, rom Cveni qveyana sanimuSoa mTeli eladisaTvis da TiToeul

CvenTagans SeuZlia kargad warmoaCinos Tavi sruliad gansxvavebul viTarebaSi.
Cemi sityvebis simarTles adasturebs Cveni qveynis Zlevamosileba, romelsac swo-
red Cveni wyobis meSveobiT mivaRwieT. Tanamedrove qveynebidan mxolod Cveni aris
sinamdvileSi imaze Zlieri, ra saxelic mas aqvs. mxolod mis mters ar Sercxveba
misgan marcxisa, xolo misi qveSevrdomi ver daiCivlebs mmarTvelTa araraobas. Cven
didi saqmeebiT davadastureT TanamedroveTa da STamomavlobis gasaocrad Cveni
qveynis Zlevamosileba. Cven gansadideblad ar gvWirdeba homerosi. Cvenma simamacem
gadagviSala zRvac da xmeleTic da yvelgan samudamo Zegli dagvidga. swored aseTi
qveynisaTvis dades Tavi am meomrebma da cocxlad darCenilebic yvelani sixaruliT
SevewirebiT mas~.

Tukidide, istoria

Zveli msoflio
klasSi samuSao

1. ras warmoadgenda polisi?

2. Tqveni azriT, ra mTavari principi daedo safuZvlad aTenis kanonmdeblo-
bas?
3. isaubreT solonisa da klisTenes reformaTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `Zveli berZnuli mmarTvelobis formebi~. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba miaqcieT aTenSi arsebul wyobas da am mizniT, gamoiyeneT wyaro.

75
 14. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
didi berZnuli kolonizacia da misi Sedegebi

berZnuli kolonizaciis miznebi

berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis nawili xSirad tovebda sam-
Soblos da axal miwebze koloniebs, axalSenebs aarsebda.
berZnul kolonizacias araerTi faqtori ganapirobebda.
berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolonizaciis dawyebis umTavresi mizezi
demografiuli situacia, mosaxleobis gadaWarbebuli tempebiT mateba iyo.
kolonizaciis mizezis aRsaniSnavad berZeni avtorebi xmaroben termin `steno-
xorias~ – Seviwroeba, Seviwroebul pirobebSi arseboba: polisi veRar itevda da
ver akmayofilebda Warb mosaxleobas produqciiTa da nedleuliT, veRar asaq-
mebda mas. am viTarebaSi berZenTaTvis gamosavali axal miwebze dasaxleba iyo.
kolonizaciis meore mizezi iyo saSinao konfliqtebi, romlebic xSirad sa-
moqalaqo omebamdec midioda. kolonizacia samoqalaqo omisgan Tavis aridebis
erT-erTi xerxi iyo – umciresobaSi aRmoCenili jgufi tovebda qveyanas axali
qalaqis dasaarseblad. zRvaosnobis ganviTarebac xels uwyobda kolonizaciis
process – gemiT mgzavroba ufro usafrTxo da xanmokle xdeboda.
Tavi meore

mas Semdeg, rac axali sacxovrebeli miwebis maZiebeli berZnebi _kolo-

nistebi – qalaqebs datovebdnen, isini kargavdnen ukan dabrunebis uflebas.
dedaqalaqi (metropolisi) maT araviTar daxmarebas ar uwevda. kolonizaciis
procesSi mosaxleobis meaTedidan erT meoTxedamde tovebda qalaqs.
koloniis dasafuZneblad Tavdapirvelad qalaqis krebas waredgineboda
proeqti, romelsac is amtkicebda an uaryofda. damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, aris-
tokratiis sabWo iRebda gadawyvetilebas koloniis dafuZnebis pirobebis
Sesaxeb da Tu vin unda gadasaxlebuliyo iq. aseve irCevda eqspediciis xelm-
ZRvanels. is qalaqis aristokratiis warmomadgeneli iyo da oikisti ewodebo-
da. mas unda emarTa axlad daarsebuli kolonia da aseve exelmZRvanela misi
TavdacviTi sistemisaTvis.
koloniis dafuZneba sakmaod sarisko saqme iyo da moaswavebda
kavSiris gawyvetas qalaqidan samudamod wamsvlelebsa
da maT Soris, vinc qalaqSi rCeboda. ZvelberZnuli
miTologiuri azrovnebis wesis pirobebSi, Tavidan-
ve Camoyalibda qalaq delfosSi RvTaeba apolonis
orakulisaTvis (misnisaTvis) rCeviT mimarTvis
wesi. orakuli saorientaciod sTavazobda zogad
geografiul areals da gamoTqvamda sakuTar azrs
qalaqis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis Sesaxeb.
arCevanis kriteriumebs orakuli afiqsirebda,
magram ikveTeboda pragmatuloba da saRi azri: sa-
delfosis orakuli sur veli iyo Camoyalibebuli politikuri struqtu-
76
rebis mqone qveynebisgan Tavis arideba (egvipte da siria-palestinis sanapiro
zoli). ufro mizanSewonilad iTvleboda aRmosavleTis an dasavleTis arCeva.
dasavleTiT koloniebi daarsda qvemo italiasa da siciliaSi (es mxare Zv.w. V
saukunidan did saberZneTadac iwodeboda), CrdiloeT espaneTSi, samxreT saf-
rangeTSi, aRmosavleTiT ki upirvelesad Savi zRvis sanapiroebze.
TiTqmis yvela orakulis nakarnaxev pirobebSi figurirebda Semdegi pun-
qtebi:
– qalaqi advili misadgomi unda yofiliyo zRvidan.
– qalaqis dacva advili unda yofiliyo (sanapiros axlo kunZulze, amaRle-
bul koncxze an borcvze).
– qalaqis garSemo nayofieri miwebi unda yofiliyo.
– qalaqi uzrunvelyofili unda yofiliyo wylis mudmivi momaragebiT.
aq erT mniSvnelovan moments unda gaesvas xazi: yvela am faqtoris arseboba
erT konkretul adgilze sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. am mizeziT kolonistebi zogjer
iZulebulni iyvnen, dapirispirebodnen SerCeul adgilze mcxovreb mosaxleo-
bas da ganedevnaT isini. miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebSi TiTqmis ar ixsenieba
koloniis daarsebis Tanmxlebi amgvari konfliqtebi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
berZnuli dasaxlebis dawyebis Sreze xanZris niSnebs aCvenebs, rac miuTiTebs
konfliqtze berZnebsa da adgilobriv mcxovreblebs Soris.

Zveli msoflio
koloniebs saberZneTidan wminda cecxli mohqondaT da Tayvans scemdnen
imave berZnul RmerTTa panTeons. koloniebi inarCunebdnen metropoliis
institutebs, tradiciebs. am TvalsazrisiT cvlilebebi metad neli tempiT
mimdinareobda.
koloniebis nawilma vaWrobis Sedegad didi simdidre daagrova. magaliTad,
legendebi dadioda kolonia sibarisis mcxovrebTa simdidris Sesaxeb. amasTan,
aranairi politikuri kavSiri ar arsebobda metropoliasa da kolonias Soris.
kolonia mTlianad damoukidebeli iyo. isec xdeboda, rom kolonia omis dros
upirispirdeboda Tavis metropolias, rogorc es moxda korkirsa da mis met-
ropolia korinTos Soris, rac peloponesis omis sababad iqca.
kolonizaciis periodSi Seqmnil dasaxlebebs dRemde SemorCaT berZnuli
saxelebi: masilia (marseli), neapoli, sirakuzi, bizantia da a.S.
Zv.w. VI saukunis ganmavlobaSi kolonizaciis procesi TandaTanobiT nel-
deba. gaZlierebulma etruskebma, karTagenma da sparseTis imperiam wertili
dausves berZnul koloniur eqspansias.

berZnuli axalSenebi
kolonizacias xmelTaSua zRvis
elinizacia mohyva, yvelaze Soreu-
li dasaxlebebis CaTvliT. berZnuli
koloniebis zegavlena adgilobriv
mosaxleobaze (religiuri, politi-
kuri, socialur-ekonomikuri Tval-
sazrisiT) sakmaod didi iyo.
berZnul kolonia sirakuzSi Z
Q v.w. VI s.-dan berZnebma Savi zRvis
moWrili moneta
77
 aRmosavleT sanapiroze araerTi axalSeni daaarses. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, fa-
zisi (q. foTis maxloblad), gienosi (q. oCamCiresTan), dioskuria (q. soxumTan),
didi pitiunti (biWvinTa). aseve berZnuli savaWro dasaxleba unda arsebuliyo
qobuleT-fiWvnaris raionSi, rasac adasturebs aq aRmoCenili mdidari arqe-
ologiuri masala.

olbia
T

skviTebi
meotebi
r

pantikapeoni fanagoria
ak

tirasi
Teodosia hermanasa
ie

qersonesi
l

qalaqi
istria didi pitiunti
eb

dioskuria metropolia –
Tomi
i

evqsinos pontos gienosi koloniebis damaarsebeli

fazisi berZnuli qalaq-
(Savi zRva) saxelmwifo
odesosi

i) i
sinope berZnuli

is T
trapezunti
kolonizaciiT moculi

r xe
mesambria
kitorosi kotiora

(e l
teritoria
apolonia amisosi

ko
sezamosi kerasosi

g
didi berZnuli
bizantioni heraklia kolonizaciis Sedegad
perinToni qalkedoni kolxeTis mier dakarguli
abdera teritoria
ainosi astarosi
Tazosi kiosi
qizikosi
daia abilosi
Torone gordioni
asosi
mende metilene
fokaia lidia
Tavi meore

ereTria sardesi

berZnuli qalaqis nangrevebi Tanamedrove

TurqeTis teritoriaze

78
 berZnebma aseTive axalSenebi daa-
arses Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi (pan-
tikapeioni, olvia, xersonesi da sxv.).
iq es berZnuli axalSenebi adgilobriv
mosaxleobaze gabatondnen da Tavian-
Ti damoukidebeli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi
(polisebi) Seqmnes. dasavleT saqarTve-
los teritoriaze dasaxlebul berZnebs
ki ufro maRali kulturis matarebel
mosaxleobasTan mouxdaT urTierToba.
gamarjvebis Sesabamisad, kulturuli zegavlena aq or-
qalRmerT mxrivi iyo. berZeni avtorebis cnobebiT,
nikes qandakeba kolxeTi am dros sakmaod dawinaurebuli
vanidan qveyana iyo. iq ganviTarebuli yofila mar-
cvleulis meurneoba, mevenaxeoba, mexile-
oba, mesaqonleoba; tradiciulad maRal do-
neze idga brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgia,
Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSaveba. adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba gacxovelebul vaWrobas eweoda

Zveli msoflio
axlobel da Soreul qveynebTan.
dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze berZnuli axalSenebis garda kidev ara-
erTi adgilobrivi qalaqia dadasturebuli. arqeologebma dRevandeli qalaq
vanis, samtrediis raionis sof. dablagomis da sairxes (yvirilas xeobaSi, saC-
xeresTan) teritoriaze gaTxares imdroindeli naqalaqarebi, romlebic ukve
QZv.w. VIII saukunidan warmarTuli kultis religiur centrebs warmoadgendnen
da Z
Q v.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi ekonomikur da politikur centrebad Camoyalibdnen.
aseve, kolxeTis erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi iyo berZnul wyaroebSi miTiTebuli
kutaia, anu dRevandeli quTaisi.

Zveli kolxeTi
amave periodSi (Zv.w. VI-II saukuneebSi) dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimoqceva-
Si iyo adgilobriv moWrili vercxlis fuli, romelsac mecnierebi `kolxur
TeTrs~ uwodeben. fulis moWra aq ganviTarebuli saxelmwifos arsebobas
adasturebs.
Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi kolxeTi warmoadgenda ekonomikurad da kulturulad
dawinaurebul saxelmwifos – mravalricxovani qalaqebiTa da qalaquri tipis
dasaxlebebiT, ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebiT, metalurgiiT, gacxovelebuli
savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT sxva qveynebTan.
samwuxarod, metad mwiri cnobebia SemorCenili QZv.w VII-IV saukuneebis kol-
xeTis politikuri istoriis, saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis Tu socialuri
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. udavoa, rom am periodis kolxeTis saTaveSi kvlav mefe
dgas, romelic, berZeni avtorebis mtkicebiT, legendaruli aietis STamoma-
vali iyo. cnobili istorikosi da geografi straboni (QZv.w. 58/64 – ax.w. 21/25)
SeniSnavs, rom kolxeTi erT dros saxelovani qveyana iyo, rasac mowmobs miTi

79
 argonavtebis Sesaxeb da rom Semdeg aietis memkvidre mefeebma qveyana dahyves
skeptuxiebad da ise marTavdnen. skeptuxia, savaraudod, iyo qveynis teri-
toriul principze Seqmnili administraciuli erTeuli, romlis saTaveSic
adgilobrivi sagvareulo aristokratiis warmomadgeneli idga. kolxi warCi-
nebulebi rom mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen uflebrivad da qonebrivad qveynis
rigiTi mosaxleobisagan, amas mowmobs uxvi arqeologiuri masala, gansakuT-
rebiT samarxiseuli inventari. Tuki erT SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs sazogadoebis
rigiT wevrTa Raribuli samarxebi, mwiri inventariT, meore mxriv gvxvdeba am
gabatonebuli fenebis warmomadgenelTa mdidruli samarxebi. uZvirfasesi
nivTebis garda, romlebic Catanebuli aqvT `ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa~, maTTan
erTad damarxulia ramdenime msaxuric, Sewiruli ritualis mixedviT, raTa
saiqioSic momsaxurebodnen maT batonebs.
magaliTad, erT-erTi kolxi warCinebuli qalis samarxSi 3 aTasze meti oq-
rosa da vercxlis nivTi iyo Catanebuli. aqve aRmoCnda msxverplad Sewiruli
sami momsaxure qalis ConCxic. gansakuTrebiT saintereso iyo kolxi meomris
samarxi, romelsac Catanebuli hqonda rogorc SeiaraReba, ise oqrosa da ver-
cxlis uZvirfasesi nivTebi. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma vanSi aRmoaCina ram-
denime taZari, akropolisi da sxva nagebobebi. aRmoCnda berZnuli warwerac
brinjaos firfitaze, saidanac vgebulobT, rom am qalaqs rqmevia `suri~ anu
Zveli berZeni avtorebis mier dasaxelebuli surion//suriumi.
Tavi meore

dasavleT saqarTvelo QZv.w. VI-II ss.

80
 kolxeTis samefo maRali avtoritetiT sargeblobda rogorc berZnebTan, ise
wina aziaSi, sadac gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT midielebsa da sparselebs.
herodote, axasiaTebda ra wina aziis politikur mdgomareobas, aRniSnavda: `spar-
selebi cxovroben da aRweven samxreTis zRvamde, romelsac mewamuls uwodeben.
amaT zemoT CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebs zemoT
sasperebi, sasperebs zemoT kolxebi, romlebic aRweven CrdiloeTis zRvamde,
romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es oTxi xalxi mosaxleobs zRvidan zRvamde~
(wyaro 2). midia da sparseTi am dros uZlieres saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen
da maT gverdiT damoukidebeli kolxeTis dasaxeleba mowmobs mis mniSvnelobas
da did siZlieres. amas adasturebs isic, rom sparselebma ver SeZles kolxeTis
sruli dapyroba da daxarkva, kolxebma mxolod `nebayoflobiT daiweses, yovel
mexuTe wels gadaixadon asi yrma da asi qalwuli~. kolxeTi am valdebulebas
iRebda mZlavri mezoblis sasargeblod, raTa Tavidan aecilebina misi agresia.

wyaro 1

vanSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis xelmZRvanelis, oTar lorTqifaniZis

Zveli msoflio
monaTxrobi iq aRmoCenili kolxi meomris samarxis Sesaxeb
(wignidan `ra saidumlos inaxavs vani~):

`1969 w. 27 ivlisidan kvlav ganvaaxleT muSaoba. TandaTan isaxeboda samarxi, ro-

melic warCinebuli kolxi meomrisa aRmoCnda... samarxi ormo 6 metri sigrZisa da 2
metri siganisa, kldovan dedaqanSi iyo amokveTili. meomari, albaT, xis sarkofagSi
iyo Casvenebuli (amas mowmobda iqve napovni rkinis lursmnebi, romliTac sarkofagi
iqneboda Sekruli)... meomris samarxi sami mxridan Semoraguli iyo rkinis Subispi-
rebiTa da xelSubebiT, romelTa saerTo raodenoba 50-s aRwevs. meomris ferxTiT
rkinis fari ido, Tan CautanebiaT agreTve rkinis maxvili da satevari, xolo uTva-
lavi raodenobiT _ rkinisa da brinjaos isrispirebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom im
dros rkinis iaraRi Zalzed Zvirad fasobda da kerZo sakuTrebis sagans warmoadgen-
da, advilad davrwmundebiT samarxSi dakrZaluli meomris warCinebulobas da mis
uTuod Zalian maRal rangSi. amas iqve samarxSi napovni mravali sxva nivTic Tvalsa-
Cinod gvidasturebs... meomrisTvis saiqio cxovrebisaTvis gautanebiaT mdidruli
Tixis da liTonis WurWelic... meomars aRmoaCnda oqros monetac, romelic aleqsan-
dre makedonelis mamis, filipe II makedonelis (Qqr.S-mde 359-336) mieraa moWrili.

sakmaod mdidrulia meomris samkaulic. mis Tavs mosavda mdidruli Tavsaburavi,

romelic oqros figurebisaganaa Sedgenili... xelis TiTebze meomars oTxi beWedi
ekeTa, maTgan ori oqrosi. erT-erT maTganze, romelic sabeWdavs warmoadgens, tax-
tze mjdomi qalRvTaebis gamosaxulebaa da berZnuli asoebiT amoWrilia sakuTari
saxeli _ `dedatos~...

meomris ferxTiT kidev ori ConCxi aRmoCnda: erTi mamakacisa da erTi qalisa, ro-
melTac TiTqmis araviTari samkauli ar gaaCndaT...~

81
 sasperebi
kidev ufro mcire cnobebi gvaqvs he- wyaro 2

rodotes mier dasaxelebuli sasperebis herodote kolxebisa da saspe-

Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, es aRmosavleT qar- rebis Sesaxeb:
Tvel tomTa msxvili gaerTianeba iyo, ro-
`meotidis tbidan (e. i. dRevan-
melic sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze iyo
deli azovis zRvidan) mdinare
gansaxlebuli. samxreT-dasavleTiT igi
fazisamde da kolxebamde aris
aRwevda md. Woroxsac da moicavda im uZ-
30 dRis savali msubuqad Sei-
veles olqs, romelmac dRemde Semoinaxa
araRebuli kacisaTvis, xolo
sasperebis saxeli – speri (ispiri dRevan-
kolxididan midiaSi didi araa
deli TurqeTis provinciaa). misgan unda
gadasavali, aramed mxolod er-
momdinareobdes berZnul-romaul wya-
Ti tomia am qveynebs Soris. es
roebSi qarTvelebis dasaxeleba – `iberi~
aris s a s p e i r e b i s [tomi]~.
(speri//hberi//iberi). daaxloebiT QZv.w.
VII saukunisaTvis aqve unda Camosaxle-
buliyvnen da Semdeg Suagul qarTlSic
damkvidrebuliyvnen xeTur kulturas
ziarebuli mesxuri tomebi, romlebmac
aqaur adgilebs misces Tavisi saxelebi –
mesxeTi, samcxe (samesxe), fiqroben, qar-
Tlis Zvelma dedaqalaqmac maTgan miiRo
Tavi meore

saxeli mcxeTa (mesxTa qalaqi).

amrigad, sasperebis gaerTianeba jer ki-
dev ar iyo saxelmwifod Camoyalibebuli
organizmi, igi aerTianebda sxvadasxva to-
mobriv-Temobriv erTeulebs gvarovnuli
wyobilebisTvis Sesaferisi mmarTvelo-
biT. am viTarebis Sesaxeb cnoba Semouna-
xavs `qarTlis cxovrebas~, sadac aRniS-
nulia, rom TiToeuli aseTi erTeulis
wyaro 3
leonti mrovelis cnoba kav-
kasiaSi qarTlosisa da mis
STamomavalTa damkvidrebis
Sesaxeb:
`aravin iyo maT [ e. i. qarTlo-

saTaveSi idga `mamasaxlisi~ (saxli maSin sis STamomavalTa] Soris uwar-

gvars niSnavda), romelTa Soris gamoirCe- Cinebules da usaxelovanes,

oda mcxeTis mamasaxlisi, romelic `iyvis aramed adgiliTi-adgilad

mazavebel da bWe sxvaTa qarTlosianTa~. Tavadni [e. i. meTaurni] iCinian.

xolo vinca iyvis mcxeTas, reca
Tavadi igi iyvis yovelTa maT
sxuaTa zeda. da arca saxel-ede-
bodaT mefed, arca erisTavad,
aramed mamasaxlisi ewodebo-
daT, da igi iyvis mazavebel da
bWe sxuaTa qarTlosianTa. rame-
Tu qalaqi mcxeTa gandidebul
iyo umetes yovelTasa, da uwo-
des deda-qalaqad~.

82
 oqros nivTebi kolxi qalis
samarxidan (vani)

klasSi samuSao

1. rogor daaTariRebdiT kolxi meomris saflavs?

Zveli msoflio
2. ra niSnebiT Cans kolxi meomris warCinebuloba?
3. moifiqreT, ratom atandnen samareSi warCinebul pirebs WurWelsa da
Zvirfas nivTebs?
4. SeadareT erTmaneTs teqstsa da wyaro 2-Si mocemuli cnobebi kolxebisa
da sasperebis Sesaxeb. rogor daasabuTebT, rom CrdiloeTis zRva igive
Savi zRvaa?
5. daakvirdiT, ra niSnebiT ganasxvavebs istorikosi mcxeTis mamasaxlisis xe-
lisuflebas mefis xelisuflebisagan?
6. ra upiratesi uflebiT iyo aRWurvili mcxeTis mamasaxlisi?
7. qarTlosianTa [e. i. qarTlis mcxovrebTa] Soris ra viTarebas usvams xazs
istorikosi mefobis wina periodSi?
8. raze migviTiTebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi moWrili vercxlis monetebi?
9. riT mtkicdeba, rom `kolxuri TeTri~ ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mimoqce-
visTvis gamoiyeneboda?
10. ra cnobebi gvaqvs QZv.w. VII-IV saukuneebSi kolxeTSi mefis xelisuflebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb?
11. riT mtkicdeba, rom am periodis dasavleT saqarTveloSi ukve gamoyofi-
lia qonebrivad dawinaurebuli da maRali samoxeleo aristokratiis fe-
na?
12. rogori warmodgena hqondaT kolxeTis samefoze Zvel berZnebs?
13. rogori iyo sasperebis gaerTianebis politikuri da socialuri buneba?

83
 15. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZen-sparselTa omebi

istoriam berZnebs acala, ramdenime saukunis manZilze Tavis nebaze moew-

yoT sakuTari cxovreba, magram Zv. w. VI saukunis meore naxevarSi maT Zlieri da
saxifaTo mezobeli gamouCndaT sparseTis imperiis saxiT. kirosis mier lidiis
samefos dapyrobis Semdeg (Zv.w. VI saukunis Sua xanebi) sparselebma TavianTi
xelisufleba ioniur polisebzec – dRevandeli TurqeTis dasavleT nawilSi,
egeosis zRvis sanapiroze mdebare berZnul qalaqebzec, maT Soris, efesosze,
miletze da sxv. gaavrceles. ionielebi am cvlilebebs mtrulad Sexvdnen, mag-
ram damoukideblobis dasacavad gaerTianeba ar moxerxda. tenosisa da fokeas
mosaxleobam sparseTis „monobas~ samSoblos mitovebac ki amjobina.
Zv.w. VI s. miwuruls darios I-ma bosforis sruteze xidi aago da evropaSi ga-
davida skviTebis dasalaSqrad. skviTebi generalur brZolas Tavs aridebdnen
da dariosis laSqars mcire TavdasxmebiTa da momaragebis xelSeSliT awuxebd-
nen. es taqtika Zalze efeqtiani iyo, radgan skviTebs qalaqebi ar hqondaT da
Tavisuflad gadadiodnen erTi adgilidan meoreze. uazro xetials, SimSilsa
da Casafrebidan Tavdasxmebs avadmyofobac daemata da darioss seriozuli
danakargebiT ukan dabruneba mouwia.
skviTebis winaaRmdeg warumatebelma laSqrobam ionielebs imedi gauCina.
Tavi meore

marTalia, damarcxebuli sparselebisaTvis ukan dasabrunebeli gzis moWra

maT ver SeZles, magram Zv. w. 500 wels ioniaSi ajanyeba daiwyo, romelsac aTeni
da zogierTi sxva berZnuli polisic exmareboda. dariosma amboxeba sastikad
CaaxSo da ionielTa mokavSireebis, pirvel yovlisa, aTenis dasja ganizraxa.
aTeni jer qariSxalma ixsna, rodesac
sparselTa floti dalewa, Semdeg ki, Zv.
w. 490 wels, sakuTar moqalaqeTa gmirobam.
miltiadesis sardlobiT aTenelebma mara-
Tonis velze sZlies mtris mravalricxo-
van laSqars. berZenTa warmateba, sard-
lis niWis, iRblisa da meomarTa piradi
vaJkacobis garda, rac nebismieri brZolis
mosagebadaa saWiro, ganapiroba agreTve
mZimed SeWurvil qveiTTa – hoplitTa Se-
Tanxmebulma moqmedebam. berZnuli armia
iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelSic jaris-
kacebisa da qvedanayofebis urTierTqme-
debas mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceoda,
is emyareboda garkveul principebsa da
specialur wvrTnas. maraTonis brZola-
Si gamarjvebis ambavi aTens fidipidesma berZeni hopliti da sparseli
axara. am axalgazrda mebrZolma sruli meomari
aRWurvilobiT (iaraRis dayra udides
sircxvilad iTvleboda, Tanac, Soridan
84
rom uiaraRod morbenali kaci daenaxaT,
namdvilad cuds ifiqrebdnen) gairbina 42
kilometri maraTonis velidan aTenamde,
`gavimarjveTo~, daiZaxa da usulod dae-
ca. mis pativsacemad imarTeba dRes spor-
tuli Sejibreba – maraTonuli sirbili.
dariosis sikvdilma berZnebs amosunTq-
vis saSualeba misca, magram maTTvis cxadi
iyo, rom sparselebi marcxs advilad ar
Seeguebodnen. dariosis vaJma, qserqsem
taxtze asvlidan ramdenime weli qveynis
dalagebasa da sakuTari xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebas moandoma, Semdeg ki saberZ-
neTSi laSqrobisaTvis jaris Sekreba daiw-
yo. sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebuli spar- leonidasi
ta mSvidad adevnebda Tvals movlenebis
ganviTarebas, xolo aTeni axali brZole-
bisaTvis samzadiss Seudga. aTenis erT-
erTi Tavkacis, Temistokles winadadebiT

Zveli msoflio
daiwyo samxedro flotis mSenebloba, ra-
mac gadawyvita kidec omis bedi da aTenis
omis Semdgomi ayvaveba ganapiroba.
Zv. w. 480 wels saberZneTSi SemoiWra
sparselTa ZiriTadi Zalebi TviT mefis,
qserqses sardlobiT. „istoriis mamad~ wo-
debuli herodote, romlis „istoria~ ber-
Zen-sparselTa dapirispirebis Seswavlis
mTavari wyaroa, gvamcnobs, rom qserqses
armiaSi mTeli misTvis cnobili msoflio
iyo warmodgenili milionobiT mebrZolis
saxiT. mtris raodenoba gadaWarbebuli
unda iyos, magram cxadia, rom qserqsem
saberZneTis winaaRmdeg Zveli msoflios
kvalobaze arnaxulad didi laSqari Sek-
riba.
berZnebs Soris ar iyo Tanxmoba Tav-
dacvis gegmis Taobaze. spartas ar undo-
da laSqris Sors gagzavna da samxreT sa-
berZneTis, peloponesis dacvas apirebda.
aTensa da sxva qalaqebs erCivnaT, mteri Temistokle
sakuTari teritoriidan rac SeiZleba
Sors SeeCerebinaT. amisTvis xelsayrel
adgilad CrdiloeTidan Sua saberZneTSi
gasasvleli – Termopiles kari SearCies.
spartam jer Tanxmoba gamoTqva, berZenTa
85
 gaerTianebul laSqars saTaveSi Casdgomoda, Semdeg ki eforebma religiuri
dResaswauli moimizezes da jari Sin datoves. mxolod mefe leonidasma da
misma samaskacianma razmma Seasrula sityva.
pirveli mniSvnelovani brZola Termopiles karTan moxda, sadac samasma
spartelma mefe leonidasis meTaurobiT sakuTari sicocxlis fasad ramdenime
dRiT Seayovna qserqse. samasi rCeuli spartelisa da maTi damxmare razmebis
(Tavdapirvelad Termopiles kars ramdenime aTasi kaci icavda, brZolis bolo
etapze ki mxolod spartelebi da maTi mcirericxovani mokavSireebi darCnen)
damarcxeba sparselebma mxolod Ralatis meSveobiT moaxerxes – moRalatem
uCvena maT SemovliTi gza mTebSi, sparselebma alyaSi moiqcies da amoxoces
leonidasis razmi, magram maT gmirobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. berZnebma irwmu-
nes sakuTari Zala, mteri ki Seafiqrianes da saboloo gamarjvebaSi daaeWves.
sparselebma Sua saberZneTSi SeaRwies da aTenic aiRes, magram Temistoklem
mosaxleobisa da flotis gadarCena moaxerxa. berZenTa gaerTianebul Zalebs
sparta edga saTaveSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTenis floti erT-erTi saukeTeso
iyo, zRvaze sardlobac spartel evribiadess miandes, Temistokles ki naklebad
ugdebda yurs, radganac aTenelebs sakuTari qalaqi ukve dakarguli hqondaT.
maSin man xriks mimarTa da kunZul salaminTan brZolaSi CaiTria sparseTis
floti, romelic finikiuri da ioniuri xomaldebisagan Sedgeboda da brwyin-
vale gamarjvebac moipova.
flotisa da, Sesabamisad, momaragebis gareSe darCenili qserqse SeSfoTda
Tavi meore

da laSqris mniSvnelovan nawilTan erTad Sinisken gabrunda, saberZneTSi ki

Tavisi sardali, mardoniosi datova didi armiiT. am zomis armiis gamokvebac
ar iyo ioli da mardoniosma CrdiloeT saberZneTSi gadainacvla. sparselebi
cdilobdnen, erTi mxriv, laSqris momaragebis awyobas, meore mxriv ki, di-
plomatiuri saSualebebiT berZenTa erTobaSi ganxeTqilebis Setana surdaT.
maT scades aTenelebisa da maTi flotis gadabireba qalaqis dabrunebisa da
zaralis anazRaurebis dapirebiT, magram uSedegod.
momdevno wels mardoniosi kvlav SeiWra Sua saberZneTSi, aiRo aTeni da
plateasTan berZenTa garTianebul laSqars SeebrZola. ricxobrivad mcire
elinebma sparteli pavsaniasis sardlobiT kvlav gaimarjves. Tavis gamoCenis
jerma isev spartelebs mouwia, Tumca aTenelebic tols ar udebdnen. sparsele-
bi mardoniosis sardlobiT plateasTan xmeleTzec damarcxdnen da ukuiqcnen.
marTalia, calkeuli Setakebebi sparselebTan kidev ocdaaTi wlis manZilze
xdeboda, mTavari gamarjveba ukve mopovebuli iyo: berZnebma ara marto daicves
sakuTari Tavisufleba, aramed irwmunes sakuTari Zalebi da aqtiur sagareo
politikaze gadavidnen.
berZen-sparselTa omebma, Tavad antikuri avtorebis azriT, daadastura
Tavisufali adamianis, sazogadoebis upiratesoba. am istoriuli gamarjvebiT
saberZneTma, dasavlurma civilizaciam CamoarTva aRmosavleTs pirveloba,
rac aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobebma daagvirgvina.

86
wyaro 1

herodotes `istoriidan~:

„amboben, rom am brZolas mefe uyurebda da samjer wamovarda taxtidan, Tavisi

laSqris bediT SeSfoTebuli. im dRes ise ibrZodnen, xolo meore dRes barbarosebs
arafriT ukeTesi xvdomiaT wilad...

amrigad, mokavSireebi daemorCilnen leonidass, wavidnen da gaSordnen iqaurobas,

mxolod Tespielebi da Tebelebi darCnen lakedemonelebTan erTad. amasTan Tebe-
lebi Tavisda uneburad darCnen, ise, rom sulac ar undodaT (leonidass xom isini
mZevlebad hyavda), Tespielebma ki swored Tavisi nebiT gadades Tavi; maT Tqves, rom
ar datoveben leonidass da imaT, vinc masTan erTad arian da ar wavlen; darCnen da
maTTan erTad daixocnen kidevac...

isini iqve damarxes, sadac daecnen... gaukeTes warwera: `mgzavro, Seatyobine lakede-
monelebs, rom aq ganvisvenebT morCilni maTi miTiTebisa~.

wyaro 2

plutarqes `moraliebidan~ – Temistokle:

Zveli msoflio
„Temistokles ar hqonda imis imedi, rom evribiadesi SeZlebda sazRvao brZolis
mogebas. amitom man malulad gaugzavna uwyeba barbarosTa mefes, elinTaTvis ukan
dasaxevi gza rom moeWra. mefe mis rCevas dahyva da omi iq gaaCaRa, sadac elinTaTvis
brZola ufro momgebiani iyo, damarcxda kidec. maSin Temistoklem kvlav gaugzavna
mas uwyeba, rac SeiZleba swrafad daexia ukan helespontisken, imitom, rom
Turme elinebs iq gadebuli xidis dangreva ganezraxaT. ase lamobda igi elinTa
gadarCenas, Tumca Tavs ise aCvenebda, TiTqosda mefis gadasarCenad iRvwoda~.

klasSi samuSao

1. moawyveT klasSi diskusia berZnul da sparsul samyaroebs Soris.

2. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT imsjeleT aTenisa da spartis urTier-
Tobebze.
3. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da teqstisa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT aRwereT
Termopiles brZola.

87
 16. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
aTenis kavSiri - pirveli sazRvao `imperiis~
Seqmnis mcdeloba

jer kidev sparselebTan omis dros, aTenis iniciativiTa da xelmZRvanelo-

biT, Seiqmna „sazRvao kavSiri~, romlis xazina kunZul delosze mdebareobda
da, romelSic mravali zRvispira polisi gaerTianda. mas zogjer `delosis
kavSirsac~ uwodeben.
omis meore etapze, rodesac sparseTis laSqarma saberZneTi datova, br-
Zola warimarTa zRvaze kontrolisaTvis da qalaqebi, romlebsac gaaCndaT
savaWro Tu samxedro floti, dainteresebulni iyvnen, rom zRva sparselebis
politikuri gavlenisagan da, paralelurad, konkurenti finikielebisgan
gaewmindaT.
aTens ki Tavisi gegmebi hqonda da mxolod sparselebTan brZolas ar sjer-
deboda. saerTo omi da panelinuri (erTiani berZnuli) flotis sardloba mas
berZenTa Soris pirvelobis mopovebis perspeqtivas aZlevda.
SedarebiT mcire zomis polisebs, romlebsac cota moqalaqe hyavdaT, Zalian
uWirdaT samxedro flotis aRWurva da mudmiv mzadyofnaSi yola. aTenelebi
aseT polisebs sTavazobdnen garkveuli gasamrjelos fasad gemebis mSeneblo-
basa da ekipaJebiT dakompleqtebas. Semdgom aTenma kavSiris sxva wevrebTanac
Tavi meore

analogiuri xelSekrulebebi dado.

Tavdapirvelad es garigeba orive mxarisaTvis xelsayrelad gamoiyureboda,
magram TandaTanobiT mZime tvirTad eqca aTenis wvril mokavSireebs, Tavad
aTenisTvis ki igi mravalmxriv momgebiani gaxda. gemebis mSenebloba, aRWurva
da ekipaJiT uzrunvelyofa stabiluri dasaqmebisa da anazRaurebis wyaro gax-
da aTenis Raribi moqalaqeebisTvis, Tavad floti ki aTens emorCileboda da
misi interesebiT moqmedebda. Segrovili Tanxa xSirad imaze bevrad meti iyo,
rac flotis Senaxvas xmardeboda, radgan yovelwliurad axali gemebis agebisa
da aRWurvis saWiroeba ar iyo. aTeni am Tanxas Tavisuflad moixmarda Tavisi
politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad. ad-
vili warmosadgenia, ra Semosavals iRebda am gziT aTeni, Tu vityviT, rom misi
akropolisi, romlis nangrevebsac dRes mTeli msoflio aRtacebaSi mohyavs,
agreTve aTenisa da misi portis, pireosis garsSemovlebuli grandiozuli
galavani mniSvnelovanwilad am TanxebiT aSenda.
TandaTanobiT aTenma mokavSireebi daimorCila da saerTo xazinis erTpi-
rovnuli ganmkargveli gaxda. xazinamac delosidan aTenSi gadainacvla da Se-
satani, faqtobrivad, xarkad iqca. TiToeuli polisis gadasaxadis odenobasac
aTeni adgenda da maT urCobasac mkacrad sjida. „mokavSireTa~ mimarT aTeni,
faqtobrivad, imperiul centrad iqca.
flotis gaZlierebam mxolod aTenis simdidris da Zlierebis zrda ki ar
gamoiwvia, aramed mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi sazogadoebaSic. Tu sparseleb-
Tan omis win da maraTonis brZolaSic, aTenis samxedro Zliereba mxedrebsa da
hoplitebis (mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi) falangas efuZneboda, Temistokles
88
samxedro reformis Semdeg flotis mniS-
vneloba didad gaizarda. Sesabamisad, sa-
zogadoebisTvis ufro Rirebuli gaxda
is Raribi moqalaqe, romelic adre ver
axerxebda hoplitis aRWurvilobis SeZe-
nas, da romelmac exla ki flotSi meniCbed
samsaxuri daiwyo. Rarib moqalaqeTa da-
fasebam ganamtkica aTenis demokratia da
klisTenes mier SemoRebuli isonomiis –
kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principis –
cxovrebaSi gatareba Seuqcevadi gaxada.
polisis Semosavlis zrdam aTenelebs
SesaZlebloba misca, gaetarebinaT upre-
aTeni – zRvis mbrZanebeli
cedento zomebi, rac uzrunvelyofda yve-
la moqalaqis met-nakleb Tanasworobas
maRal, aristokratiul doneze.
moqalaqeebi ara marto ganTavisufld-
nen yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan, aramed
anazRaurebasac ki iRebdnen polisis po-
litikur Tu kulturul RonisZiebebSi

Zveli msoflio
monawileobisaTvis. radgan moqalaqeoba
sapatio statusisa da politikuri ufle-
bebis garda, soliduri Semosavlis wya-
roc gaxda, Zalze SeizRuda moqalaqeobis
miReba. am statusis miReba SeeZlo mas, vi-
sac winaprebi orive mSoblis mxridan aTe-
nis moqalaqeebi hyavda.
ucxoelisaTvis praqtikulad SeuZle-
beli iyo aTenis moqalaqeobis mopoveba.
sainteresoa, rom periklemac ki, romelic
Zv. w. 443-429 wlebSi arqont-strategosis
(mTavarsardlis) rolSi polisis realu-
ri xelmZRvaneli iyo, ver moaxerxa Tavisi
colisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, SvilebisTvis
aTenelis statusis micema. es magaliTi,
cxadia, metyvelebs ara mxolod SezRud-
vis simkacreze, aramed imazec, rom aTenSi perikle

yvela Tanaswori iyo kanonis winaSe, gamo-

nakliss arc sazogadoeba cnobda da arc
mmarTveli eswrafoda. leqsikoni
aTenuri demokratiis aRmoCena iyo
r falanga – qveiTi jaris sa-
agreTve ostrakizmi da TanamdebobaTa
brZolo wyoba, erTmaneTTan
ganawileba wilisyriT.
mijrili mwkrivebi
ostrakizmi iyo, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas
– arCevnebi piriqiT. saxalxo krebaze pe-
89
 riodulad tardeboda amgvari gamokiTxva: moqalaqeebs SeeZloT Tixis fir-
fitaze (ostrakonze, aqedan termini – ostrakizmi) daeweraT im piris saxeli,
vinc maTi azriT yvelaze saxifaTo iyo demokratiisaTvis, visac hqonda Sansi,
piradi miswrafebebisa Tu xalxis keTilganwyobis gamo, tirani gamxdariyo. aseT
`arCevnebSi~ gamarjveba aTenidan droebiT gaZevebas niSnavda. amgvarad araerTi
gamoCenili aTeneli daisaja, maT Soris, sparselebTan omis gmiri Temistoklec.
aTenis sxvadasxva donis koleqtiur organoebSi, sabWoebSi, sasamarTloebSi
uamravi xalxi monawileobda. maTi SerCeva arCevnebis gziT – winasaarCevno de-
batebi, kenWisyris procedura da sxv. did dros waiRebda da azrsac iyo mokle-
buli iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac yvela moqalaqe met-naklebad erkveoda sajaro
saqmeSi, politikaSi da maT es kanoniTac evalebodaT. aseT pirobebSi maTi Ser-
Ceva wilisyriT ufro swrafi, umtkivneulo da efeqtiani iqneboda. Semdgom es
wesi maRali rangis Tanamdebobis pirebzec gavrcelda, garda sardlisa, romlis
niWsa da gamocdilebaze TanamoqalaqeTa sicocxle da, SesaZloa, mTeli poli-
sis bedic yofiliyo damokidebuli. amitom sardalze arc Tanamdebobis erTi
wliT dakavebis norma vrceldeboda, ramac saSualeba misca perikles, mravali
wlis manZilze kanonierad yofiliyo aTenelTa Tavkaci.
sainteresoa, rom mTeli drois manZilze, rodesac aTenel moxeleebs saer-
To-saxalxo arCevnebiT gansazRvravdnen, umaRles Tanamdebobebze mainc war-
Cinebuli gvarebis warmomadgenlebi xvdebodnen. es gasagebicaa, aseT ojaxebs
Svilis kargad aRzrdac xelewifebodaT da xalxis keTilganwyobis mopovebac
Tavi meore

qvelmoqmedebiTa Tu saerTo saqmeebis keTebiT. mxolod wilisyris SemoRebis

mere icvleba suraTi da maRal Tanamdebobebs rigiTi moqalaqeebic ikaveben.
aTenis gaZlierebiT SeSfoTebuli sparta saTaveSi Caudga ZiriTadad oli-
garqiuli wyobis mqone polisebis gaerTianebas, „peloponesis kavSirs~, romel-
sac sazRvao vaWrobaSi aTenis tradiciuli konkurenti korinTosic SeuerTda.
sparseTTan dazavebis Semdeg berZnebs saerTo mtris xati gauqraT da or daj-
gufebas Soris saomari dapirispireba gardauvali gaxda. mcire Setakebebs Zv.w.
V saukunis Sua xanebSi periodulad zavi da samSvidobo SeTanxmebebi enacvle-
boda, magram orive bloki ganuxrelad midioda didi konfliqtisakan.
dapirispirebis pirveli niSnebi maSin gamoCnda, rodesac sparta cdilobda,
xeli SeeSala aTenis galavnis mSeneblobisaTvis. aTenma, nawilobriv eSmakobiT,
gaitana Tavisi da qalaqi navsadguriTurT saxmeleTo Tavdasxmisgan saimedod
daicva. amas mohyva helotebis, sparteli ymebis ajanyeba Zv.w. 465 wels. aTenma
gagzavna jari spartelTa dasaxmareblad, magram uari miiRo da pasuxad damar-
cxebuli da ltolvili helotebi strategiulad mniSvnelovan navpaqtosSi
Caasaxla.
Semdeg aTeni Caeria konfliqtSi spartelTa or mokavSires, megarasa da
korinToss Soris da amiT megaraze kontroli miiRo. dapirispireba gamwvavda,
magram sabolood Zv.w. 446 wels ocdaaTwliani dazavebiT damTavrda.
zavi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga aTenis `mokavSire~ samosis ajanyebis dros
Zv.w. 440 wels. samoss sparselebi exmarebodnen da korinTosic TanaugrZnobda,
magram aTenma ajanyeba CaaxSo, xolo peloponesis kavSirma Tavi Seikava zavis
darRvevisgan.

90
wyaro 1

Tukidides `istoriidan~:

`is qveynebi, vinc gulmodgined eweodnen zRvaosnobas, aRwevdnen met Zlierebas,

mdidrdebodnen da imorCilebdnen sxva qveynebs. TavianTi xomaldebiT isini Tavs
esxmodnen da ipyrobdnen kunZulebs... aTenelebma midielTa Semosevisas sakuTari
qalaqi datoves, mTeli TavianTi avladidebiT gemebze avidnen da zRvaosnebi
gaxdnen. saerTo ZalebiT barbarosis gandevnis Semdeg mefisagan ganTavisuflebuli
elinebi da maTi mokavSireebi miemxrnen aTenelebs an lakedemonelebs...
lakedemonelebi ar Txovdnen sakuTar mokavSireebs xarks, magram zrunavdnen, rom
maT lakedemonelebis mosawoni oligarqiuli mmarTveloba hqonodaT. aTenelebma
ki droTa ganmavlobaSi mokavSireebs (qioselebisa da lesboselebis garda)
xomaldebis gayvana da fuladi gadasaxadi dauweses~.

wyaro 2

plutarqes `moraliebidan~ – perikle:

„yovelTvis, rodesac strategosad irCevdnen da samxedro mantiiT mosavdnen,

Zveli msoflio
perikle Tavis Tavs eubneboda – sifrTxile gmarTebs, perikle, radgan ganageb
Tavisufal xalxs, Tanac elinebs da Tanac aTenelebso~.

klasSi samuSao

1. rogor amyarebda sakuTari flotis batonobas aTeni da ras aZlevda es mas?

2. moawyveT diskusia aTenis saarCevno sistemis dadebiT da uaryofiT
mxareebze. ra aris ostrakizmi?
3. ganixileT wyaro 1. ra gansxvaveba arsebobda aTenelebsa da lakedemone-
lebs Soris sxva elinebisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT?
4. romel sam faqtors da ra mizeziT gamoyofs perikle (wyaro 2)?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `aTenis sazRvao batonoba da berZnuli qalaqebi~.

91
 17. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
peloponesis omi

aTensa da spartas Soris dapirispirebaSi Zv.w. 431-404 wlebSi berZnuli po-

lisebis didi nawili aRmoCnda CaTreuli da es omi, romelic dRes `pelopone-
sis omis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, Zveli msoflios istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
xangrZlivi da sisxlismRvreli gamodga. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT is SeiZleba
XX saukunis msoflio omebsac ki SevadaroT.
omis dawyebas win uZRoda aTenis Careva korkirasa da korinTosis konfliqt-
Si, aseve aTenis sanqciebi potideasa da megaras mimarT, riTac kvlav korinTel-
Ta interesebi ilaxeboda. korinTelTa mimarTvis safuZvelze peloponesis
kavSiri Seikriba Zv.w. 432 wels da aTens omi gamoucxada.
istorikosebi am oms tradiciulad sam nawilad yofen.
omis pirvel etaps spartis mefis saxelis mixedviT arqidamosis omi hqvia.
es etapi aT weliwads gagrZelda. omSi orive mxare sakuTari upiratesobis ga-
moyenebas cdilobda: sparta saxmeleTo brZolebs eswrafoda da aTenis Semo-
garensa da mis mokavSireebs awiokebda, perikles mier agebul mtkice galavans
TavSefarebuli aTenelebi ki zRvidan esxmodnen Tavs spartis mokavSireebs
da mtris dasustebas ekonomikuri blokadis meSveobiT cdilobdnen. Zv.w. 430
Tavi meore

wels aTens Savi Wiris epidemia daatyda Tavs. man 30000 kaci Seiwira, maT Soris,
perikle da misi vaJebi, magram spartelebic gaaqcia.
aTenSi didi gavlena `omis~ partiis liderma, kleonma moipova. man da stra-
tegosma demosTenem gaaaqtiures samxedro moqmedebebi da daikaves strate-
giuli punqtebi spartelTa blokadisaTvis. yvelaze mniSvnelovani da spar-

aTeneli da sparteli meomrebi

92
telTaTvis saxifaTo iyo sayrdeni punqti pilosTan. Zv.w. 425 wels aTenelebma
gaimarjves aq da daatyveves ramdenime aseuli sparteli hopliti. amis pasuxad,
spartelma sardalma brasidasma gailaSqra amfipolisze, aTenis Trakiul ko-
loniaze. mis dasacavad gagzavnes aTeneli Tukidide, am omis istoriis avto-
ri. man ver moaxerxa brasidasisTvis xeli SeeSala. amfipolisi daeca, magram
brZolaSi daiRupnen brasidasi da kleoni, orive mebrZoli mxaris omis partiis
liderebi. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada samSvidobo molaparakebebis dawyeba. omis
pirveli etapi uSedegod damTavrda, mxareebma tyveebi gacvales da dazavdnen
(Zv.w. 421). es zavi nikiasis saxeliTaa cnobili.
xanmokle mSvidobis Semdeg brZola ganaxlda. spartis mezobeli da metoqe
argosi Seecada peloponesSi demokratiul polisTa koalicia Camoeyalibebina.
argoss da mis mokavSireebs aTenelTa razmic daexmara alkibiades sardlobiT.
gadamwyveti brZola gaimarTa mantineasTan (Zv.w. 418). es iyo yvelaze msxvi-
li saxmeleTo brZola saberZneTis miwaze peloponesis omSi. Tavdapirvelad
saswori argoselebisa da maTi mokavSireebisaken gadaixara, magram sabolood
spartelebma imarjves. maT mospes demokratiuli koalicia da misi wevrebi
peloponesis kavSirSi Seiyvanes, riTac didi safrTxe aiciles Tavidan.
omis Semdgom etapebze centralur figurad perikles naTesavi da sokrates
mowafe, niWieri avantiuristi alkibiade gvevlineba. masTan urTierTobaSi

Zveli msoflio
aSkarad gamoCnda demokratiis sisuste. saxalxo kreba ver gaerkva, aTenis
demokratiisaTvis sparta ufro saxifaTo iyo, Tu alkibiade. igi araerTxel
dainiSna sardlad, warmatebebsac miaRwia, magram gawveul iqna ukan.
alkibiade iyo siciliaze eqspediciis (Zv.w. 415-413) sulisCamdgmeli. omis
meCvidmete wels aTenelebma gadawyvites, daxmarebodnen ioniur kolonias si-
ciliaze, romelsac sirakuzelebi aviwroebdnen. sirakuzis damarcxebiT aTens
mTel siciliaze batonobis SesaZlebloba eqneboda, rac ganuzomlad gazrdida
mis resursebs spartasTan dapirispirebaSi. eqspediciisaTvis mzadebis bolo
etapze aTenSi ucnobebma hermebi, RvTaebis qandakebebi SebRales. danaSauli
alkibiades dabralda. man isurva, siciliaze gamgzavrebamde emarTlebina Tavi,
magram sasamarTlo gadaido da alkibiade mxolod mas mere gamoiwvies, rac man
jari siciliaze gadasxa. mis nacvlad iq nikiasi gagzavnes, xolo alkibiadem ver
gabeda aTenSi dabruneba, Tavi spartas Seafara da lakedemonelebs siciliuri
eqspediciis ambavic gaumxila.
siciliaze Casul aTenelebs bevri qalaqi miemxro. magram nikiasi yoymanobda
da sirakuzelebis Setevas ver bedavda. amasobaSi sirakuzelebma daxmareba miiRes
spartelTagan. maSin nikiasmac iTxova damatebiTi Zalebi aTenidan. asTenma axali
floti aRWurva da demosTenes sardlobiT siciliaze gagzavna. sirakuzelebma
da maTma mokavSireebma ramdenime brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxes aTenelebi. de-
mosTene ukan dabrunebis momxre iyo, nikiasi ki kvlav yoymanobda. bolos, rode-
sac dabruneba gadawyvites, ukve gviani iyo. aTenelebs mouwiaT sazRvao brZola
sirakuzis yureSi, sadac kvlav damarcxdnen. maT kunZulis siRrmes Seafares Tavi,
floti ki daiRupa.
sparta ar dasjerda siciliaze jaris gagzavnas da axali fronti gaxsna.
alkibiades rCeviT, spartelebma gaamagres dekelea aTenis maxloblad, riTac
aTens xmeleTidan daxmarebisa da sursaTis miReba SeuzRudes. maT xelT igdes
93
 lavrionis vercxlis sabadoebi da gaaTa-
visufles iq momuSave monebi.
aTenelebma, siciliidan armiis narCe-
nebis gamoyvanis nacvlad, iq kidev axali
eqspedicia gagzavnes, romelmac wina-
morbedebis bedi gaiziara. aTeni sruli
katastrofis winaSe dadga: carieli xazi-
na, daRupuli jari da floti, ganmdgari
mokavSireebi.
magram spartam da misma mokavSireebma
daayovnes, aTenma ki moaxerxa ukanaskne-
li Zalebis mokreba. mokavSireTa nawili
isev misi erTguli iyo, man aRWurva saTa-
darigo asi xomaldi da kunZul samosze
gamagrda.
Tavad aTenSi oligarqiuli gadatria-
leba moxda, xelisufleba `oTxasma~ aiRo.
isini mzad iyvnen, spartasTan molaparake-
ba daewyoT, magram samosze ganlagebuli
floti winaaRmdegi iyo. man Zv.w. 411 wels
simesTan daamarcxa spartelebis flo-
Tavi meore

ti. sardlad alkibiade airCies da aTenis alkibiade

saxeliT brZola gaagrZeles. am qmedebebs
aTenSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis aRd-
gena mohyva. momdevno wels aTenelebma kizikosTan kvlav daamarcxes sparta
zRvaze da sakuTari imperiis finansuri baza aRidgines. alkibiades sardlobiT
maT kidev ramdenjerme gaimarjves. magram Zv.w. 406 wels lisandrosis sardlo-
biT spartelTa warmatebam aTenelTa Soris uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia. maT gadair-
Cies alkibiade, romelmac amis Semdeg qalaqi kvlav datova. Semdgomi warmateba
zRvaze aTens marcxad Semoubrunda. cudi amindis gamo maT veRar moaxerxes
sakuTar daSavebulTa Svela da damarcxebuli metoqis ganadgureba, ris gamoc
sardlebi gasamarTldnen da floti gamocdili meTaurebis gareSe darCa.
spartelma sardalma, lisandrosma aTenelebs jer helespontidan puris
mowodeba mouWra, Semdeg ki Zv.w. 405 wels sastikad daamarcxa aTenis floti
aegospotamosTan. axla ki aTeni ukve ganwiruli iyo.
sabrZolo operaciebis erTiani gegmis uqonlobam, sardlebis xSirma cvlam
da mokavSireTa ukmayofilebam sabolood aTenis damarcxeba ganapiroba. omma
spartac ise gamofita, rom man veRar isargebla gamarjvebiT da saberZneTi
sakuTari xelisuflebis qveS ver gaaerTiana.
aTenma swrafad moiSora gamarjvebulTa mier Tavsmoxveuli e. w. „30-is ti-
rania~, demokratia aRadgina Trasibulosis meTaurobiT da TandaTanobiT
Zalebi moikriba.

94
wyaro 1

Tukidides `istoriidan~:

`Tukidide aTenelma aRwera aTenelebTan peloponeselTa omi. is Tavis naSromis

weras omis dawyebisTanave Seudga, radganac winaswar xvdeboda, rom es omi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da RirsSesaniSnavi iqneboda aqamde warmoebul yvela oms Soris. man
ase imitom gansaja, rom orive mxare brZolis dawyebas Tavis Zlierebis zenitSi da
srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi Sexvda. garda amisa, is xedavda, rom sxva berZnuli
qalaqebic an ukve miemxrnen romelime mxares an apirebdnen amis gakeTebas. marTlac,
omma Searyia elinebic, barbarosTa nawilic, SeiZleba iTqvas, kacobriobis didi
nawili. marTalia, Cvengan droSi daSorebis gamo Znelia zustad dadgena, Tu ra
uZRoda win am oms da, miT umetes, ra xdeboda kidev ufro adre, magram sarwmuno
cnobebis safuZvelze mivedi daskvnamde, rom es Zveli istoriuli movlenebi ar iyo
mniSvnelovani arc samxedro da arc sxva ram TvalsazrisiT~.

alkibiades gamosvlidan spartis saxalxo krebaze:

`Tu Cems Sesaxeb cudad fiqrobT imis gamo, rom me demokratiis momxre var, es ar unda

Zveli msoflio
iyos ukmayofilebis safuZveli. Cven, alkmeonidebi, yovelTvis tiranias vebrZodiT.
`demokratiad~ ki gvesmis yvelaferi, rac erTi kacis batonobas upirispirdeba.
amitom Cven yovelTvis xalxis momxreTa saTaveSi viyaviT. demokratiis
ganviTarebasTan erTad Cvens qveyanaSi gviwevda garkveul viTarebasTan Segueba.
mainc demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TavaSvebulobis sapirispirod Cven
zomieri politikis momxre viyaviT. magram rogorc Cveni winaprebis dros iyvnen
adamianebi, visac xalxi sxva mimarTulebiT mihyavda, dResac arian demagogebi.
swored maT ganmdevnes me. Cven videqiT xalxis saTaveSi da ara romelime partiis da
Cvens valad migvaCnda SegvenarCunebina is wyoba, romelmac saxelmwifos Zliereba
da Tavisufleba moutana. rogorc yvela saRad moazrovnes, Cvenc gvesmoda, ra aris
demokratia da me sxvaze naklebi safuZveli ar maqvs, rom is vlanZRo. Tumca, am
sayovelTaod aRiarebul ugunurebaze axals verafers ityvi, mainc Cven saxifaTod
migvaCnda saxelmwifo wyobis Secvla maSinac, rodesac TqvenisTana mtrebi
karibWesTan dganan~.

`(marcxis Semdeg aTenelebma) mainc gadawyvites araferi daeTmoT mtrisTvis

da SeZlebisdagvarad SeeqmnaT axali jari da floti. gadawyda, SeemcirebinaT
saxelmwifo xarjebi da aerCiaT uxucesTa sabWo, romelic winaswar ganixilavda
savaldebulo RonisZiebebs. rogorc demokratias sCvevia, SiSi aiZulebda
aTenelebs, daecvaT mkacri wesrigi~.

95
 klasSi samuSao

1. mokled daaxasiaTeT peloponesis omis etapebi. gamoiyeneT wyaro 1a da ims-

jeleT, Tu ratom iyo peloponesis omi esoden mniSvnelovani.
2. ras niSnavs `oligarqiuli gadatrialeba~? (gaixseneT ganvlili masalac).
3. isaubreT aTenis marcxis mizezebze. gamoiyeneT wyaro 1g da axseniT, ra
gziT SeZlo aTenma sakuTari mdgomareobis gamosworeba.

peloponesis omi
Trakia

makedonia
Tavi meore

Tesalia egeosis
zRva

beotia
atika
aTeni
peloponesi

sparta

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstisa da wyaro 1b-is mixedviT werilobiT CamoayalibeT Tqveni

Sexeduleba alkibiades Sesaxeb.

96
18. aleqsandre makedonelis imperia, elinizmi da
elinisturi saxelmwifoebi

aleqsandre makedoneli
aleqsandre III makedoneli, romelsac xSirad aleqsandre didsac uwodeben,
iyo makedoniis mefis, filipe II-isa da olimpiadas vaJi. Zv. w. 336 wels igi sul
20 wlis asakSi xelSi iRebs Zalauflebas balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis Crdi-
loeT nawilSi mdebare makedoniis samefoSi da am samefos mier damorCilebul
berZnul polisebSi. axalgazrduli asakis miuxedavad, aleqsandrem wrTobis
sakmaod seriozuli gza ganvlo: filipe II-m, misma mamam igi jer aRsazrdelad
aristoteles miabara, xolo 16 wlis asakidan Tavisi laSqrobebis monawile
gaxada.
filipe niWieri sardali, kargi organizatori da moqnili diplomati iyo.
man moaxerxa qalaq-saxelmwifoebad daqucmacebuli saberZneTis gaerTianeba
sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS. Tavisi miznis misaRwevad igi ostaturad sargeb-
lobda winaaRmdegobebiT calkeul polisebsa Tu Tavad polisebSi calkeul
partiebs Soris, magram arc Zalis gamoyenebas erideboda. samxedro saqmeSi

Zveli msoflio
axali sityva iyo mis mier SemoRebuli makedonuri falanga, romelmac jaris-
kacTa urTierTqmedeba xarisxobrivad axal doneze aiyvana. ramdenime rigad
mdgomi qveiTebi SeiaraRebulni iyvnen sxvadasxva sigrZis grZeli SubebiT da
Setevaze gadasvlisas Tu TavdacvaSi, maTi erTdroulad win gamoweviT Subis-
pirebiT mtrisTvis gadaulaxav mesers qmnidnen. saberZneTis damorCilebisas

aleqsandre
makedoneli.
mozaika

97
 filipem berZnebs dausaxa didi mizani –
sparselebze SurisZieba. es idea aitaca
da garkveuli modifikaciiT gamoiyena
aleqsandrem.
aleqsandre makedonelma miznad daisaxa
msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelSic
unda gaerTianebuliyo mTeli maSindeli
civilizebuli samyaro da am erTianobas
safuZvlad unda dasdeboda sami principi:
1. enobrivi erTianoba, rac momaval
aleqsandres moneta
msoflio saxelmwifoSi berZnuli enis
oficialur enad aRiarebas niSnavda;
2. kulturuli erTianoba, rac berZnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis far-
Tod gavrcelebas da masTan sxvadasxva regionebis tradiciebis Sezavebas gu-
lisxmobda;
3. politikur-ekonomikuri erTianoba, rac erTiani saxelmwifosaTvis
mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebuli sistemis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda.
es idea aleqsandres ganasxvavebs yvela sxva didi dampyroblisagan da
garkveulwilad dRevandeli globalizaciis winamorbedad aqcevs.
am miznis Sesasruleblad aleqsandres upirvelesi amocana sparseTis impe-
riis dapyroba iyo. misi laSqrobebis sawyis etapze aleqsandrem gaaTavisufla
Tavi meore

sparselTa batonobisagan mcire aziis berZnuli nawili, daipyro kapadokia,

kilikia da pirveli didi gamarjveba moipova dariosis armiaze isosTan (Zv.w.
333). dariosi gaiqca da aleqsandres zavi SesTavaza, romlis Tanaxmadac mas
didZal fulsa da ukve dapyrobil miwebze uflebis dakanonebas hpirdeboda.
aleqsandrem uaryo es winadadeba. isosis brZolam mas gza gauxsna siriisa da
finikiis dasakaveblad.
Semdeg man ilaSqra egvipteSi. aq man daaarsa axali qalaqi – egviptis
aleqsandria, xolo egviptelma qurumebma igi RvTaebad aRiares.
egviptidan igi kvlav aziaSi dabrunda da Zv. w. 331 wlis oqtomberSi gavga-
melasTan saswaulebrivi gamarjveba moipova dariosis grandiozul armiaze
Tavisi mcirericxovani jariT. am brZolis bedi Tavad aleqsandres vaJkacobam
gadawyvita – man mcire razmTan erTad Tavad Seutia dariosis adgilsamyofels,
riTac mteri daabnia da SeaSina. dariosi gaiqca, igi misive qveSevrdomebma Sei-
pyres da mokles, riTac aleqsandres risxva gamoiwvies.
am gamarjvebis Semdeg aleqsandre makedonelma advilad daimorCila me-
sopotamia, sparseTi, midia da dedaqalaqad imdroindeli samyaros centrad
aRiarebuli qalaqi – babiloni aqcia.
Semdeg mas didi brZolebi gadaxda baqtriasa da sogdianaSi – dRevandel
avRaneTsa da Sua aziaSi. ramdenime wlis mZime brZolis Semdeg man gatexa adgi-
lobrivi tomebis winaaRmdegoba. aleqsandre im iSviaT dampyrobelTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, vinc avRaneTis damorCileba moaxerxa.
Semdeg aleqsandrem ilaSqra indoeTSi. calkeuli warmatebebis miuxeda-
vad, misi jari xangrZlivma laSqrobebma da dausrulebelma omebma gamofita
da aleqsandre iZulebuli gaxda, mdinare indidan ukan, sparseTis dedaqa-
98
laq susaSi dabrunebuliyo. Zv. w. 324 wels susaSi aleqsandrem grandiozuli
qorwinebiT aRniSna Tavisi laSqrobis dasasruli, rodesac 10 000 jariskaci
daaqorwina sparsel qalebze. am qorwinebas simboluri xasiaTi hqonda, radgan
amiT ixsneboda dapirispireba evropasa da azias Soris.
Zv. w. 323 wels aleqsandre dabrunda babilonSi da axali eqspediciisTvis
mzadeba daiwyo, magram iq igi moulodnelad gardaicvala – oficialuri ver-
siis Tanaxmad, malariisagan. dRemde ar gaqarwylebula eWvi, romelic missave
TanamedroveebSi gaCnda – eWvi aleqsandres mkvlelobis Sesaxeb.
Zv. w. 335-323 wlebSi aleqsandres brwyinvale gamarjvebebis Sedegad make-
donielebi daeuflnen mTel sparseTis imperias da indoeTamdec miaRwies. da-
pyrobebi mxolod aleqsandres sikvdilma SeaCera. axali msoflio imperia ver
aRmoCnda mTlad warmatebuli. imperiis politikuri erTianoba aleqsandres
sikvdilisTanave dairRva. misi sardlebi didxans ecilebodnen erTmaneTs pir-
velobas da sabolood samflobeloebis danawilebas dasjerdnen. danarCeni
ori erTianoba – berZnuli da aRmosavluri kulturebis sinTezi da berZnuli
enis xelovnurad Seqmnili zedialeqti, e.w. koine – ufro dRegrZeli da pro-
duqtiuli aRmoCnda. maT emyareba axali, elinisturi civilizacia, romelmac
aleqsandres Semdeg kidev ramdenime saukune iarseba.
xangrZlivi omebis Semdeg aleqsandres sardlebma ase gadainawiles misi

Zveli msoflio
imperia: antipatrosma daimkvidra Zalaufleba makedoniasa da saberZneTSi,
lisimaqosma – Trakiasa da pontoSi, antigonosma – frigiaSi, likiasa da pam-
filiaSi, ptolemaiosma – egvipteSi, selevkosma ki, babiloniasa da siriaSi.
aleqsandres memkvidreebs (maT diadoqosebs uwodebdnen) Soris warmoebulma
brZolebma aleqsandre makedonelis elinisturi saxelmwifo sabolood dayo
mraval nawilad, romelTagan umTavresi iyo: selevkidebis saxelmwifo wina
aziaSi, ptolemaiosebis saxelmwifo – egvipteSi, atalidebis – pergamonSi da
antigonidebis makedoniasa da saberZneTSi.

aleqsandre makedonelis
mier dapyrobili teritoria
ka

Savi
sp

zRva
makedonia
ii
sz
Rv

lidia
kapadokia
a

frigia
xme
lT
aSu siria midia
az
Rv
a

babiloni indoeTi
sparseTi
egvipte
sp

r
a

se
Ti
wi zR

s yu
re
T va

indoeTis okeane
el
i

aleqsandre didis imperia

99
 elinizmi da elinisturi saxelmwifoebi
termini elinizmi momdinareobs berZnebis sakuTari saxelwodebidan (elin).
is XIX saukuneSi daamkvidra germanelma istorikosma, iohan gustav droizenma
aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobebis Sedegad berZnuli kulturis araberZen
xalxebSi gavrcelebis aRsaniSnavad. ekonomikurma kavSirebma, kulturulma
zegavlenebma, berZnuli enis gavrcelebam Zireulad Secvala antikuri axlo
aRmosavleTi. moxda Zveli aRmosavluri da berZnuli civilizaciebis Sexvedra.
elinisturi epoqis qronologiuri CarCoebi pirobiTi da politikuria: iwyeba
aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdiliT (QZv.w. 323) da sruldeba elinisturi epoqis
ukanaskneli didi suverenis, egviptis dedofal kleopatra VII-is aRsasruliT
(Zv.w. 31), ris Semdegac xmelTaSua zRvis auzsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi romis
hegemonoba damyarda.
unda gamoiyos elinisturi epoqis ori mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli: didi
samefoebis arseboba berZnuli an makedoniuri warmomavlobis dinastiebiT
saTaveSi (lagidebi (ptolemaiosebi), selevkidebi, antigonidebi, atalidebi)
da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTareba axlo aRmosavleTSi (aleqsandriis, anti-
oqiisa da sxva qalaqebis magaliTze).
egviptisa da selevkianTa samefos berZeni mmarTvelebi absolutur monar-
qebad iqcnen. am mxareebis mcxovrebni sakuTar mmarTvelebs tradiciulad
RvTiur an naxevrad RvTiur warmomavlobas miawerdnen. elinisturi xanis
mmarTvelebma gamoiyenes adamianisa da RmerTis identificirebis es tradi-
Tavi meore

cia. amgvarma midgomam maT mmarTvelobas stabiluroba da Zala SesZina. isini

qveESevrdomebisaTvis RvTaebebs warmoadgendnen.
elinizmis xanis monarqebi sakuTar samefoebs Zlieri armiebisa da daxve-
wili biurokratiuli aparatis saSualebiT marTavdnen. Seqmnili iyo sakmaod
efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema. garkveul produqtebze arsebobda samefo
monopolia da fiqsirebuli fasebi. mmarTvelebi axlo aRmosavleTis qalaqeb-
Si zogierTi demokratiuli institutis funqcionirebas uSvebdnen, magram am
qalaqebis avtonomiuroba saSinao saqmeebiT Semoifargleboda; maT ar hqondaT
damoukidebeli sagareo politikis warmarTvis ufleba.
elinisturi xanis ekonomika Zireulad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri xanis be-
rZnuli ekonomikisagan. axali samefoebis teritoriebi bevrad aRemateboda
berZnuli polisebisas, Sesabamisad, gazrdili iyo kultivirebuli miwebis
elinisturi saxelmwifoebi
daaxl. Zv.w. 275-mde, aleqsandre make-
donelis sikvdilidan 50 wlis Semdeg

pt
o
l
em
ai
o
sT
ai
mp
er
ia

100
farTobi. sakuYTari samSoblodan emigrirebulma ber-
Znebma ki axlo aRmosavleTSi soflis meurneobis axali
teqnika da meTodebi daamkvidres nayofierebis asamaR-
leblad. magaliTad, egvipteSi gaaSenes venaxebi, gaa-
farToes da daxvewes sairigacio sistema. mrewvelobam
da vaWrobam Zveli msofliosaTvis arnaxuli masStabebi
miiRo da is moiTxovda bankirebisa Tu sxva finansuri
Suamavlebis momsaxurebas. elinizmis xanis mmarTvele-
bi xels uwyobdnen erTiani fulad-safinanso sistemis
Camoyalibebas, gahyavdaT arxebi da gzebi, wmenddnen
zRvebs mekobreebisagan.
elinisturi civilizacia, klasikuris msgavsad, upi-
ratesad urbanuli (saqalaqo) iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom
axali samefoebis teritoriebis didi nawili miwaTmoq- ptolemaios I
medebisTvis gamoiyeneboda. swored aleqsandre makedo-
nelisa da misi memkvidreebis mier daarsebuli qalaqebis saSualebiT gardaiqmna
axlo aRmosavleTis kultura civilizaciad, romelsac dRes elinisturs vu-
wodebT. es qalaqebi mmarTvelobis, vaWrobis, kulturis centrebi iyo. maGTgan
udidesSi, aleqsandriaSi, sul mcire, naxevari milioni adamiani cxovrobda.

Zveli msoflio
politikuri institutebis garda, berZnebma samSoblodan am qalaqebSi Se-
itanes saqalaqo cxovrebis mravali elementi: taZrebi, Teatrebi, gimnasiu-
mebi (savarjiSo moednebi) da sxva sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebi.
pirvelad istoriaSi, berZnulad molaparake individs mogzaurobis dros im
droisaTvis cnobili civilizebuli samyaros arc erT qalaqSi ar sWirdeboda
Tarjimani.
aTenis filosofiuri skola kvlavac agrZelebda arsebobas, aleqsandria
ki kulturis, istoriis, literaturisa da zusti mecnierebebis centrad iqca.
elinisturi xanis miwuruls daiwyo dakninebuli elinisturi saxelmwi-
foebis integrireba romis msoflio imperiaSi. magram elinisturi `msoflio
kultura~ amis Semdgomac xangrZlivi drois manZilze agrZelebda arsebobas
romis imperiis farglebSi.
elinistur samyaroSi diadoqosebs Soris erTmaneTTan gauTavebelma dapi-
rispirebebma ukve Zv. w. III saukunidan TandaTanobiT xeli Seuwyo romis Zalauf-
lebis gaZlierebas. am ukanasknelma mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. 146 wels daipyro
saberZneTi, respublikis xanis dasasrulamde mTeli elinisturi samyaro dauq-
vemdebara Tavis Zalauflebas.
elinisturi samyaros romTan dapirispirebis bolo faza iyo e. w. ptole-
meur-romauli brZola. es aris epoqa, romelic cnobilia antoniusisa da eli-
nisturi egviptis ukanaskneli mmarTvelis, kleopatra VII-is dramatuli siy-
varulis istoriiT. Zv. w. 30 wlis 12 agvistos, mas Semdeg, rac kleopatram Tavi
moikla, romis provincia gaxda ukanaskneli elinisturi saxelmwifo – egvip-
tec. amieridan, saberZneTis politikuri istoria, arsebiTad, romis politiku-
ri istoriis farglebSi eqceva, razec qvemoT vimsjelebT.
elinistur samefoTagan yvelaze kargad cnobili da Seswavlili ptole-

101
 maiosebis egviptea. erTi mxriv, man yvelaze didxans iarseba, meore mxriv, iq
saukeTeso pirobebi iyo mravalferovani wyaroebis Semosanaxad.
egviptis aleqsandria aleqsandres dafuZnebul qalaqebs Soris yvelaze
warmatebuli aRmoCnda. is iyo ptolemaiosTa sataxto qalaqi da elinisturi
samyaros umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli centri. aleqsandriis samecniero
kera – biblioTeka da misi arqiteqturuli Sedevri – Suqura sxvadasxva versiiT
Zveli msoflios Svidi saocrebis nusxaSi moixseniebian.

wyaro 1

plutarqe (qr.S-dan 50-120) – berZeni filosofosi da gamoCenili berZeni da

romaeli saxelmwifo moRvaweebis `paraleluri biografiebis~ avtori, aleq-
sandre makedonelis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb imperiis mowyobaze:

`aleqsandre... arad agdebda aristoteles rCevas... mohqceoda barbarosebs, ro-

gorc mxecebs da mcenareebs, radgan amiT is namdvilad aavsebda sakuTar imperias
SinaomebiT, ...saidumlo SeTqmulebebiT. mas (aleqsandres) swamda, rom RmerTeb-
ma is amqveynad moavlines msoflioSi wesrigisa da mSvidobis dasamyareblad. iq,
sadac sityva ar Wrida, ZaliT aerTianebda xalxebs, cdilobda, msoflios yvela
erisaTvis erT saxelmwifoSi moeyara Tavi, megobrobis sasmisSi aeria yvela wes-
Cveuleba. misi brZanebiT yvelas dedamiwa Tavis samSoblod, misi banaki sakuTar
Tavi meore

cixesimagred, yvela kargi da keTili kaci naTesavad, yvela naZirala ki ucxoto-

melad unda aReqva. man akrZala berZnebisa da barbarosebis gansxvaveba sabrZolo
mosasxamisa da tyavis faris, xmlisa da qarqaSis mixedviT, radgan siqveliT icno-
bian berZnebi, barbarosebi ki biwierebiT. magram samosSi, sakvebSi, qorwinebasa
da sxva adaT-wesebSi ar unda yofiliyo gansxvaveba, radgan yovelive sisxliTa da
saerTo STamomavlobiT unda aRreuliyo~ .
b

romaeli istorikosi, kurtius rufusi (ax.w. I s.) imperiis mowyobaze

aleqsandre makedonelis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb:

`magram sparselebs, romlebic Cven davipyariT, me (aleqsandre) Zlier vafaseb!

Cemi mowyalebis utyuari niSania is, rom damarcxebulebsac ki ar vkadreb qedmaR-
lur brZanebas. me aziaSi movedi ara xalxebis erTianad amosawyvetad da arc imis-
Tvis, rom naxevari msoflio udabnod meqcia, aramed imis misaRwevad, rom Cemgan
omSi damarcxebulebs sananebeli ar gaxdomodaT Cemi gamarjveba.

amitomac ixdian isini TqvenTan erTad samxedro samsaxurs, sisxls Rvrian Tqveni ba-
tonobisTvis, maT rom qedmaRlurad mohqceodnen, isini ajanydebodnen. xanmoklea
yovelive maxviliT mopovebuli, madliereba keTili saqmeebisTvis ki maradiulia.

...maT (azielebis) adaT-wesebs makedonelebsac ki vaCvev. bevr erSi vxedav imas,

ris mibaZvasac ar unda veridoT. sxvagvarad amodena samefos marTva SeuZlebelia.
Cvenc unda mivceT maT rame da maTganac viswavloT~.

102
wyaro 2

plutarqes `moraliebidan~:

`aleqsandres, rodesac patara iyo, sul ar axarebda filipes warmatebebi da Tavis

Tanatol bavSvebTan ase Cioda: mamaCemi aRarafers damitovebs. isini ki pasuxobdnen:
magram is xom SenTvis ixveWs simdidres

– hoda, ra aris amaSi kargi, – pasuxobda igi – Tu me meqneba yvelaferi, xolo saqme
aRaraferi~.

`rodesac dariosma mas SesTavaza aTi aTasi talanti da sanaxevro mbrZanebloba

aziaze, parmenionma Tqva: me miviRebdi, aleqsandre rom vyofiliyavi. – mec
miviRebdi, zevsia mowme, – miugo mas aleqsandrem, – oRond parmenioni rom
vyofiliyavi. xolo darioss SeuTvala, rom rogorc ori mze ver iqneba dedamiwaze,
aseve ori ver imefebso aziaze~.

`indoeTSi cxovrobda erTi saxelganTqmuli moisari, romelsac SeeZlo beWedSi

gaetarebina natyorcni isari. rodesac igi tyved Caigdo aleqsandrem, ubrZana, mis
winaSec warmoeCina Tavisi ostatoba. man iuara. ganrisxda aleqsandre da misi dasja
brZana. am indoelma mebrZolebs, romlebic mas miacilebdnen, gaumxila, rom ukve
didi xania ar mouzidavs mSvildi da amitomac eSinoda Tavis Sercxvenisa. es rom

Zveli msoflio
gaigo aleqsandrem, aRfrTovanda da gaaTavisufla igi, Tanac daasaCuqra, radgan
sikvdili arCiao Tavis Sercxvenas~.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaro 1a, 1b mixedviT imsjeleT aleqsandre makedonelis Sexe-

dulebebis Sesaxeb imperiis mowyobaze. CamoayalibeT is ZiriTadi principe-
bi, romlebsac unda dayrdnoboda aleqsandres msoflio imperia. gaixseneT
ganvlili masala da gaavleT paraleli aqemenianTa imperiasTan.
2. SeadareT elinisturi xanis mmarTvelobis sistema Zveli aRmosavleTis im-
periebisa da berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebisas.
3. imsjeleT elinisturi xanis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri
da kulturuli kavSirebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da dawereT Tema: `diadoqosebis omebi da maTi

Sedegebi~.

103
 19. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi

qarTlis samefos warmoqmna

swored elinistur xanas ukavSirebs
Zveli qarTuli istoriuli tradicia qar-
Tlis samefos warmoqmnas. am tradiciis
mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelis laS-
qrobamde qarTlSi mamasaxlisebis mmarTve-
loba iyo. mamasaxlisi gvarSi ufross niS-
navda da mematianis es cnoba albaT gvaro-
vnul mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs. TviTon cixiagoris taZris kapiteli xaris
aleqsandre makedonels saqarTveloSi ar gamosaxulebiT (Zv.w. IV s.)
ulaSqria, magram gamoricxuli ar aris,
misi sardlebidan an memkvidreebidan vin-
mes SavizRvispireTsa da qarTlSi elaS-
qros da es dampyrobeli gviandelma mema-
tianem did aleqsandred warmoidgina.
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ daculi gad-
Tavi meore

mocemis mixedviT qarTlis mmarTvelad

dampyroblebma TavianTi erT-erTi sarda-
li, azoni daniSnes. azoni mkacri mmarTve-
li gamodga. is aviwroebda mosaxleobas.
misi brZanebiT moTxares da daangries
aqauri cixeebi. azons daupirispirda far-
navazi, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis ZmisSvili,
romelmac daixmara dasavleT saqarTve-
los mmarTveli – quji da Crdilokavka- cxenis sasafeTqle oqros
sieli mTielebi. mis mxareze dadga azonis sakidebi Zv.w. IV-III ss.
1000 mxedaric. gamarjvebulma farnavazma axalgoris ganZidan

Tavi qarTlis mefed gamoacxada. mas same-

fo niSnebi selevkiduri saxelmwifos mmarTvelma, antioqos I-ma gamougzavna.
misi uzenaesoba cno dasavleT saqarTvelos xelisufalma qujimac.

qarTlis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba

farnavazma qveynis mmarTvelobis mosawesrigeblad samefo dayo 8 saerisTa-
vod da 1 saspaspetod. saerisTavo warmoadgenda teritoriul-administraciul
erTeuls, romlis saTaveSic mefis moxele-erisTavi idga. saerisTavosagan
gansxvavebuli da ufro didi teritoriuli erTeuli iyo saspaspeto, romelic
mTel Sida qarTls moicavda. misi ganmgebeli – spaspeti yvela erisTavze maR-
la idga. erisTavebs eqvemdebarebodnen spasalarni da aTasisTavni, romelTa
meSveobiTac ikrifeboda `xarki sameufo da saerisTavo~.
104
 farnavazma gaaSena da gaamagra berZen-makedonelTa Semosevis Sedegad dang-
reuli mcxeTa da sxva cixe-qalaqebi. manve Seqmna mTavari RvTaebis – armazis
kulti, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo ramdenime Zveli adgilobrivi RvTaebis
niSan-Tvisebani. Zveli qarTvelebi gansakuTrebul Tayvans scemdnen mTvaris
RvTaebas, romelic meomari mamakacis saxiT hyavdaT warmodgenili. armazis kul-
tis safuZveli swored mTvaris RvTaeba iyo, romelsac axali niSan-Tvisebanic
miemata. rogorc Cans, misi prototipi Zveli xeTuri mTvaris RvTaeba unda yofi-
liyo (xeTurad `armas~ swored mTvaris RvTaebas niSnavda da misi saxeli xeTur
kulturas ziarebul mesxur tomebs unda SemoetanaT). zogierTi mkvlevari
armazis kultSi zoroastrizmis mTavari RvTaebis, ahura mazdas niSnebsac xe-
davs. armazis kerpi mcxeTis mopirdapire mxares – e. w. qarTlis mTaze aRmarTes,
sadac cixec gaSenda da mas armazcixe ewoda. armazis, rogorc mTavari RvTaebis

wyaro 1

`qarTlis cxovreba~ farnavazis Sesaxeb:

`daipyro aleqsandrem yoveli qarTli da daadgina patrikad (ganmgeblad) naTesavi

Tvisi saxelad azoni, Ze iaredosisa... da iyo azon kaci Zneli da mosisxle, ase amcno
Tvissa spasa: `yoveli qarTvelTagani, romelsac upooT saWurveli, mokaliT!~... iyo

Zveli msoflio
im Jamad qalaq mcxeTas Wabuki erTi, romelsac erqva saxelad farnavaz. es farnavaz
iyo mamiT qarTveli... da iyo igi Zmiswuli samarisi, romelic aleqsandres mosvli-
sas mamasaxlisi yofiliyo mcxeTas. es samara da Zma misi, mama farnavazisi, aleqsand-
res moekla, xolo dedas waeyvana farnavazi, sami wlis yrma da kavkasionisaTvis See-
farebina Tavi. aq aRizarda farnavaz da daubrunda mcxeTas, mamulsa Tvissa.

xolo farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire xelovani...

ixila farnavaz sizmari, viTomc iyo igi erT ukacur saxlSi, surda gasvla da ver ga-
dioda. maSin Semovida sarkmelSi Suqi mzisa, Semoertya welze, miizida da gaiyvana
sarkmelidan. da velze rom gavida, ixila mze Zirs Camosuli, maSin moxoca cvari pir-
sa mzisasa da TviTon waicxo saxeze...

imave dRes wavida farnavaz da nadirobda marto da diRmis velze daedevna irmebs,
xolo isini iltvodnen tfilisis RirRalTa Sigan. misdia farnavazma, styorcna
isari da hkra iremsa da mcired gairbina iremma da daeca Zirsa kldisasa. moewia far-
navaz iremsa da SemoaRamda... xolo kldisa mis Zirsa qvabuli iyo, romlis kari amo-
qolili iyo qviTa Zvelad da siZvelisagan irRveoda.

maSin daasxa mZafrma wvimam, xolo farnavazma aRiRo Cuglugi* da gamoarRvia amoSe-
nebuli kari qvabulisa, raTa Sig gamSraliyo wvimisagan. da Sevida qvabulSi. ixila
mun ganZi _ oqro da vercxli da WurWeli oqrosi da vercxlisa miuwvdomeli.

xolo farnavaz aivso sixaruliTa, moagonda nanaxi sizmari, kvlav amoqola kari
qvabulisa, mswrafl wamovida da uTxra dedasa da orTav dasa Tvissa. da masve Rames
wamovidnen samive saxedrebiTa da WurWlebiTa da xuT RameSi gamokribes ganZi da da-
fles marjve alagas~.

* Cuglugi _ patara weraqvi an culis msgavsi saomari iaraRi

105
 kultis SemoRebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda axladCamoyalibe-
bul qarTlis samefoSi mefis Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis
ganmtkicebisaTvis.
farnavazs leonti mroveli qarTlSi erTian saxelmwi-
fo enad qarTulis SemoRebas da qarTuli mwignobrobis
Seqmnas miawers.
qarTlis samefo farnavazisa da misi uSualo memkvid-
reebis – saurmagisa da mirian I-is dros mniSvnelovnad
gaZlierda. samefos farglebi sakuTriv istoriuli
qarTls garda moicavda kaxeTis did nawils, samcxes,
javaxeTs, kola-artaans, klarjeTs, agreTve da-
savleT saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawils
(aWaras, argveTs, egriss, svaneTs). farnavazma dasavleT
saqarTveloSi Tavisi poziciebis gansamtkiceblad So- dionises terakotuli
rapnisa da dimnas cixeebi aago. qarTli Tavis gavlenas niRabi sarkinedan, Q
Zv.w. II s.
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiTac avrcelebda. qarTlis me-
feebis kontrols eqvemdebareboda umniSvnelovanesi gadmosasvlelebi kav-
kasionis qedze. am gadmosasvlelebis gamagrebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen sa-
qarTvelos mezobeli qveynebic, radgan aqedan mudmivad iyo momTabare-meomari
tomebis Semosevis safrTxe. am politikur faqtors qarTlis mmarTvelebi kargad
iyenebdnen.
Tavi meore

qarTlis sazogadoebrivi wyoba

qarTlis samefos saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobisa da sazogadoebrivi wyobis
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis straboni. pirdapiri da arapirdapiri
cnobebi daculia `qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da `qarTlis moqcevis qronikaSi~,
agreTve mcxeTasTan aRmoCenil epigrafikul ZeglebSi.
strabonis aRweriT `iberia metwilad kargad aris dasaxlebuli qalaqebiTac
da dabebiTac. ise, rom aq aris kramitiani saxuravebi, saxlebi arqiteqturulad
mowyobili, bazrebi da sxva sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebani~. qveyana aqtiur
aReb-micemobas eweoda da did rols asrulebda Zveli saberZneTis aRmosavle-
Tis qveynebTan vaWrobaSi. strabonis mtkicebiT, aq gadioda didi savaWro gza
(md. rioni, md. mtkvari, kaspiis zRva), romliTac berZnebi Soreul indoeTs
ukavSirdebodnen.
Zveli qarTveli da berZen-romaeli avtorebis mowmobiT qarTli monarqiuli
saxelmwifoa. qveynis saTaveSi mefe idga, romelic samefos mefis sagvareulos
meSveobiT ganagebda. am sagvareulos sefe gvari ewodeboda. mefe atarebda
`didi mefis~ tituls. misi rezidencia q. mcxeTaSi iyo. misi xelisufleba me-
mkvidreobiT gvarSi ufrosze, xolo ufro gvian – mamidan Svilze gadadioda.
mefis xelT iyo umaRlesi Zalaufleba saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis TiTqmis
yvela sferoSi, iqneboda es sagareo politikis warmarTva Tu saSinao mmarTve-
loba. mas emorCilebodnen samxedro da samoqalaqo didmoxeleni, calkeuli
regionebis ganmgebeli erisTavebi. erisTavebad ZiriTadad adgilobrivi dawi-
naurebuli sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, magram maTi damtkiceba
an Secvla mxolod mefes SeeZlo.

106
 wyaro 2

`qarTlis cxovreba~ farnavazis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb:

a

`maSin wargzavna farnavazma mona Tvisi qujisTan... gaixara qujim sixaruliTa

didiTa da Tqva: `modi CemTan da nu dainaneb xvastagsa (qoneba) Sensa, rameTu gan-
ZiTa SeniTa gavamravlo spa Seni da SevebrZoloT azonsa. maSin gaixaron yovelTa
qarTvelTa misgan gawyvetilTa da SeviwroebulTa...

maSin ezraxvnen ovsTa da lekTa. xolo maT gaixares, rameTu ar swaddaT xarkis mice-
ma azonisaTvis. da gamoyvnen ovsni da lekni da gaumravldaT spani. Seikribnen egriss
uricxvni spani da gamoemarTnen azonisaken. xolo azonma mouwoda spaTa TvisTa da
Sekribna. maSin aTasi mxedari rCeuli... ganudgnen azons da movidnen winaSe farna-
vazisa. farnavaz waravlina mociqulni asurastanis mefis antioqosis winaSe. da
gaugzavna ZRveni didZali da aRuTqva mas samsaxuri da sTxova mas Sewevna berZenTa
winaaRmdeg. xolo antioqosma miiRo ZRveni misi, uwoda mas Tvisi Svili da gamoug-
zavna gvirgvini da ubrZana somxeTis erisTavTa, daxmarebodnen farnavazs...

xolo meoresa welsa... iqmna brZola didi da gawyda orive mxriv uricxvi. xolo
iZlivnen berZenni farnavazisagan. gaiqca banaki maTi da mokles azoni da uricxvi

Zveli msoflio
spa maTi mosrnes da daatyveves...~
b

`[ farnavazma] misca qujis qveyana egris wyalsa da rions Sua, zRvidan mTamde,
romeli Soris aris egrisi da svaneTi da daamtkica igi erisTavad mun. da man qujim
aaSena cixe goji.

maSin farnavazs aRar hqonda SiSi TvisTa mterTa da gaxda mefed yovelsa qarTlsa
da egrisSi, da gaamravla mxedroba qarTlosianTa, ganawesa erisTavni rvani da
spaspeti...

amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi, misive saxelis mqone, esaa armazi... aRmarTa
kerpi igi armazi qarTlis mTis Tavze da amieridan, kerpis gamo, ewoda mTas
armazi. da daawesa kerpis aRmarTvis dRis dResaswauli.

ocdaSvidi wlis gamefda da samocdaxuT wels mefobda nebierad. da emsaxureboda

antioqoss, asurastanis mefes...

da es farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlSi, qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. man

ganavrco ena qarTuli da aRar izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlSi, Tvinier qarTulisa
da Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli.

da mokvda farnavaz da dafles armazis kerpis win~.

qveyanaSi meore piri samefo sagvareulos wevri spaspeti iyo, romelic mTa-
varsardlisa da umaRlesi msajulis movaleobas asrulebda. amave dros igi ga-
nagebda saxelmwifos centralur olqs – Sida qarTls. samefo sagvareulos we-

107
 vrebs – sefewulebs maRali saxelmwifoebrivi Tanamdebobebi ekavaT. isini iyvnen
mefisnacvlebi calkeul olqebSi, zogjer – erisTavebic. samefo gvardiis ZiriTad
masas sefewulebi Seadgendnen. sefewulebis gamravleba marto bunebrivi matebis
gziT rodi xdeboda. mtkiced iyo SemorCenili da daculi xelovnuri danaTesavebis
tradicia (mamamZuZeoba, ZmadSeficuloba).
uSualod samefo sagvareulo did teritorias flobda masze mcxovrebi
mosaxleobiTurT. igi ZiriTadad dapyrobili da qarTlis samefos mier Tanda-
TanobiT daqvemdebarebuli meTemeebisagan Sedgeboda. maT straboni `laoebs~ –
`samefo monebs~ uwodebs (monebi aq gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari).
imave strabonis cnobiT, isini amzadeben yvelafers, rac samefo sagvareulos
SenaxvisTvis iyo saWiro.
qarTlis mosaxleobis umravlesobas Tavisufali (an naxevrad Tavisufali) me-
Temeebi Seadgendnen, romlis qarTuli saxeli iyo `eri~. maT nawilobriv jer kidev
SemorCenili hqondaT gvarovnuli demokratiis niSnebi da garkveuli ekonomikuri
da politikuri TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen; mSvidobianobis dros eweodnen
miwaTmoqmedebas, xolo omianobis SemTxvevaSi TavianTi sagzliTa da SeiaraRe-
biT saxalxo laSqarSi monawileobdnen. maT ekisrebodaT garkveuli gadasaxadebi
saxelmwifos da moxele-erisTavebis sasargeblod; isini aseve Sesawiravebsa da
gadasaxadebs uxdidnen warmarTul samlocveloebs.
qarTlSi sakmao raodenobiT iyvnen monebic, magram maT soflis meurneobaSi
naklebad iyenebdnen. maT ZiriTadad asaqmebdnen mZime samuSaoebze, rogoric
iyo cixeebisa da sasaxleebis mSenebloba, gzebisa da arxebis gayvana, maRaroebsa
da samTamadno warmoebaSi muSaoba, gemebze meniCbeoba. isini gamoiyenebodnen
Tavi meore

sxvadasxva dargis saxelosnoebsa da pirad momsaxurebaSi.

qveyanaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT qurumebsac. maT gankargule-
baSi iyo didi sataZro mamulebi da saganZuri, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi
grovdeboda Sesawiravebis gziT. qurumebi, kultis msaxurebis garda, xelmZR-
vanelobdnen diplomatiuri aqtebis gaformebis ceremonialebs da sxv.
mefis karze erT-erTi maRali samoxeleo Tanamdeboba iyo ezosmoZRvrisa,
romelic saTaveSi edga samefo administracias (`ezo~ aq mefis karis mniSvne-
lobiT aris naxmari). igi ganagebda saxelmwifo Semosavals, xelmZRvanelobda
saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefas, saTaveSi edga samefo meurneobas, CarTuli
iyo samxedro saqmianobaSic.

klasSi samuSao

1. daakvirdiT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstSi farnavazis Sesaxeb ra unda iyos

legendaruli da ra namdvili?
2. wyaroebze 2 a da 2 b dayrdnobiT SeafaseT farnavazis sagareo politika.
yuradReba gaamaxvileT farnavazis samefos urTierTobebze mezobel xal­
xebTan da saxelmwifoebTan. daasabuTeT Tqveni Sefasebebi.

108
20. romis warmoSoba; romauli sazogadoeba,
saxelmwifo wyoba - mefoba da respublika

apeninis naxevarkunZulze, dRevandeli italiis teritoriaze Zv.w. I

aTaswleulis I naxevarSi gaCnda patara qalaq-saxelmwifo – romi, romelmac
droTa ganmavlobaSi jer mTeli italia daikava, Semdeg ki mTeli xmelTaSua
zRvac moicva da msoflio istoriaSi erT-erTi udidesi da dRegrZeli imperia
Seqmna. romis samarTali da saxelmwifo mowyoba imdenad logikuri da warma-
tebuli aRmoCnda, rom is mniSvnelovanwilad safuZvlad daedo dRevandeli
civilizebuli samyaros samarTlebriv da politikur modelebs.
romis daarsebasTan mravali legendaa dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi yvelaze
popularuli versiis Tanaxmad, romi daaarses Zmebma – romulusma da remusma
Zv.w. 753 wels. romis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare qalaqis, alba longas
mefem, winaswarmetyvelebis safuZvelze, axalSobili romulusisa da remusis
daRupva ganizraxa. magram RmerTebma ar gawires bavSvebi, isini Zu mgelma ipova
da gamokveba. amitom aris romis simbolo Zu mgeli bavSvebiT. biWebi gaizardnen,
davaJkacdnen da alba longas mefezec Suri iZies. magram isini ar darCnen am

Zveli msoflio
qalaqSi da maxloblad sakuTari qalaqi, romi daaarses.
romis pirveli mefe romulusi gaxda, xolo meore mefes, numa pompiliuss,
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, Seuqmnia kanonebi romaelTaTvis.
roms CrdiloeTiT esazRvreboda etruskTa miwebi. etruskebi italiis
wamyvani tomi iyo. maTi 12 qalaq-saxelmwifo qmnida kavSirs da italiaSi mniS-
vnelovan kulturul da politikur Zalas warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad
etruskebs didi gavlena hqondaT romze da romis ramdenime mefe etruskuli
warmoSobisa iyo.
romis ukanaskneli mefe, tarkvinius superbusi sakuTari ampartavnebis msxver-
pli gaxda. romaelebma ver aitanes misi usamarTlo mmarTveloba, Zv.w. 509 wels
mefe daamxes da qveyanaSi respublikuri wyoba daamyares. laTinurad respublika
daaxloebiT igives niSnavs, rasac berZnulad demokratia – xalxis mmarTvelobas.
romis saxelmwifo mowyoba SeiZleba
optimalurad CaiTvalos Zveli samyaro-
saTvis. masSi Sezavebuli iyo demokratiis,
oligarqiisa da erTmmarTvelobis niSnebi,
rac sxvadasxva fenebsa da interesebs Soris
balanss da mTeli sistemis mdgradobas gana-
pirobebda.
Tavdapirvelad romSi pirveli piri iyo mefe,
romelic, tradiciis Tanaxmad, Tavad Rmer-
Tis nebiT iRebda xelSi Zalauflebas da erT-
droulad iTvleboda uzenaes mTavarsardlad,
qurumad da msajulad. saTaTbiro organo iyo
uxucesTa sabWo anu senati, romelic Sedgeboda
romis simbolo: romulusi,
300 warCinebuli ojaxis meTaurebisgan. remusi da mgeli
109
 saxalxo anu laSqris kreba ki yvela meomars aerTianebda, romlebic sam
tomad (tribus) da 30 kuriad (warCinebuli ojaxebis gaerTianebebi) iyvnen da-
nawilebulni. laSqari iRebda umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebebs romis mTeli
istoriis manZilze. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo saxalxo krebis roli respublikis
xanaSi.
samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebis Semdeg saxalxo kreba iRebda kanonebs da
irCevda yvela donis moxeles. xmis micemis sistemas ver davarqmevT demokra-
tiuls. mebrZolis xmis fasi ganisazRvreboda misi roliTa da fasiT brZolis
velze. kenWisyra centuriebis – aseulebis mixedviT xdeboda. es aseuli piro-
biTi erTeuli iyo. is aerTianebda 100 mZimed SeWurvil qveiTs an mis Sesatyvis
samxedro Zalas. Sesabamisad, mZimed SeWurvili mxedari centuriaSi mxolod
ori an sami aTeuli iyo, xolo cudad SeiaraRebuli an SeuiaraRebeli qveiTi
– ramdenime aTasi. ramdenadac aRWurviloba Tavad meomris finansur SesaZleb-
lobebze iyo damokidebuli, es sistema icavda SeZlebuli da saSualo fenis
uflebebsa da qonebas Raribi umravlesobis mxridan xelyofisagan da revo-
luciuri gadanawilebebisgan.
kanonebis momzadeba da maT aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba, agreTve moxe-
leebis konsultireba da Sesabamisi dokumentebis gamocema senatis funqciebSi
Sedioda. senatorTa raodenoba TandaTan izrdeboda. 300 warCinebuls emate-
bodnen yofili konsulebi da uazno gvarebis (plebeebis) aRzevebuli warmo-
madgenlebi.
romSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba arCeuli moxeleebis – magistratebis
Tavi meore

xelSi iyo. moxeleebs irCevdnen erTi wliT. erT Tanamdebobaze irCevdnen or

pirs Tanaswori uflebebiT, rac ganapirobebda maT kolegialur moqmedebas
da gamoricxavda Zalauflebis uzurpacias.
respublikis umaRles Tanamdebobad miCneulia konsuli. konsulebi sard-
lobdnen laSqars omSi, ganagebdnen finansebs. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, ma-
galiTad, omis dros, konsulebidan irCeoda diqtatori, romelsac ganusazRv-
reli Zalaufleba eniWeboda, ara umetes eqvsi Tvis vadiT.
konsulis Tanamdebobaze yofnis Semdeg romaeli moqalaqe SeiZleboda aer-
CiaT cenzorad. mis funqciebSi Sedioda adaTebisa da qonebrivi cenzisaTvis
Tvalyuris devneba, moqalaqeTa gadanawileba qonebriv jgufebSi da maTi dasja
zneobis normebis darRvevisaTvis. es uflebebi cenzors, garkveuli Tval-
sazrisiT, konsulebsa da senatorebze maRlac ki ayenebda.
pretorebi ZiriTadad awarmoebdnen
samarTals, Tavdapirvelad ganixilavd-
nen davebs romis moqalaqeTa Soris, Sem-
deg ki agreTve davebs ucxoelTa monawi-
leobiTac.
kvestorebi pasuxismgebelni iyvnen xa-
zinaze, edilebi ki – qalaqis samsaxurebze.
diqtatorebs, konsulebsa da preto-
rebs ganusazRvreli uflebebi hqondaT
TavianT sferoebSi, sxva moxeleebs ki –
romis senati SezRuduli.
110
 wyaro 1

titus liviusis `romis istoriidan~:

`daasrula ra romulusma Tavisi ukvdavi saqmeebi, jari dasaTvaliereblad kapris

WaobTan Sekriba. uecrad Weqa-quxiliTa da xmauriT movarda qariSxali, romelmac
mefe RrubliT dafara garSemomyofTa Tvalisgan da amis Semdeg romulusi aRar iyo
am qveyanaze. rodesac qariSxali Cadga da dRis sinaTle dabrunda, romaelebma dai-
naxes mefis carieli savarZeli da irwmunes axlos mdgomi senatorebis naTqvami, rom
romulusi grigalma caSi aitaca.

senats unda gadaewyvita, Tu vin iqneboda romSi Semdegi mefe. im dros samarTliano-
biTa da keTilsindisierebiT gamoirCeoda sabinur qalaq kuras mkvidri – numa pom-
piliusi, RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis saukeTeso mcodne. romael senatorebs
miaCndaT, rom numas gamefebiT upiratesoba sabinebisken gadaixreboda, Tumca mainc
ver gabedes daepirispirebinaT misTvis romelime TavisTagani, Tundac vinme moqala-
qeTagani da erTxmad ganizraxes numa pompiliusis gamefeba.

numam gamefebis Semdeg gadawyvita, iaraRisa da Zaladobis meSveobiT daarsebuli

qalaqis axlidan, samarTalze, kanonebsa da wes-Cveulebebze dafuZneba. ase rom, orma
mefem, TiToeulma Taviseburad, erTma omiTa da iaraRiT, meorem ki – mSvidobiT,

Zveli msoflio
gaaZliera da ganadida romi... saxelmwifo ki ara marto Zlieri, aramed Tanabrad
mzadmyofi iyo omisa da mSvidobisTvis.~

marTalia, moxeleTa Soris garkveuli ierarqia iyo dadgenili da maRali

Tanamdebobis dakaveba mxolod garkveuli asakis miRwevisa da SedarebiT dabal
Tanamdebobebze muSaobis Semdeg iyo SesaZlebeli, magram Tanamdebobis piri
emorCileboda mxolod kanons, xalxsa da senats da ara sxva, Tundac umaRlesi,
Tanamdebobis pirs.
romis respublikuri wyobis ZiriTadi institutebi SenarCunebuli iyo impe-
riis arsebobis pirveli saukuneebis manZilze, e.w. principatis epoqaSi. impera-
tori iyo qveynis pirveli piri formalurad pirveli senatoris, faqtobrivad
ki, mTavarsardlis rangSi.
funqciebis mkafio gamijvna xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa – saxalxo kre-
ba, senati, magistrati, da sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis pirs Soris Zalian qmediTi
aRmoCnda romisTvis da sanimuSo – axali drois civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis.
garda saxelmwifo mowyobis principebisa, dRevandeli demokratiuli qve-
ynebi emyarebian romaelTa mier SemuSavebul samarTlis principebs, ZiriTad
cnebebsa Tu saqmis warmoebis ZiriTad procedurebs. Cvenamde moRweulia mra-
valferovani iuridiuli literatura, cnobil iuristTa gamosvlebi sasamarT-
loSi, romelTaganac gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia markus tulius cice-
ronis naSromebi (Zv.w. I s.). samarTalTan dakavSirebul Zalze mdidar masalas
Tavi mouyara imperatorma iustinianem ax.w. VI saukuneSi.
kargad organizebuli saxelmwifo, Zlieri jari da moqnili sagareo poli-
tika gaxda romis warmatebebis sawindari. romi TandaTanobiT zrdida Tavis
gavlenas mezoblebze, rigrigobiT amarcxebda da imorCilebda maT. romael-
111
 Ta saxels ukavSirdeba gamoTqma: `dayavi
da ibatone~, rac zustad asaxavs maT po-
litikas italiuri qalaqebis mimarT da
ramac SeaZlebina erT qalaq-saxelmwifos
Tavisi toli qalaqebis an bevrad didi er-
Tobis, magaliTad, etruskebis dapyroba.
ciceroni
Tavi meore
wyaro 2
plutarqes `moraliebidan~ –
pompeusi:
`romSi wesad hqondaT: mxe-
drebs, romlebmac samxedro
samsaxuri ukve moixades, saku-
Tar cxenebze amxedrebulebs
forumze ori cenzoris win
unda CaevloT da CamoeTvalaT
is omebi da mxedarTmTavrebi,
romelTa drosac isini ibrZod-
nen. cenzorebs es mxedrebi an
unda SeeqoT, an gaekicxaT. ase
moiqca pompeusic: Tavisi kon-
sulobis Jams cxenze amxedre-
bulma rom Cauara cenzorebs,
geliussa da lentuluss, maT
Cveulebriv, hkiTxes, Tu ibrZo-
dio yovel omSi? man ki miugo:

diax, yovelSi, Tanac Cemive mTa-

varsardlobiT~.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT SeadareT erTmaneTs romis ori mefe –

romulusi da numa pompiliusi.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. imsjeleT samxedroTa adgilsa da rolze romis respub-
likaSi.
3. romauli memkvidreobis romeli sferoa dRevandelobisaTvis umniSvnelo-
vanesi? ratom?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `romis respublikis mmarTvelobis sistema~.

112
21. romauli dapyrobebi. respublikis dacema

punikuri omebi
leqsikoni
romi odiTganve militaristuli
saxelmwifo iyo. mas yovelTvis gamoarCe- r triumvirati – samis mmarT-
vda mamaci da kargad organizebuli jari. veloba
mezoblebTan mravalsaukunovani brZolis
r sentencia – zneobrivi xa-
Sedegad romi mcire qalaq-saxelmwifodan siaTis gamonaTqvami
did regionalur Zalad iqca da TiTqmis
mTel italias daeufla.
msoflio liderobis gzaze misi metoqe karTageni iyo. afrikaSi, dRevande-
li tunisis teritoriaze mdebare es finikiuri kolonia Zv.w. III saukunisaTvis
dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis did nawils akontrolebda.
romaelebi karTagenis saxelmwifos `punikurs~ uwodebdnen, rac mis finikiur
warmoSobaze miuTiTebda. amitom romsa da karTagens Soris sam sisxlismRvrel
oms `punikuri omebi~ ewoda.

Zveli msoflio
pirveli punikuri omi (Zv.w. 264-241) siciliis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris
dapirispirebaSi karTagenisa da romis Carevas mohyva. brZola gardamavali
upiratesobiT warimarTa siciliaze, afrikasa da zRvaze da sabolood romis
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. romaelebma didi kontribucia daakisres karTagens da
Tavis kontroli daamyares siciliaze, mogvianebiT sardiniasa da korsikazec.
karTageni ver egueboda marcxs da revanSisaTvis emzadeboda. jer hamilkar
barkas, Semdeg hasdrubalis sardlobiT karTagenelebma ganimtkices poziciebi
iberiis (pirenes) naxevarkunZulze. Semdeg sardloba hamilkaris vaJma, hanibal-
ma Caibara. Zv. w. 219 wels is Tavs daesxa romis mokavSire saguntums espaneTSi,
riTac meore punikuri omi (Zv. w. 218-201) daiwyo.
hanibalma espaneTidan laSqris italiaSi gadasrola ganizraxa da amisaT-
vis sruliad warmoudgeneli gza airCia – Tovliani alpebis gadalaxva. igi
moulodnelad gamoCnda italiaSi da ukve amiT moaxdina mtris demoralizeba.
Semdgom man araerT brZolaSi daamarcxa romaelebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovani iyo brZola kanesTan Zv. w. 216 wels, sadac hanibalma xafangSi Seityua
da gaJlita romaelTa mravalricxovani laSqari.
amis Semdeg romaelebi gaurbodnen gadamwyvet brZolas hanibalTan da mis ga-
mofitvas cdilobdnen. marTlac, hanibals problemebi gauCnda jaris momarage-
basa da SevsebasTan dakavSirebiT, romaelebma ki TandaTanobiT moaxerxes welSi
gasworeba da brZola afrikaSi gadaitanes. maT publius kornelius scipionis
(scipion ufrosis) sardlobiT Tavad karTagens Seuties. hanibali iZulebuli
gaxda, roms daxsnoda da afrikaSi dabrunebuliyo, magram iq ukve zamasTan
generalur brZolaSic damarcxda. scipionma am warmatebisaTvis `afrikelis~
zedwodeba da romaelTa didi madliereba da pativiscema daimsaxura.
karTageni daTanxmda zavis uaRresad mZime pirobebs, ris merec, faqtobri-
vad, dakarga zesaxelmwifos statusi.
113
 Tavad hanibali, romelic Zveli sam-
yaros erT-erT udides sardladaa aRia-
rebuli, aRmosavleTSi gaiqca. is Tavs
afarebda elinistur saxelmwifoebs da
kidev araerTxel gamoiCina Tavi saxmele-
To Tu sazRvao brZolebSi. sanam haniba-
li cocxali iyo, romaelebi Tavs mSvidad
ver grZnobdnen da diplomatiuri gzebiT
cdilobdnen mis xelSi Cagdebas. Zv.w. 183/2
wels, rodesac misi dakavebisa da romis-
Tvis gadacemis safrTxe realuri gaxda,
hanibalma Tavi moikla.
karTagenis damarcxebis Semdeg roms
dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi konku-
renti aRar hyavda da mTeli Zala aRmo-
savleTisken mimarTa. jer kidev meore
punikuri omis dasawyisSi romi parale- hanibali
lurad ebrZoda makedonias da balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze damkvidrebas cdilob-
da. Zv.w. II saukunis pirvel naxevarSi man am
frontze sagrZnoblad waiwia win, magram
Tavi meore

karTagenis arseboba mainc ar asvenebda

romaelebs.
uzarmazari qalaqis adamianuri da fi-
nansuri resursebi potenciur safrTxes
Seicavda da romaelebs es safrTxe sul
axsovdaT. karTagenis sawinaaRmdego ganw-
yobiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda katoni,
romelic nebismier sajaro gamosvlas ase scipion afrikeli
asrulebda: `karTageni unda daingres~.
romis mokavSire numidiasTan karTage-
nelTa konfliqti gaxda mesame punikuri
omis sababi (Zv.w. 149-146).
romaelebma scipion emilianusis sardlobiT sabolood daamarcxes da da-
angries karTageni.
ukve Zv. w. III saukunis miwurulidan romi iwyebs moqmedebas Tavisi Zalauf-
lebis aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gasavrceleblad. amisaTvis is
awarmoebs or e. w. iliriul oms (pirvels – Zv. w. 229-228 wlebSi, xolo meores
– Zv. w. 219 wels) da xelSi igdebs adriatikis sanapiros. sami makedoniuri omis
Semdeg imorCilebs balkaneTs. Zv. w. 200-190 wlebSi e. w. keltebTan omis Semdgom
romi amTavrebs CrdiloeT italiis dapyrobas. Zv. w. 190 wels amarcxebs make-
doniis erT-erT umZlavres mokavSires, selevkidebis mefes, antioqos II-s da,
Sesabamisad, xelSi igdebs mcire aziis sakmaod did nawilebs. Zv. w. 146 wlis ga-
marjvebebis Semdeg igi, faqtobrivad, asrulebs saberZneTis daqvemdebarebas.
Zv. w. 133 wels romi mcire aziis dasavleTiT, atalos III-isgan iRebs pergamonis
114
wyaro 1

plutarqes `moraliebidan~:

fabius maqsimusi:

`fabius maqsimusi, romelmac ar isurva hanibalTan brZola, fiqrobda, rom gaanad-

gurebda mas, Tuki Zalas gamoaclida da saxsrebisa da sakvebis gareSe datovebda.
am mizniT fexdafex sdevda mTebsa da xeobebSi, ris gamoc dascinodnen da haniba-
lis moaxlesac ki uwodebdnen. magram igi sulac ar naRvlobda da ise iqceoda, ro-
gorc Tavad miaCnda saWirod, xolo megobrebs eubneboda, rom ufro samarcxvinoa,
geSinodes qilikisa da gamasxrebis, vidre gaurbode mters... kanesSi damarcxebis
Semdeg qalaqs masTan erTad ganagebda klavdius markelusi, Seupovari vaJkaci,
romelic mudam iswrafoda hanibalTan SesabrZoleblad. fabiusi ki imedovnebda,
rom brZolis gareSec SeZlebda hanibalis laSqris moqancvasa da dauZlurebas.
swored amaze ambobda hanibali, rom markelusisa ki ar eSinia, romelic ibrZvis,
aramed fabiusisa, romelic ar ibrZvis~.

Zveli msoflio
b

lukulusi:

`lukulusma aTi aTasi qveiTiTa da aTasi mxedriT gailaSqra armeniaSi tigranis

winaaRmdeg, romelsac hyavda asormocdaaTaTasiani armia. oqtombris nonosTa
winadRe idga. am dRes odesRac romaelTa laSqari kepionis meTaurobiT kimbrebs
daumarcxebiaT. viRacam gaixsena, rom romaelebi am dRes ukeTur da saxifaTo dRed
miiCnevdnen. ra gaewyoba, – uTqvams lukuluss, – modiT, dRes medgrad viomoT,
raTa ukeTuri da Savi dRe romaelTaTvis naTel da sasixarulo dRed vaqcioT~.

plutarqes `paraleluri biografiebidan~ – lukulusi (imave brZolis

Sesaxeb):
`rodesac is mdinaresTan farTo xeobaSi dabanakda, tigrans misi jari TvalSi
epatarava... da man warmoTqva cnobili fraza: `elCobisTvis bevrni arian,
laSqrisTvis ki – cotanio~.

115
 Zlier elinistur samefos da sabolood Zv. w. 129 wels amboxebebis CaxSobis
Semdeg anatoliis am regionSi qmnis provincias, romlis saxelwodebaa azia. am
eqspansionisturi omebis Sedegad romi gadaiqca uZlieres Zalad mTel xmel-
TaSuazRvispireTSi.

dapyrobebi da saSinao viTareba

roms mouxda sami omi pontos mefis, miTridate VI evpatoris winaaRmdeg (Zv.
w. 89-84, 83-82, 74-64), raTa Tavisi Zalaufleba mis samflobelozec ganevrco. Zv.
w. 88 wels mcire aziaSi miTridatesTan gamarTul pirvel omSi romaulma armiam
sastiki dartyma ganicada, romelsac Sedegad 80 aTasi romaelis daxocva mo-
hyva, rac istoriaSi Sevida `efesosis saRamos~ saxeliT. aseTi viTareba romSi
samoqalaqo omis safuZvels warmoqmnis. sula, romelsac braldeboda es waru-
matebloba, gadaayenes da misi Zalaufleba mariuss gadasces. sulam, faqtobri-
vad, aajanya jari da pirvelad romis istoriaSi moxda is, rom romaulma jarma
daipyro romi, ris Sedegadac sulam aRadgina senatis Zalaufleba da gaemarTa
aziisaken iq omebis warmatebiT dasamTavreblad. magram amiT isargebles ma-
riusma da misma momxreebma da isini kvlav dabrundnen romSi. sulam saberZneTsa
da aziaSi omis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg samoqalaqo omi Tavis momxreebs,
optimatebsa da mariusis mxardamWer popularebs Soris Tavis sasargeblod
daasrula da e. w. sulas diqtatura daamyara (Zv. w. 82-79), rac erTmmarTvelobis
sakmaod mkacri formebiT gamovlinda. pirvel rigSi daiwyo mariusis momxreTa
Tavi meore

represiebi. gamoqveynda e. w. proskrifciebi anu, faqtobrivad, kanongareSed

gamocxadebul moqalaqeTa siebi, maTi mokvlisaTvis materialuri stimulire-
bis formebic ki iqna SemoRebuli. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, moklul iqna 40 an
90-mde senatori da 1600 an 2600-mde mxedari. magram am krizisma, rasakvirvelia,
veeberTela teritoriebis romis kontrolidan gamosvlis realuri safrTxe
warmoqmna. amis erT-erTi mizezi iyo is, rom diqtaturis mowinaaRmdegeni,
gansakuTrebiT mariusis momxreebi, poziciebs iZlierebdnen romis daqvem-
debarebidan gamosul regionebSi. Zv. w. 79 wlidan sulam Tavisi nebiT moixsna
diqtatoris uflebebi da erT weliwadSi gardaicvala kidec. roms Zalze bevri
mosagvarebeli problema darCa, romelic samxedro Zalis did mobilizebas
moiTxovda. maTgan erT-erTi umTavresi iyo espaneTSi gaZlierebuli mariusis
momxreTa damarcxeba, romelTac e. w. marianeli emigrantebisagan Seqmnes ro-
mis sapirispiro xelisufleba Tavisi senatiT da dedaqalaqiT oskaSi pirenes
naxevarkunZulze. espaneTis problemis gadaWras 7 weli dasWirda (Zv. w. 77-71),
rac warmatebiT ganaxorciela pompeusma. sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda mesame omi
miTridatesTan, romelic, bolos da bolos, romauli jaris mravali wlis
sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg gamarjvebiT dasrulda Zv. w. 64 wels.
Zv. w. 70 wlidan xdeba sulas mier SemoRebuli kanonebis gauqmeba da pompeu-
sisa da krasusis konsulobis periodi iwyeba. pompeusi Zv. w. 67 wels sagangebo
samxedro ZalauflebiT aRiWurva da brwyinvale sabrZolo operaciebi Caatara
kilikieli mekobreebis winaaRmdeg, xolo Zv. w. 66-64 wlebSi igi miTridates
Zalebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, ris Sedegadac aRmosavleTSi yalibdeba ro-
misi provinciebis anu vasaluri saxelmwifoebis mTeli sistema: ponto, siria,

116
iulius keisris mkvleloba

Zveli msoflio
kilikia. romis gavlenis sferoSi Sevida agreTve: armenia, kapadokia, galatia,
kolxida da iudea. viTareba SeeZlo gaemZafrebina katilinas SeTqmulebas,
magram igi gamoaaSkarava da amxila ciceronma, romelic konsulad airCies da
romelmac moipova ufleba, misTvis samSoblos mama ewodebinaT. Semzaravi iyo
Zv. w. 62 wels katilinas da misi 3000 momxris ganadgureba pistorisTan. amave
wels saocrad sazeimo xasiaTi miiRo gamarjvebuli pompeusis jaris romSi
dabrunebam da triumfma. Zv. w. 60 wels iqmneba pirveli triumvirati: pompeusi,
krasusi, keisari, rac, upirveles yovlisa, pirad SeTanxmebas efuZneboda. fa-
qtobrivad, es gulisxmobda TanadgomasTan erTad gavlenisa da Zalauflebis
sferoebis erTgvar gayofasac.
jer keisris konsulobis, xolo Semdeg pompeusisa da krasusis periodidan
triumviratis wevrebs Soris gavlenis sferoebi amgvarad ganawilda: keisars –
galia, pompeuss – espaneTi, krasuss – siria. Tumca krasusi maleve tragikulad
daiRupa Zv. w. 53 wels parTebTan brZolaSi. gansakuTrebiT cnobili iyo Zv. w. 58-
51 wlebSi iulius keisris mier warmoebuli omi, ris Sedegadac sruliad galia
moeqca romaelTa Zalauflebis qveS. istoriaSi es galebTan warmoebuli omis
saxeliT Sevida. keisarsa da pompeuss Soris Tanxmoba xangrZlivi ar aRmoCnda.
mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. 52 wels romSi anarqia warmoiqmna sxvadasxva bandebs Soris
erTmaneTSi warmoebuli omis gamo, senatma pompeusi daamtkica konsulad ko-
legis gareSe, raTa mas kvlav aRedgina wesrigi romSi. senatma aseve mouwoda
keisars, daeSala laSqari da moexsna Tavisi uflebamosileba. xolo Zv. w. 49
wels senatma daadgina, rom pompeuss unda daecva romi urCi keisrisagan. Zv. w.
49-46 wlebi romisaTvis erTob dramatuli periodi iyo, rodesac samoqalaqo
omi mimdinareobda. ZiriTadi dapirispireba iulius keisarsa da pompeuss Soris
warmoiqmna. Zv. w. 49 wels keisarma gadalaxa md. rubikoni fraziT: `wili nayaria~

117
 da daipyro romi da italia. pompeusi da senatis erTi nawili saberZneTSi gai-
qca. keisarma daimorCila espaneTi da saberZneTisaken gaemarTa. Zv. w. 48 wels
man farsalusTan daamarcxa pompeusis 20000-iani samxedro Zala, xolo Tavad
pompeusma Tavs egvipteSi ltolviT uSvela, sadac igi mokles. Zv. w. 48-47 wlebSi
keisari gadavida egvipteSi, kerZod, aleqsandriaSi da iq dedoflad kleopatra
dasva. amis Semdeg misi Zlevamosili svla aRmosavleTiT gagrZelda, sadac man
daamarcxa farnakes pontoeli. misi gamarjvebebi STambeWdavi da elviseburi
iyo, rasac sakmaod tevadad gamoxatavs keisris cnobili sentencia: `mivedi,
vnaxe, gavimarjve~ (veni, vidi, vici). keisari italiaSi dabrunda, magram cota xniT,
radgan afrikaSi hqonda mdgomareoba dasaregulirebeli. Zv. w. 46 wels igi
gausworda pompeusis ukanasknel momxreebs TafsusTan, rogorc triumfatori
dabrunda romSi da aTi wliT dasaxelda diqtatorad da zne-Cveulebebisa da
moralis cenzorad. amiT, erTi SexedviT, SenarCunda respublikuri institu-
tebi, magram, faqtobrivad, gamyarda erTmmarTvelobis forma, ramac praqtiku-
lad respublikis sruli ususuroba gamoiwvia.
keisari sicocxlis bolomde agrZelebs Zlevamosil gamarjvebebs da Zv. w. 45
wels igi espaneTSi, mundasTan, pompeusis Svilebze moipovebs gamarjvebas. amis
Semdeg man moiTxova da miiRo kidec sruli Zalaufleba. mas acxadeben sico-
cxlis bolomde diqtatorad, imperatorad, konsulad aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
jaris uzenaes mTavarsardlad, umaRles qurumad, tribunTa Zalauflebis
matareblad. arsebiTad, iulius keisarma uari Tqva imaze, rom Zalauflebis
Tavi meore

ganxorcielebaSi vinme mocile hyoloda. mas miaCnda, rom rac meti iqneboda Za-
lauflebis realurad ganmaxorcielebeli instituti da pirovneba, miT ufro
gauWirdeboda mas swori da qveynisaTvis saWiro gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
da ai, saqme iqamdec midis, rom antoniusi mas sTavazobs, Tavze daidgas mefis
diadema. Tumca keisari amas uaryofs, magram es misgan mxolod formaluri
Jesti iyo. rasakvirvelia, erTmmarTvelobis esoden aSkara da daufaravi zrda
senatorebSi ukureaqcias iwvevda. Zv. w. 44 wlis 15 marts maTi SeTqmuleba warma-
tebiT dasrulda, rodesac kasiusma da brutusma keisari mokles (mkvlelobaSi
sxva senatorebic monawileobdnen). istoriaSi es epizodi, Tavisi dramatulo-
bis garda, darCa gakvirvebuli keisris mier warmoTqmuli sityvebiTac yofili
Tanamoazrisa da umcrosi megobris, brutusisadmi, romelic sentenciad iqca:
`da Senc, brutus?~

118
 klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT romisa da karTagenis dapirispirebis ganmapirobebel mizezebze.

2. ganixileT mariusisa da sulas dapirispirebis sakiTxi da am dapirispirebis
Sedegebi.
3. rogor ganawilda gavlenis sferoebi triumviratis wevrTa Soris da ratom
ver moxerxda triumviratis SenarCuneba?
4. ganixileT wyaro 1 a. isaubreT fabius lukulusis samxedro taqtikaze.
5. wyaro 1b-sa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT isaubreT lukulusis laSqrobis Sesaxeb
armeniaSi. Tqveni azriT, ra ganapirobebda romaelTa TviTdajerebulobas
brZolis win?

Zveli msoflio
saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `karTageni unda daingres!~ werilobiT warmoadgineT

punikuri omebis mizezebi da Sedegebi (moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi).

ZiriTadi TariRebi

Zv.w. 89-84, 83-82, 74-64

romis omebi
Zv.w. 264-241 – I punikuri
miTridate VI-sTan
omi

Zv.w. 218-201 – II punikuri omi

Zv.w. 190 – romis gamarjveba selev- Zv.w. 48 – iulius kei-

kidebTan brZolaSi sari amarcxebs
pompeuss

250 200 150 100 50 0

Zv.w. 149-146 Zv.w. 82-79 Zv.w. 44,

III punikuri omi sulas diqtatura 15 marti – iulius
keisris mkvle-
Zv.w. 58-51 loba
Zv.w. 216 – kanes brZola iulius keisris
omebi galiaSi

119
 22. romi imperiis epoqaSi

imperiis mmarTveloba
iulius keisris mkvlelobis Semdeg senats
respublikis aRdgena undoda, magram saamiso
resursi praqtikulad amowuruli iyo. jarma
keisris memkvidresa da mis sardlebs dauWi-
ra mxari. keisris memkvidred misi dis Svili –
oqtaviane avgustusi gamocxadda. oqtavianem
aRadgina wesrigi romSi, Semdgom (Zv.w. 31 wels)
sZlia markus antoniuss, romelic, egviptis de-
dofal kleopatrasTan erTad, mas aRmosavleT
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi ecileboda da erTpi-
rovnuli mmarTveloba daamyara.
keisrisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac bolo
dros romSi Tavisi swori aRaravin eguleboda
da romelic, Sesabamisad, sakmaod xistad iq-
ceoda, oqtavianem didi politikuri alRo ga-
Tavi meore

moavlina da romauli elitis realuri intere-

sebis, respublikuri tradiciebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT sakmaod moqnili politikuri sistema oqtaviane avgustusi
Seqmna, romelic aTavsebda respublikur da
monarqiul mmarTvelobas da romelic sauku-
neebis manZilze sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda.
romma SeinarCuna senati, arCeviTi samoxeleo
aparati da respublikis zogi sxva niSan-Tvi-
seba. realuri xelisufleba ki iyo jaris mTa-
varsardlis, imperatoris xelSi. formalurad
mis pirvelkacobas gansazRvravda pirveli se-
natoris, princepsis Tanamdeboba, ris gamoc am
wyobas principati ewodeba.
avgustusis mmarTveloba (Zv.w. 31 – ax.w. 14)
romis `oqros xanad~ iqca, rogorc politikuri
TvalsazrisiT, aseve kulturisa da mwerlobis.
man daamyara SedarebiTi mSvidoba da saxelm-
wifo wesrigi, romelsac `romauli mSvidoba~
(Pax Romana) ewoda, mis dros arnaxul ayvavebas
ganicdis romauli kulturis mravali sfero,
mis karze moRvaweobdnen didi romaeli poetebi
virgiliusi, ovidiusi da sxv. markus avreliusi

momdevno keisrebis dros romi agrZelebda

120
zrdas da mezobeli qveynebis dapyroba-
damorCilebas. aRmosavleTiT yvelaze
Sors romma traianes (ax. w. 98-117) dros
waiwia da droebiT SuamdinareTic daimor-
Cila. traianes daRupvis Semdeg sagareo
politika icvleba da axali dapyrobebis
nacvlad prioritetulad arsebulis Se-
narCuneba da marTvis srulyofa xdeba.
romSi xelisufleba Tavdapirvelad
memkvidreobiT gadadioda. TandaTano-
biT gamoikveTa is realoba, rom keisris
uaxloesi naTesavi yovelTvis misi sauke-
Teso Semcvleli ver xdeboda da keisreb-
ma memkvidris saguldagulo SerCeva da
rCeulis Svilad ayvanis meSveobiT legi-
timacia daiwyes. es meTodi sakmaod war-
matebuli gamodga. `naSvileb keisarTa~
ricxvs ganekuTvnebian gamoCenili sarda-
li traiane da filosofosi markus avre-
liusi (161-180).
romis imperiaSi mimdinare politikuri
da socialuri procesebis Sedegi iyo impe-
rator karakalas (198-217) ediqti, romli-
Tac romis imperiaSi mcxovreb yvela Tavi-
sufal adamians romis moqalaqeoba mieniWa
(212). amiT dasrulda dapyrobil-damegob-
rebuli xalxebisa Tu qveynebis elitebis
romaul sazogadoebaSi integraciis gr-
Zeli procesi.
III saukunis Sua xanebSi romSi erTgvari
krizisia. gamarTulad veRar funqcioni-
rebs mmarTvelobis aparati adgilebze,
ukidegano imperiis sazRvrebze iwyeba
xalxis gadaadgileba da simSvide irRve-
va, xdeba umniSvnelovanesi ideologiuri
Zvrebi, rac, pirvel yovlisa, qristiano-
bis gavrcelebas ukavSirdeba. romis wina-
Se mdgari problemebis gadaWras Seecada
imperatori diokletiane (284-305). misi
reformebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
mraval sferos Seexo. pirvel yovlisa, man
Secvala mmarTvelobis sistema, gaauqma
respublikuri mmarTvelobis elementebi
da imperatori qveynis absolutur bato-
nad (dominus) aqcia. aqedanaa saxelwodeba
wyaro 1
plutarqes `moraliebidan~ –
avgustusi:
`mas avgustusi rom uwodes, jer
kidev ymawvili iyo. miuxedavad
amisa, antoniuss mosTxova 25
milioni draqma, romelic man
keisris saxlidan waiRo keisris
mokvlisTanave. avgustuss sur-
da, keisris anderZis TYanaxmad,
yoveli romaelisTvis 25 draqma
mieca. antoniusma fuli ar da-
abruna, piriqiT, urCia, Tu Wkua
hqonda, daeviwyebina es ambavi.
maSin avgustusma sajarod gayi-
da mamiseuli qoneba, gasca, rac
gasacemi hqonda da amiT moqala-
Zveli msoflio
qeTa keTilganwyoba daimsaxura,
antoniusi ki xalxs SeaZula~.
`aleqsandria rom aiRo, mo-
saxleoba ZrwoliT eloda sxva
ufro did saSinelebas. magram
is avida ficarnagze, gverdiT
daiyena arion aleqsandrieli
da xalxs mimarTa: qalaqs davin-
dob, jer erTi imitom, rom is
didia da lamazi, meorec imi-
tom, rom aleqsandrem daaarsa,
kidev imitom, rom arioni Cemi
megobaria~.
`rodesac Seityo, rom aleq-
sandre, romelsac ocdaTorme-
ti wlis askSi TiTqmis mTeli
msoflio morCilebda, Relav-
da, radgan dasapyrobi qveyana
aRar eguleboda, gaocda. mas
aocebda is, rom aleqsandre
imis gonivrul marTvas, ra-
sac flobda, dapyrobiT omebs
amjobinebda~.
121
 dominate, romliTac diokletianes Semdgom periods moixseniben. keisris xeli-
suflebis zrdasTan erTad moxda qveynis erTgvari decentralizacia. imperia
daiyo oTx nawilad, romlebsac diokletianes Tanakeisrebi ganagebdnen – aqe-
dan saxeli tetrarqia – da 12 olqad. gatarda samxedro reforma, gaZlierda
qristianebis devna. diokletianes reformebs hqonda garkveuli droebiTi
efeqti, magram amavdroulad safuZveli Caeyara qveynis gayofas, ramac sabo-
lood imperiis daSla gamoiwvia.

ekonomika, monoba
romis ekonomikis ZiriTadad dargebs soflis meurneoba da vaWroba war-
moadgenda. garkveuli wili hqonda xelosnobas, romelmac mTlad ver miaRwia
industriul dones. fulis brunva sakmaod didi iyo, ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli
vaWrobisa da maRalorganizebuli administraciis gamo.
ZiriTadi samuSao Zala Tavisufali da naxevrad Tavisufali miwismoqmedi
iyo, Tumca warCinebulTa meurneobebSi sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneboda mona-
Ta Sroma. mona, samuSao Zalis garda, TavisTavad qonebas da vaWrobis obieqts
warmoadgenda.
warmatebuli laSqrobebi monebis uSreti wyaro iyo. Sinamosamsaxure monebi
ojaxis umcros wevrebad aRiqmebodnen da sagvareulo kultmsaxurebaSic ki
monawileobdnen.
tyveebis garkveul raodenobas specialurad wvrTnidnen romaelTaTvis say-
Tavi meore

varel sacirko sanaxaobaSi erTmaneTTan an gareul mxecebTan sabrZolvelad.

maT gladiatorebi ewodebodaT. gladiators, Tu gaumarTlebda, SeeZlo didi
saxeli da qoneba moexveWa da sabolood Tavisuflebac mieRo.
Zv.w. I saukunisaTvis romSi monaTa didi raodenoba dagrovda. maT mniSvne-
lovan nawils gausaZlisi mdgomareoba ajanyebisken ubiZgebda. monaTa yve-
laze cnobili ajanyeba Zv.w. 73-71 wlebSi spartakis xelmZRvanelobiT moxda.
Trakielma gladiatorma mxedarTmTavris niWic gamoavlina da araerTxel
daamarcxa romaelTa laSqari. roms ZalTa maqsimaluri mobilizacia da pro-
vinciebidan saukeTeso sardlebis moxmoba dasWirda, raTa ajanyebul monebs
gamklaveboda.

romis koloseumi –
gladiatorTa Serkinebis adgili

122
 spartaksa da mis TanamebrZolebs sastikad gauswordnen, romisken mimaval
gzaze aTasobiT mona jvarze gaakres. magram romaelebma am ajanyebis gakveTi-
lebic gaiTvaliswines, raTa msgavsi SesaZleblobac ki ar daeSvaT: eridebod-
nen brZolisunarian monaTa did koncentracias strategiulad mniSvnelo-
van punqtebSi, monebis mimarT damokidebuleba odnav ufro humanuri gaxda,
gavrcelda monebis ganTavisuflebis praqtika. ganTavisuflebuli monebi
– libertinebi qalaq romis mosaxleobis garkveul nawils warmoadgendnen da
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen qalaqis cxovrebaSi, imperatoris karzec ki.
imperiis xanaSi romaelebma soflad monebis miwaze dasma daiwyes da isini
praqtikulad naxevradTavisufal glexebad – kolonebad aqcies. sakuTari
nakveTiTa da mosavliT dainteresebuli glexis Sroma bevrad ufro rentabe-
luri iyo, vidre uqoneli da uuflebo monisa.

romauli kultura
xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mraval dargSi romaelebi berZnebis bejiTi
moswavleebi iyvnen da cdilobdnen met-naklebad zustad mihyolodnen berZ-
nul nimuSebs. xarisxiani aslis damzadeba romaeli ostatisaTvis miRwevad
iTvleboda da ara sircxvilad. miuxedavad amisa, bevr sferoSi romaelebma
moaxerxes berZnuli gamocdilebis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSaveba da ganviTare-

Zveli msoflio
bis sakuTari gzis moZebna. SeiZleba gavixsenoT arqiteqtura, sadac romaul
nagebobebs gamoarCevs rogorc didi zoma, xSirad grandiozuloba, aseve Se-
nebis sakuTari teqnika. did simaRleebs miaRwies romaelebma portretuli
qandakebis, mozaikis dargSi. mxatvruli literaturis mraval JanrSi, Tumc
berZnul nimuSebze sworeba saxezea, romaelma avtorebma ganumeorebeli da
dauviwyari nawarmoebebi Seqmnes.
da mainc, rodesac romauli kulturis zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobaze
vlaparakobT, pirvel rigSi xsenebis Rirsia romauli samarTali da saxelm-
wifos marTvis principebi. rogorc praqtikaSi, aseve sakiTxebis Teoriuli
damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, aq romaelebma gansakuTrebul simaRleebs miaRwies.

klasSi samuSao

1. ra saxis mmarTveloba daamyara avgustusma? wyaros mixedviT SeafaseT av-

gustusis moqmedebebi.
2. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda imperiaSi mcxovrebi yvela adamiani-
saTvis romis moqalaqeobis miniWebas?
3. imsjeleT, ratom axasiaTebs romaul nagebobebs grandiozuloba?

123
123
 23. romis imperia da saqarTvelo.
romis urTierToba parTiasTan da sasanianTa
iranTan

qarTlis samefo da misi mezoblebi

romaelTa SemoWris win
Zv.w. II saukunis manZilze didi cvlilebebi moxda qarTlis samefos saSinao da
sagareo mdgomareobaSi. misi Zliereba garkveulad Searyia Sinaurma brZoleb-
ma mefis xelisuflebasa da erisTavebs Soris. am brZolebSi sagareo Zalebic
ereodnen.
qarTls Tavidanve kargi urTierToba hqonda siriis selevkidebis samefos-
Tan, magram am ukanasknelma TandaTan dasusteba daiwyo. mas gamoeyo da calke
saxelmwifod Camoyalibda parTia, romlis saTaveSic arSakianebis dinastia
idga. es samefo wina aziaSi uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. amave dros dasavle-
Tidan Semoteva iwyo romma. romaelebma Z Q v.w. 190 wels daamarcxes selevkidebi,
riTac isargebles somxeTis mmarTvelebma da maTi batonobisagan Tavi gaiTa-
visufles. somxeTis teritoriaze Seiqmna ori somxuri saxelmwifo – sofenes
samefo da didi armenia. am samefoebSi saqarTvelos samxreTi teritoriis
nawilic Sevida.
Tavi meore

qarTlis samefos aRmosavleTiT, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze,

warmoiqmna albaneTis saxelmwifo, xolo dasavleTidan gaumezoblda pon-
tos samefo. pontos samefo Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiros moicavda da misi
mosaxleobis did nawils dasavlur-qar-
Tuli tomebi (lazebi, Wanebi, kolxebi,
xalibebi, mosinikebi da sxv.) Seadgendnen.
pontos samefo gansakuTrebiT gaZlier-
da miTridate VI-is mefobis (Zv.w. 111-63)
dros. man daipyro Savi zRvis Crdilo da
aRmosavleT sanapiro, maT Soris kolxe-
Tis teritoriac; didi armeniis (somxeTis)
mefe tigran II-sTan erTad daiwyo brZola
aRmosavleTSi romis Semotevis winaaRm-
deg. am brZolebSi qarTlica da albaneTic
pontosa da somxeTis mokavSireebi iyvnen.
romaelebma ramdenjerme daamarcxes
miTridate VI da somxeTSi SeiWrnen. male
romaelebis armias saTaveSi Caudga cno-
bili sardali gneus pompeusi, romelmac
aiZula somxeTis mefe tigran II, winaaRm-
degoba Seewyvita da romaelebs damorCi-
leboda. amis Semdeg romaelTa armia sa-
qarTvelosken daiZra.
romaeli meomari
124
 pompeusis laSqroba qarTlSi
romaelebi qarTls QZv.w. 65 wels moadg-
nen. qarTlSi am dros mefobda artagi.
qarTlis mefe kargad xedavda, rom Zalebi
uTanabro iyo da mas ar SeeZlo winaaRmde-
goba gaewia romaelTa uZleveli armiisa-
Tvis, amitom man pompeuss despani miugzav-
na da zavi SesTavaza. romaelTa sardali
dazavebaze ar daTanxmda, armazis cixis
aRebis Semdeg gadalaxa mtkvaric da arag-
vis xeobaSi SeiWra. qarTvelebis winaaR-
mdegobis miuxedavad, romaelebma moaxer-
xes maTi damarcxeba.
wyaroebis monacemebis mixedviT, brZo-
lebSi 9 aTasamde qarTveli daRupula, 10
aTasi ki tyved Cavardnila. artagma ro-
maelTa sardals mZevlebi da Zvirfasi
saCuqrebi gaugzavna da zavi iTxova. pom- gneus pompeusi
peusi saTanadod iTvaliswinebda saqarT-

Zveli msoflio
velos strategiul da politikur mniSvnelobas da amjerad dazavebaze da-
Tanxmda. zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad, qarTlSi mefoba xeluxleblad rCeboda.
qarTlis mefes romaelTa `megobroba da mokavSireoba~ da kavkasionis uRel-
texilebis Sekvra, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan meomari-momTabare tomebis Sekaveba
daevala. Tavis mxriv romaelebi saqarTvelos mimarT araviTar valdebulebas
ar kisrulobdnen.
rogorc vxedavT, es xelSekruleba ar iyo Tanasworuflebiani. qarTlis
samefo romis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca, magram misTvis es zavi iseTi
sazaralo mainc ar iyo, rogorc, magaliTad, somxeTisaTvis. somxeTma dakarga
tigran II-is dros dapyrobili yvela olqi da amieridan igi meorexarisxovan
saxelmwifod iqca. es qarTvelebisaTvis sasargebloc ki iyo, radgan didi ar-
meniis mezobloba mis politikur SesaZleblobebs mniSvnelovnad zRudavda da
zogjer masze damokidebulsac ki xdida. qarTlis samefo kari kargad iyenebs
Seqmnil viTarebas da romTan kavSiriT did politikur sargebelsac naxulobs.

saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba I-II saukuneebSi

Zv.w. I saukuneSi qarTlis samefo SesamCnevad gaZlierda. amas xeli Seuwyo
xelsayrelma sagareo politikurma pirobebma. kerZod, somxeTi am dros da-
sustebuli iyo da mis dasaufleblad yvela saSualebiT erTmaneTs ebrZoda
romi da parTia. am brZolaSi qarTlic CaerTo da man ara marto daibruna adre
somxeTisaTvis daTmobili teritoriebi, aramed TviT somxeTis dauflebac
scada. qarTlis mefe miTridatem daamarcxa parTielebi da somxeTSi mefed Ta-
visi Svili dasva. momdevno mefem, farsman I-ma somxeTis uSualod SemoerTebis
mizniT iq Tavisi vaJi, radamisti gaamefa (52 w.), magram sabolood es gegma ver
ganxorcielda da somxeTze Zalaufleba romma da parTiam gainawiles.
125
 wyaro 1

romaeli istorikosi dion kasiusi (II-III ss.) iberiaSi

pompeusis laSqrobis Sesaxeb:

`iberebi cxovroben md. mtkvris orive napirze da

emezoblebian, erTi mxriT, albanelebs da, meore mxriT,
armenelebs. pompeuss maTTan Sebma ufro adre mouxda
vidre moeloda. maT mefes, artags eSinoda, rom pompeusi
mis winaaRmdeg wamovidoda, amitom man elCebi gaugzavna
megobrobis winadadebiT, TviTon ki emzadeboda, raTa
mSvidobaSi darwmunebuls moulodnelad dasxmoda Tavs.
magram pompeusma gaigo amis Sesaxeb da pirveli TviTon
SeiWra mis qveyanaSi, sanam is [artagi] SeZlebda momzadebas
da metad Znelgasavali viwrobis dakavebas. pompeusma moaswro akropolisamde
[armaz-cixemde] misvla, sanam artagi mis miaxloebas gaigebda... SeSinebul artags
sruliad ar hqonda dro, brZolisaTvis momzadebuliyo. igi gadavida mdinareze
da dawva xidi. xolo simagris damcvelebi misi gaqcevisa da brZolaSi damarcxebis
gamo, danebdnen. pompeusma amgvarad xelT igdo viwrobi, Caayena Sig mcvelebi,
daiZra iqidan da daipyro mdinaris gaRma mdebare mTeli mxare. rodesac pompeusi
ukve mtkvarze gadasvlas apirebda, artagma gagzavna masTan elCebi zavis TxovniT da
dahpirda nebayoflobiT xidis aSenebas da sursaTis miwodebas. artagma Seasrula
Tavi meore

orive piroba, magram rodesac dainaxa, rom pompeusi mdinareze gadmovida, SeSinda
da gaiqca mdinare pelorisaken [aragvisaken], romelic agreTve mis samefoSi
moedineba. rodesac pompeusma dainaxa es, gaekida mas, daewia da daamarcxa: vidre misi
mSvildosnebi Tavis moxerxebas gamoiyenebdnen, pompeusi eca maT da umalve ukuaqcia.
amis Semdeg artagi gadavida pelorze [aragvze], dawva xidi da gaiqca, xolo mis
meomarTagan zogierTni brZolaSi daiRupnen, zogni mdinareze gadasvlisas. magram
mravalni gaifantnen tyeebSi da ramdenime dRes Tavs icavdnen, isrebs isrodnen
xeebidan, romlebic iq Zalian maRalia, magram Semdeg, rodesac xeebi gakaful iqna,
isini daiRupnen...~

vespasianes
warwera
wyaro 2
mcxeTidan (I s.)
mcxeTasTan aRmoCenili berZnuli warwe-
ra, gakeTebuli imperator vespasianesa
(69 -79 ww.) da misi memkvidre vaJiSvile-
bis, titesa da domicianes saxeliT:

`[Cven] iberTa mefe miTridates, mefe

farsmanisa da dedofal iamazaspois Zes,
keisris megobarsa da romaelTa moyva-
ruls, da iberiis xalxs es kedlebi [igu-
lisxmeba armazis cixis kedlebi] ganvumt-
kiceT~.

126
 romi mainc cdilobda qarTlTan kargi
urTierToba SeenarCunebina. amis mowmobaa
mcxeTasTan aRmoCenili berZnulenovani
warwera, sadac romis imperatori vespa-
siane (69-79 ww) qarTlis mefes Tavis mego-
bars uwodebs.
qarTlis mefeebs romis mimarT Tavi
sakmaod damoukideblad eWiraT. magali-
Tad, 128 w. imperatorma adrianem mcire
aziaSi yofnisas TavisTan miiwvia aRmo-
savleTis sxvadasxva qveynis mefeebi da
mmarTvelebi, magram gansakuTrebuli yu-
radReba gamoiCina qarTlis mefis fars-
man II-is mimarT da misi gulis mosagebad
Zvirfasi saCuqrebi – saomari spilo da 50
kaciani razmi – gaugzavna. qarTlis mefe
mainc ar gamocxadda masTan da mxolod
samagiero saCuqrebi – oqroqsovili mo-
sasxamebi gaugzavna. amiT ganawyenebulma
wyaro 3
armazis xevSi aRmoCenili
epitafiis arameul-berZnuli
orenovani warweris, biling-
vis] qarTuli Targmani:
`me [var] serafiti, asuli
zevaxisa, mcirisa pitiaxSisa
farsman mefisa, meuRle iod-
manganisa _ Zlevamosilisa da
mravali gamarjvebis mompove-
beli ezosmoZRvrisa xsefarnug
mefisa _ Zisa agrifa ezosmoZR-
vrisa, imdenad lamazi da saTno
iyo serafiti, rom kacisSvili
ar iyo misi msgavsi silamaziT.
miicvala 21 wlisa~.

Zveli msoflio
imperatorma farsmanis saCuqrebis abu- wyaro 4
Cad agdebis mizniT brZana, am mosasxamebiT
`qarTlis cxovreba~
gladiatorebi SeemosaT da ise gamoeSvaT
mefe farsman II-is Sesaxeb
cirkis arenaze. amis sapasuxod qarTlis
mefem gaxsna darialis kari, gadmoiyvana `xolo farsman qveli iyo kaci
alan-osTa meomari tomebi da romis impe- keTili da uxvad momniWebeli
riis aRmosavleT provinciebs Seusia. amiT da Semndomeli, asakiTa [gareg-
qarTlis mefem agrZnobina imperators Ta- nobiT] Suenieri, taniTa didi
visi Zliereba. aseTi dapirispireba romsa da Zlieri, mxne mxedari da Sem-
da qarTls Soris im garemoebam warmoqmna, marTebeli brZolisa, uSiSi,
rom qarTlis mefem daikava gasasvleli Sav viTarca uxorco da yovliTave
zRvaze, kerZod, daiqvemdebara ZidritTa umjobesi yovelTa mefeTa qarT-
tomi, romelic dRevandeli aWaris Savi lisaTa, romelni gardacvale-
zRvis sanapiroze cxovrobda, romis im- bul iyvnes uwinares missa~.
perators ki amis cnoba arafriT ar surda.
romsa da qarTls Soris aseTi daZabuli
urTierToba SedarebiT mowesrigda adrianes sikvdilis Semdeg. romis saimpe-
ratoro taxtze asulma axalma imperatorma, antoninus piusma cno qarTlis
samefos mier SavizRvispira teritoriebis SeerTeba. man qarTlis mefe romSi
stumrad miiwvia.
farsman II didi amaliT da Tavisi col-SviliT Cavida romSi. molaparakebis
Semdgom aq gaimarTa didi asparezoba, romelSic monawileoba miiRes qarTlis
mefem da misi amalis wevrebma. imperators imdenad moewona qarTvel mxedarTa
samxedro xelovneba, rom neba darTo qarTlis mefes, kapitoliumSi msxverpli
Seewira, rac didi pativi iyo ucxoelTaTvis. cxenze amxedrebuli farsmanis
qandakeba omis RmerTis, marsis taZarSi daidga.
127
 imperatori antoninus piusi

gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aq romaelebma Tavidanve

TavianTi mmarTveloba daaweses. mosaxleoba ver egueboda romaelTa batonobas
da janydeboda. dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda
qarTlis gaZlierebuli samefoc. qarTlis mosazRvre argveTSi qarTlis mefis
erisTavi ijda, aseve aWara-guriis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili Sav zRvamde
Tavi meore

qarTls emorCileboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos danarCeni nawilis mosaxleobac

qarTlTan daaxloebas eswrafoda. romis saimperatoro kari iZulebuli gaxda,
garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo da aq adgilobrivi mmarTveloba aRedgina. II
saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ramdenime samTavro Camoyalibda: lazebis,
afSilebis, abazgebis da sanigebis, romelTa saTaveSic romaelebs adgilobrivi
mTavrebi dauyenebiaT, Tumca zRvispira saporto qalaqebSi – fazisSi (foTSi),
dioskuriaSi (soxumSi) da sxv. Cayenebuli hyavdaT mecixovne jarebi.

oqros balTa Zvirfasi TvlebiT.

(II s.). armazis xevi.
128
 armazis bilingva (II s.)

Zveli msoflio
klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebze 1, 2 da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT romsa da qarTlis samefos

Soris urTierTobebis formaze, dapirispirebisa da TanamSromlobis ganma-
pirobebel faqtorebze. gansazRvreT, Tu ras niSnavs `keisris megobari da
romis moyvaruli~.
2. gaecaniT artagsa da pompeuss Soris dadebuli sazavo xelSekrulebis
pirobebs. yuradReba gaamaxvileT qarTlis samefos mTavar samokavSireo
valdebulebaze. SeadareT es valdebuleba romis mier dasavleT
saqarTvelos SavizRvispira samTavroebis mimarT gatarebul politikas.
axseniT zRvispira saporto qalaqebSi romauli garnizonis yofnis
mizani. imsjeleT, ramdenad Seesabameba romis mier rogorc aRmosavleT,
ise dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi
erTeulebis mimarT gatarebuli politika romis imperiis usafrTxoebis
koncefcias, romelic imperiis ganapira sazRvrebis daculobas
gulisxmobda.
3. armazis xevSi aRmoCenili bilingvis teqstis mixedviT CamoTvaleT, ra da
ra umaRlesi samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi yofila II s-is qarTlis samefoSi.
ganmarteT moxeleTa funqciebi.
4. imsjeleT, ratom ganadidebs `qarTlis cxovreba~ mefe farsman II-s.

129
 III Sua saukuneebi

xalxTa didi gadasaxleba

`xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ terminiT istoriaSi cnobilia IV-VII saukuneeb-

Si dasavleT romis imperiis teritoriaze germanuli modgmis tomTa (goTe-
bi, frankebi, vandalebi, anglebi da sxv). gadasaxleba. Tumca es gadasaxleba
globaluri migraciis periodis mxolod nawili iyo, radgan `xalxTa didi
gadasaxlebis~ procesma bevrad ufro didi sivrce – aziis, evropisa da afri-
kis udidesi nawili moicva, riTac mTlianad Seicvala Zveli msoflios poli-
tikuri ruka. `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ umTavresi mizezi didi imperiebis
dasusteba iyo, romlebic ukve Znelad igeriebdnen imperiis simdidres daxar-
bebul barbaros tomTa Semotevebs. amas daemata mosaxleobis mateba, e.w. demo-
grafiuli afeTqeba, imperiebis miRma vrcel teritoriebze, ramac iq mosaxle
tomebs sacxovrebeli arealis gafarToebisaken ubiZga. xalxTa gadasaxlebebs
Tan sdevda kulturuli, enobrivi da religiuri konfliqtebi. xalxTa did ga-
dasaxlebaSi sxvadasxva dros monawileobdnen germanuli, slavuri, Turquli
da arabuli modgmis tomebi.
germanul tomTa gadasaxlebam, romelic saukuneebis manZilze grZeldebo-
da, didi areuloba gamoiwvia romis imperiaSi. xalxTa gadasaxlebaSi garkveul
rols asrulebda aseve klimaturi pirobebic – germanuli tomebi CrdiloeTis
sicives samxreTis ufro rbil havas amjobinebdnen. TandaTan germanelebi
sul ufro Rrmad miiwevdnen samxreTiT. maT romis imperiis nayofieri miwebi,
Tavi mesame

mdidari qalaqebi da kargi klimati izidavdaT.

130
24. romi da `barbarosuli samyaro~, cvlilebebi
evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi

barbarosebi
evropa alpebis CrdiloeTiT ekava mraval-
ricxovani tomebis sam did jgufs: keltebs,
germanelebsa da slavebs. maT ar esmodaT erT-
maneTis ena, magram keltebis, germanelebisa da
slavebis enebi erTsa da imave enaTa jgufs – in-
doevropuls miekuTvneba, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom am xalxTa Soreuli winaprebi erTmaneTis
mezoblad cxovrobdnen. keltebi evropaSi bev-
rad ufro adre gamoCndnen, vidre germanelebi
da miT umetes – slavebi. Sesabamisad, romaele-
bic yvelaze adre keltebs gaecnen – galebis
toms. galebis miwebi CrdiloeT italiasa da
dRevandeli safrangeTis teritorias moica-

Sua saukuneebi
vda. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam romanizacia
ganicada (galebma SeiTvises romaelTa ena da
barbarosis Tavi. II saukune
wes-Cveulebebi). galiis dasavleTiT – rainis
gadaRma, ax.w-mde ramdenime saukuniT adre gan-
saxldnen CrdiloeTidan mosuli, germanelTa mravalricxovani tomebi. maTi
Zveli samSoblo, rogorc varaudoben, baltiis zRvis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi
sanapiro, baltiis zRvis kunZulebi da skandinaviisa da iutlandiis naxevar-
kunZulebia. daaxloebiT sami aTasi wlis win, rogorc Cans mkveTri acivebis
gamo, germanelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, samxreTisaken gadasaxlebuliyvnen.
romaelTa pirveli Setakebebi germanelebTan Zv.w. II s-is damlevs moxda.
Crdiloeli mezoblebis gamoCenam romis teritoriaze antikuri avtorebis
didi interesi gamoiwvia. pirvelma iulius keisarma ganasxvava germanelebi
keltebisgan.
keisarma aiZula germanelebi, daetovebinaT dakavebuli teritoriebi, mog-
vianebiT, man germaneli tomebisagan daqiravebuli cxenosani razmebi Camo-
ayaliba. Zv.w. I s-Si, marTalia, romaelebma mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies
germanelebTan brZolaSi, magram ukve axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisisTvis
iZulebulni gaxdnen, Tavdacvaze gadasuliyvnen. germanelebs Zv.w. I saukunis
damdegisTvis dakavebuli hqondaT mdinareebis: rainis, oderisa da dunais So-
ris mdebare sivrceebi. romaelebs, romelTac isini velurebad, barbarosebad
miaCndaT, eSinodaT maTi gaxSirebuli Tavdasxmebisa.
romaelebs aocebdaTY germanelTa Seupovroba, romelsac isini romis gamag-
rebuli sazRvris garRvevisas yoveli damarcxebis Semdeg iCendnen. magram es
aixsneboda ara maTi SeupovrobiTa da sikerpiT, aramed imiT, rom germanelebi
ganviTarebis dabal safexurze idgnen da, Sesabamisad, marbieli laSqrobebi
131
 wyaro 1

iulius keisari germaneli tomebis Sesaxeb:

`germanelebi sizarmaced da sulmdablobad Tvlidnen ofliT imis SeZenas, ris

SeZenac sisxliT SeiZleboda...~
b

`mTeli maTi cxovreba nadirobasa da samxedro saqmianobaSi mimdinareobs. patara-

obidanve isini Sromasa da cxovrebis sastik wesebs eCvevian ... isini miwaTmoqmedebas
maincdamainc ar misdeven da umTavresad rZiT, yveliTa da xorciT ikvebebian ~.

`udidesi saxeliT sargeblobs tomi, Tu igi mis mosazRvre olqebs aaoxrebs da Ta-
visas gars Semoartyams friad vrcel, ukacriel adgilebs. germanelebi romelime
tomis simamacis WeSmarit dadasturebad Tvlian im garemoebas, rom sakuTari sam-
flobeloebidan gandevnili mezoblebi ukan ixeven da am tomis maxloblad dasax-
lebas veravin bedavs~.

da omi maTTvis bunebriv da aucilebel

saqmes warmoadgenda.
Tavi mesame

wyaro 2
germanelebisagan Tavdasacavad romae-
lebma jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi daiwyes plutarqe germanelebis
rainisa da zemo dunais gaswvriv Tavdac- Sesaxeb:
viTi zRudeebis ageba, gaamagres mraval- `isini eZebdnen miwas, romelsac
kilometriani sazRvari (e.w. romis zRudes SeeZlo gamoekveba adamianTa
saerTo sigrZe 500 km-ze meti iyo) imperiasa aseTi simravle, da qalaqebs,
da germanel tomTa miwebs Soris. sasazRv- romlebSic isini SeZlebdnen
ro simagreebs romaelebi limess uwodeb- dasaxlebas~.
dnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi germanelTa da
romaelTa urTierToba sul ufro intensiuri xdeboda. germanelma tomebma,
romlebic limesis maxloblad cxovrobdnen, gadaiRes romaelTa calkeuli
Cvevebi. romaelebi germanelebs samxedro samsaxurisaTvis iwvevdnen, aerTia-
nebdnen maT romaul legionebSi. mogvianebiT germanelebma romis politikur
cxovrebaSic moikides fexi. droTa ganmavlobaSi germania romaelebisaTvis da
romi da misi provinciebi germanelebisaTvis aRar iyo ucxo. uSualod imperiis
sazRvrebTan mcxovrebi barbarosebi romanizebulni iyvnen, xolo CrdiloeTi-
Ta da aRmosavleTiT mcxovreb tomebze romis gavlena umniSvnelo iyo. limesi
saukuneebze iyo gaTvlili. magram IV saukunis bolosa da V saukunis dasawyis-
Si ZalTaA Tanafardoba imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris swrafad icvleboda da
sazRvaric gaqra. limesi daingra.

132
wyaro 3
a

fragmentebi romaeli istorikosis kornelius tacitusis (55-117) naSromidan

`germania~:

`germanelebi mefeebs warCinebis mixedviT irCeven, beladebs ki – simamacis mixed-

viT. mefeebs ara aqvT SeuzRudavi an TviTneburi mmarTvelobis ufleba. beladebi
brZanebebs ki ar gascemen, aramed magaliTs aZleven sxvebs, brZolisas gambedaobiT
gamoirCevian, razms win miuZRvian da simamaciT gaocebas iwveven. amasTanave, ara-
vis ar SeuZlia sxvas SeniSvna misces, borkilebi daados an dasajos qurumebis ne-
barTvis gareSe, radgan amas unda mieces ara beladis gankargulebiT dasjis, ara-
med RvTis nebis Sesrulebis saxe~.
b

`naklebad mniSvnelovan saqmeebs ganixilaven uxucesebi, umniSvnelovaness ki _

yvelani erTad. im saqmeebs, romlebsac xalxi wyvets, winaswar arCeven uxucesebi.
isini ikribebian gansakuTrebul dReebSi, axali mTvaris an savse mTvaris dros,
radgan germanelebs swamT, rom es dReebi yvelaze iRbliania axali saqmis dasawy-
ebad... rodesac CaTvlian, rom sakmao xalxi Seikriba, SeiaraRebulni sxdebian, us-
menen mefes an romelime uxucess...
Tu maTi azri ar moswonT, xmauriani buzRuniT uar-

Sua saukuneebi
yofen, Tu moswonT _ Subebs arxeven. iaraRis saSua-
lebiT Tanxmobisa da mowonebis gamoxatva maTTvis
friad sapatio saSualebad iTvleba.
saxalxo kreba ganixilavs danaSauls, romelsac SeiZ-
germanelTa saxalxo kreba.
leba sikvdiliT dasja mohyves. aseT krebebze uxuces-
reliefi markus avreliusis
ebsac irCeven...~
svetze romSi.
g

`beladisaTvis samarcxvinoa, Tu mas brZolis dros razmelebi simamaciT ajobe-

ben, razmisaTvis ki sircxvilia, Tu belads ar gautoldeba; im brZolaSi gadarCe-
na, romelSic beladi daiRupa, samarcxvinod iTvleba; beladis dacva, agreTve mis
sadideblad gmirobis Cadena razmelisTvis saamayoa. beladebi ibrZvian gamarjve-
bisTvis, razmelebi _ beladisaTvis.
Tu mSobliuri tomi xangrZlivad cxovrobs mSvidobianad, maSin rCeuli Wabukebi
TavianTi surviliT midian im tomTan, romelic am dros omSia Cabmuli. es xalxi
myudroebas ver egueba da mudmivad safrTxes eZebs saxelis mosaxveWad. Tanac didi
razmis gamokveba mxolod darbeviT da omiT SeiZleba~.
d

`germanel tomebs aqvT aseTi Cveuleba: nebayoflobiT miarTvan beladebs xarebi

da miwis nayofi; amas Rebuloben, rogorc sapatio ZRvens, magram amave dros, es ma-
Ti moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebasac emsaxureba...~
e

`miwas rigrigobiT, dammuSavebelTa odenobis mixedviT, yvela ikavebs; amis Sem-

deg isini miwas inawileben Rirsebis mixedviT. isini saxnavs yovelwliurad icv-
lian da Tavisufali miwa kidev rCeba~.

133
 sasanianTa irani
III saukunis dasawyisSi iranSi gabatonda sasanianTa dinastia. sasanianTa im-
peria (226-650) erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi periodia iranis istoriaSi. Tavisi
Zlierebis zenitSi imperia uzarmazar teritorias moicavda – centraluri
aziis, Tanamedrove pakistanis, kavkasiisa da TurqeTis nawils, siria-palesti-
nas, arabeTis n-k-is nawils.
sasanianTa istorias sam ZiriTad periodad yofen: 1) III-IV saukuneebi – imperiis
Camoyalibebis procesi; 2) Vs.-VI s-is dasawyisi, stagnacia da garkveuli dakni-
neba, rac upirvelesad gamowveuli iyo centraluri aziidan wamosuli hunebis
(hefTalitebis) tomebTan dapirispirebiT. 3) VI-VII ss. – periodi iwyeba xosro I
anuSirvanis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sasaniani Sahis mefobiT da saxelmwifos ar-
naxuli gaZlierebiT, rac droebiTi movlena gamodga da dasrulda dinastiis
dacemiT arabTa dapyrobebis Sedegad.
sasanianebma aaRorZines da srulqmnes mazdeanuri religia (zoroastriz-
mi), romelic qveynis centralizaciis procesSi maT Zlier ideologiur
iaraRad iqca. gavrcelebuli iyo qristianobac, magram Sahebi pirvel rigSi
mfarvelobdnen bizantiis, maTi mTavari politikuri mowinaaRmdegis mier
devnil qristianul mimdinareobebs (nestorianobas, monofizitobas).
sasanianTa iranis feodaluri sazogadoeba oTxi kategoriisagan Sedgebo-
da: qurumebi, meomrebi, miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi. imperia dayofili iyo
Tavi mesame

26 provinciad, Tumca am provinciaTagan zogierTi uSualod imperiis nawils

ar warmoadgenda da masTan vasaluri damokidebuleba akavSirebda (erTxans
aseT vasals warmoadgenda iberiac – aRmosavleT saqarTvelo).
axlo aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi hegemonobisaTvis gamudmebuli brZo-
la mimdinareobda sasanianebsa da romis, xolo Semdeg bizantiis imperiebs
Soris. amasTan erTad, didi iyo am ori civilizaciis urTierTzegavlenac.

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebze 1-3 da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, rogori iyo Zveli ger-

manelebis yofa.
2. rogor gesmiT tacitusis sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom germanelebi miwas
yofdnen `Rirsebis mixedviT~?
3. germanelebi miwis Tanabar nakveTebs iRebdnen Tu ara?

134
134
25. dasavleT romis imperiis dacema. aRmosavleT
romis imperia - bizantia

`maradiuli qalaqis~ dacema

germanul tomTa gadasaxleba, romelic IV-dan VII saukunis CaTvliT grZel-
deboda da didi areuloba gamoiwvia romis imperiaSi, istoriaSi Sevida `xalxTa
didi gadasaxlebis~ saxelwodebiT. istorikosTa nawili mas `eTnikur revo-
luciadac~ moixseniebs. III saukunidan moyolebuli germaneli tomebi xSirad
arRvevdnen romis imperiis gamagrebul sazRvars, axerxebdnen mdinareebis –
rainisa da dunais gadalaxvas. barbarosTa Sekaveba romauli jarisagan udides
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. miuxedavad imisa, rom roms sasazRvro miwebis nawilis
daTmoba mouxda, imperia arsebobas inarCunebda. namdvili katastrofa evro-
paSi hunebis momTabare tomis gamoCeniT daiwyo.
ucnobia, ra mizeziT miatoves hunebma Soreuli CineTis mosazRvre aziis
stepebi da daiZrnen dasavleTisaken. 375 wels hunebi Tavs daesxnen goTebis
germanul tomebs, romlebic im dros romis imperiis miRma, CrdiloeT Savi-

Sua saukuneebi
zRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen. goTebi SesaniSnavi meomrebi iyvnen, magram hunTa
urdoebma swrafad gatexes maTi winaaRmdegoba. goTebis erTi nawili – ostgo-
Tebi – hunebs daemorCilnen da droebiT maTTan erTad daiwyes dasavleTisaken
svla. meore nawilma – vestgoTebma – ukan daixia romis sazRvrebisaken da sas-

Semosevebi
romis imperiaSi
(ax. w. 100-500)

hunebis
dedaqalaqi

Salonis
brZola adrianapolis
(451) brZola konstantinopoli

dasavleT (378) aRmosavleT

romi
romis romis imperia
imperia

anglebi, saqsonebi
frankebi
goTebi
karTageni
vestgoTebi
ostgoTebi
hunebi
vandalebi

135
 tiki mtrisagan Tavis gadarCenas romisadmi damorCilebis gziT cdilobdnen.
samagierod, vestgoTebi imperators srul morCilebas da saWiro SemTxvevaSi,
samxedro daxmarebas aRuTqvamdnen. isini mokavSireebad anu federatebad iwo-
debodnen. Tumca maTi mSvidobiani cxovreba didxans ar gagrZelebula.
romaelebma, marTalia, vestgoTebi SeuSves imperiaSi da sazRvarTan dasax-
lebis ufleba misces, magram mcire da uvargisi miwebi gamouyves, rac ar iyo
sakmarisi maT gamosakvebad. ukmayofilo vestgoTebi ajanydnen da daiZrnen
konstantinopolisaken – imperiis aRmosavleTis dedaqalaqisaken. 378 wels
qalaq adrianopolis maxloblad vestgoTebs daxvdaT saukeTeso romauli
armia imperator valentinianis meTaurobiT. ramdenimesaaTiani sastiki brZo-
lis Semdeg romis jarma arseboba Sewyvita, imperatori brZolis velze daeca.
axalma imperatorma vestgoTebTan zavi dado (382) da samxedro Tu samoqalaqo
samsaxurSi Caayena isini. adrianopolis brZolis Semdeg imperia welSi veRar ga-
imarTa. aRar arsebobda namdvili romauli jari. momdevno brZolebSi imperias
daqiravebuli meomrebi icavdnen, ZiriTadad germanelebi. isini didi sazRauris
fasad Tanxmdebodnen, daecvaT romis sazRvari sxva germanuli tomebisagan,
magram es damcvelebi saimedoobiT ar gamoirCeodnen.
sanam imperatori honoriusi, romelsac 395 wels romis imperiis gayofis Sem-
deg misi dasavleTi nawili ergo, jer kidev mcirewlovani iyo, xelisuflebis
mTeli simZime mis meurves – niWier mxedarTmTavars – stiliqons daawva. sti-
liqoni Tavad germaneli iyo – vandalTa tomidan, magram Tavdauzogavad igeri-
Tavi mesame

ebda barbarosTa Semosevebs. romaelebs aRizianebdaT barbarosis aRzeveba da

honoriuss STaagones, rom stiliqons Tavad surda imperatoroba. honoriusma

wyaro 1

mqadagebeli salviane (V s.) romaelTa barbarosebTan gaqcevis Sesaxeb:

`sawylebi, dabeCavebulebi arian, qvrivebi godeben, oblebs abuCad igdeben, da im-

denad, rom bevri maTgani, kargi warmomavlobisa da SesaniSnavi ganaTlebisac ki,
mterTan garbis, raTa ar daiRupon saxelmwifos mZime tvirTis qveS, isini midian
barbarosebTan romauli adamianurobis saZebnelad, radgan aRar ZaluZT gauZlon
romaelTa barbarosul araadamianurobas. maT araferi aqvT saerTo xalxebTan, rom-
lebTanac garbian; isini ar iziareben maT zne-Cveulebebs, ar ician maTi ena, da gavbe-
dav vTqva, ar gamoscemen im simyrales, romelic asdis barbarosTa sxeulsa da samoss;
da miuxedavad amisa, isini amjobineben Seeguon gansxvavebul zne-Cveulebebs, vidre
aitanon usamarTloba da sisastike romaelebTan cxovrebiT. isini midian goTebTan
an sxva barbarosebTan, romlebic yvelgan batonoben, da sruliadac ar nanoben amis
Sesaxeb. radgan surT iyvnen Tavisufalni monaTa saxiT, da ara monebi TavisufalTa
saxiT. romaul moqalaqeobas, odesRac ara marto Zalian sapatios, aramed maRal fa-
sad mosapovebelsac, axla gaurbian, radgan is ara marto ar fasobs, aramed SiSs iw-
vevs... am mizeziT, isinic ki, vinc ar garbian barbarosebTan, mainc iZulebulni arian,
gadaiqcnen barbarosebad, rogorc es espanelTa umravlesobaSi da galebSi xdeba,
iseve rogorc yvelasTan, visac romauli samyaros uzarmazar sivrceSi romauli usa-
marTloba aiZulebs, uari Tqvas romze~.

136
monaWori daijera da misi brZanebiT impe-
riis saukeTeso mxedarTmTavari sicocx-
les gamoasalmes, rasac romSi barbaros-
Ta sastiki rbeva mohyva. qalaqis dacvis
xelmZRvanelis gareSe darCenili, Tavad
gamoucdeli honoriusi romidan gaiqca
da ravenaSi gamagrda, saidanac umweod
akvirdeboda, rogor miadgnen romis ked-
lebs vestgoTebi alarixis meTaurobiT.
romis Zlieri simagreebis aReba alarixma
ver SeZlo da man qalaqis xangrZlivi alya
daiwyo.
Tavdapirvelad vestgoTebi da romae-
lebi SeTanxmdnen da alarixma, gamosasyi-
dis miRebis Semdeg alya moxsna. Tumca ori
wlis Semdeg kvlav alyaSi moaqcia romi.
410 wels romi daeca. romis daarsebidan
moyolebuli, es pirvelad moxda.
sami dRe Zarcvavdnen qalaqs vestgoTe-
bi. aTasobiT romaeli monad gayides. ala-
wyaro 2
bizantieli istorikosi zosi-
me alarixis Sesaxeb:
`roca alarixma roms alya Semo-
artya, senatis elCebi mividnen
masTan da moaxsenes: `romis mo-
qalaqeebi, visac ki iaraRis ta-
reba SeuZlia, mzad arian Tqvens
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. am
sityvebze alarixma damcinavad
upasuxa: `xSiri balaxi ufro ad-
vilad iTibeba, vidre Txeli~.
roca saubari Camovarda, rodis
da ra fasad moxsnida alyas,
alarixma Tqva: `arc imaze adre
da arc sxvagvarad, vidre ar mi-
viReb mTel oqros, vercxlsa da
Zvirfaseulobas, rac qalaqSia

Sua saukuneebi
rixma romSi darCena ar indoma da Crdi- da agreTve barbarosuli warmo-
loeTisaken gaemarTa. honoriusma vestgo- Sobis yvela monas~. erTma elCma
Tebs SeuTvala: `oRond italias gaecaleT hkiTxa, qalaqSi darCenilebs ra-
da samxreT galia TqvenTvis damiTmiao~. Ras utovebo, man civad upasuxa:
goTebma datoves italia da galiaSi ga- `sicocxles~.
davidnen. galiidan espaneTSi SeiWrnen
da Seqmnes vrceli saxelmwifo, romelic
pirveli barbarosuli samefo iyo romis
imperiis teritoriaze.
romis dacemam saSineli STabeWdileba
moaxdina Tanamedroveebze, umravleso-
ba darwmunebuli iyo, rom `maradiuli qa-
laqis~ dacema mTeli samyaros dasasruls
moaswavebda. xalxi ara marto dausrule-
beli omebisa da Zaladobisagan itanjebo-
da, isini sasowarkveTilebam moicva imis
gamo, rom maT Tvalwin imsxvreoda yove-
live, rac uryevad miaCndaT: iRupeboda
didi imperia, Zalas kargavda kanonebi,
janydebodnen monebi, barbarosebi roms
imorCilebdnen.

romis aReba alarixis mier.

XV s.-is franguli miniatura
137
 wyaro 3

VI saukunis bizantieli istorikosi, prokopi kesa-

rieli 410 wels goTebis mier romis aRebis Sesaxeb:

`me mogiTxrobT, rogor aiRo romi alarixma.

barbarosTa am winamZRols xangrZlivi drois man-

Zilze alyaSi hyavda moqceuli romi, magram roca
qalaqi ver aiRo verc ZaliT, verc eSmakobiT, Semdeg
xerxs mimarTa: Tavisi meomrebidanA SearCia samasi ka-
germanelebis ieriSi romis
ci, ... da saidumlod gaando maT, TiTqosda is apireb-
simagreze. reliefi imperator
da maT Cuqebas romis warCinebuli pirebisaTvis. man
traianes svetze, romi
ubrZana axalgazrdebs, romaelebTan Tavi daeWiraT
Zalian mokrZalebiT da gulmodgined SeesrulebinaT yvelaferi, rasac maT ubrZa-
nebdnen, xolo garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, winaswar dadgenil dros, ... isini
yvelani unda wasuliyvnen qalaqis WiSkrisaken, moulodnelad Tavs dasxmodnen mcve-
lebs, amoexocaT isini da swrafad gaexsnaT WiSkari.

aseTi brZaneba misca alarixma axalgazrda meomrebs da imavdroulad gaagzavna el-

Cebi senatSi gancxadebiT, rom is gaocebulia romaelTaA erTgulebiT TavianTi im-
peratorisadmi, aRar surs maTi tanjva, da niSnad pativiscemisa ... Cuqnis TiToeul
senators samaxsovrod ramdenime monas.
Tavi mesame

am oficialuri gancxadebidan mokle xanSi alarixma romSi gaagzavna axalgazrdebi,

xolo, romaelebis dasanaxad, jars ubrZana, ukandaxevisaTvis momzadebuliyo.

romaelebs ... eWvic ar auRiaT barbarosebis mxridan mzakvrobaze.

gansakuTrebulma morCilebam, romelsac alarixis gamogzavnili axalgazrdebi iCen-

dnen, yovelgvari eWvi gafanta, xolo samxedro nawilebma namdvilad daiwyo ukan da-
xeva. danarCeni meomrebi ki ise iqceodnen, TiTqosda alyis mosaxsnelad emzadebodnen.

dadga daTqmuli dRe. alarixma ubrZana Tavis meomrebs, sabrZolvelad momzadebu-

liyvnen. axalgazrdebma daTqmul dros Tavi moiyares miTiTebul WiSkarTan, mou-
lodnelad Tavs daesxnen dacvas, amoxoces isini, winaaRmdegobis gareSe gaaRes WiS-
kari da romSi alarixi da misi meomrebi SeuSves.

barbarosebma gadawves WiSkris mimdebare Senobebi ... gaZarcves mTeli qalaqi, amoxo-
ces mosaxleobis didi nawili da gza ganagrZes.

zogierTebi irwmunebian, romi sul sxvanairad aiRo alarixma. TiTqosda erTma qal-
ma, saxelad probam, mdidarma da didgvarovanma, romelic senatorTa wodebas ekuT-
vnoda, Seibrala romaelebi, romlebic ixocebodnen SimSilisa da sxva ubedurebisa-
gan da ukve adamianis xorciTac ikvebebodnen. proba ver xedavda gadarCenis veranair
imeds, radgan mdinare da porti mtris xelSi iyo. amitom Tavis monebs ubrZana, Ra-
miT qalaqis WiSkari gaeRoT da barbarosebi SeeSvaT~.

138
 wyaro 4

netari avgustine romis dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb:

`es aris im Zaladobis sazRauri, romelsac romi eweoda sxva xalxebis mimarT aswle-
ulebis manZilze, imperiaSi gabatonebuli nebivrobisa da uzneobis safasuri~.

imperiis aRsasruli wyaro 5

IV saukunis Sua xanebSi Soreuli azii- goTi istorikosi, iordanisi

dan evropaSi SemoWrilma hunebma sabolo- evropaSi hunebis gamoCenis Se-
od Secvales ZalTa Tanafardoba romis saxeb:
imperiis sawinaaRmdegod.
`SeiZleba isini imarjvebdnen
hunebis tomTa gaerTianeba gansakuTre-
ara imdenad brZoliT, ramdena-
biT gaZlierda `RvTis risxvad~ wodebu-
dac saSineli, Tavzardamcemi
li atilas mmarTvelobisas. is rkinis xe-
garegnobiT ... maTi garegnoba
liT marTavda hunebsa da damorCilebul
afrTxobdaT saSineli siSa-
tomebs. atilas mTavari banaki da hunebis
viT, maT, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxis
ZiriTadi Zalebi Tanamedrove ungreTis
nacvlad gonji gunda hqondaT,

Sua saukuneebi
teritoriaze iyo ganlagebuli. atilas
romelSic Tvalebis nacvlad
winamZRolobiT hunebma gaanadgures qve-
naxvretebi iyo. maTi mrisxane
mo rainze germanuli tomis, burgundebis
garegnoba amJRavnebda maTi su-
mier Seqmnili samefo. atilam dalaSqra da
lis simkacres: isini mxecebiviT
xarki daado aRmosavleT romis imperias.
eqcevian Tavis STamomavloba-
451 wels atilam Tavisi urdoebi morigi
sac, dabadebis pirvel dReebSi-
laSqrobisaTvis galiisaken daZra. hunebma
ve vaJebs loyebs rkiniT upoben,
gadalaxes raini da gza ganagrZes samxreT-
raTa, sanam rZis gemos igrZno-
-dasavleTiT. maT Sesaxvedrad gamovida
ben, Wrilobis gemo gasinjon
didi armia, romelSic sxvadasxva germa-
... amitom isini uwverulvaSod
neli tomi gaerTianda romaeli mxedarT-
berdebian, siymawvileSi mok-
mTavris, aeciusis winamZRolobiT. atilas
lebuli arian silamazes, rad-
banakSic mravali tomi iyo gaerTianebu-
gan rkiniT daserili maTi saxe,
li. amitom brZola katalaunis velebze
naiarevebis gamo hkargavs TmiT
(q. truas CrdiloeTiT, Tanamedrove Sam-
droulad damSvenebis unars.
panis provincia, safrangeTi) istoriaSi
simaRliT tanmorCilebi arian,
erT-erT yvelaze cnobil brZolad iqca,
magram moZraobaSi mkvircxlebi
romelSic imdroindeli evropis TiT-
da gansakuTrebulad midreki-
qmis yvela tomi da xalxi ibrZoda. sastik
lebi cxenosnobisaken; mxrebSi
brZolaSi verc erTma mxarem gadamwyvet
farTod gaSlilebi marjved
upiratesobas ver miaRwia. Tumca bolos
isvrian mSvild-isars da maga-
atila iZulebuli gaxda, ukan daexia. mis
ri kisris wyalobiT yovelTvis
dasadevneblad gamarjvebul mxares Zala
amayad arian gamarTulebi. ada-
aRar Seswevda.
mianis ieriT isini cxovelur
ati las warumatebloba ka ta la u nis
velurobaSi cxovroben~.
139
 velebze brZolaSi ar niSnavda imas, rom
`RvTis risxva~ evropas aRar emuqreboda.
momdevno welsve hunTa urdoebi moulod-
nelad SeiWrnen italiaSi da daiZrnen im
droisaTvis daucveli romisaken (452). im-
peratori valentiniane III mxdali, susti
pirovneba iyo da hunebs ver SeebrZola.
maSin romis moxuci papi – leo I Zvirfasi
ZRveniT gaemarTa mrisxane dampyrobel-
Tan Sesaxvedrad. am molaparakebis Sedegi
moulodneli da STambeWdavi iyo: atilam
aiRo gamosasyidi da pirvelad ubrZol-
velad ukan gabrunda. romaelebma es sas-
waulad aRiqves. leo I-s ki `didi~ uwodes.
katalaunis velebze gamarjvebis Semdeg
oTx weliwadSi romi kvlav barbarosebma
daipyres, amjerad germanelTa vandalebis
tomma. vandalebi Tavidan espaneTSi SeiW-
rnen, Semdeg CrdiloeT afrikis romaelma
mmarTvelma daiqirava isini sakuTari ja-
ris rigebis Sesavsebad, magram vandalebma
Tavi mesame
swrafad aiRes xelSi Zalaufleba yofil
romaul provinciaSi da iq Tavisi samefo
Seqmnes.
455 wels vandalTaA floti, romelsac
mefe haizerixi meTaurobda, italiis napi-
rebs miadga, auyva mdinare tibrs da roma-
elTaTvis moulodnelad qalaqis kedleb-
Tan aRmoCnda.
romi mzad ar iyo TavdacvisaTvis. qa-
laqis gadasarCenad barbarosebTan kvlav
romis papi leo I gaemarTa.A haizerixi roma-
elebs saSineli xocva-JletiT emuqreboda,
magram leo I-Tan molaparakebisa da misgan
uzarmazari ZRvenis miRebis Semdeg, is da-
Tanxmda, ar daexoca mosaxleoba, ar gada-
ewva eklesiebi, ar gaepartaxebina romis
mTavari taZrebi da qalaqis Zarcva `mxo-
lod~ ToTxmeti dRiT SeezRuda. swored
im ori kviris rbevis Semdeg istorias sa-
mudamod SemorCa sityva `vandalizmi~, ro-
gorc kulturul faseulobaTa ugunuri
ganadgurebisa da sastiki rbevis sinonimi.
Tuki goTebisa da vandalebis mier ro-
mis aRebam, `maradiuli qalaqis~ gaZarcvam
140
wyaro 6
IV saukunis romaeli istori-
kosi amiane marcelinusi hune-
bis Sesaxeb:
`CalursmulebiviT sxedan Ta-
vianT gakaJebul, uSno cxenebze
... Tavdasxmis dros, brZolas
iwyeben soliseburi wyobiT da
Tan gulisgamgmiravad yviri-
an. hunebi msubuqad arian Sei-
araRebulni, didi siswrafiT
warmoudgeneli moZraobebis
gakeTeba SeuZliaT, ucbad ma-
raoseburad gaiSlebian da ir-
gvliv xocva-Jletas iwyeben.
saocari siswrafis gamo maT
droulad ver amCneven ... isini
saxuravian nagebobebs arasodes
afareben Tavs, piriqiT ise ga-
urbian, rogorc saflavs. tanze
acviaT an uxeSi selis qsovili,
an tyavi. Tavze bewviani tyavis
qudi axuravT. erTxel Cacmuls
arasodes ixdian, sanam tanze
ar SemoacvdebaT. dRes da Rames
cxenze atareben, cxenze Wamen
da svamen, cxenis kiserze Tavs
Camodeben da iseT Rrma Zils
miecemian, sizmarsac ki xedaven.
roca raime seriozul sakiTxze
TaTbiroben, maSinac ki cxenze
sxedan. mudmivi sacxovreblis
uqonelni, usaxlkaroni, kanon-
Ta ucodinarni da mtkice cxov-
rebis wess miuCvevelni, mud-
mivad momTabareoben, TiTqos
devnilebi iyvnen~.
 wyaro 7

iordanisi atilas Sesaxeb:

`es iyo kaci, mowodebuli SeeZra msoflio. kaci, romelic amo-

ucnobi mizezis gamo usazRvro SiSs hgvrida yvelas. upirve-
les yovlisa, albaT im sastiki saxelis gamo, romelic man da-
imkvidra. igi iyo tanmorCili, mxarganieri, msxvilTava. hqon-
da patara Tvalebi, Txeli, WaRara wveri, WaRaragareuli Tma,
CaWyletili cxviriT, sazizRari kanis feriT, is warmoaCenda
Tavisi warmoSobis yvela niSans. Tavis Zalauflebas mixvra-moxvraSic amJRavnebda,
amayad miabijebda garSemo Tvalis brialiT. omis motrfiale iyo, magram TviTon
brZolas Tavs aridebda. mTxovnelTaA mimarT ar iyo mkacri. aseve lmobieri iyo imaT
mimarT, vinc mas daemorCileboda~.

Tanamedroveebze saSineli STabeWdileba moaxdina, romis imperiis aRsasruli

umravlesobam verc ki SeamCnia.
imperiis arsebobis ukanasknel wlebSi imperatoris karze erT gadatrialebas
meore mosdevda. 475 wels imperatorad ymawvili romulus avgustulusi gamo-
acxades. romulus avgustulusis nacvlad qveyanas mamamisi marTavda. rodesac

Sua saukuneebi
mama-Svilma daqiravebul meomar barbarosebs miwebisa da sxva saxis jildoebis
gadacemaze uari ganucxades, erT-erTma ukmayofilo mxedarTmTavarma – bar-
barosma odoakrma, sxvadasxva germanuli tomisagan Semdgari jaris meTaurma,
476 wels ajanyeba moawyo. odoakrma mokla romulus avgustulusis mama, Tavad
imperatori ki Camoagdo.
476 wlis gadatrialeba imiT gansxvavdeboda uamravi msgavsi gadatrialebi-
sagan, rom odoakrma Tavi imperatorad ar gamoacxada. man aiZula romis senati,
gamoecxadebina, rom imperiis dasavleT nawils imperatori ar sWirdeboda da
amieridan imperatori mxolod aRmosavleTSi, konstantinopolSi iqneboda.
odoakrma iq romulus avgustulusis Semdeg darCenili saimperatoro Zala-
uflebis niSnebi – diadema (gvirgvini) da mewamuli feris mantia (mosasxami)
gaagzavna, Tavad ki bizantiis imperatorisagan (flavius zenon isavrielisgan)
patriciusis tituli miiRo.
amiT dasavleT romis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. mis nangrevebze evropaSi
germanelTa samefoebi warmoiqmna.

bizantia
romis imperia, sirTuleebis miuxedavad, arsebobas ganagrZobda, Tumca sim-
Zimis centrma imperiis ufro mdidar, aRmosavlur provinciebSi gadainacvla.
konstantine didma (306-337) 330 wels imperiis axali dedaqalaqi – konstanti-
nopoli bosforis srutis sanapiroze, kargad daculi ZvelberZnuli polisis,
bizantionis adgilas daaarsa (aqedan modis imperiis – bizantia saxelwodebac,
romelic renesansis moRvaweebma imperiis dacemis Semdeg SemoiRes). bizan-
tielebi TavianT qveyanas romeebis imperias uwodebdnen, Tavs romaelebad
(romeebad), RvTis rCeul xalxad Tvlidnen, xolo Tavisi imperatori sruliad
141
 saqristianos meTaurad miaCndaT (qristianobis Sesaxeb ix. Semdegi paragrafi).
konstantinopols, rogorc warmarTuli romis sapirispirod daarsebul
qristianul dedaqalaqs, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa. `axali romi~
aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturis bunebrivi damakavSirebeli iyo. erTiani
romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatoris Teodosius I-is (379-395) gardacvale-
bis Semdeg imperia sabolood gaiyo aRmosavleT romis (bizantiis) da dasavleT
romis imperiebad. Teodosiusma imperia Tavis or vaJs gauyo. arkadiuss – aR-
mosavleT romis, xolo honoriuss dasavleT romis imperis xvda wilad.
bizantiam SeinarCuna ganviTarebuli da moqmedi saxelmwifo, agreTve Zlieri
armia, gauZlo barbarosTa Semotevas xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis epoqaSi. bi-
zantiis cxovrebaSi qristianuli religiis, elinuri kulturisa da romauli
saxelmwifoebriobis gansakuTrebulma Sexamebam aqcia igi evropuli da aziuri
saxelmwifoebisagan sruliad gansxvavebulad. bizantiam antikuri civili-
zaciis miRwevebidan uamravi faseuli ram SeiTvisa da mTeli Sua saukuneebis
manZilze rCeboda kulturulad ganviTarebul da Zlier saxelmwifod evropasa
da axlo aRmosavleTSi.
dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, aRmosavleTSi – bizantiaSi Camoyalibda impera-
toris xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos erTiani saxelmwifo qristianuli konce-
fcia. bizantiuri koncefciis Tanaxmad, imperatoris xelisuflebas safuZvlad
edo RvTis rCeuloba da elinisturi Teoria – saero xelisufleba, rogorc
RvTis neba. RmerTi – yovlismpyrobeli (pantokratori) – iyo yoveli arsebulis
Tavi mesame

rogorc zeciuri, aseve miwieri wesrigis Tavi. imperatori ki – zecieris msgavsi

miwieri wesrigis dammyarebeli (kosmokratori). bizantiis qristianul koncef-
ciaSi ganmtkicebuli iyo ara cezaropapizmis, ara Teokratiuli monarqiis idea,
aramed diarxiis anu saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis erTianobis idea, ro-
melSic iyofen uflebebs: erTni – xelmZRvaneloben daqvemdebarebulTa miwier
moRvaweobas, meoreni ki zrunaven daqvemdebarebulTa sulebze; funqciaTa
gadanawileba da movaleobaTa erTianoba iyo mTavari principi.
im dros, roca dasavleT romis imperia barbarosTa Semosevebis Sedegad nad-
gurdeboda, bizantia Tavisi ganviTarebis oqros xanaSi Sevida. IV-VI saukuneebSi
bizantia centralizebuli samxedro biurokratiuli monarqia iyo, romelSic
romauli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis tradiciebi aRmosavleTis despotiis elemen-
tebs erwymoda. imperiis saTaveSi idga basilevsi (berZnulad – mefe). basilevsi
RvTis rCeulad iTvleboda, romelmac RvTis wyalobiT mTel qristianul sam-
yaroze umaRlesi Zalaufleba miiRo. adrindel Sua saukuneebSi samefo xelisu-
fleba arsad iseTi mtkice da gavleniani ar iyo, rogorc bizantiaSi.
basilevsebi miiCnevdnen, rom romisagan memkvidreobiT mxolod maT ergoT
evropis, wina aziisa da CrdiloeT afrikis yvela qveynebze batonobis ufleba.
sxva qristianuli qveynebis xelmwifeebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, sityvierad mainc) Tavs bizantiis imperatoris qveSevrdomebad
cnobdnen.
basilevss uzarmazari saxelmwifo aparati emorCileboda. saTaTbiro or-
ganos imperatoris karze sinkliti (ase uwodebdnen berZnulad senats) war-
moadgenda. moxeleebad da sinklitikebad (senatorebad) xdebodnen ara mxolod
didgvarovanni, umaRles Tanamdebobebs xSirad mdabioebic aRwevdnen. mdabio
142
warmoSobis adamianebi zogjer imperatoris taxtzec ki aRmoCndebodnen, rac
srulebiT ar acbunebda romeebs, radgan isini, iseve rogorc Zveli romaelebi,
Tvlidnen, rom imperiis yvela moqalaqe dabadebidan erTmaneTis Tanaswori,
xolo didgvarovneba – TiToeulis piradi saqme iyo.
bizantiis cxovrebaSi bevri ram Zveli droidan ucvleli darCa. dawyebiTi
da saSualo skolebi bizantiaSi upiratesad kerZo an saxelmwifo sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda da ara saeklesio da samonastros, rogorc es dasavleT evropaSi
iyo miRebuli.
magram mTavari, ris SenarCunebac bizantiam SeZlo – es iyo antikuri berZ-
nuli swavluloba.

wyaro 8

nawyveti RvTismetyvel ioane damaskelis `codnis wyarodan~

(VII s-is dasasruli - VIII s-is Sua xanebi)

codnis Sesaxeb

`araferia codnaze ufro Zvirfasi, radgan codna aris gonieri sulis naTeli; piri-
qiT, ucodinroba sibnelea. msgavsad imisa, rogorc naTelis ararseboba aris sibnele,

Sua saukuneebi
codnis ararseboba aris gonebis sibnele. ucodinroba damaxasiaTebelia ugunuri ar-
sebebisaTvis, xolo codna _ gonierTaTvis. amitom yoveli, visac bunebrivad SeuZlia
SeiZinos codna, magram ar SeiZina igi, is marTalia, bunebrivad gonieria, magram dau-
devrobisa da sulieri sisustis gamo ugunur arsebebze uaresia. am codnis qveS me vgu-
lisxmob arsebulis WeSmarit codnas, radgan nebismieri codna exeba arsebuls.

cru codna, aris ararsebulis codna _ ufro zustad arcodna ufroa, vidre codna.
radgan sicrue sxva araferia, Tu ara ararsebuli. radgan Cven vcxovrobT ara mxo-
lod suliT, aramed Cveni suli dafarulia sxeuliT, TiTqosda fardiT, da gvaqvs
raRac Tvalis msgavsi _ romelic xedavs da Seicnobs gonebas, iTvisebs codnas da
igebs arsebuls, maSin suls aqvs codna da gageba ara TavisTavad, aramed misTvis au-
cilebelia moZRvari; mivadgeT dauyovnebliv moZRvars _ WeSmaritebas.

bizantieli meomrebi laSqrobisas. maT romael legionerTa msgavsi samosi acviaT, magram
aRmosavluri Cveulebis Tanaxmad, grZeli Tma da wveri aqvT. maT Soris imperatori
SaravandediT gamoirCeva. VI s-is berZnuli xelnaweri

143
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ratom ar uwevda mravali romaeli wi-

naaRmdegobas barbarosebs da ratom amjobinebda maTi xelisuflebis qveS
cxovrebasac ki?
2. wyaro 2-is mixedviT, rogor axsniT alarixis aseT TviTdajerebulobas?
3. wyaro 3-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, miudgomeli qalaqis aRebis Sesa-
xeb, romel cnobil istorias gagonebT prokopi kesarielis pirveli moTx-
roba. zogierTi istorikosi amtkicebs, rom alarixma Tavis meomrebs neba
ar misca, gadaewvaT romi. aris ki amis damadasturebeli raime teqstSi?
Tqveni azriT, sworad moiqca qali, saxelad proba?
4. wyaro 4-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT romis dacemis qristianul versi-
aze.
5. SeadareT erTmaneTs wyaro 5 da 6, daasabuTeT, romeli ufro sandoa? aR-
wereT hunTa cxovrebis wesi iordanisisa da marcelinusis cnobebis mixed-
viT.
Tavi mesame

6. Sesabamisi wyaroebis mixedviT, imsjeleT romaelTa damokidebulebaze

barbarosTa mimarT. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazrebebi.
7. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ras akeTebda romis impe-
ria barbarosTa SesaCereblad? ratom qiraobdnen romaelebi germanelebs
sxva germanuli tomebisgan Tavdasacavad? imsjeleT romis armiis marcxis
mizezebze.
8. isaubreT xelisuflebis bizantiuri koncefciis Taviseburebebze.
9. ratom iTvleba 476 w. sasaxlis gadatrialeba dasavleT romis imperiis dasas-
rulad?
10. wyaro 6-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, risgan Sedgeba is codna, romelzedac
saubrobs ioane damaskeli.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `dasavleT romis imperiis aRsasrulis mizezebi~.

144
26. qristianoba - msoflio religia.
qristianobis Camoyalibeba da
gavrceleba
qristianoba erT-erTi msoflio reli-
giaa, dafuZnebuli ieso qristes cxovre-
basa da swavlebaze, rac axal aRTqmaSia
aRwerili. qristianoba udidesi msoflio
religiaa rogorc mimdevarTa raodeno-
biT (romelTa ricxvi or miliards gasc-
da), aseve geografiuli gavrcelebis area-
liT – msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi
erTi qristianuli Temi mainc arsebobs.
qristianoba I s-Si warmoiSva, romis
imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi – palesti-
naSi. qristianuli swavlebis fesvebi iu-
daizmSia. qristianoba adamianTa Soris
urTierTsiyvarulsa da Sendobas amkvi-
drebda, Cagrulebs amqveyniuri tanjvis
sanacvlod sikvdilis Semdeg sasufevelsa
da samoTxes hpirdeba. qristes moZRvre-
bas mravali mimdevari gansakuTrebiT misi
jvarcmis Semdeg gamouCnda, rodesac xma
gavrcelda iesos mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa
da zecad amaRlebis Sesaxeb. qristianoba
adamianTa sulieri simtkicis wyaro gaxda,
man adamians Tanasworobis idea STaunerga
da movale mxolod RvTis winaSe gaxada.
qristianuli religiisTvis miuRebelia
SurisZieba, igi miutevebs yvela Secdo-
mils da aswavlis, rom monaniebas axlad
monaTvlis Zala aqvs miniWebuli. mogviane-
biT maTem, markozma, lukam da ioanem qris-
tes cxovreba da moRvaweoba cal-calke
wignebad aRweres. am wignebis krebulma
oTxTavi Seadgina. qristes mowafeebi xa-
lxs am wignebis meSveobiT `axarebdnen~
qristes cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas, ami-
tom oTxTavs saxareba ewoda, xolo mis
avtorebs – maxareblebi.
qristianuli religiis saRvTo wignebis
krebuli – biblia, Zveli da axali aRTq-
misagan Sedgeba. Zveli aRTqma iudaizmisa
da qristianobis saerTo wminda teqstia
konstantine didi
leqsikoni
r katakomba – (laT. catacumba
– miwisqveSa akldama), bune-
brivi an xelovnuri miwis-
qveSa saTavsebi, romlebsac
Sua saukuneebi
Zvelad religiuri wes-
Cveulebebis Sesasruleblad
da micvalebulTa dasamarxa-
vad iyenebdnen.
r apologia – (dacva, ga-
marTleba, gamosarCleba)
sasuliero literaturis
dargi, romelic miznad
isaxavda religiis, visime an
risame dacvas, gamarTle-
bas, gamosarClebas (zepi-
rad an werilobiT). sityva
`apologia~ xSirad ixmareba
winaswarganzraxuli dacvis,
gadaWarbebuli Seqebis, gan-
didebis mniSvnelobiT.
r monograma – niSani, rome-
lic Sedgeba saxelisa da
gvaris pirveli asoebisgan
(asoebi gverdigverd an gada-
jaWvulia).
r fenomeni – (berZn. is, rac
moevlineba) araCveulebrivi,
gamorCeuli movlena, rome-
lic iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
145
 (wignTa krebuli), qristianuli bibliis
pirveli, uZvelesi nawili. axali aRTqma,
`saRvTo wignebis~ krebulia, bibliis nawi-
li, romelSic gadmocemulia ieso qristes
cxovreba da moZRvreba.
Tavdapirvelad qristianoba iudevel-
Ta mcire jgufma aRiara, Tumca arsebobis
pirvelive aTwleulebSi sxva provincieb-
sa da sxva eTnikur jgufebSic gavrcelda.
V s-mde qristianobis gavrceleba ZiriTa-
dad romis imperiis geografiul sazRv-
rebSi, aseve misi kulturuli gavlenis
sferoebSi warmoebda. magram qristiano-
bis gavrcelebas didi sirTuleebi Sexv-
da. pirvel rigSi qristianobas warmarTi
qurumebi da saimperatoro xelisufle-
ba daupirispirda. axali religiis damk-
vidrebiT qurumebi Tavisi gavlenisa da
keTildReobis dakargvas ufrTxodnen.
saimperatoro kari ki axali religiis mi-
mdevrebSi saxelmwifoSi simSvidis dam-
Tavi mesame
leqsikoni
r netari avgustine – IV-V
saukuneebSi saeklesio-qris-
tianuli mwerlebis, `ekle-
siis mamebis~ xelSi gadavida
gadamwyveti gavlena filoso-
fiisa da istoriis sferoSi.
maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze
avtoritetuli iyo avgustine
avreliusi (354-430), hipo-
nis episkoposi, romelsac
`dasavleTis maswavlebeli~
uwodes da es ar iyo gazvia-
debuli Sefaseba, radgan
qristiani Teologis, netari
avgustines filosofiur-is-
toriulma koncefciebma bi-
bliasTan erTad mniSvnelova-
ni gavlena iqonia dasavleT-
evropul filosofiasa da

rRvevebs xedavda. amitom qristianobis istoriografiaze.

es sainteresoa

kapadokieli mamebi

basili didi (330-379), kapadokiis mitropoliti da pontos egzarqosi, cdilobda,

aRmosavleTis eklesiis ZalTa konsolidacia moexdina. qadagebda asketizms, mxars
uWerda monazvnobas. cdilobda Seerigebina aRmosavleTis episkoposebi dasavle-
Tis eklesiasTan. basili didi erT-erT yvelaze popularul moRvawed iTvleba Zvel
qarTul mwerlobaSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom erovnebiT igi kapadokieli qarTve-
li unda yofiliyo. basili didis Zma, grigoli, nosiis episkoposi, erTgulad ica-
vda marTlmadideblobas, risTvisac sastik devnasa da Seviwroebas ganicdida. 381
wels grigol noseli (335-394) erT-erTi umTavresi Zala iyo konstantinopolSi
gamarTul II msoflio saeklesio krebaze, romelmac sabolood dagmo ariozis mwva-
leblobisagan aRmocenebuli yvela eresi. am krebaze wmida grigolis iniciativiT,
damateba Seitanes nikeis rwmenis simboloSi (ix. Semdegi paragrafi). basili didis
axlo megobari da Tanamoazre, grigol nazianzeli (329-389), qristiani RvTismetyve-
li, erT-erTi gamoCenili kapadokiel mamaTagania. misma RvTismetyvelurma Sromebma
maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura, rogorc TanamedroveTa, ise Semdgomi drois saeklesio
moRvaweTa Soris. grigol RvTismetyveli Tavis Tavze aRniSnavs: `Tu me Sesaferisi
var aRTqmisa, es wyalobaa, RvTisgan boZebuli, xolo Tu aRTqmas ar Seveferebi _ es
ukve Cemi codvaa~.

146
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebamde, I-IV saukuneebSi romis keisrebi perio-
dulad qristianTa rbevas awyobdnen. romaelTa msxverpli aTasobiT qristiani
gaxda, brbos gasarTobad qristianebs cirkSi mtacebel mxecebs aglejinebd-
nen, cocxlad wvavdnen, jvars acvamdnen. qristianebi RvTismsaxurebisaTvis
katakombebSi saidumlod ikribebodnen. amitom eklesiis istoriis am periods
katakomburi ewoda.
savaraudod, maSin gaCnda pirveli qristianuli xatebi (berZn. `eikon~ – ga-
mosaxuleba, saxe), qristes, RvTismSoblisa da wminda mowameTa gamosaxulebiT.
aseTi devnis dros mravalma qristianma, maT Soris, mociqulebmac, mowameobri-
vad daasrules sicocxle. I s-s Cveulebriv mociqulTa epoqas uwodeben, roca
mociqulebi msoflio qadagebisTvis gaeSurnen. saxarebis mixedviT qristes
samocdaaTi mowafe hyavda, maT Soris 12 rCeuli, misi mudmivi Tanamgzavri iyo.
ieso qristem zecad amaRlebis Semdeg Tavisi mociqulebi suliwmindiT aRavso
sibrZniTa da ZaliT. iesom gadawyvita, Tavisi mowafeebi samisionero moRvawe-
obisaTvis gamoecada da uTxra: `samkali bevria, muSaki ki cota~. daawyvila
erTmaneTTan daaxloebuli or-ori mowafe da winaswarve miavlina im adgileb-
Si, sadac Tavad apirebda misvlas. mociqulebs ZiriTadad unda eqadagaT caTa
sasufevlis Sesaxeb, moemzadebinaT xalxi mesianisturi (macxovris meored
mosvlis molodini) ideisaTvis, moewodebinaT wesrigisaken da yvelaferi es
unda gaekeTebinaT udidesi ubraloebiT. swored am ubraloebasa da sikeTis

Sua saukuneebi
qadagebas unda gamoerCia isini sxva cru mqadagebelTagan. istoriuli Tval-
sazrisiT, es iyo erTob rTuli procesi, romelsac uamravi damabrkolebeli
garemoeba axlda Tan ebraelebisa da warmarTebis mxridan, ramac Seiwira yvela
mociquli, garda ioanesi, miuxedavad amisa, qristianobis gavrcelebis SeCereba
ukve aRaravis SeeZlo.
mociqulTa drois Semdeg pirveli adgili romis eklesiam daikava. romi,
ramdenadac igi imperiis dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda, Zveli msofliosa da Zve-
li eklesiis centri iyo. qalaqi romi aseve, rogorc mociqulTa – petresa da
pavles qadagebisa da mowameobrivi aRsasrulis adgili, qristianTa Soris gan-
sakuTrebuli pativiT sargeblobda. mociqulTa moRvaweoba gaxda safuZveli

romauli katakombebi
147
 romis papebisaTvis IV-V saukuneebSi, raTa romis eklesiisaTvis gaezardaT
sakuTari uflebebis iuridiuli safuZveli. qristianTa devnam, yvelaze mwvave
xasiaTi romis imperiaSi diokletianes imperatorobisas (284-305), III-IV sauku-
neebis mijnaze miiRo. Tumca Sedegi sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda – uamravi
qristianis mowameobrivma sikvdilma qristianobis popularizacias da mis
gavrcelebas kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli.
qristianobas male gamouCndnen damcvelebi romis imperiaSi. imperatori
konstantine I didi (306-337) mixvda, rom axal sarwmunoebasTan brZolas misi
saxelmwifos interesebisaTvis gamoyeneba sjobda da ngrevis piras misuli
imperiis SenarCunebasa da ganaxlebas qristianobiT cdilobda. IV s-is damdegs
msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi ukve arsebobdnen qristianuli Temebis zeda-
mxedvelebi – episkoposebi. isini ganagebdnen romis provinciasa da saqalaqo
olqebSi qristianobasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs. konstantine I-ma 313
wels gamosca rjulSemwynareblobis aqti – milanis ediqti. am ediqtiT is romis
imperiaSi oficialurad nebadarTul religiad iqca, Sewyda qristianTa devna
da igi warmarTul religiebs gauTanabrda. mokle xanSi (324) konstantine I-ma
qristianobas romis imperiaSi gamorCeuli adgili mianiWa.
gamoCenili RvTismetyvelebi, romelTa mizans qristianobis prestiJis
dacva warmoadgenda ebraeli da warmarTi mowinaaRmdegeebisagan, yovelnairad
eweodnen qristianobis apologias. maTma moRvaweobam didi roli Seasrula
qristianobis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. apologetika gansakuTrebiT gaifurCqna
Tavi mesame

e.w. kapadokieli mamebis – basili didis, grigol nazianzelis, grigol nose-

lis SromebSi. kapadokieli mamebis qristianul-filosofiuri moZRvreba iyo
erT-erTi umTavresi masazrdoebeli da msoflmxedvelobrivi wyaro, romlis
safuZvelze ganviTarda Semdgom qarTuli kultura.

konstantines naTloba. vatikanis sasaxlis freska

148
 `saswaulis~ fenomeni gaqristianebisas
(frankebi, qarTli, somxeTi)
axal religias Cveulebriv xalxi eWviT uyu-
rebda, sanam saswaulis mowme ar gaxdeboda.
maTTvis warmarTuli RvTaebebis daTmoba-Ca-
nacvleba ufro Zlieri RvTaebiT unda momxda-
riyo. saswaulic ar ayovnebda. yvela qristian
xalxebs gaaCniaT TavianTi `saswaulis~ fenomeni
gaqristianebisas. imperator konstantine di-
dis Tanamedrove, eklesiis istoriis mamad wo-
debuli evsebi kesarieli (260-339) Tavis naSromSi
`konstantines cxovrebis aRwera~, romelic maqs- labarumi. ieso qristes monograma
tenciusze gamarjvebidan 25 wlis Semdeg dawera,
iZleva ficiT damtkicebul cnobas, Tavad impe-
ratoris mier Tqmuls, cnobil gadmocemaze, rom konstantinem laSqrobis dros
(312), Tavis 40 aTasian romaul laSqarTan erTad, caze uzarmazari jvris niSani
dainaxa, romelmac mze daCrdila, warweriT – `amiT sZlie~. amis Semxedvare
konstantines da mis jariskacebs Tavzari daecaT. imave Rames konstantines
ZilSi Tavad qriste gamoecxada jvriT xelSi da ubrZana jvris damzadeba da am
niSniT mtris winaaRmdeg gamosvla. diliT imperatori mohyva saswaulebrivi

Sua saukuneebi
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, dauZaxa xelosnebs da ubrZana maT, mis mier aRwerili
niSnis damzadeba, romelic cnobilia labarumis (laT. labarum) saxelwodebiT.
konstantines daJinebuli moTxovniT misma meomrebma labarumis gamosaxuleba
Tavis farebze moaTavses da meore dRes mowinaaRmdegeze brwyinvale gamarjve-
ba izeimes, romelmac maT mxedarTmTavars saimperatoro taxti arguna.
IV s-is bolosaTvis qristianoba romis TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi damk-
vidrda. IV s-dan evropaSi gaqristianebas iwyeben germaneli tomebi. sakmaod
adre gavrcelda qristianoba galiaSi. V s-Si maT SeuerTdnen burgundebi da
frankebi, romlebic aq CrdiloeTidan gadmosaxldnen. burgundebi qristianebi
iyvnen, xolo frankebi warmarTebi. burgundTa mefis qristiani asuli klotil-
da frankTa dedofali gaxda, mefe xlodvigis (466-511) coli, man monaTla Ta-
visi Svilebi da energias ar iSurebda, Tavisi meuRlec qristianobaze moeqcia.
klotildas Segonebebma Sedegi gamoiRo. amasTanave mas Tan daerTo RvTiuri
saswaulebi. xlodvigis gaqristianebis erT-erTi saswaulis mixedviT, frankTa
mociqul remigiuss mtredis saxiT angelozi gamoecxada da `wminda WurWliT~
xlodvigis naTlobisTvis mironi moutana. mogvianebiT safrangeTis TiTq-
mis yvela mefe am WurWlidan iyo mironcxebuli. gadmocemiT, `wminda WurWe-
li~ safrangeTis revoluciis dros gatyda. arsebobs legenda, rogor gaCnda
safrangeTis mefeTa heraldikuri niSani – SroSani: xlodvigs qristianobis
miRebis Semdgom angelozma oqros SroSani misca, rogorc ganwmendis simbolo.
sxva versiiT, alemanebTan brZolis dros, tolbiakTan, rodesac gamarjveba
mtrebis mxares ixreboda, xlodvigma daxmareba qristianTa RmerTs sTxova. mas
angelozi gamoecxada SroSaniT xelSi da uTxra, rom amieridan mas es yvavili
Tavis simbolod aeRo da STamomavlobisTvis eanderZa, rogorc RvTiuri mfar-
velobis da warmatebis simbolo; brZola xlodvigis gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
149
 legendis sxva variantiT, xlodvigma SroSani emblemad airCia mas Semdeg, rac
wylis SroSanebma reinze foni uCvenes, ris wyalobiTac man gadalaxa mdinare
da brZola moigo. SroSani ganixileboda, rogorc RvTismSobeli mariamis sim-
bolo, igi Sua saukuneebis dasasruls safrangeTSi samefo xelisuflebis em-
blemad iqca. tradiciulad iTvleba, rom xlodvigis naTloba Sedga 496 wlis 25
dekembers, reimsis episkoposis, frankTa mociqulis remigiusis (437-533) mier.
reimsis taZari im droidan mokidebuli iqca adgilad, sadac Semdgom safran-
geTis mefeebi da imperatorebi gvirgvins idgamdnen. xlodvigis magaliTs, misi
laSqridan sami aTasma frankma mihbaZa.
IV s-is damdegs qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad aRmosavleTSi – saqarTve-
losa da somxeTSi aRiares. qristianobis damkvidreba qarTlSic simbolurad
araerT saswaulTan aris dakavSirebuli.
mirian mefis gaqristianeba, saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, erTma saswaulma
daaCqara: mcxeTis axlos, TxoTis mTaze sanadirod wasul mefes mzis dabnele-
bam mouswro. irgvliv ukuni sibnele Camowva da mxolod maSin inaTa, rodesac
mirianma ninos RmerTs sTxova daxmareba. amis Semdeg mirianma qarTlSi qris-
tianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba gadawyvita.
qristianobis gamocxadebis tradiciul istoriul TariRad `somxeTis
saxelmwifo da erTaderT religiad~ 301 weli iTvleba. somexTaTvis am um-
niSvnelovanes movlenaSi mTavari roli Seasrules wminda grigol ganmanaT-
lebelma, romelic somxeTis saxelmwifo eklesiis pirveli kaTolikosi iyo
Tavi mesame

(302-326) da didi somxeTis mefe Trdat III didma (287-330), romelic qristianad
moqcevamde sastikad sdevnida qristianebs. qristianobis miReba somxeTSi
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli wminda rifsimian qalwulTa mowameobriv sikvdil-
Tan. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romauli warmoSobis qristian qalwulTa jgufi
imperator diokletianes devnis gamo aRmosavleTSi gaiqca da TavSesafari
somxeTis dedaqalaq vagarSapatis maxloblad ipova. somxeTis mefe Trdat III
didma (287-330), moxiblulma erT-erTi qalwulis – rifsimes silamaziT, misi
colad moyvana gadawyvita, magram radgan rifsime qristiani iyo, mefe Tav-
ganwirul winaaRmdegobas waawyda misi mxridan. ganrisxebulma mefem rifsimes
ena moaWra da brZana, qvebiT CaeqolaT, misi megobari gaiane daanawevres da
vefxvebs SeaWames. romauli warmoSobis rifsime da gaiane somxeTis istoriaSi
pirvel mowameebad iTvlebian. mefis brZanebiT yvela gogona wamebiT daxoces.
somexi istorikosis movses xorenacis (V s-is moRvawe) TzulebaSi aRniSnulia,
rom mxolod erT-erTma maTganma, nunem (wm. nino) SeZlo gaqceva saqarTveloSi,
sadac man qristianoba iqadaga da SemdgomSi mociqulTasworad iqna aRiarebu-
li. rifsimian qalwulTa wamebas Trdat III-is sulieri aSliloba, mZime nervuli
daavadeba mohyva. V s-Si am daavadebas xalxSi `Rorul~ daavadebas uwodebdnen,
amitom zogjer SeSlil Trdats Roris TaviT gamoxatavdnen. mefis dam – xos-
rovaduxtma araerTxel naxa sizmrad, rom Trdatis gankurneba SeeZlo mxo-
lod sikvdilmisjilTa sapyrobileSi myof grigols. grigolma qristianobis
miRebis sanacvlod xor virapis qvis ormoSi 13 weli gaatara. xosrovaduxtis
daJinebuli TxovniT igi gaaTavisufles da didi pativiT miiRes vagarSapatSi.
grigolma locvebiT gankurna mefe, romelmac iwama RmerTi da qristianoba
saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada.
150
 wyaro 1

qristiani moRvawe klimenti aleqsandrieli (daaxl. 140-214) da frangi filo-

sofosi rene dekarti (1596-1650) _ RmerTisa da adamianis Sesaxeb:
a
klimenti aleqsandrieli

`Ze RmerTisTvis araferia Seucnobadi. Sesabamisad, araferia iseTi, risi

Secnobac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. gana SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom is, vinc
kacobriobisTvis daiTmina amdeni tanjva, adamianis Semecnebas moaklo Tundac
erTi punqti?~
b

rene dekarti

`RmerTi siyvarulia. xolo Tu RmerTi siyvarulia, mas ar SeeZlo iseTi Seeqmna

adamiani, romelic mudmivad cdeba. RmerTma iseTebi Segvqmna, iseTi grZnobaTa
organoebi mogvca, rom Cven SegviZlia samyaros Secnoba!~ – am aRmoCeniT gaixsna
evropuli mecnierebis optimizmis gza: Cven SegviZlia SevimecnoT samyaro!
amisTvis ki safuZveli jer kidev aswleulebis win iyo Cayrili~.

Sua saukuneebi
freska romauli
katakombidan

klasSi samuSao
1. SeafaseT milanis ediqti. ra mniSvneloba hqonda am aqts romis imperiisaT-
vis?
2. riT iyo mniSvnelovani katakomburi periodi da mociqulTa epoqa qristia-
nobis gavrcelebisaTvis? daasabuTeT.
3. teqstze dayrdnobiT klasSi gamarTeT diskusia – ramdenad mniSvnelova-
nia `saswaulis~ fenomeni gaqristianebis procesSi? moiZieT masalebi sxva
qristianuli saswaulebis Sesaxeb.

151
 27. qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi.
msoflio saeklesio krebebi da saqarTvelo

qristianoba - qarTlis
saxelmwifo religia
III saukunisaTvis iranis dasavleT me-
zobel qveynebSi da TviT iranSic qristia-
noba sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
da aq bevrgan saepiskoposo kaTed rac
arsebobda, magram mas Semdeg, rac romis
imperiaSi qristianoba oficialur reli-
giad gamocxadda (IV s. 30-ian wlebSi), ira-
nis Sahis karma mkveTrad Secvala damoki-
debuleba qristianobisadmi. Tuki adre
igi mfarvelobda kidec am religias, amis
Semdeg man daiwyo qristianobis devna da
mis sapirispirod mazdeanobis ZaliT da-
nergva. qarTveli politikosebi arCevd-
Tavi mesame
leqsikoni
r kapadokia _ aRmosavleT
mcire aziaSi, Tanamedrove
TurqeTis teritoriaze
mdebare istoriuli olqis
saxelwodeba.
r patristika _ [berZn. pater
– mama] qristianuli filo-
sofia e. w. `eklesiis mame-
bisa~, romlebic gaafTrebiT
ibrZodnen warmarTobisa da
antikuri materializmis wi-
naaRmdeg.
r doqtrina (laT. doqtrina –
swavleba) – saxelmZRvanelo

nen SeenarCunebinaT Soreul romze nomi- azrebis an gamonaTqvamebis

naluri damokidebuleba (romi TviT iyo sistema; mTavari Teoriuli
principi; politikuri kur-
dainteresebuli, aRmosavleT amierkavka-
sis mTavari mimarTuleba.
siaSi Zlieri mokavSire hyoloda), vidre
is, rom mezobeli iranis batonobis qveS
yofiliyvnen. amrigad, qristianobis Tu
mazdeanobis miReba-armiRebam saqarTvelosTvis saerTaSoriso politikuri
Sinaarsi SeiZina.
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrceleba I saukunidanve iwyeba da pirvel mo-
ciqulebad TviT ieso qristes mowafeebi _ wm. andria pirvelwodebuli, svimon
kananeli da sxv. gvevlinebian. svimon kananeli saqarTveloSi gardaicvala da
aqvea igi dakrZaluli (anakofiaSi). am droidanve Cans, rom saqarTveloSi ar-
sebobda wvrili qristianuli Temebi, upiratesad qalaqebSi. amas TvalnaTlad
adasturebs saqarTvelos Zveli qalaqebis arqeologiuri Seswavla. magali-
Tad, md. mtkvrisa da qsnis SesarTavTan arsebobda qalaqi nastagisi, romlis
sacxovrebel kompleqsSi CarTuli aRmoCnda mcire zomis eklesiebi, romlebic
III saukuniT TariRdeba. aseTi eklesiebi sxvac araerTi aRmoCnda IV saukunis
wina periodis qarTlSi. qarTlSi mcxovreb ebraelebs kontaqtebi hqondaT
TavianT ierusalimel-palestinel TanamoZmeebTan. swored mcxeTel ebraelebs
CamoutaniaT saqarTveloSi qristianTa erT-erTi yvelaze wminda relikvia _
qristes kvarTi, romelic dakrZaluli iyo im adgilas, sadac ufro gvian aSenda
qarTvelTa umTavresi salocavi – mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZari.

152
 wm. ninos saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba
saqarTvelos gaqristianebisa da wm. ninos saqarTve-
loSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb vrcel cnobebs iZleva ro-
gorc qarTuli saistorio da hagiografiuli Txzu-
lebani, ise somxuri da berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebi.
wm. ninos xsenebis dRes, 14 ianvars, kaTolikuri ekle-
siac aRniSnavs.
wm. nino warmoSobiT romis imperiis aRmosavleT
provinciidan, kapadokiidan iyo. aq mosaxleobis nawils
qarTveluri tomebi Seadgendnen. wyaroebi mogviTxro-
ben, rom ninos mSoblebi adgilobriv warCinebulTa gva-
ridan iyvnen. misi mama, zabiloni, romaelTa cnobili
sardali, xolo deda, susana, ierusalimis patriarqis da
iyo. nino 12 wlis iyo, rodesac zabilonma uaryo saero
cxovreba, mTeli Tavisi qoneba glaxakebs dauriga, Tvi-
Ton ki berad aRikveca. nino da dedamisi Cavidnen ieru-
wminda ninos xati
salimSi, sadac nino aRsazrdelad miabares sara niafors
(taZris meTvalyures), romelic mas qristes sjuls aswavlida. ninom misgan Seityo,
rom qristes jvarcmis Semdeg misi samoseli (kvarTi) wilad xvda mcxeTel moqala-
qeebs, romlebmac igi saqarTveloSi waiRes da mcxeTaSia dafluli.

Sua saukuneebi
didi Tavgadasavlebis Semdeg nino saqarTveloSi Camovida. aq igi daeswro
qarTvelebis warmarTi RvTaebebis, armazisa da gaci-gaimis dResaswauls. ninos
locva-vedrebis Sedegad setyva da mexi daatyda Tavs am kerpebs da daamsxvria
isini. nino cdilobs, xalxi aacdinos kerpebisadmi crumorwmuneobas da daaye-
nos WeSmarit gzaze. igi iwyebs avadmyofebis gankurnebasa da qristes mcnebebis
qadagebas. man moarCina mZime seniT Sepyrobili dedofali nana da gaaqristiana.
qarTlis mefe miriani eWviT uyurebda axal religias, sanam saswaulis mowme
ar gaxda. amis Semdeg qarTlis mefem iwama ninos sarwmunoebis WeSmariteba da
TviTon daiwyo zrunva am religiis Tavis qveyanaSi gasavrceleblad. qarTlis
gaqristianebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. savaraudo TariRad dRes xSirad 326
weli miiCneva.
mefe mirianma da wm. ninom TxovniT mimarTes romis imperators, konstan-
tines da mis dedas, dedofal elenes, mRvdelmTavari da mRvdlebi gamoeg-
zavnaT naTlisRebisaTvis. imperatorma konstantinem Seasrula maTi Txovna
da saqarTveloSi episkoposad gamogzavna `mRvdeli WeSmariti~ ioane da mas-
Tan erTad kidev ori mRvdeli da sami diakoni. mefe miri-
ani Tavisi ojaxiTurT moinaTla da Tavis qveSevrdomebs,
ubrZana, monaTluliyvnen. ioane episkoposma da mRvdlebma
akurTxes md. mtkvari da iq mcxeTisa da qarTlis mosaxleoba
monaTles.
V saukunis meore naxevarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis (ix.Ses-
abamisi paragrafi) mier gatarebuli saeklesio reformis
Sedegad, qarTulma eklesiam bizantiuri eklesiisagan da-
bolnuri jvari moukidebloba, anu avtokefalia moipova.

153
 wyaro 1

`qarTlis cxovreba~ axlad gaqristianebuli mirianisa da kons-

tantine imperatoris politikuri urTierTobis Sesaxeb:

`keisarma konstantinem, romelTanac mZevlad imyofeboda mirianis

Ze, saxelad baqari, gamogzavna igi ukan didiTa ZRveniTa da moswera
esreT mirian mefes: `me, konstantine mefe, TviTmpyrobeli, axali mona
caTa meufisa... gwer Sen RmrTiv-dabrZenebul da CemsaviT axladmoq-
ceul morwmunesa mefe mirians... da vinaidan iwame Sen sameba erTarseba,
RmerTi dausabamo, dambadebeli yovlisa, aRar mWirdeba me Sengan mZeva-
li, aramed kmara Cvens Soris Suamdgomlad qriste da jvari misi patio-
sani... viyoT Cven erTurTis Zmur siyvarulSi da Svili Seni SenTvisve damibrunebia~.

wyaro 2

`qarTlis cxovreba~ qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb qarTlis mTian regionebSi:

`warvida wmida nino da episkoposi iovane da maT Tana waratana mefeman erisTavi
erTi. mivides da dadges wobens, da mouwodes mTielTa, pirutyvTa saxeTa maT kacTa,
WarTalelTa, fxoelTa, wilkanelTa da gudamayrelTa da uqadages maT sjuli qris-
tianeTa WeSmariti... xolo maT ara inebes naTlisReba. maSin erisTavman mefisaman
Tavi mesame

mcired warmarTa maxvili maT zeda da ZleviT Semusrna kerpni maTni~.

msoflio qristianuli saeklesio krebebi

qristianuli eklesiis SigniT xSirad Tavs iCenda sxvadasxva saxis uTanxmoebani.
325 wels, rodesac konstantine didi romis imperiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli
gaxda, msoflio saeklesio krebebis mowvevis gadawyvetileba miiRo. raTa gaeer-
Tianebina qristianuli Temebi da Camoeyalibebina erTiani doqtrina yvela morw-
muneTaTvis. sul Svidi msoflio saeklesio kreba Catarda, romelic jer romis,
xolo Semdeg bizantiis keisrebis mowveviT IV-VIII saukuneebSi gaimarTa. am krebebis
dadgenilebebma daicves qristianuli rwmenis simbolo da sarwmunoebis mrwamsi
sxvadasxva saxis mwvaleblobisagan. 325 wels nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio
kreba swored konstantine didma moiwvia. nikeis saeklesio krebis oqmebSi egrisis
samefodan moxseniebulia biWvinTis episkoposi stratofile. nikeis saeklesio
krebam pirvel rigSi qristianuli rwmenis simbolo gansazRvra, romelic dRemde
ucvlelia marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi. amasTanave, daadgina aRdgomis dRe-
saswaulis aRniSvnis dro.
381 wels konstantinopolSi mowveulma meore msoflio saeklesio krebam es
gansazRvrebebi mTeli rigi damatebebiT Seavso. nikeis da konstantinopolis
msoflio krebebma erTxel da samudamod daadgines, rom mama RmerTi, Ze RmerTi
da suliwminda damoukidebeli da Tanabari sawyisebia da arseboben erTobaSi.
amitom vuwodebT Cven RmerTs sameba-erTarsebas. mamaRmerTi aris sawyisi, mis-
gan iSva Ze da suliwminda. pirvel or msoflio krebaze SemuSavebul rwmenis
154
simbolos nikea-konstantinopolis rwmenis simbolo ewodeba. meore msoflio
saeklesio krebas eswreboda qarTlis episkoposi pantofile.
mesame msoflio saeklesio kreba gaimarTa qalaq efesoSi (mcire azia) 431
wels, igi mowveul iqna konstantinopoleli patriarqis, nestoris (428-431)
cruswavlebis gansaxilvelad. krebaze nestorianeloba dagmes, xolo misi
moZRvari nestori gankveTil iqna eklesiidan.
451 wels konstantinopolis maxloblad qalaq qalkedonSi mowveul meoTxe
saeklesio krebas unda ganexila diofizitobis da monofizitobis sakiTxi. mo-
nofizitebi qristes adamianur sawyiss uaryofdnen da masSi mxolod RvTaebriv
bunebas aRiarebdnen. qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebam 451 wels dagmo
monofizitoba da igi mwvaleblobad gamoacxada. Tumca amiT monofizitur
mimdinareobas arseboba ar Seuwyvetia, man bizantiis imperiis ganapira olqebSi
gadainacvla da somxuri, kopturi da nawilobriv siriuli eklesiebis ideolo-
giad iqca. krebam qristeSi RvTaebrivisa da adamianuris ganuyofloba – dio-
fizitoba aRiara. krebis saxelis gamo diofizitebs qalkedonitebic ewodaT.
553 wels konstantinopolSi, imperator iustiniane I-is iniciativiT Catarda
mexuTe msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelzec daigmo calkeuli mwvalebloba.
meeqvse msoflio saeklesio kreba 680-681 wels Catarda konstantinopolSi, man
aRadgina nikea-konstantinopolis msoflio saeklesio krebaTa mier dadgenili
mrwamsi – qristeSi ganuyoflad ori bunebisa da ori nebis arseboba. meSvide da

Sua saukuneebi
ukanasknel msoflio saeklesio krebaze, romelic 787 wels Seikriba nikeaSi,
daigmo xatmebrZoleoba. krebis mTavari dadgenileba iyo xatTayvaniscemis dog-
matis dadgena, amasTanave krebaze miiRes mniSvnelovani dadgenilebebi simoniis
(saeklesio TanamdebobiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb) akrZalvis, saeklesio qonebis gasx-
visebisa da saeklesio Tanamdebobebze saero piris daniSvnis Sesaxeb. msoflio
saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebani aris is ZiriTadi safuZveli, razedac damya-
rebulia qristianobis kanonikuri samarTali da saliturgio wesTmsaxureba.
romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, aRmosavleT nawilSi warmoiqmna bizantiis
uzarmazari saxelmwifo, xolo dasavleTSi xelisufleba xelT epyra barbaro-
sul saxelmwifoebs. am viTarebam saSualeba misca romis eklesias, gaTavisuf-
lebuliyo saero xelisuflebis meurveobisagan da gansakuTrebuli simdidre
da avtoriteti moixveWa. romis eklesia, marTalia, pirvel xanebSi angariSs
uwevda konstantinopolisas, magram Tavis damoukideblobis SenarCunebas
arCevda da xSirad mediatoris (Suamavlis, momrigeblis) rols asrulebda
aRmosavlur eklesiebs Soris atexili davis mowesrigebaSi. aRmosavlur da da-
savlur eklesiebs Soris uTanxmoebani V s-dan daiwyo, magram miuxedavad amisa,
IX s-mde iTvleboda, rom msoflioSi arsebobda erTi qristianuli eklesia. IX
s-Si daiwyo da XI s-Si damTavrda am or eklesias Soris gayofis procesi da 1054
wels isini oficialurad gaeTiSnen erTmaneTs. am viTarebis Sedegad warmoiSva
aRmosavlur-kaTolikuri anu marTlmadidebluri da dasavluri romaul-
kaTolikuri eklesiebi. qristianul eklesias `kaTolikuri~ ewoda II s-Si. esaa
berZnuli sityva da niSnavs `sayovelTaos~. `kaTolikur eklesiaSi~ manamde
igulisxmeboda qristianuli religiis mimdevarTa erTianoba, maTi sayovelTao
kavSiri. 1054 wlis ganxeTqilebis Semdgom saxelwodeba `kaTolikuri~ miiTvisa
romis eklesiam, riTac Seiqmna safuZveli, TiTqos am aqtis mere igi WeSmarit
155
 qristianTa sayovelTao centrad darCa. berZnulma eklesiamac SeinarCuna es
saxelwodeba da amave dros, aRmosavluri eklesiis upiratesobis aRsaniSnavad,
Tavis Tavs marTlmadidebluri uwoda.
qarTuli eklesia diofizituri mrwamsis erTguli gaxda. sarwmunoebrivi
sakiTxis gamo VI saukunidan daiwyo uTanxmoeba qarTul da somxur eklesiebs
Soris. religiuris garda, am uTanxmoebas politikuri safuZveli hqonda:
somxurma eklesiam monofizitoba airCia proiranuli politikuri orientaciis
gamo – irani yovelmxriv aviwroebda diofizitebs – rogorc misi mTavari me-
toqis, bizantiis momxreebs da mfarvelobda bizantiaSi devnil monofizitebs.
saqarTvelos diofizitobisadmi erTguleba swored probizantiuri politikis
gamoxatuleba iyo. am mxriv gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas atarebs kaTolikos
kirionis moRvaweoba.

wyaro 3

`kirionis mkveTrma sarwmunoebrivma politikam religiuri konfliqti qarTlsa

da somxeTs Soris miiyvana ganxeTqilebamde. es saeklesio ganxeTqileba sabo-
lood gaformda VII saukunis dasawyisSi.

kirionis mier Seviwroebuli curtavis somexi monofiziti episkoposi mose 605 wels
gaiqca somxeTSi da saCivris weriliT mimarTa somexTa kaTalikosis moadgiles...
amas mohyva mimowera somxeTis eklesiis mesveurebisa da mTavrebisa da kirion qarT-
Tavi mesame

lis kaTalikosTan. es mimowera daculia somxur enaze, e.w. `epistoleTa wignSi~.

polemika dasrulda imiT, rom 608 wels abraham somexTa kaTalikosma `sayovelTao
epistole~ gamosca, romliTac somxebs aukrZala yovelgvari urTierToba qarTve-
lebTan da albanelebTan~ .
saqarTvelos istoria, I, 2006

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda bizantia

qristianobas saqarTvelosTan politikur urTierTobebSi.
2. teqstisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT imsjeleT mTis mosaxleobaSi qristianobis
gavrcelebis sirTuleebis ganmapirobebel mizezebze.
3. riT iyo mniSvnelovani msoflio qristianuli saeklesio krebebis mowveva?
ganixileT krebebi da am krebebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.
4. Tqveni azriT, ratom iyvnen msoflio qristianuli saeklesio krebebis
mowvevis iniciatorebi jer romis, xolo Semdeg bizantiis keisrebi?
5. moawyveT diskusia kirion kaTolikosis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT
qarTul-somxuri saeklesio ganxeTqileba.

156
 qristianuli bizantiisa da mazdeanuri iranis metoqeoba

sasanianTa iranisa da bizantiis metoqeoba ramdenime saukunis manZilze grZeldeboda.

bizantielebs kavkasiisa da mesopotamiis daufleba surdaT. bizantielebis pre-
tenzias am regionebis mimarT amagrebda is faqti, rom aq mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili
qristiani iyo. sparselebi ki pretenzias acxadebdnen siriaze, palestinasa da egvipteze.
teritoriuli davis garda, arsebobda sxva faqtorebic. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelova-
ni iyo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris savaWro gzebis kontroli. ori aRmosavluri
produqtis importi gansakuTrebiT momgebiani iyo xmelTaSua zRvis samyarosaTvis:
abreSumi – CineTidan da saneleblebi – indoeTidan. am saqonlis Semotana intensiurad
mimdinareobda da romauli da bizantiuri samyaro kontaqtSi iyo Soreuli aziis civili-
zaciebTan, sparselebi ki, rogorc Sualeduri rgoli, am vaWrobidan did mogebas iRebd-
nen. gansakuTrebiT im periodebSi, rodesac maT Zala hyofnidaT, ganevrcoT sakuTari
Zalaufleba centralur aziaze da amdenad, kontroli daemyarebinaT abreSumis gzaze.
pirdapiri gza xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebidan Soreuli aRmosavleTisaken gadioda
im teritoriebze, romlebzec sparselebi dominirebdnen, magram arsebobda rogorc
ekonomikuri, ise strategiuli sargebeli sparseTis teritoriebis gareT axali gze-
bis moZiebisaTvis. es iyo gza CineTidan centraluri aziis Turquli stepebis gavliT
kavkasiisa da Savi zRviT bizantiamde da aseve samxreTis zRvis gza indoeTis okeanis
gavliT (sparseTis yure an wiTeli zRva da Semdeg egvipte an saqaravno gzebi arabeTis
udabnos gavliT iemenidan siriamde). ra Tqma unda, amas sparseTi ewinaaRmdegeboda. es

Sua saukuneebi
ki iwvevda imperiebis brZolas mezobeli qveynebisaTvis.
axali welTaRricxvis pirveli eqvsi saukunis manZilze momTabare Turqebic da
arabebic imperiebis sazRvrebs miRma cxovrobdnen, barbarosebis stepebsa da udab-
noebSi. arc bizantielebi da arc sparselebi ar cdilan am miwebis realur dapyrobas,
radganac didi sargebeli aqedan ar eqnebodaT. am meomari xalxebis damorCilebas didi
xarjebi sWirdeboda. upirvelesad, orive imperia cdilobda mosyidviT, samxedro Tu
teqnikuri daxmarebiT tomebis keTilganwyoba moepovebina. Tumca zogjer saqaravno
vaWrobisagan miRebuli Semosavali maT saSualebas aZlevda, daearsebinaT qalaqebi da
SeeqmnaT mcire samefoebi (mag., arabeTis naxevarkunZulis mosazRvre teritoriebze
bizantielebma Seqmnes Rasanidebis samefo, xolo sparselebma – lahmidebis samefo),
romlebic imperiebis mokavSireebis rols asrulebdnen.
sasanianTa imperiam SeqmnisTanave, III saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo omebi jer kidev
erTian romis imperiasTan. sparselebma 260 wels mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipoves,
gaanadgures romaelTa jari da Seipyres imperatori valeriane (is tyveobaSi gar-
daicvala). omebi SemdgomSic gagrZelda. 298 wels romaelTa gamarjvebis Semdeg, nisi-
binis zaviT iranma metoqes dauTmo kavkasiisa da mesopotamiis didi nawili. Tumca omi
male ganaxlda da axali, nisibinis meore zaviT, 363 wels iranma nawilobriv aRidgina
poziciebi. 387 wels or imperias Soris kidev erTi zavi daido, romliTac maT kavkasia
gavlenis sferoebad gaiyves. lazika (dasavleT saqarTvelo) roms ergo, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo ki – irans.
IV saukunis dasawyisSi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi, saqarTvelo da somxeTi, qristia-
nobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg, bizantiis bunebriv mokavSireebad
iqcnen. Seqmnil pirobebSi irani mxars uWerda bizantiaSi devnil qristianul mimdi-
nareobebs – nestorianobasa da monofizitobas. qristianobasTan aris dakavSirebuli
politikuri dapirispirebis gaRvivebac sakuTriv samxreT kavkasiaSi. saqarTvelom
probizantiuri pozicia – diofizitobis erTguleba airCia, xolo somxeTSi iranis
mxardaWerilma qristianulma mimdinareobam – monofizitobam imZlavra.

157
 28. qarTli V saukuneSi. vaxtang gorgasali

iranis eqspansia kavkasiaSi

irani mtrulad Sexvda kavkasiis xalxTa gaqristianebas da amis Semdeg gan-
sakuTrebuli daJinebiT cdilobda am qveynebSi Tavisi saxelmwifo religiis,
mazdeanobis damkvidrebas. Sahis karma garkveuli dasayrdeni gaiCina adgilobriv
didaznaurebSi. didaznaurebi aznaurTa dawinaurebuli fena iyo, romlebsac eka-
vaT maRali samoxeleo da saeklesio Tanamdebobani. isini flobdnen an ganagebd-
nen did teritoriebs zed mosaxle yma-glexebiTa da damokidebuli meTemeebiT.
isini am Tanamdebobebis (erisTavobis, pitiaxSobis, cixisTavobis, asisTavobis
da sxv.) memkvidreobiT dauflebas cdilobdnen, rasac qarTlis mefe gadaWriT
ewinaaRmdegeboda. amis gamo mefesa da didaznaurebs Soris mwvave konfliqti
mwifdeboda. amiT isargebla Sahis karma, daukavSirda qarTlis didaznaurebs da
sakuTari mefis winaaRmdeg waaqeza. sasanianebma 428 wels mefoba gaauqmes som-
xeTSi da imaves apirebdnen qarTlSic.
aseT rTul viTarebaSi mouxda qarTlis sa-
mefo taxtze asvla vaxtang gorgasals. misi
gamefebisas qveyana mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo.
Tavi mesame

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Tavs esxmodnen alan-

osebi da hun-Turqebi, qveyanaSi didaznaurebi
ar emorCilebodnen mefis xelisuflebas, same-
fos mZime tvirTad awva sparselTa sasargeblo
xarki da samxedro begara. saWiro iyo windaxe-
duli moqmedeba, raTa qveyanas Tavi daeRwia am
mZime mdgomareobidan. vaxtang mefem SeZlo am
amocanis gadaWra. man TviT sparselebi gamoi-
yena Tavisi qveynis problemebis gadasawyvetad,
kerZod, daixmara isini CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
laSqrobisas, radgan sparselebic daintere-
sebulni iyvnen kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebis
gamagrebiT. aseve, dasavleT saqarTveloze
laSqrobisas, sadac bizantielebi batonobdnen,
igi moqmedebda iranelTa saxeliT da sinamdvi-
leSi Tavisi qveynis interesebs axorcielebda.
am laSqrobisas man uSualod daiqvemdebara sva-
neTi da egrisis didi nawili, xolo klarjeTi,
romelsac bizantia daufleboda, kvlav Tavis
qveSevrdomobaSi daibruna da iq Seqmna sae-
bolnisSi aRmoCenili qvis stela
risTavo, romlis centradac mis mier agebuli
qarTveli didebulis (pitiaxSis)
cixe-qalaqi artanuji aqcia. aseve sparselebis gamosaxulebiT (V s.)
daxmarebiT man SemoierTa albaneTis dasavleTi
nawili _ hereTi, sadac aseve Seqmna calke admi-
158
nistraciuli erTeuli _ hereTis saerisTavo, SemoierTa hereTis CrdiloeTiT
mdebare daRestnis mTianeTis nawili _ wuqeTi da aqac calke saerisTavo Seqmna.
iranis daTmobani saqarTvelos mimarT da bizantiis SedarebiTi pasiuro-
bac gamowveuli iyo maTi mZime mdgomareobiT. bizantiis imperiaSi religiu-
ri brZolebi mimdinareobda diofizitebsa da monofizitebs Soris. aseve mas
Tavs esxmodnen goTebi da vandalebi, xolo irans gamudmebuli omebi hqonda
hunebTan.
V saukunis 60-ian wlebSi iranis Sahma perozma (459-484) vaxtangi qarTvelTa
laSqriT hunebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaiwvia Sua aziaSi. am brZolebSi
didad gamouCenia Tavi qarTlis mefes. igi mxolod 7 wlis Semdeg daabrunes
saqarTveloSi.

qarTlis didaznaurni. saeklesio reforma

vaxtang mefis laSqrobaSi yofnisas radikalurad Seicvala qveynis saSinao
mdgomareoba. didaznaurebi aRar emorCilebodnen centralur xelisuflebas
da zogi maTgani aSkara Ralatsac ar erideboda. am mxriv sagulisxmoa varsqen
pitiaxSis saqcieli. varsqeni qvemo qarTlis ganmgebeli, pitiaxSi iyo. igi 466
w. gaemgzavra iranis SahTan, misi gulis mogebis mizniT uaryo qristianoba da
mazdeanoba miiRo. aseTi gziT mas surda Tavi daeRwia qarTlis mefis qveSevr-

Sua saukuneebi
domobisagan da iranis mxardaWeriT, Tavis samflobeloSi ufro meti uflebebi
moepovebina. mis am nabijs win aRudga misi coli SuSaniki da miuxedavad sastiki
wamebisa, ar daemorCila varsqenis moTxovnebs da xangrZlivi patimrobisa da
tanjvis Semdeg aResrula, rogorc wminda mowame.
varsqenis msgavsi moRalate didaznauri sxvac araerTi iyo. isini ver iT-
mendnen vaxtang mefis Zlier xelisuflebas, romelic, istorikosis TqmiT,
`mefobda viTarca lomi Soris cxvarTa~. didaznaurebs Tavisi gavlenis qveS
moeqciaT qarTuli eklesiac, romlis saTaveSic idga miqael mTavarepiskoposi.
mas ukanono gziT didi simdidre daegrovebina. mematiane mas `vercxlis moyva-
res~ uwodebs da adarebs `qristes meguadruce~ iuda iskariotels, romelsac
ebara is CanTa (`guadruci~, yulaba), romelSic qriste Tavis mowafeebTan er-
Tad, fuls inaxavda glaxakTaTvis dasarigeblad, iuda ki iparavda.

bolnisis sioni. svetisTavi bolnisis sioni (V s.)

lomebis gamosaxulebiT
159
 bolnisis sioni. aRmosavleTis fasadis
asomTavruli warwera (494 w.)

ujarmis kedlis
wyobis nimuSi
Tavi mesame

cixe-qalaq ujarmis restavrirebuli sqema (V s.)

saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma mefe vaxtangma upirveles yovlisa eklesias

miaqcia yuradReba da misi safuZvliani reorganizacia gadawyvita. man urCi
da uRirsi episkoposebis gadayeneba daiwyo. amave dros vaxtangi axal saepis-
koposoebs aarsebda da Zvelebs wvril erTeulebad yofda. mas TviT miqael
mTavarepiskoposis gadayenebac surda. am ambavma imdenad aRaSfoTa miqaeli,
rom Seuracxyofa miayena mefe vaxtangs. mefem igi gaaZeva saqarTvelodan da
konstantinopols mosTxova, saqarTvelos eklesia uSualod mefisTvis daeq-
vemdebarebina da qarTuli eklesiis saTaveSi TviTmwyemsobis uflebiT aR-
Wurvili kaTalikosi Caeyenebina. konstantinopolma daakmayofila vaxtangis
moTxovnebi da saqarTvelos kaTolikosad gamogzavna vaxtangTan daaxloebuli
petre, romlis xeldasxmac antioqiis patriarqma ganaxorciela. bizantiis
imperatori saqarTvelos mimarT aseT daTmobaze imitom midioda, rom iTva-
liswinebda rTul politikur situacias, rac im dros axlo aRmosavleTSi iyo
da im mniSvnelovan rols, romelsac saqarTvelo asrulebda samxreT kavkasiaSi
qristianobis interesebisa da poziciis dasacavad.
aRniSnuli reorganizaciis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia mefis uerTgules Tana-
Semwed iqca da mis RonisZiebebs mtkiced uWerda mxars. Tu manamde saqarT-
veloSi mxolod 6-7 saepiskoposo iyo, am reorganizaciis Semdeg aq 20-mde
saepiskoposo Cans.

160
 saqalaqo mSenebloba. brZola
qarTlis ganTavisuflebisaTvis wyaro 1

mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebasa `xolo mcxeTas mefeman vaxtang

da didaznaurTa gavlenis Sesustebas aRaSena eklesia mociqulTa sve-
isaxavda miznad vaxtangis mier wamowye- ticxoveli... da mun Sina dasues
buli didi saqalaqo da safortifikacio petre kaTalikosad da samoel
mSenebloba. vaxtangis dros damTavrda episkoposad mcxeTasve saepisko-
jer kidev adre dawyebuli qalaq ujarmis pososa...
mSenebloba md. ivris xeobaSi, romelsac
Semdgomad missa aRaSena ekle-
didi ekonomikuri da politikur-admi-
sia niqozisa sagzebelsa Tana
nistraciuli mniSvneloba hqonda. aseve
cecxlisasa (cecxlTayvanis-
vaxtangis dros gaSenda qalaqi Weremi, ro-
mcemelTa (mazdeanTa) taZari),
melic aseve kaxeTSi mdebareobda da mefis
sada-igi efla guami wmidisa
domenis umniSvnelovanes punqtad iqca.
raJdenisi, romeli iwama spar-
vaxtangma daiwyo didi masStabis mSene-
sTa mier~ .
bloba qalaq TbilisSic da Zveli aris-
tokratiis politikuri centris, qalaq `qarTlis cxovreba~
mcxeTis sapirispirod dedaqalaqis aq gad-
motana gadawyvita. gorgasali amagrebda
Zvel cixe-simagreebsac da qveyanas amza-

Sua saukuneebi
debda sparselTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-
lad.

Tbilisi,

V saukunis qalaqis sqematuri rekonstruqcia

161
 Tavi mesame

162
saqarTvelo IV-VI saukuneebSi pirobiTi niSnebi

iberia IV saukunis Sua wlebSi

egrisi IV saukunis meore naxevarsa da V sauku-

nis pirvel naxevarSi

iberia V saukunis meore naxevarsa da VI sauku-

nis dasawyisSi
af
xa egrisi VI s-Si
z
alan
ebi
eT istoriul-geografiuli provinciebi
biWvinta i Caxari svan
wubelda eTi hu qalaqebi
sebastopolisi ne
afSileTi bi saepiskoposoebi
aragviskari
egri Takveri kasriskari i
ZiRaneosi si xev T cixeebi
ka
ciaSi u
niqozi
xe S
cixegoji skanda T eT
quTaTisi i samTavisi i i
foTi r Tl JileTi
tolebi qa ruisi wilkani nekresi
Sorapani urbnisi wu
lazeTi ujarma veliscixe qe
mcxeTa Ti
imanglisi Weremi her
petra r Tbilisi eT
sam
To TrialeTi ninowminda i
cx xornabuji
e samSvilde rusTavi
afsarosi a ra bodbe
aW javaxeTi bolnisi giSi
eruSeTi
wunda wofi

ga
axiza kambeCani

C
trapizoni aTina artani
artanuji kolbi albaneTi

ia
Zori xunani

ni
rize xilxala
ko
Tuxarisi la
WaneTi

somxeTi ge
l
aq
un
i

Tavi meaTe
bizantiis
imperia

irani
 wyaro 2

uZvelesi qarTuli warwera bolnisis taZarze (V s.):

`SewevniTa wmidisa samebisaiTa, oc wlisa peroz mefisa ze, viwye Seneba amis ekle-
siisai da TxuTmet wlisa Semdgomad ganvasrule. vin aqa Sina Tayvanisxces, RmerTman
Seiwyalen. da vin amis maSenebelsa daviT episkopossa xulocos, igica RmerTman Seiw-
yalen~.

uSualod ajanyebis dawyebis win vaxtangma Seutia sparseTis samsaxurSi

Camdgar da mis mowinaaRmdege didaznaurebs. 482 w. man moakvlevina am moRa-
late didaznaurTa beladi varsqen pitiaxSi. varsqenis mokvla sparseTis wi-
naaRmdeg ajanyebas niSnavda. dro kargad iyo SerCeuli. irans garTulebuli
hqonda mdgomareoba centralur aziaSi da ZiriTadi Zalebi iq hyavda gayvanili.

Sua saukuneebi
mezobel albaneTSi ukve dawyebuliyo ajanyeba da somxeTic gamosasvlelad
emzadeboda.
ajanyebis pirvel wels vaxtangma iranelTa jarebi daamarcxa da gandevna
qarTlidan. momdevno 483 w. iranelebma qarTlsa da somxeTSi didi laSqari
gamogzavnes. gorgasalma ukan daixia somxeTis mTebisaken, raTa somxebisa da
qarTvelebis Zalebi gaeerTianebina. amave dros igi elodeboda hunTa damx-
mare Zalas, magram maTgan mas mxolod 300-kaciani razmi mouvida. ar iyo er-
Tianoba qarTvelTa mokavSire somexTa laSqarSic. yovelive aman ganapiroba
qarTvel-somex mokavSireTa marcxi. Semdeg wels gazafxulze saqarTveloSi
kvlav Semovida iranelTa didi laSqari. vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gadasuliyo, Tumca male movida cnoba mefe perozis hunebTan
brZolaSi daRupvis Sesaxeb da sparselTa sardali iranSi gabrunda.
iranelebi amjerad iZulebulni gaxdnen, did daTmobebze wasuliyvnen kavka-
siaSi. magaliTad, somxeTSi marzpanad adgilobrivi naxarari (didebuli) dasves,
aseve Sewyvites qristianTa devna. albaneTSic aRadgines adgilobrivi mefis
xelisufleba. rogorc Cans, vaxtangic dabrunda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, ma-
gram misi Serigeba sparselebTan ver moxerxda. man mkveTrad aiRo orientacia
bizantiaze da rodesac sparselebma mosTxoves vaxtangs, monawileoba mieRo
bizantiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, man uari ganucxada da gadaWriT daiWira bi-
zantielTa mxare. amis samagierod iranelebma axali jari Semoiyvanes qarTlSi.
ivris piras, samgoris velze sparselebTan SebrZoleba, didaznaurTa Ralatis
mizeziT, ukanaskneli aRmoCnda vaxtangisaTvis. mefe miRebuli Wrilobebisgan
gardaicvala (zusti TariRi ucnobia). is dakrZales sveticxovlis taZarSi.

163
 wyaro 3

Zvel qarTul xelnawerSi daculi cnoba vaxtang gorgaslis moRvaweobisa da

daRupvis Sesaxeb:

`aman vaxtang aRaSena tfilisi da qalaqi mcxeTa da mun miicvala. aman daimorCilna
ovsni da [sxvani kavkasianni], aman Seqmna karni igi ovseTisani, romelsa Cuen
darianisad uwodT, da aRaSenna mas zeda godolni maRalni da daadginna mcvelad
maxlobelni igi mTiulni, da dReindelad dRemde ara xelewifebis gamoslvad
didTa maT naTesavTa ovsTa da [sxvaTa kavkasianTa], Tvinier brZanebisa qarTvelTa
mefisa. aman vaxtang mefeman friadi Zlevai aRadgina sparsTa zeda da yovelni
winaaRmdgomni daimorCilna. rameTu iyo sazarel da goliaT da ganTqmul yovelsa
queyanasa da hasakiTa umetes yovelTa kacTa, rameTu aTormeti mtkaveli iyo
simaRle misi. da awca romel ars abjari da samoseli misi, misgan ufro sacnaur ars...
[vaxtang] moikla sparsTa brZolasa Sina monayofilisa visganve misisa zakviTa, da
ars saflavi misi winaSe suetis cxovelisa da zeda saflavsa missa weril ars xati
misi, swori hasakisa misisai~.
Tavi mesame

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT vaxtang gorgaslis saeklesio

reformis mniSvnelobaze. ra politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli ek-
lesiis TviTmwyemsobis (avtokefaliis) gamocxadebas?
2. gamoiangariSeT, romel wels dauwyiaT da romel wels daumTavrebiaT
bolnisis sionis mSenebloba. damatebiT ra monacemebi gWirdebaT amis
dasadgenad? romeli wliT SeiZleba daTariRdes motanili warwera?

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze, werilobiT SeafaseT vaxtang

gorgaslis moRvaweoba, saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiT SeecadeT, ga-
mokveToT vaxtang gorgaslis saSinao da sagareo politikis urTierTkavSi-
ri.

164
164
29. bizantia da irani VI saukuneSi

iustiniane I
bizantiis imperia gansakuTre-
biT gaZlierda imperator iustiniane
I-is mmarTvelobis dros (527-565). igi
pativmoyvare, Wkviani, Sromismoyvare pi-
rovneba iyo, gamorCeoda politikuri si-
brZniTA da simamaciT. misi sayvareli gamo-
Tqma iyo: `imperators arasodes sZinavs~.
iustiniane Raribi glexis ojaxSi daibada,
Tavisi biZis (imperator iustines) wyalo-
biT miiRo kargi ganaTleba da aRiWurva
didi ZalauflebiT. man sxvadasxva dar-
gis niWieri specialistebi Semoikriba da
maTTan erTad saeklesio, sasamarTlo da
samxedro saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda, ga-

Sua saukuneebi
moacocxla saerTaSoriso vaWroba. iustiniane I

iustinianes sami mTavari mizani amoZravebda: axali kanonebis safuZvelze

saxelmwifos erTianobis da mmarTvelobis gamyareba; romis daSlili impe-
riis dasavleTi nawilebis SemoerTeba da qalaqebis aRmSenebloba. iustinianes
mmarTvelobisas aSenda mravali eklesia, saavadmyofo da davrdomilTa Tav-
Sesafari. imdroindeli xuroTmoZRvrebis RirsSesaniSnavi Zeglebia wminda
sofias didebuli taZari da brwyinvale saimperatoro sasaxle konstantino-
polSi, eklesiebi qalaq ravenaSi (italiaSi). is did yuradRebas aqcevda gzaTa
mSeneblobas.
iustinianes mmarTvelobis sayrdens warmoadgendnen ministrebi. maT Soris
yvelaze Zlevamosili iyo imperiis udidesi provinciis – aRmosavleTis pre-
toriis prefeqti, romelsac aseve exeboda bizantiis finansuri sakiTxebi.
mniSvnelobiT meore iyo dedaqalaqis prefeqti, Semdeg modiodnen sasaxlis da
imperiis kancelariis mmarTveli, wminda palatebis – iusticiis ministri da a.S.
senatorTa zegavlena iustinianes dros TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda.
iustiniane Tavs keisarTa memkvidred miiCnevda da sakuTar movaleobad
miaCnda, srulad aRedgina romis imperia, romelSic gabatonebuli unda yo-
filiyo erTiani kanondebloba da erTi religia. monarqis absoluturi xeli-
suflebis principidan gamomdinare, is Tvlida, rom imperatoris yuradREebis
miRma arc erTi sakiTxi ar unda darCeniliyo. iustinianes kargad hqonda gac-
nobierebuli saxelwifos mmarTvelobisaTvis eklesiiis mniSvneloba da yovel
Rones xmarobda, rom is srul morCilebaSi hyoloda. TviTon iustinianem re-
ligiur Tematikaze araerTi werili gaugzavna papebsa da patriarqebs. is iyo
aseve saeklesio traqtatebisa da galobebis avtori.
165
 iustiniane TviTon niSnavda umaRles saeklesio pirebs Tanamdebobebze,
gamodioda msajulad saeklesio pirebs Soris davis dros.
iustiniane diofizitobis erTguli iyo, magram aseve tolerantobas iCenda
monofizitebis mimarT. Tumca misi Sewynarebloba ar vrceldeboda warmarTeb-
ze. 529 wels man daxura aTenis filosofiuri skola, romelic isedac daknine-
buli iyo. aTenel filosofosTa didi nawili gadasaxlda sparseTSi, sadac maT
xosro I anuSirvani, platonis Tayvanismcemeli, uwevda mfarvelobas.
iustinianes mravalmxrivma moRvaweobam ganamtkica daSlis gzaze mdgari aR-
mosavleT romis imperia, ris gamoc man `didis~ saxeli daimkvidra. iustiniane I
Tavis Tavs romaeli imperatorebis memkvidred Tvlida da Zveli, erTiani romis
imperiis aRdgenaze ocnebobda. igi aqtiur sagareo politikas atarebda. Tavda-
pirvelad misi armia bizantiis imperiis erT-erTi gamorCeuli mxedarTmTavris,
velisariusis winamZRolobiT CrdiloeT afrikaSi SeiWra, sadac vandalebis
samefo gaanadgura da imperias SemouerTa. Semdgom man ostgoTebi daamarcxa,
ris Sedegadac bizantiis keisarma ocneba aisrula da Zveli romis imperiis didi
nawili saimperatoro taxtis xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara. italiis dapyrobis
Semdeg velisariusi warmatebiT ibrZoda sparseTis winaaRmdeg, amasTanave man
bulgarelebi md. dunais gaRma gandevna.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo iustinianes sakanondeblo moRvaweoba.
iustiniane I-ma mniSvnelovnad gamoacocxla imperiis cxovreba reformebiT.
imperatoris xasiaTSi uSret energiasa da SorsmWvretelobasTan Serwymuli
Tavi mesame

iyo uaryofiTi Tvisebebic: TvalTmaqcoba, veragoba, daundobloba. misi am-

partavnoba, eWviani xasiaTi, fufunebisa da mflangvelobisadmi midrekileba
mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebda imperias. iustiniane I-ze did zegavlenas axdenda
misi meuRle Teodora – araCveulebrivi silamazis dedofali, cnobili maxvi-
li gonebiT, Zalauflebis siyvaruliTa da veragobiT. igi aqtiurad ereoda
saxelmwifo saqmeebSi.
imperatoris politikiT bevri ukmayofilo iyo. 532 wels konstantinopolSi
ifeTqa ajanyebam, romelic iustinianem sastikad CaaxSo. xSiri iyo mRelvare-
bebi provinciebSi.
miRwevebisa da dapyrobebis miuxedavad, misi mefobis miwuruls imperia
sakmaod mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. dasavleTidan mas Tavs esxmodnen Za-
lamokrefili ostgoTebi, xolo aRmosavleTidan – sparselebi. imperias ar
hqonda sakmarisi samxedro Zala, rom orive mimarTulebiT wamoewyo Seteva,
amitomac bizantiis jarebi iZulebulni iyvnen, mxolod sazRvrebis dacvaze
da Setevebis mogeriebaze ezrunaT.

iustinianes oqros moneta xosro I anuSirvani nadirobisas

166
 atlantis
okeane ser bulgareTi
beb imi
i yir lazika
d va
raveni l
a zR petra
vi
ad ma nai Sa
it r c du
ia ia
espaneTi k. korsika al t balkaneTi
ik
ia i s konstantinopoli
z
romi R
va
mcire azia
k. sardinia

karTageni

xmelTaSua zRva

bizantiis imperia iustinianes

mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi (527 w.) egvipte
iustinianes mier dapyrobili
teritoriebi
ni
bizantiis imperiis sazRvari l
afrika o
iustinianes mmarTvelobis dasasruls si
(565 w.)

iustiniane I-is sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba

iustiniane I-is damsaxurebas warmoadgens romauli samoqalaqo samarTlis

Sua saukuneebi
daxvewa da axali saxiT srulad Camoyalibeba. kanonTa es krebuli cnobilia
`iustinianes krebulis~ an `iustinianes kodifikaciis~ saxeliT (XII saukuneSi
mas laTinurad ewoda `Corpus juris civilis~ ). is Semdegi nawilebisgan Sedgeba:
1) instituciebi (Institutiones) – saxelmZRvanelo damwyebi iuristebisaTvis.
instituciebs kanonis Zala hqondaT.
2) digestebi, anu pandeqtebi (Pandectae sive Digesta) – fragmentebi klasikuri
xanis romaeli iuristebis Txzulebebidan.
3) iustinines kodeqsi – imperatoris mier gamocemuli gankargulebebi,
romlebmac saboloo saxe 543 wels miiRo.
4) novelebi (Novellae) – 535-542 wlebSi damuSavebuli axali masala, romliTac
im dros arsebul viTarebas moergo sajaro, saojaxo da samemkvidreo samar-
Tali.
`iustinianes krebuli~ Semdgom saukuneebSi araerTxel gadamuSavda da
Seivso, magram darCa samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyarod Sua saukuneebis evro-
pisaTvis. iustinianes kodeqsma gavlena moaxdina saqarTvelozec, rac Tvalsa-
Cinod vlindeba vaxtang VI-is `samarTlis wignSi~.

xosro I anuSirvanis reformebi iranSi

V-VI saukuneebis mijnaze irani SeZra mazdakelTa religiur-socialurma
moZraobam. mazdakelebi moiTxovdnen qveyanaSi kerZo sakuTrebis mospobasa da
saerTo sakuTrebis damyarebas. iranSi areulobebi ramdenime aTwleuli gagr-
Zelda da mxolod VI saukunis 20-iani wlebis miwuruls moxerxda stabilurobis
aRdgena. am viTarebaSi iranis taxtze adis xosro I anuSirvani (anuSirvani spar-
sulad niSnavs `ukvdav suls~) (531-579). is iTvleba sasanianTa dinastiis yvelaze
gamoCenil warmomadgenlad. mis dros ganmtkicda centraluri xelisufleba.
167
 xosrom SemoierTa iemeni arabeTis n-k-is
samxreT-dasavleTSi, romelic im dros wyaro 1
umdidresi regioni da umniSvnelovanesi
`[iustiniane] marjved marTa-
savaWro gzebis gasayari iyo. aRmosavleT-
vda eklesias, rogorc mbrZa-
Si, 554 wels, Turqebis daxmarebiT ki sabo-
nebeli da mfarvelobisa da
lood daamarcxa efTalitebi.
wyalobis sanacvlod, rasac
xosro I-ma gaamyara Tavisi xelisufle-
arasodes aklebda mas, sakuTar
ba provinciaTa mmarTvelebisa da saxel-
nebas despoturi sitlanqiT
mwifo moxeleTa uflebebis SezRudviT
axvevda Tavze da Tavis Tavsac
da Seqmna axali, misi erTguli saxel-
aSkarad uwodebda `imperator-
mwifo elita. mis dros Seiqmna kargad
sa da mRvdels~. miuxedavad ami-
organizebuli miwisa da suladobrivi
sa, araerTxel Cavardnila ga-
gadasaxadebis sistema. glexebi natura-
saWirSi da arc is scodnia, Tu
luri gadasaxadis nacvlad ukve fuls
ra gzas dasdgomoda. imisaTvis,
ixdidnen. moxda armiis reorganizacia
rom dasavleTSi warmatebisT-
da Seiqmna regularuli armia, riTac Se-
vis mieRwia, aucileblad unda
mcirda naklebad sando didgvarovanTa
SeenarCunebina ukve Camoyalibe-
cxenosani razmebis mniSvneloba. meomar-
buli kavSiri papizmTan, xolo
Ta nawili ukve saxelmwifo jamagirsac
aRmosavleTSi politikuri da
iRebda. xosro I did yuradRebas aqcevda
moraluri erTianobis aRsadge-
dehyanebis – glexebisagan meomarTa raz-
nad unda daendo mravalricxo-
Tavi mesame

mebis Seqmnas soflebSi, romlebic armiis

damxmare Zalas ayalibebdnen sasazRvro
raionebSi. aSenda axali qalaqebi, xidebi;
gaiyvanes axali gzebi da sarwyavi arxebi.
xosro I anuSirvanis brZanebiT qalaq gun-
deSapurSi (iranis provincia xuzesTanSi)
daarsda medicinisa da filosofiis sko-
la. mis dros iranSi indoeTidan gavrcel-
da Wadraki da Seiqmna pirveli traqtati
Wadrakis Sesaxeb. gadmocemiT, mis dros
iranSi gamoigones nardis TamaSi.
iranis imperia gaiyo oTx did provin-
ciad, kustebad, romelTa saTaveSic Sahis
erTguli moxeleebi marzpanebi idgnen.
Sahi piradad niSnavda mosamarTleebsac.
bizantia-iranis omebi
VI saukunis dasawyisidan or imperias
Soris urTierTobebi kidev ufro daiZa-
ba. 502-506 wlebis omSi iranma mniSvnelo-
van warmatebebs miaRwia da bizantia iZu-
lebuli gaxda, TavisTvis wamgebiani zavi
daedo. 527 wels omi imperiebs Soris kvlav
vani monofizitebi, romelTa
gavlenac Zalze didi iyo egvip-
teSi, siriaSi, mesopotamiasa da
somxeTSi~.
Sarl dili,
bizantiis imperiis istoria
wyaro 2
xosro I anuSirvanisadmi miwe-
rili gamonaTqvamebidan:
`samefo taxti damokidebulia
armiaze, armia – Semosavleb-
ze – soflis meurneobis Semo-
savalze, soflis meurneoba ki
– samarTlianobaze~. `xalxis
keTidReoba ufro mniSvnelova-
nia, vidre didi armia da samefo
samarTlianoba ufro didi sar-
geblis momtania, vidre siuxvis
droni~.

168
 ganaxlda. iranSi am dros arastabiluri situacia iyo da 532 wels axali Sahi,
xosro I anuSirvani iZulebuli gaxda iranisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebiT
daedo e.w. `saukuno zavi~. Tumca, es zavic metad xanmokle gamodga. xosro I,
romlis mizanic iyo gaemyarebina iranis batonoba saqaravno gzebze da moepo-
vebina gasasvleli xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebze, 540 wels SeiWra siriaSi da aiRo
qalaqi antioqia.
Tumca, iranma ver SeinarCuna mopovebuli poziciebi da 562 wels, axali
`saukuno zaviT~, praqtikulad aRdga or imperias Soris adre arsebuli sazRv-
rebi. kidev erTi `saukuno zavi~ daido 591 wels, mas Semdeg, rac qveynidan gan-
devnilma Sahma xosro II-m bizantielTa jaris daxmarebiT daibruna taxti.
bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi zavis pirobebs bizantielebi karnaxobdnen da mniS-
vnelovani teritoriuli SEenaZenic miiRes.

klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT iustiniane I-is damokidebulebis Sesaxeb religiis mimarT. teqs-

tisa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT CamoayalibeT iustinianes religiuri politi-

Sua saukuneebi
kis miznebi. ra TvalsazrisiT iyo misi moqmedeba `ormagi TamaSi~?
2. isaubreT `iustinianes krebulisa~ da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
3. SeafaseT xosro I-is reformebi. ra mniSvneloba hqonda iranis Sahis mier
gatarebul RonisZiebebs soflis meurneobisa da armiisaTvis? ganixileT
wyaro 2.
4. moiSvelieT wina paragrafis masala da imsjeleT iran-bizantiis dapirispi-
rebis mizezebze.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

531-579 – xosro I anuSirvani

530 540 550 560 570 580

527-565 – iustiniane I

169
169
 30. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi

mefobis gauqmeba qarTlSi

vaxtang gorgaslis daRupvis Semdeg,
misi uSualo memkvidreebis dros sparse-
lebi aZliereben zewolas qarTlze, bo-
los aRweven mizans da aq mefobas auqmeben.
am saqmeSi sparselebs qarTlis didaznau-
rebmac Seuwyves xeli. kerZod, maT mxari
ar dauWires iranis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas,
radgan Sahis kari hpirdeboda maRali Ta-
namdebobebis da samflobelo terito-
riebis memkvidreobiT damtkicebas. es mariam-jvris (anCisxatis) eklesia,
marTlac ase moxda. qarTlSi sparseleb- Tbilisi (VI s.)
ma TavianTi mmarTveli _ marzpani das-
ves, romlis rezidenciac TbilisSi iyo,
xolo mTavar cixeebsa da qalaqebSi me-
cixovne jarebi Caayenes. eklesiasac aRar
Tavi mesame

zRudavdnen, mxolod moiTxovdnen, rom

monofizitur mrwamsze mdgariyo. iranis
Sahis kari kmayofili iyo qarTvel didaz-
naurTa anu mTavarTa aseTi poziciiT da
saqveyno saqmeebis gadawyvetisas maT azrs
angariSs uwevda. amitom werda mematia-
ne, rom mas Semdeg, rac `moaklda mefoba
SvilTa gorgaslisaTa, miT JamiTgan epyra
ufleba qarTlisa aznaurTao~ (sumbat
daviTisZe). didaznaurebma es mdgomare-
oba kargad gamoiyenes. isini ara mxolod
memkvidreobiT daeuflnen gansagebel te- sasaniani pitiaxSis gamosaxuleba
ritoriebs da umaRles samoxeleo Tanam- vercxlis langarze
debobebs, aramed daadgnen gankerZoebis
gzas. sparselTaTvis es sasurveli iyo,
radgan centralizebuli mmarTvelobis
moSliT maT gauadvildebodaT qveynis
sruli dapyroba da iranis ubralo pro-
vinciad gadaqceva. mosaxleobis nawili,
maT Soris, aznaurTa fena, ar Tanxmdeboda
damoukideblobis dakargvas, miT umetes,
rom mwarmoebeli mosaxleoba sparselTa
mxriv eqspluatacias ganicdida. qarTlSi sarkofagi asomTavruli warweriT
Zalisidan (VI s.)
170
ar Sewyvetila antisparsuli moZraoba, gansakuTrebiT ki igi gaZlierda mas Se-
mdeg, rac iranelebma marcxi ganicades dasavleT saqarTveloSi da iZulebulni
gaxdnen, iqidan TavianTi jarebi gamoeyvanaT.

didi omianoba egrisSi

ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi romis da Semdeg bizantiis gavlena dasavleT sa-
qarTveloze TandaTanobiT sustdeboda. Tavdapirvelad romis imperia iZule-
buli iyo, aq aRedgina adgilobrivi samTavroebi, Semdeg erTiani lazikis (egri-
sis) samefos Seqmnac cno. VI saukuneSi Seecada, gaeZlierebina Tavisi gavlena
dasavleT saqarTveloze, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis did ukmayofilebas
iwvevda. egrisis mefe gubazma gadawyvita bizantielebis winaaRmdeg gamoeyene-
bina irani da iranis Sahs, xosro anuSirvans mimarTa winadadebiT, erToblivad
ebrZolaT bizantiis winaaRmdeg. samagierod igi irans Sav zRvaze gasasvlels
aRuTqvamda. Sahma siamovnebiT miiRo egriselTa winadadeba da 542 wels didi
jariT gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi. daiwyo e.w. `didi omianoba egrisSi~,
romelic 20 wels grZeldeboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daxmarebiT iranma
Tavdapirvelad did warmatebas miaRwia, magram rodesac gamomJRavnda iranis
namdvili zraxvebi, kerZod, moeklaT mefe gubazi da egrisis mosaxleoba aeyaraT,
egriselebi amjerad ganudgnen iranelebs da bizantielebTan erTad didi marcxi

Sua saukuneebi
miayenes maT. omi gaWianurda, miT umetes, rom bizantieli sardlebi uniaTod
moqmedebdnen, meqrTameobdnen da mxolod sakuTar gamdidrebaze fiqrobdnen.
gubaz mefe maT amas sayvedurobda da imperatorTan CiviliT emuqreboda. bizan-
tielma sardlebma gubaz mefe TaTbirze miiwvies da RalatiT mokles. am ambavma
didad aRaSfoTa egriselebi. moiwvies saxalxo kreba, romelzec ori oratori
_ aieti da fartaZi daupirispirda erTmaneTs. aieti mouwodebda, rom kvlav
iranelTa mxare daeWiraT da bizantielebisaTvis samagiero gadaexadaT, fartaZi
ki moiTxovda, rom windaxedulad emoqmedaT da imperatorisTvis damnaSaveebis
saTanadod dasja moeTxovaT. gaimarjva fartaZis azrma da, marTlac, impera-
torma iustinianem sagangebod gamogzavna Tavisi senatori, romelmac gamoiZia
borotmoqmedeba da damnaSaveni sikvdiliT dasaja. amis Semdeg bizantielebma la-
zebTan erTad araerTxel daamarcxes sparselebi da aiZules xosro anuSirvani,
sabolood daeTmo egrisi. 562 wels q. daraSi bizantielebTan 50 wliT dadebuli
zaviT. irani egriss bizantiis keisars uTmobda.

xosro anuSirvani,
gamosaxuleba
vercxlis
monetaze (VI s.)

hormizd
anuSirvanis Ze,
gamosaxuleba
vercxlis
monetaze (VI s.)

171
 egrisis dedaqalaqi cixegoji – galavani da qalaqSi Sesasvleli

qarTul-sasanuri drahmebi (VI s.)

pirvelze amotvifrulia erismTavar gurgenis monograma^, meoreze _ mazdeanur

Tavi mesame

sakurTxevelze cecxlis magivrad jvaria aRmarTuli, mesameze jvarTan erTad stefanozis

saxeli sruladaa mocemuli.

erismTavrobis daweseba qarTlSi

mas Semdeg, rac iranelebi egrisSi damarcxdnen, maT winaaRmdeg brZola
qarTlSic gaaqtiurda. 571 w. iranis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo mezobel
somxeTSi. Semdeg wels qarTvelebi adgilobrivi erisTavis, gurgenis (guara-
mis) meTaurobiT mieSvelnen somxebs. ajanyebis Tavkacebs kargad esmodaT, rom
marto sakuTari ZalebiT iranelebs sabolood ver daamarcxebdnen, amitom
mimarTes bizantiis imperators daxmarebis TxovniT. keisari ajanyebulTa
Txovnas kmayofilebiT Sexvda da bizantielTa TanadgomiT qarTli TandaTan
gaTavisuflda sparselTa batonobisagan. adgilobrivi erisTavebi, TavianTi

wyaro 1

VI saukunis anonimi avtoris Txzulebidan `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~:

`raJams amxedrdeboda marzpani igi, aRdges mTavarni qarTlisani da samoel qarTlisa

kaTalikozi da grigol qarTlisa mamasaxlisi da arSuSa qarTlisa pitiaxSi da sxvani
sefewulni da marzpansa hrques: `vevedrebiT Sensa magas uflebasa, saTxovnelsa erTsa
gTxovT~. xolo man hrqua maT: `TquiT, raica gnebas! raimca iyo, romeli Tquen ara
migmadle?~

172
SexedulebiTa da wesiT qveynis marTva-gamgeobis mowyobas Seudgnen. Zvelebu-
ri mefobis aRdgena maT aRar surdaT. amitom erisTavebma da didaznaurebma
qarTlis umaRles xelisuflad _ erismTavrad (erisTavT mTavrad) airCies am
ajanyebaSi maTi meTauri, qarTlis Zveli samefo gvaris STamomavali, gurgeni
(guarami). es aqti bizantiis imperatormac cno da gurgen erismTavars Tavisi
sakariskaco tituli, kurapalatoba mianiWa. Tavis mxriv, qarTlis erisTavebma
mtkice dapireba miiRes, rom es axali mmarTveli ar waarTmevda maT saerisTa-
voebis memkvidreobiT marTvis uflebas. es piroba imperatormac daamtkica.
mematianis SeniSvniT, erismTavrebma mefis saxelis miReba ver ikadres (anu ver
SeZles), radgan amis uflebas ar aZlevdnen arc bizantielebi, arc iranelebi da
arc sakuTari erisTavebi. qarTlis didaznaurebs iseTi xelisufali awyobdaT,
romelic maT Soris mxolod pirveli iqneboda da ara SeuzRudavi monarqi.
qarTlis erismTavris xelisufleba kidev ufro Camoyalibebul saxes iRebs
gurgenis memkvidris, stefanoz I-is (591-604/5) dros. igi bizantiis mokavSired
iTvleboda da sarwmunoebrivadac bizantiur diofizitobas aRiarebda. marTa-

wyaro 2

nawyveti aietis sityvidan, romelic Cawerili aqvs istorikos agaTia sqolas-

Sua saukuneebi
tikoss:

`gaqra kolxTa Rirseba da amieridan veRar veRirsebiT imas, rom Cven sxvebs vmbrZa-
neblobdeT: isic unda vikmaroT, Tu mivaRwevT imas, rom Zalian ar dagvCagron imaT,
vinc winaT Cveni qveSevrdomi iyo. nuTu ukidures ugunurebas ar warmoadgens is, rom
imaT Sesaxeb, vinc es Caidina, vsxedvarT da vmsjelobT, mtrebad CavTvaloT isini
Tu megobrebad? unda vicodeT , rom maTi Tavxedoba amaze ar SeCerdeba: Tu Cven am
borotmoqmedebas uyuradRebod davtovebT, isini ar mogveSvebian da gulxeldakre-
filni rom visxdebiT, ufro Seupovrad agvxdian namuss...

me vinatrebdi, kolxeTis saxelmwifos hqondes misi Zveli Zliereba, rom mas ar

dasWirvebodes ucxo da gareSe daxmareba da rom yovelgvar saqmianobaSi rogorc
omianobis, ise mSvidobianobis dros mxolod sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobodes, magram ro-
desac Cven JamTa trialis an bedis ukuRmarTobis, an orives wyalobiT iseT uZlure-
baSi CavvardiT, rom sxvaTa xelqveiTni gavxdiT, me vfiqrob, umjobesia imaT xelSi
viyoT, vinc ufro keTilismsurvelia, da vinc uryevad icavs keTilganwyobilebas
Tavisianebisa da mokavSireebis mimarT...

amaze ufro sastik danaSauls, rac romaelebma Caidines, veravin dagisaxelebT. ar

SeiZleba momxdaris uyuradRebod datoveba. amitom arc Cven SegviZlia misi ugu-
lebelyofa. Cveni Rirsebis Selaxva iqneba, Tu dagvinaxaven, rom vemsaxurebiT Cveni
mefis mkvlelebs. rom SeiZlebodes da mefe gubazi aq imyofebodes, usaTuod mogmar-
TavdaT da cxared gisayvedurebdaT imisaTvis, rom damnaSaveni kidev imyofebian mis
miwaze da ar arian didi xnis gandevnilni. magram radgan igi aq ver gamocxaddeba da
Tqven ver mogiwodebT, warmoidgineT, rom is Tqven Soris aris da giCvenebT Tavis
Wrilobebs mkerdsa da Tavze da mogiwodebT Suri iZioT mtrebze~.

173
 lia, 604 wels bizantia kvlav damarcxda iranTan omSi da iranelebma qarTlze
kvlav Tavisi gavlena gaavrceles, magram qarTlma mainc SeinarCuna Sinagani
TviTmmarTveloba da sarwmunoebrivi Tavisufleba. somxeTisagan gansxvavebiT,
sadac ZiriTadad monofizituri mrwamsi iyo gavrcelebuli, qarTli mtkiced
dadga diofizitur qristianobaze, rac qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris sarwmu-
noebrivi ganxeTqilebis mizezad iqca.
Tavi mesame

jvris taZari mcxeTasTan jvris taZris samxreTi fasadis

bareliefi, warweriT: `wmidao
(VI-VII ss.)
stefane, qobul-stefanosi Seiwyale~.

wyaro 3

fartaZis sapasuxo sityva (agaTia sqolastikosis

mixedviT):

`Cveulebrivi ambavi dagemarTaT, kolxebo, rom

metad moxerxebulad da warmtacad Tqmulma
sityvebma goneba SegiryiaT. uZleveli raRac aris
mWevrmetyveleba da is TiTqmis yvelas amarcxebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki imaT, visac winaT misi Zala ar gamoucdia, magram es sruliadac
ar niSnavs imas, rom mas ver davupirispirebT gonier mosazrebas, romelic saqmis
namdvil viTarebas emyareba... wyeulni da SeCvenebulni arian isini (bizantielebi)
da me udidesi siamovnebiT vuyurebdi maT sasjels... magram sparselebis mxareze
gadasvla mainc ar iqneba gamarTlebuli...

dae, nurvin gviCvenebs Cven mkvdar gubazs, romelic TiTqos Cven mogvmarTavdes
sulmokle sityvebiT da romelic TiTqos emudarebodes Tavis Tanamemamuleebs, rom
SeecodebinaT igi da Tan uCvenebdes Tavis Wrilobebs. es SeiZleba Seeferebodes
ganazebul codvian sulebs, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi es ar axasiaTebs mefes, miT
umetes, lazebis mefes, miT umetes, gubazs~.

174
 jvris taZris
bareliefi stefanozis,
qarTlis patrikiosis
jvris taZris bareliefi, jvris taZris bareliefi, gamosaxulebiT. marcxniv,
warweriT: `wmidao warweriT: `wmidao miqael miqael mTavarangelozis
gabriel mTavarangelozo mTavarangelozo demetres winaSe demetre evpatosi,
adarnerses evpatossa meox evpatossa meox eyav~. stefanozis Zma.
eyav~.

klasSi samuSao

Sua saukuneebi
1. gvaZlevs Tu ara wyaro 1-is monacemebi safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom sparse-
li marzpani TanxmobaSia qarTlis didaznaurebTan? daasabuTeT Tqveni mo-
sazrebebi.
2. ganixileT wyaroebi 2 da 3. CamoayalibeT egrisis saxalxo krebaze orive
mxaris mier gamoTqmuli argumentebi. visi argumentacia migaCniaT sworad?
daasabuTeT Tqveni Sexeduleba.
3. qveynis socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda
didaznaurTa mier gansagebeli samflobeloebis samamulod damkvidrebas?
4. motanili wyaros ( `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~, wyaro 1) mixedviT
daadgineT, ra umaRlesi Tanamdebobani ukaviaT didaznaurebs?
5. rogoria qarTlis didaznaurTa damokidebuleba sparsel xelisufalTan
da rodis Seicvala igi?
6. ra gansxvaveba iyo mefis xelisuflebasa da erismTavrobas Soris ?

saSinao davaleba

1. waikiTxeT anonimi agiografis `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ da

werilobiT gadmoeciT qarTlis mdgomareoba am Txzulebis mixedviT.
2. waikiTxeT agaTia sqolastikosis Txzulebidan (s. yauxCiSvilis `georgika~,
t. III) aietis da fartaZis sityvebi srulad da imsjeleT am periodis egrisSi
ritorikuli (mWevrmetyvelebis) xelovnebis ganviTarebis doneze.

175
 31. feodalizmi evropaSi

feodalizmis Camoyalibeba
romaul sazogadoebasTan xangrZlivma kontaqtebma mniSvnelovani kvali da-
aCnia barbarosTa cxovrebas. galiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg miwebis danawilebam
da galo-romanuli sazogadoebis gavlenam maTSi Temuri wyobilebis rRveva
daaCqara. VI s-is Sua xanebisaTvis Cndeba goTuri warmoSobis msxvil miwaT-
mflobelTa fena. VII s-is damdegidan msxvil miwaTmflobelTa kerZo uflebebis
zrda ufro intensiuri xdeba. gaRatakebuli goTi meTemeebi sul ufro metad
eqvemdebarebian warCinebulebs da romael kolonebs (Tavisufali moijareebi
respublikis xanaSi) emsgavsebian. TandaTanobiT ispoba dapirispireba goTuri
warmoSobis didkacobasa da romauli warmoSobis aristokratias Soris. erTi
mxriv, msxvili miwaTmflobelobis zrda, xolo meore mxriv, Tavisufali goTi
meTemeebis gaRatakeba, momavali feodaluri urTierTobebis safuZvlebs am-
zadebda, ramac dasrulebuli saxe frankTa monarqiaSi miiRo. gadatrialeba
miwaTmflobelobaSi karlos (frang. Sarl) martelis (737-741) saxels ukavSir-
deba. manamde mefis samxedro msaxurebisaTvis gasamrjelos micema ZiriTadad
miwis nakveTis gadacemiT xdeboda. faqtobrivad, es iyo miwebis gasaCuqreba
Tavi mesame

kerZo sakuTrebad, romelic miwis mimRebs arafriT ar avaldebulebda. es we-

si swrafad amcirebda samefo miwebs. karlos martelma saero da sasuliero
didebulebs adre miRebuli miwebi CamoarTva im mizniT, rom es didebulebi
ufro metad daeqvemdebarebina centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis. marTalia,
maT CamorTmeuli miwebi daubruna, magram ara kerZo sakuTrebaSi, rogorc es
adre xdeboda, aramed droebiT da pirobiT mflobelobaSi. aseT saCuqars be-
neficiumi (laT. be­ne­fi­ci­um­­– wyaloba) ewodeboda. es iyo samflobelo, romelic
ama Tu im pirs eZleoda samxedro samsaxurisTvis. beneficiumis mimRebi valde-
buli iyo, Tavisi SeiaraRebuli razmiTa da sakuTari xarjiT gamocxadebuliyo
brZolaSi monawileobis misaRebad. Tu is am pirobas daarRvevda, beneficiumi
CamoerTmeoda. droTa ganmavlobaSi beneficiumi memkvidreobiT samflobelod
gadaiqca, xolo IX-X saukuneebSi feodis (lenis) Tviseba SeiZina, e. i. gadaiqca
memkvidreobiT pirobiT mflobelobad, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo samxedro
samsaxuris valdebulebasTan. beneficiumis gamcems seniori ewodeboda, xo-
lo mimRebs – vasali (ymis aRmniSvneli kelturi sityvis `gvas~ laTinizebuli
forma `vassus~ an `vasallus~). karlos martelis beneficialurma reformam
ganamtkica Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi wvrili da saSualo feodalebis fe-
na, aqcia isini profesionali cxenosani laSqris – raindebis dasayrden Zalad,
glexebisagan Semdgar fexosan laSqars ki adrindeli mniSvneloba daekarga.
beneficiumebis damkvidreba xels uwyobda feodaluri miwis sakuTrebis gan-
mtkicebas. beneficiumis mimRebi miwas iRebda masze dasaxlebul adamianebTan
erTad, romlebic ixdidnen Ralas da asrulebdnen begaras. beneficiumebis
damkvidreba xels uwyobda kavSiris ganmtkicebas miwis gamcemsa da mimRebs

176
Soris, ganamtkicebda mfarvelur urTi-
erTobas (vasaliteti). amrigad, benefici-
aluri reforma xels uwyobda feodaluri
urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas frankTa sa-
zogadoebaSi.
karlos didis mier gamocemulma kapi-
tularma (dadgenileba, brZaneba) (808 w.)
Tavisufali glexebi savsebiT CamoaSora
samxedro samsaxurs. jarSi mxolod imaT
iwvevdnen, visac imperatorisagan miRebu-
li hqonda 3-4 mansi (mansi – miwis patara
nakveTi, nadeli), aseTebi iyvnen raindebi,
romlebmac Seavses meomarTa rigebi. vinc
uars ityoda samxedro samsaxurze, maT mi-
wa CamoerTmeodaT. amrigad, karlos di-
dis dros samxedro samsaxuri feodalTa
privilegiad iqca. msxvili faodaluri mi-
waTmflobeloba, romelic karolingebis
xanaSi Camoyalibda, ar iyo erTgvarovani.
ganasxvaveben Cveulebriv feodsa da senio-
rias. senioria iseT feods ewodeboda, rom-
lis miRebac, garda samxedro movaleobisa,
dakavSirebuli iyo, agreTve, administra-
ciul, saxelmwifoebriv an politikur saq-
mianobasTan. aseTi feodis patroni mefis
romelime didi moxelis valdebulebasac
asrulebda. rac Seexeba Cveulebriv feods,
igi samxedro movaleobis Semsrulebels
eZleoda.
feodaluri mamuli or nawilad iyo-
foda: sabatono miwad anu domenad (laT.
do­mi­nus­– batoni), romelzec feodalis me-
urneoba iwarmoeboda da miwad, romelic
glexebis sargeblobaSi iyo.
X-XII saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi
sabolood yalibdeba Sua saukuneebis sa-
zogadoebis ori mTavari fena: damokide-
buli glexebi da meomari-miwaTmflobe-
lebi. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg gaCnda
bevri sasuliero piri, romelTac daika-
ves gansakuTrebuli adgili glexebisa da
meomrebis gverdiT. amrigad, XI saukuni-
saTvis Camoyalibda sazogadoebis axali
struqtura. is Zalian gansxvavdeboda,
erTi mxriv, Zvel germanelTa pirvelyo-
wyaro 1
nawyveti sankt-galenis monast-
risaTvis Cuqebis sigelidan (IX
s-is meore naxevari):
`me, siberis moaxloebis gamo da
imisaTvis, rac mas Cveulebriv
mohyveba _ siRaribe, vCuqni wminda
adgils yvelafers, rasac vflob,
rac me memkvidreobiT mergo an
SeviZine im pirobiT, rom aRniS-
nulma pirma maSinve aiRos Cemi
qoneba, magram sanacvlod mimiRos
me Tavis mzrunvelobasa da mfarve-
lobaSi sikvdilis dRemde, yovel-
wliurad uciloblad momces ori
samosi tilosi, amdenive Salis,
agreTve sakmao raodenobis sakvebi
produqti _ puri, ludi, bostne-
Sua saukuneebi
uli, rZe, xolo dResaswaulebze
xorci. xolo mesame wels momama-
ragos me mosasxamiT da saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi momces TaTmani,
fexsacmeli, fexsaxvevi, saponi da
abano, gansakuTrebiT aucilebeli
uZlurTaTvis, aseve Cala, radgan
me ara Cems vaJs da ara vinmes Cems
naTesavTagans, aramed mxolod maT
davutove mTeli Cemi qoneba.
Tu zemoT CamoTvlilidan raimes
momakleben, maSin Cemi qoneba da-
mibrunon, amasTanave im pirobiT,
Tu ar miaqceven yuradRebas Cems
Txovnasa da umorCiles mudaras,
momepyran me Tbilad da adamia-
nurad. Tuki, rogorc vfiqrob,
sikeTiT moindomeben CemTan mopy-
robas, maSin mbrZanebluri xeliT,
yovelgvari sawinaaRmdego moqme-
debis gareSe Cemi Tanamemkvidre-
ebisa da naTesavTa mxridan, am ad-
gilis winamZRvari dae flobdes
mTel Cems qonebas saukunod~.
177
 fili wesebisagan da, meore mxriv – Zveli romis
sazogadoebisagan.

sami wodeba
Sua saukuneebis ganaTlebulma adamianebma
SeniSnes cvlilebebi sazogadoebaSi da sami wo-
debis Teoria Seqmnes. am Teorias xangrZlivi
arseboba xvda wilad – XVIII saukunis safran-
geTis didi revoluciis drosac ki idea sami
wodebis Sesaxeb sruliadac ar Canda moZvele-
bulad. sami wodebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, Rmer-
Tis mier TiToeul adamians gansazRvruli aqvs
adgili mlocvelTa, meomarTa da mSromelTa sa-
mi didi jgufidan erT-erTSi. pirveli jgufia
– sasuliero pirebis, meore – saero seniorebis,
mesame – glexebis. sazogadoebrivi mdgomareo- sami wodeba (warwerebi niSnavs:
ba memkvidreobiT gadaecema: glexis vaJi glexi `Sen iloce!~ `Sen daicavi!~
unda gaxdes, ise rogorc raindis vaJi – raindi. `Sen iSrome!~). XV s-is graviura
sayuradReboa glexebis adgili sami wodebis
TeoriaSi. erTi mxriv, es aris yvelaze dabali,
mesame wodeba, magram meore mxriv – sazogadoebis aucilebeli nawili. Tuki an-
Tavi mesame

tikur romSi fizikuri Sroma Tavisufali adamianisaTvis uRirsad miaCndaT, Sua

saukuneebSi adamiani, romelic fizikuri SromiT iyo dakavebuli, sazogadoebis
sapatio wevri iyo. aseTi damokidebuleba glexuri Sromisadmi mniSvnelovnad
daexmara Sua saukuneebSi evropis sameurneo aRmavlobas.

Tavisuflebidan feodaluri damokidebulebisaken

roca barbarosebi romis imperiis teritoriaze saxldebodnen da erTma-
neTSi miwas iyofdnen, TiToeuli Tavisufali germaneli mxvnel-mTesvelic
iyo da, imavdroulad, meomaric. X-XI saukuneebisaTvis Tavisufali glexobis
mcirericxovani fenaRa SemorCa. miwaze ZiriTadad damokidebuli adamianebi
muSaobdnen. maT Soris bevri iyo romael monaTa da kolonistTa memkvidre. mag-
ram igive mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen germanelebic. adreul Sua saukuneebSi,
germanelebi, romlebic miwaze rCebodnen, sursaTiTa da yovelive aucileb-
liT amaragebdnen im naTesavebs, romlebmac Tavis saqmianobad omi airCies. ase
Cndeboda glexTa gamosaRebebi da sxva begara-gadasaxadi `Zlier~ TanatomelTa
sasargeblod. areul droSi glexisaTvis rTuli iyo Tavisi meurneobis, ojaxis,
da sicocxlis dacva. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo romelime Zlieri mezoblis,
magaliTad, didi senioris an monastris, mfarvelobis mopoveba. magram dacvis
sanacvlod glexs uxdeboda miwis sakuTrebasa da Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma
Tavisi mfarvelis sasargeblod da unda ecno Tavi masze damokidebulad. aseTi
mfarveli SeiZleboda yofiliyo saero seniori, eklesia (calkeuli monastrebi,
samrevlo eklesiebi, episkoposebi) da Tavad mefe. yvela msxvili miwaTmflobe-

178
li, romelic saboloo jamSi damokidebul glexTa Sromis wyalobiT cxovrob-
da, erTiandeba kategoriaSi – feodalebi. pirobiTad, Sua saukuneebis evropis
mTeli mosaxleoba, qalaqebis moZlierebamde, SeiZleba daiyos or araTanabar
nawilad. udides umravlesobas glexebi, 5%-s ki feodalebi Seadgendnen.

soflis meurneoba da Temi

yvelafers, rac meurneobisTvis iyo saWiro, iqve sofelSi awarmoebdnen
(sofels hqonda sakuTari samWedlo, wisqvili da sxv.). vaWroba sustad iyo gan-
viTarebuli, radgan arc ise bevrs awarmoebdnen, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo
Warbi produqtis gasayidad gatana. Sesabamisad, fulic didad ar fasobda Sua
saukuneebis glexisTvis. TiTqmis yvelafer aucilebels igi Tavad amzadebda
an cvlida. Sua saukuneebis pirvel aswleulebSi evropaSi naturaluri meur-
neoba batonobda. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom glexebi saerTod arafers yiddnen
da arafers yidulobdnen (magaliTad, yidulobdnen marils. marili Sua sauku-
neebSi farTod gamoiyeneboda, radgan mas malfuWebadi produqtis Sesanaxad
iyenebdnen).
Sua saukuneebis evropul sofels Taviseburi TviTmarTveloba hqonda. sof-
lis glexebi erTiandebodnen TemSi: Temis yrilobaze wydeboda yvela umniSvne-
lovanesi sakiTxi. Temi wyvetda, Tu romeli mindori daeTesaT sagazafxulod

Sua saukuneebi
da romeli saSemodgomod. Temi ganagebda savargulebs: tyeebs, saZovrebs,
saTibebs. yovelive es, saxnavi miwebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iyofoda calkeul
ojaxebs Soris, aramed saerTo iyo. Temi exmareboda Ratakebs, qvriv-oblebs,
icavda maT. zogjer Temi gadasaxadebs, romelsac seniori sofels dauniSnavda,
anawilebda calkeul ojaxebs Soris. Temi xSirad irCevda Tavis mamasaxliss,
agebda eklesias, inaxavda mRvdels, Tvalyurs adevnebda gzebis mdgomareobas
da, saerTod, wesrigs Tavis miwebze. sasoflo dResaswaulebic umeteswilad
Temis saxsrebiT ewyoboda. nebismieri glexis qorwilSi an dakrZalvaSi Temis
yvela wevri monawileobda. yvelaze saSineli sasjeli damnaSavisaTvis Temidan
gandevna iyo. aseTi adamiani yvela uflebas kargavda.

mefe gadascems saero vasalebs

droSas, xolo sasuliero
mTavrebs _ kverTxs, maTTvis
msxvili miwis samflobeloebis
gadacemis niSnad.
XIII s-is miniatura
179
 es sainteresoa

XI saukunisaTvis saukeTeso miwebis mflobelebad iTvlebodnen ek-

lesia da saero seniorebi. glexebs ki miwis sargeblobisaTvis da se-
niorTa mfarvelobisaTvis unda gadaexadaT gadasaxadebi, romelTa
raodenobasac Zveli wes-Cveuleba gansazRvravda. valdebulebebi
senioris sasargeblod SeiZleba gansazRvruliyo sabatono miwaze
muSaobiT (ramdenime dRidan weliwadSi _ ramdenime dRemde kvira-
Si), sasursaTo an fuladi RaliT, `sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis~
SesrulebiT (magaliTad, xidebis SekeTebiT). amasTanave glexTa
sxvadasxva jgufis damokidebulebis done Zalian gansxvavde-
boda. glexebs, romelTa cxovreba gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo,
safrangeTSi servebs, xolo inglisSi vilanebs uwodeb-
dnen. magram servebsac da vilanebsac ar SeiZleba vuwo-
doT ymebi. aRmosavleT evropaSi batonymoba mxolod
XV-XVI saukuneebis mijnaze gavrcelda. XI saukuneSi
seniors ar SeeZlo sikvdiliT daesaja servi, gaeyida vilanebi gamargvlisas, XII s.
an gaecvala igi miwis gareSe da ojaxisagan mowyvetiT.
ufro metic, seniors hqonda savsebiT gansazRvruli movaleobebi glexebis mimarT
da marTla icavda mas sxvadasxva ubedurebisagan, imitom, rom esmoda: Tavadve iqne-
boda ufro mdidari, Tu misi glexebi ar gaRatakdebodnen. seniors ar SeeZlo gaeg-
Tavi mesame

do servi misi miwidan, Tu servi asrulebda yvela masze dakisrebul valdebulebas.

glexisa da senioris urTierToba regulirdeboda ara senioris TviTnebobiT, ara-
med Zveli wes-CveulebiT. zogierT qveyanaSi misi darRvevisaTvis glexs SeeZlo sa-
samarTlosTvis miemarTa, da arcTu iSviaTi iyo SemTxvevebi, roca is saqmes igebda.

feodaluri kibe
feodaluri kibis mwvervalze idga mefe. mefes SeeZlo, Tavisi erTguli Ta-
namebrZolebi daejildoebina vrceli samflobeloebiT. magram es ar iyo sa-
Cuqari – pirovneba, romelic mefisgan feods miiRebda, misi vasali xdeboda.
vasalis mTavari movaleoba misi suzerenis an senioris erTguli msaxureba iyo.
miiRebda ra seniorisgan feods, vasali misi erTgulebis fics debda. ficis
dadebisas icavdnen sagangebo sazeimo rituals.
mefis TiToeuli vasalic aseve gadascemda Tavisi samflobelos nawils ran-
giT masze dabla mdgoms feodalur ierarqiaSi. da, amdenad, TviTon xdeboda
seniori, sxva ki – misi vasali. TiTqmis yvelas SeeZlo yofiliyo vasalic da
senioric erTdroulad. yvelas seniori mefe iyo, magram isic RmerTis vasalad
iTvleboda. zogjer mefe Tavs romis papis vasalad cnobda.
zog qveyanaSi, magaliTad, germaniaSi, iTvleboda, rom `feodaluri kibis~
nebismier safexurze mdgomi valdebuli iyo, mefes damorCileboda. sxva qvey-
nebSi, pirvel rigSi safrangeTSi, moqmedebda Semdegi wesi: `Cemi vasalis vasali
Cemi vasali ar aris~. es niSnavda, rom vasali mxolod Tavis uSualo seniors
emorCileboda da ara mefes. magram Tu mas odesRac miwa hqonda miRebuli me-
180
fisganac, maSin uzenaesi seniorebidan erT-erTi unda aerCia. omis dros seni-
oris mowodebiT vasalebi Tavs misi droSis qveS iyridnen. vasalebis Sekrebis
Semdeg seniori Tavad dgeboda sakuTari senioris samxedro samsaxurSi. amri-
gad, feodaluri armia, rogorc wesi, msxvil feodalTa calkeuli razmebisa-
gan Sedgeboda. ar arsebobda myari erTmmarTveloba – saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen samxedro sabWoze mefis da yvela
mTavari senioris TandaswrebiT. uares SemTxvevaSi – yoveli razmi Tavisi pasu-
xismgeblobiT moqmedebda da mxolod `Tavisi~ senioris brZanebas emorCile-
boda. zogierTi vasali sakuTar seniorze ufro mdidari iyo, maT Soris, mefe-
zec ki. erTgulebis fici ar uSlida xels feodalebs, moewyoT amboxeba mefis
winaaRmdeg, Tu misi mxridan uflebebis SezRudvis safrTxe daemuqrebodaT.
moRalate vasalisaTvis feodis CamorTmeva arc ise ioli iyo. saboloo jamSi
yvelaferi ZaliTA wydeboda. gauTavebeli amboxebebi, Sinaomebi Cveulebrivi
ambavi iyo feodaluri daqucmacebulobis arsebobis pirobebSi.

saRvTo zavi, raindoba

eklesia miiswrafoda Sinaomebis SezRudvisaken. X s-is dasasrulidan igi
daJinebiT mouwodebda saRvTo zavisaken da mZime codvad acxadebda Tavdasx-
mas, ganxorcielebuls, magaliTad, didi qristianuli dResaswaulebis dros.

Sua saukuneebi
saRvTo zavis damrRvevebs saeklesio sasjeli emuqreboda.
SemdgomSi sabrZolo moqmedebaTa SezRudvebi samefo brZanebiTac xorciel-
deboda. Tavad feodalebmac daiwyes erTmaneTSi molaparakeba. TandaTanobiT
yalibdeboda `omis wesebis~ krebuli, romelic `saraindo qcevis kodeqsis~ na-
wili gaxda. XII-XIV ss-ebis evropelma raindebma gamoimuSaves qcevis Taviseburi
normebi, `Rirsebis wesebi~, romlebic unda daecva WeSmarit rainds.
raindi senioris erTguli unda yofiliyo, xolo seniori valdebuli iyo
yovelmxriv daecva Tavisi vasali da guluxvad daesaCuqrebina igi. raindi
orTabrZolaSi ver Sexvdeboda sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiT masze bevrad
dabla mdgoms. raindisaTvis samarcxvino iyo maxvilis gaSiSvleba mdabioTa
winaSe. siZunwe uRirsi Tviseba iyo raindisaTvis. raindebi ra Tqma unda yo-
velTvis ara, magram cdilobdnen garegnulad mainc, daecvaT kurtuazulobis
(rainduli qcevis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli normebis erToblioba) wesebi. es
iyo: darbaisluroba, sazogadoebaSi qcevis wesebis codna, satrfoze zrunva.
arakurtuazulobaSi braldebuli raindi kargavda sayovelTao pativiscemas.
XIII s-is bolodan raindobis `Rirsebis kodeqsi~ TandaTan knindeba, kargavs
sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas da raindebic aRar misdeven mas.

181
 wyaro 1

damokidebuli ingliseli glexis movaleobebi (X s-is dasasruli _ XI s-is da-

sawyisi):

`zogierT samflobeloSi arsebobs wesi, rom glexs wlis manZilze kviraSi ori dRe
unda Seesrulebina samuSao sabatono begaris saxiT. aseTi samuSao yovelkvireuli
sabatono begaris saxiT, aseTive valdebuleba hqonda mas mkis dros _ sami dRe yo-
velkvireuli sabatono begaris saxiT, xolo mirqmidan aRdgomamde _ sami. Tu is
asrulebs sameurneo valdebulebas, nu imuSavebs im dros, roca misi cxeni kar-mida-
moSi ar aris.

wminda mixeilis dResaswaulisaTvis (29 seqtembers) man unda gadaixados 10 pensi da

wminda martinis dResaswaulisaTvis (11 noembers) _ 23 sawyavi qeri da ori qaTami,
aRdgomisaTvis _ batkani an 2 pensi. da man unda uyaraulos wm. martinis dResaswau-
lidan aRdgomamde sabatono baks, roca misi rigi mouwevs. da im droidan, roca pir-
velad Semodgomaze xnaven, wm. martinis dResaswaulamde man yovelkviras unda dax-
nas erTi akri da moamzados xorbali dasaTesad batonis beRelSi. garda amisa, man
unda moxnas sami akri batonis TxovniT da ori _ Tivis gamoyenebisTvis...

da man unda gadaixados Tavisi pensi kerisaTvis. da oTxma glexma unda gamokvebos er-
Ti sanadiro ZaRli. da TiToeulma unda misces 6 puri Roris mwyemss, Tu is garekavs
mis saqonels mdeloze~.
Tavi mesame

wyaro 2

giiom JiumeJelis qronikidan `normanTa istoria~ (daaxl. 1070):

`misi (normandiis hercogis riCardis) siymawvilis dasawyisSi normandiis saherco-

goSi Caiyara damRupveli ganxeTqilebis erTgvari nergebi. radgan glexebma mTel
normandiaSi sxvadasxva sagrafoSi daiwyes Sekrebebi da adgendnen, rogor ecxovraT
Tavisi neba-surviliT, esargeblaT tyeebiTa da wylebiT sakuTari kanonebiT, ar Se-
ezRudaT Tavi adre dadgenili wesis aranairi akrZalvebiT. da rom gaemyarebiaT es
gadawyvetilebebi, gamZvinvarebuli xalxis yovel Sekrebaze irCevdnen or-or rwmu-
nebuls, romlebic gamoitandnen maT gadawyvetilebebs saerTo saqveyno krebaze da-
samtkiceblad. roca hercogma gaigo amis Sesaxeb, man maSinve maT winaaRmdeg gagzavna
grafi rauli mravali raindiT, raTa maT SeewyvitaT Tavxedoba da glexuri gaerTi-
aneba. da, ai, man dayovnebis gareSe saidumlod Seipyro yvela rwmunebuli zogierT
sxva pirTan erTad da mohkveTa maT xel-fexi, gagzavna dasaxiCrebulebi Tanamoaz-
reebTan, raTa maT Tavi SeekavebinaT aseTi gadawyvetilebisagan da TavianTi maga-
liTiT daerwmunebinebinaT isini, rom maT SesaZloa uaresic mosvlodaT. am gziT
darwmunebulma glexebma Sewyvites Sekrebebi da daubrundnen TavianT guTnebs~.

182
 wyaro 3

nawyveti lombardiis feodaluri samarTlis _ `feodTa wignidan~,

romelic germaniaSi kanonebis saxiT miiRes:

imaTze, Tu vis SeuZlia gasces feodi da vis ara.

rogor SeiZleba feodis miReba da SenarCuneba:
`radgan Cven vapirebT visaubroT feodis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT, vis SeuZ-
lia gasces feodi. feodis gacema SeuZlia: arqiepiskoposs, episkoposs, abats ... Tu feodis
gacemis ufleba maT hqondaT ZvelTaganve. feodis gacema aseve SeuZliaT: hercogebs, mark-
grafebs, grafebs...
§ 1. pirebis ganxilvis Semdeg ganvixiloT, rogori iyo feodebis dasawyisi. Rrma warsul-
Si batonTa nebaze iyo damokidebuli, maT mier feodaT gacemuli qonebis CamorTmeva.
amis Semdeg gadawyvites, rom feodi ganuyofeli yofiliyo mxolod erTi wliT. Semdeg
daadgines, rom feodi vasals sicocxlis manZilze hqonoda. magram radgan feodi ar ga-
dadioda vaJebze memkvidreobis uflebiT, SemdgomSi SeTanxmdnen, rom is gadascemoda
mxolod im vaJs, romlisTvisac seniors surda, ganemtkicebina beneficiumi, axla ki dad-
ginda, rom igi gadadis erTnairad yvelaze.
§ 2. roca konradi romSi1 gaemgzavra, vasalebma, romlebic mis samsaxurSi idgnen, sTxo-
ves mas, gansakuTrebuli kanonis gamoqveynebiT vaJiSvilidan SviliSvilebze feodis
gadacemis neba daerTo da rom Zmis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic kanonieri mem-
kvidris gareSe darCeboda, Zmas memkvidreobiT mieRo beneficiumi, romelic maTi mamis

Sua saukuneebi
xelSi iyo...…
§ 4. ai, ra unda aRiniSnos: Tumca qaliSvilebi kanoniT mamis memkvidreebi arian, iseve ro-
gorc mamrobiTi sqesi, magram isini feodis memkvidreobas Camocilebulni arian. aseve ma-
Ti vaJebic, Tu gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna ar iqneba, rom memkvidreoba maTzec vrceldeba...
ra SemTxvevaSi ikargeba feodi
Tu seniori sabrZolveladaa, xolo vasali miatovebs mas brZolisas, ise, rom arc gar-
dacvlili iqneba da arc sasikvdilod daWrili, maSin vasals CamoerTmeva feodi.
§1. ... aseve, Tu Tavs daesxmeba seniors an mis cixesimagres, da ecodineba, rom iq imyofeba
seniori an senioris coli, aseve im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moklavs mis Zmas an ZmisSvils.

Ffeodis gasxvisebis Sesaxeb

Tu vasali moindomebs gaasxvisos Tavisi feodis nawili senioris nebarTvis gareSe, mas
SeuZlia amis gakeTeba, magram ara naxevarze metis. samarTliani wes-Cveulebis Tanaxmad,
sxva SemTxvevaSi is feods dakargavs, xolo misi garigeba gauqmebuli iqneba.

ra aris investitura
investitura ewodeba pirad sakuTrebas. Cveulebriv investituras uwodeben
sakuTrebis gadacemis wessac, roca Subi an raime sxva nivTi gadaecema feodis bato-
nisgan Semdegi sityvebiT, rom is aZlevs investituras ...

rogoria beneficiumis dakargvis pirveli mizezi

beneficiumis dakargvis pirveli mizezi aseTia: Tu vasali senioris gardacvalebidan
erTi wlisa da erTi dRis gasvlis Semdegac ar gamocxaddeba Tavisi senioris memkvid-
resTan, maSin, rogorc umaduri, igi dakargavs beneficiums. da piriqiT, Tu seniori
cocxalia, xolo vasali gardaicvleba da misi vaJi igive drois ganmavlobaSi ar izru-
nebs investituris miRebaze, igi dakargavs beneficiums ...

1
1027 wels konrad II gaemgzavra romSi, rom imperatorad ekurTxebinaT.

183
 wyaro 4

nawyveti feodalur kanonTa krebulidan `Svidi partidi~ (e.i. 7 nawili)

Sedgenili espaneTSi 1256 – 1265 wlebSi:

kanoni V

rodis aris vasali valdebuli, xelze eamboros seniors da rodis ara:

`vasali unda eamboros xelze seniors, roca misi vasali xdeba da maSinac, roca mas rain-
dad akurTxeben, daSnis gakeTebis Semdeg. maSinac unda gaakeTos igive, roca daemSvido-
beba seniors. garda amisa, yvela am SemTxvevaSi vasali unda eamboros xelze didgvarovan
adamians, espaneTis wes-Cveulebebis Tanaxmad; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki ara. magram mefes, ro-
gorc didebulebi, ise sxva misi vasalebi unda eamboron xelze im SemTxvevebSi, romlebze-
dac zemoT iyo saubari. isini valdebulni arian, eamboron mefes xelze ori mizeziT. pir-
veli _ bunebiT dadgenili movaleobiT, romelic dakisrebulia maTze mefesTan mimarTe-
baSi. da meore _ maT mier aRiarebuli Zalauflebis gamo, romelic mas maTze gaaCnia.

wyaro 5

raul glaberis `qronikidan~ `saRvTo zavis~ Sesaxeb:

wigni IV, Tavi 5. qristes vnebaTa me-1000-e wels (1033 w.) ... episkoposebma, abatebma da
wminda rwmenis erTgulma yvela wodebis sxva warmomadgenelma daiwyes saeklesio kre-
bebis mowveva, pirvel rigSi akvitaniis olqSi ... safrangeTis ukidures sazRvrebamde
Tavi mesame

am magaliTs baZavdnen. yvela eparqiaSi gamoscemdnen gankargulebebs, raTa samefos pre-

latebi da magnatebi Sekrebiliyvnen gansazRvrul adgilebSi krebebze mSvidobis da-
samyareblad da rwmenis mxardasaWerad. am Setyobinebis Semdeg sixaruliT ikribeboda
mTeli xalxi _ didebulebi, saSualoebi da mcireni. yvela eloda eklesiis mwyemsTa
gadawyvetilebas, raTa damorCilebodnen mas ... radgan yvelas ... eSinoda, rom momavali
mosavlis siuxviT sargeblobas ver SeZlebdnen.

krebebis dadgenilebebi, Camowerili Tavebad, Seicavda ara mxolod imas, ris Cadenac ak-
rZaluli iyo, aramed aseve RvTismosav aRTqmasac, romelic gadawyvites, yovlisSemZle
uflisaTvis eboZebinaT. umniSvnelovanesi maT Soris iyo dadgenileba urRvevi mSvido-
bis dacvis Sesaxeb; masSi naTqvami iyo, rom yovel adamians... SeuZlia uiaraRod iaros;
sxvisi qonebis gamtacebels an dampyrobs kanonis mTeli simkacriT CamoerTvas mTeli
qoneba, an sxeulis umZimesi sasjeliT daisajos. xolo wminda adgilebs yvela saeklesio
olqSi gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT moepyran, Tu damnaSave iq TavSesafars moZebnis,
SesaZlebelia misi Sefareba Seuracxyofis gareSe, gamonakliss warmoadgens saRvTo mSvi-
dobis dadgenilebis damrRvevi; aseTi Tundac sakurTxevelTan Seipyron, ver gaeqceva
sasjels danaSaulisaTvis. xolo saeklesio msaxurebma, ber-monazvnebma, aseve maTma Ta-
namgzavrebma qveyanaSi aravisagan ar unda moiTminon araviTari Zaladoba...~

wigni V, Tavi 1. im dros, RvTis wyalobis STagonebiT, Tavdapirvelad akvitaniaSi, Sem-

deg TandaTanobiT galiis mTel teritoriaze daiwyes ... Semdegi SeTanxmebis damtki-
ceba: rom oTxSabaT saRamodan orSabaT dilamde aravin gabedos mokvdavTagan arc vin-
mesTvis raimes warTmeva ZaliT, arc Tavis mterze SurisZieba, giraoc ki ar moiTxovos
aravin Tavdebisagan. is, vinc gabedavs daarRvios es sazogadoebrivi dadgenileba, an
sicocxliT gadaixados, an CamoaSoreben qristianul sazogadoebas da ganidevneba sam-
Soblodan. yvelas survili iyo... darqmeoda (am SeTanxmebas) saRvTo dazaveba ...

184
 wyaro 6

tuluzis taZris 1046 wlis dadgenileba `saRvTo zavis Sesaxeb~:

`1. ai mSvidoba, dadgenili episkoposebis, abatebis, grafebis, vikontebisa da nar-

bonis eparqiis sxva RvTismoSiSi magnatebis mier, swored: amieridan nuravin ga-
bedavs, ZaliT SeiWras eklesiaSi, saeklesio galavanSi, sasaflaosa da sacxovre-
belSi, romlebic arian da iqnebian eklesiasTan ocdaaT saeklesio nabijze.

2. Cven ar vayenebT am mSvidobis dacvis qveS eklesiebs, romlebSic mowyobilia an

moewyoba cixe-simagreebi; rac Seexeba eklesiebs, romlebSic mZarcvelebma da
qurdebma daawyves naZarcvi da mitacebuli, da saidanac miemarTebian danaSau-
lebriv saqmeze... vbrZanebT, rom es eklesiebic iyos usafrTxo, sanam ar mova saCi-
vari danaSaulebriv saqmeze episkoposTan an... saeklesio samarTlis sxva pireb-
Tan... Tu episkoposi an... saeklesio samarTlis sxva piri... ganixilavs damnaSavis
saqmes da gamoitans ganaCens, da is ar isurvebs daemorCilos am ganaCens, maSin...
isic da misi qonebac am eklesiaSi usafrTxoebiT veRar isargeblebs ...

3. ganisazRvra agreTve, rom aravin gabedos Tavdasxma uiaraRo eklesiis msaxureb-

ze, berebze da monazvnebze, ar daCagros da raime ziani ar miayenos maT. aravin
gabedos zianis miyeneba eklesiis msaxurTa TemisaTvis, agreTve maTi miwisa da

Sua saukuneebi
samflobeloebisaTvis ... da Tu vinme amas gaakeTebs, valdebulia ormagad aunaz-
Rauros...

4. nuravin gabedavs, gadawvas an daarbios glexebisa da eklesiis msaxurTa sacxov-

rebeli, aseve maTi samtredeebi da fardulebi. aravin gabedos glexebis, ekle-
siis msaxurTa, ber-monazonTa mokvla, daWra, dasaxiCreba, daWera da wameba maTi
danaSaulis gareSe...~

maxvilis Semortyma
raindad kurTxevisas.
XIII s-is miniatura
185
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, ramdenad mZimea ingliseli gle-

xebis damokidebuleba Tavis batonebze. arian Tu ara isini Ratakebi? wya-
ros mixedviT, SeafaseT qonebis moculoba, romliTac maT SeeZloT esar-
geblaT.
2. wyaroebze 1, 2 da damatebiT cnobaze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT glexebis feo-
daluri damokidebulebis sxvadasxva formaze feodalur evropaSi.
3. wyaro 2-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, Zlieria Tu ara normandiis her-
cogis Zalaufleba XI s-Si? ratom mouwia hercogs, Tavad Careuliyo gle-
xebisa da seniorebis kamaTSi? ratom ar daicva man glexebi?
4. wyaro 3-ze da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, riT gansxvavdeboda Sua sa-
ukuneebis sazogadoebis struqtura Zveli germanelebisa da Zveli roma-
elebis wes-wyobilebisagan? ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba lombardiis
feodaluri samarTlis mixedviT?
5. imsjeleT, ratom iyvnen qalebi Camocilebulni feodis memkvidreobis uf-
lebas?
Tavi mesame

6. wyaro 4-ze dayrdnobiT, aseve teqstis gamoyenebiT, moawyveT diskusia Te-

maze: vasaluri damokidebuleba espaneTSi, germaniasa da safrangeTSi.
7. wyaroebze 5, 6 da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT: ratom aiRo eklesiam Ta-
vis Tavze zrunva saRvTo zavis SemoRebaze? aRwereT qveyanaSi arsebuli
situacia im dros, roca Seiqmna wyaro 5 da 6; imsjeleT, raze mianiSnebs is
garemoeba, rom `yvela eparqiaSi gamoscemdnen gankargulebebs~ cal-cal-
ke?
8. wyaroebze da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, SeiZleba Tu ara cnebebis
`feodalizmi~ da `Sua saukuneebi~ gaigiveba?
9. sityva `servi~ warmodgeba laTinuri `servusidan~ – mona. moifiqreT, ra
aqvT saerTo romael `servuss~ da Suasaukuneobriv servs da ra ganasxva-
vebT maT? SeecadeT axsnaT, rogor moxda am sityvis azris Secvla.
10. Tqveni azriT, vis ekuTvnoda sofeli, Tu raindi mas iRebda feodis saxiT
baronisagan, xolo igi Tavis mxriv Tavisi seniorisgan – grafisagan, gra-
fi – hercogisagan, xolo hercogi – mefisagan?

186
32. papizmi. eklesia da Zalauflebis legitimacia

`papis~ (berZ. mama) tituli V s-is bo- leqsikoni

lomde yvela episkoposis sapatio saxe-
lwodebad gamoiyeneboda; V s-is dasas-
rulidan am saxeliT upiratesad romis
arqiepiskoposs moixseniebdnen, 1075 wli-
dan ki igi mxolod romis arqiepiskoposs
ekuTvnoda. qristianobis gavrcelebis
pirvel xanebSi romis episkoposi ar flob-
da raime gansakuTrebul upiratesobas,
magram XII s-is Sua xanebSi misi avtori-
teti ukve aRiares centraluri italiis
episkoposebma. romis episkoposis primati
saimperatoro romis politikur xiblsa
da kulturul mniSvnelobas eyrdnoboda:
papi cxovrobda `maradiul~ romSi, msoflios dedaqalaqSi. romis imperatore-
r primati [laT. primatus] – upi-
ratesi mniSvneloba, upirate-
si mdgomareoba, pirveloba.
r legitimacia (laT. legitimus –
kanonieri, marTlzomieri) –
raime uflebisa Tu rwmune-
bis aRiareba an damtkiceba.
r papis kuria – papis xeli-
suflebis centraluri or-
ganoebis erToblioba

Sua saukuneebi
bi umaRlesi qurumebic iyvnen: maTi saxelwodeba – Pontifex maximus – papebze
gadavida, romelTac TiTqosda Tavis xelSi aiRes imperatorTa memkvidreoba.
kidev ufro meti Zala hqonda romis pirvelobis religiur dasabuTebas. damkvi-
drebuli gadmocemiT, romis eklesia petre da pavle mociqulebis daarsebulia,
saidanac gamohqondaT daskvna, rom qristes swavleba sruli siwmindiT mxolod
romSi SemorCa. miaCndaT, rom rogorc petre mociqulia pirveli mociqulebs
Soris da qristes moadgile dedamiwaze, aseve papi unda iyos yvela episkopo-
sis meTauri. afuZnebdnen ra papebi Tavis saxelmwifo uflebebs Zalauflebis
memkvidreobiTobaze petre mociqulidan, Tavis samflobeloebs petres memkvi-
dreobas (Patrimonium Petri) uwodebdnen. papebis avtoriteti gansakuTrebiT gai-
zarda sxvadasxva mwvaleblobis warmoSobasTan erTad, romlebsac daundoblad
ebrZodnen. maT aRzevebas xeli Seuwyo romis geografiulma mdebareobamac,
rogorc centrma aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris. papobam didi samsaxuri
gauwia romsa da italias IV - VIII saukuneebSi, amitom man swrafad SeiZina po-
litikuri gavlena. V s-is dasawyisSi papma inokenti I-ma (402-417) safuZvlianad
daamkvidra romis eklesiis religiuri avtoriteti, is xazs usvamda, rom papis
xelisuflebis saTave – petre mociqulis uzenaesobaa da rom, Sesabamisad, ne-
bismieri saeklesio sakiTxis gadaWris ufleba mxolod romis paps aqvs.

papebis brZolis dasawyisi politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg eklesia iyo is instituti, romelmac SeZlo
romauli kulturuli, sameurneo da politikuri tradiciis SenarCuneba da
rogorc am tradiciis gamtarebelma, gardamtexi zegavlena moaxdina barbaro-

187
 suli evropis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu ekonomikuri
sistemis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze Sua saukuneebSi.
romis eklesiis brZola politikuri upiratesobis mosapoveblad daaxlo-
ebiT IV s. miwurulidan iwyeba.
imperator Teodosius I-is (SemdgomSi eklesiis mier `didad~ wodebulis) mi-
er qristianobis erTaderT religiad aRiarebis (383) Semdeg, IV-V saukuneebSi
gaizarda romis saepiskoposos politikuri roli. maRali saeklesio pirebi sa-
xelmwifo Tanamdebobebsac iRebdnen. izrdeboda saeklesio miwaTmflobeloba.
eklesiisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo saero xelisuflebisadmi damokidebule-
bis sakiTxi, rasac misi Semdgomi bedi unda ganesazRvra. netarma avgustinem
(354-430) Tavis TxzulebaSi `RvTiuri qalaqis Sesaxeb~, Camoayaliba azri imis
Taobaze, rom miwieri xelisuflebac RvTisagan momdinareobs, magram is ekle-
siaze dabla dgas, radgan gaumaZRaria batonobisa da simdidrisaken ltolvaSi.
Sesabamisad, saero xelisufleba usityvod unda daemorCilos eklesias. mis-
Tvis misaRebi iyo mmarTvelobis mxolod is forma, romlis drosac Zalaufle-
ba samRvdeloebis xelSi iqneboda – anu Teokratia. dasavleTis qristianobaSi
netari avgustines ideebma didi aRiareba pova.
papi leo I (440-461), hunebisagan romis mxsneli, romis eklesiis meTaurs gani-
xilavda, rogorc petre mociqulis (qristes mowafisa da romis pirveli epis-
koposis) memkvidres. misi avtoritetis zegavleniT romis imperatorma yvela
dasavleli episkoposi paps dauqvemdebara (445). leo I Seecada, romis saydris-
Tavi mesame

Tvis daemorCilebina sxva samociqulo eklesiebic. Tumca aRmosavleTis pat-

riarqebma aRkveTes misi ganzraxva.
romis episkoposis damoukideblobas xeli Seuwyo dasavleT romis imperi-
is damxobam (476). V saukunis miwurulisaTvis wodeba `papi~, romliTac manamde
yvela episkoposi moixsenieboda, mxolod romis episkoposze gavrcelda.
papi gelasiusi (492-496), ori Zalauflebis moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, pre-
tenzias acxadebda sasuliero xelisuflebis upiratesobaze aRmosavleT romis
saimperatoro xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobda
aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebis daqvemdebarebas. Tumca pap gelasiusis es
mcdelobebi uSedegod dasrulda.

xlodvigis naTloba arqiepiskopos remigiusis mier dedofal klo-

tildas TandaswrebiT, amokveTili spilos Zvalze. IX-X ss.

188
 urTierToba eklesiasa da saero
venecia
mmarTvelebs Soris adreul Sua
saukuneebSi
adreul Sua saukunebSi, pirveli barbaro- po

suli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis Camo- bolonia

yalibebasTan erTad, safuZveli eyreba urTi-
erTobas eklesiasa da barbaros mmarTvelTa
Soris. pirveli didi politikuri gaerTianeba florencia

adreuli Sua saukunebis evropaSi frankTa sa- piza

xelmwifo iyo. frankTa mmarTvelma, meroving-
Ta samefo dinastiis damaarsebelma – xlodvig- qi
ol
ma, romelsac unda daeZlia Tavis TanatomelTa p is
pa
winaaRmdegoba da moegvarebina urTierToba
adgilobriv, dapyrobil galur-romaul mosax-
leobasTan, sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkice- romi
bisaTvis mokavSired romis eklesia gaixada da
qristianoba miiRo (498-99). eklesia, romelmac papis olqi
romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg SeZlo orga-
nizaciuli struqturis SenarCuneba, qmediT
daxmarebas uwevda xlodvigs saxelmwifo mowyobasa da marTvaSi. xlodvigis

Sua saukuneebi
Zalauflebis legitimacias safuZvlad daedo qristianuli swavleba – `yo-
velgvari Zalaufleba RvTisganaa~, gansxvavebiT germanuli tomebis adaT-
wesebisgan, romlis mixedviTac mefes saxalxo kreba irCevda. eklesiasa da
saero xelisuflebas Soris xlodvigis dros Camoyalibebul kavSirs frankTa
samefos Semdgomi mmarTvelebic inarCunebdnen. es kavSiri ganmtkicda mero-
vingTa samefo dinastiis karolingebiT Secvlisas (751). karolingTaA samefo
dinastiis pirveli warmomadgenlis, pipinis (dabali tanis gamo `mokled~ wo-
debulis) gamefeba (751-768) papis uSualo xelSewyobiT moxda. axali dinastiis
kanonierebis dasamtkiceblad papma pipini mefed akurTxa, ris Semdegac pipin
mokle atarebda tituls – `RvTis wyalobiT frankTa mefe~. sanacvlod pipinma
paps ravenas saegzarqoso (bizantiis imperatoris nacvalis samflobeloebi
italiaSi) qalaqebi da romis olqi uboZa. ase Caeyara safuZveli papebis saero
xelisuflebas italiaSi da Seiqmna papebis `saeklesio samefo~, romelic Sem-
deg, mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze, saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan
politikur rols asrulebda. papebis saxelmwifo gauqmda 1870 wels erTiani
italiuri samefos Seqmnis Semdeg, xolo 1929 wels lateranis konkordatiT
benito musolinim aRadgina papis saxelmwifo vatikanis saxiT.
adreul Sua saukuneebSi, eklesiasa da frankTa saero xelisuflebas Soris
Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad damyarebuli urTierTkavSiri 800 wels pipin
mokles Svilis, karlosis (SemdgomSi `didad~ wodebulis (768-814)) imperatorad
kurTxevis aqtiT dagvirgvinda, magram aqve gamovlinda saero da sasuliero
xelisuflebas Soris pirveli winaaRmdegobac: karloss sakuTari mosazreba
hqonda Zalauflebis legitimaciaze. misTvis Zalaufleba RvTisgan iyo boZe-
buli da ara papisgan. karlos dids, rogorc Zlevamosil mmarTvels, ar surda

189
 damokidebuli yofiliyo sasuliero xe-
lisuflebaze da ecno papis, rogorc Su-
amavlis roli. es pirveli winaaRmdegoba
sasuliero da saero xelisuflebas Soris
ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi gadaizar-
da, romelic Sua saukunebis epoqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel mudmiv konfliqtad iqca.
karlos didis imperiis sasamarTlo da
administraciul funqciebs mefis mier da-
niSnuli episkoposebi asrulebdnen. maT
daniSvnaSi romis papebs aRar SeeZloT Ca-
reva. sasuliero pirebi saero xelisufle-
baze iyvnen damokidebulni. saeklesio Ta-
namdebobebi yidva-gayidvis obieqti iyo.
X saukuneSi daiwyo eklesiis brZola
saero xelisuflebis gavlenisagan gasa-
Tavisufleblad, raSic man gansakuTre-
bul warmatebas XI-XIII saukuneebSi miaR-
wia. brZola aRmosavleT burgundiaSi,
kliunis monasterSi daiwyo. monastris
saxelwodebis mixedviT moZraobas kliu-
Tavi mesame
es sainteresoa I
`konstantines naboZebi~
`konstantines naboZebi~ VIII sa-
ukunis dokumentia, romlis si-
yalbec XV saukuneSi dadginda.
am `sabuTze~ dayrdnobiT mTeli
Sua saukunebis ganmavlobaSi pape-
bi cdilobdnen sakuTari Zalauf-
lebisa da teritoriuli samflo-
beloebis kanonierebis damtki-
cebas. dokumenti Seiqmna saero
xelisuflebisgan damoukideblo-
bis mopovebis mizniT, mas Semdeg
rac pipin moklem eklesias vrceli
teritoriebi uboZa italiaSi,
da amtkicebda, rom frankTa mefem
ubralod daubruna eklesias Ta-
vis droze konstantine didis mi-
er naboZebi samflobeloebi.

niuri ewoda. Tavdapirvelad moZraobas

mravali xelmwife uWerda mxars, radgan
masSi eklesiis adgilobrivi seniorebis
Zalauflebisagan gaTavisuflebis da, Sesabamisad, maTi dasustebis SesaZ-
leblobas xedavda. magram mogvianebiT monarqebisa da eklesiis interesebi
erTmaneTs Seejaxa episkoposebis daniSvnis sakiTxSi. mravalsaukunovan davas
am sakiTxis gamo investiturisaTvis brZola ewoda.
investitura (laT. Semosva) iyo episkoposis arCevis X saukuneSi dadgenili
wesi, mefis an mTavris mier axladarCeulisaTvis beWdisa (rogorc eklesias-
Tan niSnobis simbolos) da samRvdelTmTavro kverTxis (samwysoze batonobis
niSnad) gadacemis ritualiT. investituris uflebasTan erTad mefeebma da
mTavrebma episkoposebis gasamarTlebisa da gadayenebis uflebac moipoves.
amdenad, gaZlierda saero xelisuflebis gavlena eklesiaze.
eklesiis interesebis erTguli kliunielebi ibrZodnen mefeebisa da mTavre-
bisaTvis saeklesio qonebis gankargvis, investiturisa da masTan dakavSirebuli
TanamdebobebiT vaWrobis (simonia) uflebebis CamosarTmevad.
brZola kliunielebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. lateranis saeklesio kre-
baze (1059) samRvdeloebas aekrZala sasuliero Tanamdebobebis miReba saero
pirTa xelidan. saeklesio krebam kliunis beris, hildebrandis (momavali papis
grigol VII-is) winadadebiT gansazRvra agreTve papis arCevis axali wesi (e. w.
`papis dekreti~). Tuki manamde paps aristokratTa jgufebi an imperatorebi
niSnavdnen, amieridan eklesiis meTauri mxolod kardinalebs, e.i. romis ekle-
siis umaRles samRvdeloebas, unda aerCiaT.

190
 wyaro 1

mefe Tu papi _ mudmivi dapirispireba Sua saukuneebSi

1. romis imperatoris konstantine II-is gancxadeba milanis sinodze, 355 w:

`Cemi neba eklesiisTvisac kanoni unda iyos~.
2. episkopos hosiusis mimarTva imperatorisadmi, 356 w:
`nu CaereviT saeklesio saqmeebSi!~
3. pap gelasiusis (492-496) gancxadeba:
`RvTis nebaa, rom saero xelisufleba eklesiasa da episkoposebs
daemorCilos~.
4. karlos didis mimarTva papis leo III-isadmi, 796 w:
`Cveni movaleobaa, davicvaT eklesia ... Tqveni movaleobaa evedroT ufals~.
5. Toma aqvinelis moZRvrebidan saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis
Sesaxeb, daaxl. 1270 w:
`orive xelisufleba, sasuliero da saero, RvTisagan momdinareobs. saero xelisuf-
leba eqvemdebareba sasuliero xelisuflebas sulier cxovrebaSi da ufro metad
unda emorCilebodes mas (vidre saeros), magram saero saqmeebSi sasuliero xelisuf-
leba unda daemorCilos saeros~ .

Sua saukuneebi
saero xelisuflebis gavlenisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi ekle-
siis kidev erTi warmateba iyo pap grigol VII-is (1073-1085) mier gatarebuli
reforma, romlis ZiriTadi principebi Camoyalibebulia e. w. `papis diqtatSi~.
`papis diqtati~ saero xelisuflebas eklesiis Zalauflebas uqvemdebarebda.
grigol VII-is azriT, rogorc eklesia aRemate-
boda saxelmwifos, aseve sasuliero xelisufle-
ba saeroze maRla unda mdgariyo.
brZola saero da sasuliero xelisuflebas
Soris gansakuTrebuli simZafriT gamovlinda
papsa da germanel imperatorebs Soris dapi-
rispirebaSi, romelic sabolood dasrulda
1122 wels romis papisa da imperator hainrix
V-is (1106-1126) SeTanxmebiT, e. w. vormsis
konkordatiT.
vormsis konkordati kompromisul Se-
Tanxmebas warmoadgenda. amieridan inves-
tituris uflebas saero da sasuliero
xelisufleba inawilebda. episkoposebs
saero uflebamosilebas imperatori,
sasulieros ki papi gadascemda. Sesaba-
misad, axladarCeuli episkoposi orive
xelisufals emorCileboda. mefis mier episkoposis
XIII saukuneSi Rrmavdeba winaaRmdego- investituris rituali
ba saero da sasuliero xelisuflebas Soris. orive
191
 mxare cdilobs daimkvidros Tavi, ro-
gorc erTpirovnulma xelisufalma. Sua wyaro 2
saukuneebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani
nawyveti dekretidan papebis
papis, inokenti III-is pontifikatis (papis
arCevis Sesaxeb (1059):
mmarTvelobis xana) dros (1198-1216) romis
eklesia Zlier saero xelisuflad iqca. `romis msoflio eklesiis
Tu misi winamorbedebi Tavs wminda petres mRvdelTmTavris gardacva-
moadgiled miiCnevdnen, inokenti III-m Tavi lebisas pirvel rigSi kardi-
qristes vikarad (laT. vicarus – modgile, nal-episkoposebi unda Seik-
nacvali), dedamiwaze RmerTis nacvalad ribon, raTa saguldagulod
gamoacxada. yvela monarqi misTvis papis ganixilon kandidaturebi da,
vasali iyo. brZolam saero da saeklesio dauyovneblad Caataron arCev-
xelisuflebas Soris mTeli kaTolikuri nebi, xolo romis danarCenma
evropa moicva. papebi cdiloben TavianTi samRvdeloebam da xalxma gamo-
politikuri upiratesobis ganmtkicebas. xatos Tavisi Tanxmoba axali
nawilobriv am mizans emsaxureboda maT papis arCevaze~.
mier warmoebuli jvarosnuli laSqrobe-
bic. wminda miwisa da macxovris saflavis
gaTavisuflebis garda, jvarosnebs papisaTvis aRmosavleTis miwebic unda
daemorCilebinaT.
romis papi ereoda rogorc evropis saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi, aseve
Tavi mesame

saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi. samefo dinastiebs Soris arsebul da-

pirispirebebsa Tu erovnul saxelmwifoTa Soris davebs, papi romis kuriis
sasargeblod iyenebda.

es sainteresoa II

papis diqtati

`papma gansazRvra:

1. romis eklesia Seqmnilia erTiani RmerTis mier.

2. mxolod romis episkoposi (e. i. papi) iwodeba samarTlianad msoflio episkopo-
sad.
3. mxolod mas erTs SeuZlia episkoposTa damxoba da maTi aRdgena.
8. mxolod mas aqvs ufleba marTos saimperatoro Rirsebis niSnebiT.
9. mxolod paps eamborebian fexze yvela mTavrebi.
11. mxolod is iwodeba msoflioSi papad.
12. mas (paps) SeuZlia imperatorTa damxoba.
19. veravin gaasamarTlebs mas (paps).
22. romis eklesia arasodes Semcdara da amieridanac, saRvTo werilis
Tanaxmad, ar Secdeba.
23. romis episkoposi, kanonikurad dasmuli, wm. petres damsaxurebebiT
uciloblad Rebulobs wmindanobas...
26. kaToliked ar iTvleba is, vinc ar eTanxmeba romis paps.
27. paps SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos qveSevrdomebi arasasurvel
mbrZanebelTaTvis micemuli ficisagan~.

192
 sasuliero xelisufleba ukrZalavda mefeebs gadasaxadebis akrefas ekle-
siidan papTan SeTanxmebis gareSe.
XIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis papobam TiTqosda gadamwyvet gamarjvebas
miaRwia saero xelisuflebasTan pirvelobisaTvis brZolaSi, magram evro-
paSi centralizebul saxelmwifoTa CamoyalibebasTan erTad, papis gavlena
mniSvnelovnad ecema. safrangeTis mefem filipe IV lamazma (1285-1314) SeZlo
papis rezidenciis romidan safrangeTSi (avinionSi) gadatana da papis sruli
damorCileba (e. w. `avinionis tyveoba~). avinionSi myofi papebi uwindeburad
ver atarebdnen damoukidebel Teokratiul politikas, magram maT meti Ta-
visufleba miecaT kuriis Semosavlis gasazrdelad. avinionSi papebma Seqmnes
mudmivmoqmedi safinanso uwyeba, gazardes gadasaxadTa raodenoba. papebis
profrangulma politikam didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia italiaSi, inglissa da
germaniaSi, rasac romSi meore papis arCeva (1376) mohyva. ori papis arsebobam
dasavleTis saqristianoSi didi saeklesio ganxeTqileba (sqizma) gamoiwvia.
evropis saxelmwifoTa nawili (italia, germania, inglisi) romis paps miemxro,
avinionis paps ki safrangeTi uWerda mxars.
saeklesio ganxeTqilebis aRmofxvris mizniT, evropis qveynebis umaRles
samRvdeloebasa da saero aristokratiaSi Caisaxa mimdinareoba, romelic sa-
eklesio krebebs papze uzenaesobas aniWebda. aseTi kreba moiwvies konstancaSi
(1414-1418), romelmac axali papi airCia da bolo mouRo saeklesio ganxeTqile-

Sua saukuneebi
bas. erTiani kaTolikuri eklesiis erTaderTi meTauris rezidenciad kvlav
romi iqca.

wyaro 3

vormsis konkordati (1122 w.):

`wminda da ganuyofeli samebis saxeliT. me, hainrix, RvTis wyalobiT romis saRvTo
imperatori, uflis, romis wminda eklesiisa da meufe papi kaliqstis siyvaruliT da
Cemi sulis gadasarCenad vuTmob ufal RmerTs, da mis wminda mociqulebs petresa da
pavles, da wminda msoflio eklesias yvelanair investituras beWdiTa da kverTxiT
da vuTmob yvela eklesiaSi, romelic mdebareobs Cemi samefosa da imperiis sazRv-
rebSi, Tavisuflad Caataron kanonikuri arCevnebi da kurTxeva.

wm. petres samflobeloebsa da saxelmwifo uflebebs, romlebic am SuRlis dasawyi-

sidan dRevandlamde mamaCemis da Cems dros iqna warTmeuli, vubruneb wminda romis
eklesias, Tuki isini Cems mflobelobaSia, da Tu ar aris Cems mflobelobaSi, daxma-
rebas gavuwev maT dabrunebaSi.

yvela sxva eklesiis, mTavrebisa da sasuliero Tu saero pirTa samflobeloebs, da-

vabruneb, Tuki isini Cems mflobelobaSia, da Tu ar aris Cems mflobelobaSi, daxma-
rebas gavuwev maT dabrunebaSi.

da vdeb gulwrfel zavs meufe pap kaliqstosTan, wminda romis eklesiasTan da yve-
lasTan, vinc iyo an aris maT mxares.

da Tuki wminda romis eklesia moiTxovs daxmarebas, me gulwrfelad gavuwev am samsa-

xurs...~

193
 inokenti III

klasSi samuSao

1. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-Si mocemul masalas. wyarosa da teqstze day-

Tavi mesame

rdnobiT CamoayalibeT, ra droidan arsebobs da rogor viTardeboda da-

pirispireba mefeebsa da papebs Soris? axseniT am dapirispirebis motivebi
orive mxaris poiziciidan. gansazRvreT Sua saukunebis evropisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli am konfliqtis arsi. damatebiTi argumentaciisaTvis moiSve-
lieT rubrika: `es sainteresoa I~.
2. wyaro 2-is mixedviT SeafaseT 1059 wlis dekretis mniSvneloba eklesiasa da
saero xelisuflebas Soris mimdinare brZolaSi.
3. rubrika `es sainteresoa II~-sa da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, rogori
iyo papebis Zalaufleba da maTi damokidebuleba saero xelisuflebisadmi.
daaxasiaTeT papebis miswrafebebi.
4. teqstisa da wyaro 3-is damuSavebis Semdeg SeafaseT, ratom iyo mniSvnelo-
vani investituris ufleba da raze mianiSnebs saero xelisuflebis mxridan
masze uaris Tqma?
5. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT papoba Sua saukuneebSi; im-
sjeleT sasuliero da saero xelisuflebis urTierTobaze; saklaso dis-
kusiaSi daasabuTeT, ra aerTianebda maT da ra iyo dapirispirebis mizezi?

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT mizezebi, ramac papobis gavlenis daknineba gamoiw­

via. klasSi ganixileT TiToeuli maTgani.

194
33. Sua saukuneebis evropis qalaqebi da saqalaqo
cxovreba

qalaqi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi gansakuTrebuli, feodalur sistemaSi

gancalkevebiT mdgomi movlenaa. qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli galavani ara
marto TavdacviTi nageboba iyo, aramed SemosazRvravda im gansxvavebul sa-
marTlebriv sivrces, sadac Tavisufali moqalaqeebi cxovrobdnen. qalaqi
iyo TviTmmarTvelobisa da politikuri avtonomiis (damoukideblobis) mqone
erTeuli. moqalaqeTa TemSi gawevrianebiT sruldeboda adamianis piradi feo-
daluri damokidebuleba (ymoba). amitom qalaqi Sua saukuneebis revoluciur
movlenadaa miCneuli. qalaqis ganuyofeli nawili iyo bazari _ ekonomikuri
cxovrebis guli, mis sameurneo saqmianobas ki vaWroba da xelosnoba warmoad-
genda.

qalaqebis aRorZineba
dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ pro-
cesSi, evropis teritoriaze arsebuli romauli qalaqebi ZiriTadad ganad-

Sua saukuneebi
gurda, Sewyda saqalaqo cxovreba. adreul Sua saukuneebSi, evropaSi romauli
qalaqebis nangrevebze, qalaqebis mmarTvelobis sistema nawilobriv SenarCunda
saepiskoposo rezidenciebSi, sadac qalaqis Tavis funqcias adgilobrivi epis-
koposi iTavsebda. VII-IX saukuneebSi saepiskoposo qalaqebTan TandaTan Cndeba
vaWarTa dasaxlebebi. Tavisufali vaWrebi damoukidebladac qmnian savaWro ad-
gilebs (e. w. `vikebs~. es saxelwodeba dRemde SemorCenilia zogierTi evropuli
qalaqis saxelwodebaSi, mag., narviki, braunSvaigi).
Tavdapirvelad sabazro adgilis mowyoba mefeTa
privilegia iyo. IX-X saukuneebSi saero da
sasuliero mmarTvelebmac (episkopo-
sebma, mTavrebma) moipoves bazris daar-
sebis, fulis moWrisa da baJis dawesebis
ufleba.
yvela axlad aRmocenebuli qalaqi ama
Tu im senioris srul mflobelobaSi iyo
(seniors SeeZlo sakuTari samflobelo ga-
eCuqebina, gaeyida, memkvidreobiT vinmesTvis
gadaeca, lenad mieca da sxva).
pirvel xanebSi vaWarTa fenas ZiriTadad
ebraelebi Seadgendnen romauli saepiskopo-
so qalaqebidan. vaWroba rTuli da saxifaTo
saqme iyo (zRvaze mekobreoba, xmeleTze ya- vaWari.
CaRoba), garda amisa, vaWrebisaTvis miniatura (XII s.)
saxmeleTo mimosvla dakavSirebu-
li iyo uamrav sabaJo gadasaxadTan,
195
 rac aferxebda vaWrobis ganviTarebas. seniorebTan brZolam, konkurenciam
da, zogadad, Sua saukuneebis vaWrobis rTulma pirobebma, vaWrebi aiZula,
SeeqmnaT kavSirebi _ gildiebi. gildiis saTaveSi idga sabWo, romelsac gil-
diis wevrebis saerTo kreba irCevda. TiToeul gildias Tavisi wesdeba hqonda.
savaWro kavSirSi gawevrianebisas urTierTdaxmarebis fics debdnen. pirveli
savaWro gildiebi evropaSi X saukuneSi iqmneba. mogvianebiT samxreTis zRvebSi
italieli vaWrebi batonobdnen, CrdiloeTisaSi – germanelebi. CrdiloeTisa
da baltiis zRvebis sanapiroze daarsebuli germanuli qalaqebi gaerTiandnen
savaWro kavSirSi, romelsac hanza ewodeboda.
pirvel evropul qalaqebSi Tavidanve winaaRmdegobaSi modis mmarTvelobis
ori forma: erTi mxriv, vaWarTa gildiebis TviTmmarTveloba da, meore mxriv,
qalaqis seniorebis feodaluri gamgeblobis wesi. es winaaRmdegoba mogviane-
biT moqalaqeebsa da qalaqis seniorebs Soris konfliqtSi gadaizarda, vaW-
rebis gildiebi iwyeben brZolas uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad.
evropis mTel rig qalaqebSi moqalaqeTa saZmoebma (`co­ni­u­ra­ti­o~ _ ase uwodebdnen
Sua saukuneebSi am saZmoebs) SeZles sasurveli samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavi-
suflebis mopoveba.A Sua saukuneebSi moqalaqeTa saZmoebidan warmodga qalaqis
Temi (komuna), romelic qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis birTvad iqca. am brZolaSi
alpebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare evropuli qalaqebisaTvis misabaZi nimuSi iyo
italiis qalaqebis samarTlebrivi wyoba, sadac qalaqebs ukve hqondaT saku-
Tari kanonmdebloba, erTgvari saqalaqo konstitucia.
Tavi mesame

wyaro 1

holStainis grafis adolfis sigelidan qalaq hamburgis daarsebis Sesaxeb (1189):

`Cven, adolfi, RvTis wyalobiT grafi... vucxadebT yvelas, rom virad boicenbur-
gelma Cvengan miiRo memkvidreobis uflebiT qalaqi hamburgi, mdebare mdinare
elsterze, agreTve gareubnis miwebi... Tavisuflad dasaxlebisaTvis bazris uf-
lebiT, raTa man Tavis axalmosaxleebTan erTad, ... moawyos navsadguri, advilad
misasvleli Semogarenis mkvidrTaTvis...

damatebiT Cven gvsurs, rom axalmosaxleebi Tavisufalni iyvnen yovelgvari gadasa-

xadisagan yovel burgsa da qalaqSi an sxva adgilebSi, romlebic ekuTvnis Cvens sa-
xelmwifos ... garda amisa, Cvens yvela sasamarTlo Semosavals gadavcemT sami wliT
am burgis (hamburgis) mcxovreblebs im SemTxvevebis garda, romlebic emuqreba xelsa
da Tavs.1 xolo sami wlis gasvlis Semdeg yovelive, rasac zemoTxsenebuli viradi an
misi memkvidre moipovebs sasamarTloTi, darCeba mas, im saqmeebis garda, romelic
emuqreba xelsa da Tavs, saidanac is miiRebs mesamed nawils.

garda amisa, nebismier gadasaxads qalaqis nakveTebze Cven samudamod vpatiobT ze-
moTxsenebul mcxovreblebs.

weliwadSi orjer eqnebaT maT bazroba... damatebiT im vaWrobisa, romelic yovelkvi-

reulad Catardeba gansazRvrul dRes, romlis Sesaxebac gauwyebT Cveni brZaneba~.

1
igulisxmeba is danaSauli, romelic xelis an Tavis mokveTas iTvaliswinebs.

196
 vaWari Salis tomrebis gadazidvisas,
tomrebs vaWris beWedi aqvs dasmuli.
safrangeTi, XV saukune

wyaro 2

urTierToba feodalebsa da vaWrebs Soris:

Sua saukuneebi
italieli vaWrebisaTvis safrangeTSi micemuli garantiebi
(1295 wlis 11 Tebervali):

`vaWrebs italiidan, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi saqoneli, Cven vpirdebiT, ... Tu
vinme vaWarTagan dazaraldeba, rogorc piradad, ise qonebiT, Cvens samflobelo-
ebSi, gzebze da Cveni iurisdiqciis sazRvrebSi qurdebisagan, mZarcvelebisagan
an sxva Seuracxmyofelebisagan, maSin Cven avunazRaurebT zarals vaWars an mis
warmomadgenels ... warTmeuli da dakarguli nivTebis Sesaxeb, CvenTvis sakmarisia
mxolod vaWris fici, raTa davijeroT momxdari ...~
b

nawyveti inglisis mefis, eduard II-is mier germanel vaWarTa gildiisaTvis

(1317) micemuli privilegiebidan:

`amJamad Cven gvsurs ra, gavuzardoT Cveni wyaloba xsenebul (vaWrebs), vpirdebiT
Cveni da Cveni memkvidreebis mxridan, ... rom Tavad isini da maTi monacvleebi ... Cveni
samefosa da Cveni Zalauflebis sazRvrebSi isargebleben Semdegi TavisuflebiT:

1. Tavad isini, maTi qoneba da saqoneli Cveni samefosa da Zalauflebis sazRvreb-

Si valebisaTvis ... an raime danaSaulisaTvis ... SeiZleba dapatimrebuli an
SezRuduli iqnen mxolod Tavisianebisgan.

2. da rom arc Cven, arc Cveni memkvidreebi ar davakisrebT arc maT, arc maT qonebas
an saqonels araviTar axal usamarTlo gadasaxads, srulad SevinarCunebT Cven-
Tvis da Cveni memkvidreebisaTvis Cvens odindel gadasaxadebs.

3. da rom isini mTel Cven samefoSi mSvidad iyvnen TavianTi qonebisa da saqonlis
gamo da Tavisufali xidebis, gzebisa da kedlebis gadasaxadebisagan~.

197
 XII saukuneSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba qalaqebis raodenoba, am process xSi-
rad `qalaqebis daarsebis cieb-cxelebasac~ uwodeben.
qalaqi, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri centri iyo, amitom savaWro komu-
nikaciisaTvis mosaxerxebel adgilas arsdeboda (mdinaris, zRvis piras da sxv.).
qalaqi mis damaarsebels ekonomikur keTildReobas uqadda. seniorebi (mefe,
episkoposi, mTavari) maTTvis misaRebi anazRaurebis sanacvlod qalaqebsa da
moqalaqeebs aniWebdnen garkveul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs: mTavari _
bazris mowyobis ufleba iyo; yovel vaWars eZleoda miwis nakveTi sakuTari
saxlis asagebad; samagierod, seniori uzrunvelyofda qalaqis, bazris usaf-
rTxoebas, aregulirebda sabaJo gadasaxads.
qalaqs mieca mosamarTlis arCevis ufleba; mniSvnelovani monapovari iyo
boZebuli miwis memkvidreobiT gadacemis ufleba. marTalia, droTa ganmav-
lobaSi sxvadasxva qalaqma met-naklebad gansxvavebuli saxis Tavisufleba
moipova, magram maTi saerTo niSani mainc is iyo, rom adamians `qalaqis haeri
Tavisuflebas aniWebda~: kaci, romelic qalaqSi dayofda weliwadsa da erT
dRes, batonTan piradi damokidebulebisagan Tavisufldeboda.
senioris Zalauflebisagan gaTavisuflebuli qalaqebi ori formiT ganag-
rZobdnen damoukidebel arsebobas: zogan qalaqi srul damoukideblobas aR-
wevda (Tavisufali qalaqebi, romlebsac hqondaT politikuri avtonomia, mag.:
kiolni, niurnbergi da sxv.), zogan ki nawilobriv memamuleze damokidebuli
rCeboda (uxdida mas gadasaxadebs an SezRudvebi uwesdeboda).
Tavi mesame

sazogadoebrivi wyoba da mmarTvelobis sistema

qalaqis socialuri struqtura mkacrad ierarqiuli iyo: privilegirebuli
mdgomareoba eWiraT mdidar vaWrebs, saSualo fenas xelosnebi warmoadgendnen,
bolo safexurze qalaqis Raribi mosaxleoba idga. qalaqis yvela mcxovrebi
sruluflebian `moqalaqed~ ar iTvleboda. Sua saukuneebis evropuli qalaqis
`moqalaqe~ mkafiod gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi cnebaa. mxolod da mxolod
saqalaqo Temis wevri da, Sesabamisad, `samoqalaqo~ uflebebis mqone piri SeiZle-
boda yofiliyo `moqalaqe~. rogorc wesi, amis winapiroba uZravi qonebis (saxli)
floba an profesiuli damoukidebloba iyo.

bazris scena, graviura (XV s.) amboxi qalaqSi, graviura (XV s.)

198
 qalaqis sruluflebian moqalaqeebs gaaCndaT TavianTi uflebebi da privi-
legiebi: maT SeeZloT monawileoba qalaqis mmarTvelobis organoebSi; hqondaT
upiratesoba gadasaxadebis gadaxdisas; qalaqi maT daxmarebas uwevda avadmyo-
fobis an gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi.
Tavisufali moqalaqeebisaTvis miniWebuli uflebebis sanacvlod, qalaqi
maT mkacrad gansazRvrul movaleobebsac akisrebda. moqalaqeebi valdebulni
iyvnen daecvaT qalaqis kanonebi, gadaexadaT gadasaxadebi, gaewiaT samxedro
samsaxuri, uzrunveleyoT qalaqis Tavdacva. qalaqis mosaxleobis nawili mok-
lebuli iyo samoqalaqo uflebebs. am kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen xelosanTa
nawili, msaxurebi da sxva.

wyaro 3

qalaq strasburgis pirveli saqalaqo samarTali (XII s.):

`sxva qalaqebis msgavsad, imave sapatio pirobebiT daarsda strasburgi, raTa yovel
adamians, rogorc ucxos, ise adgilobriv mcxovrebs, hqonoda iq simSvide yvelasgan
da yovelTvis. Tu vinme qalaqis miRma Caidens danaSauls da danaSaulis SiSis gamo
Tavs Seafarebs mas, dae iyos iq uSiSrad. aravin gamoiyenos Zala mis winaaRmdeg, is ki
morCilad da Semzadebulad wardges (qalaqis) sasamarTlos winaSe... roca episkopo-

Sua saukuneebi
si mobrZandeba qalaqSi, misi cxenebi unda ganTavsdes qalaqis sajiniboSi...

mWedlebi valdebulni arian, gaakeTon yvelaferi, rac dasWirdeba episkoposs mis

sasaxleSi... rac ki rkinisagan unda gakeTdes...

mewaReebs Soris aris rva kaci, romelic miscems episkoposs, mimavals laSqrobaSi an
imperatoris sasaxlis karze, SaliTebs lamprebisTvis...

meunagireebi miscemen episkoposs, roca is sasaxlis karze miemarTeba, or sasapalne

unagirs, xolo _ oTxs, roca is laSqrobaSi gaemarTeba imperatorTan erTad. Tu mas
dasWirdeba meti, gaakeTon episkoposis xarjze. roca episkoposi miemarTeba laSqro-
baSi an sasaxleSi, maSin maxvilis damamzadeblebma unda gawmindon misi... maxvilebi
da muzaradebi...~

wyaro 4

qalaq strasburgis meore saqalaqo samarTali (1215 w.):

`dadgenilia, rom 12 kaci, Tu saWiro gaxda meti, patiosani da Rirseuli, brZeni da

saimedo... yovelwliurad dainiSnos qalaqis konsulebad. maTgan erTi an, Tu saWiro
gaxda ori, airCeva biurgermaisterad...

sasamarTlos sxdomas isini moawyoben orjer yovel kviras... da sasamarTlo mihyavs

biurgermaisters, ganaCens adgenen konsulebi.

konsulebidan aravin ar unda gaaxmauros vinmes sityviT gamosvla da biurgermaiste-

risa da konsulebis nebarTvis gareSe ar mimarTos sasamarTlos saqmeebSi rCevisaT-
vis romelime megobars.

dauSvebelia erTdroulad konsulebad mamisa da Svilis an ori Zmis arCeva...~

199
 moqalaqeTa zeda fena qmnida qalaqis patriciats (mdidari vaWrebi, gamdid-
rebuli xelosnebi). qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis organo iyo qalaqis sabWo,
romlis funqciebSic Sedioda qalaqis Tavdacva, ekonomikis gakontroleba
(bazris, monetis srulfasovnebis, fasebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadis kontroli),
sakanonmdeblo regulireba. qalaqis mmarTveloba ZiriTadad oligarqiuli
(umciresobis mmarTveloba) iyo. qalaqis sabWos patriciati Seadgenda. maTi
rigebidan irCevdnen qalaqis Tavsac.
gviani Sua saukuneebisaTvis qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi zog SemTxvevaSi ufro
farTo wreebi monawileoben, kerZod, gildiaSi gaerTianebuli xelosnebisa da
vaWrebis saSualo fena. qalaqis saSualo fenebis brZola TviTmmarTvelobaSi
Tanamonawileobis uflebis mosapoveblad gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda XIV sa-
ukuneSi. xSirad amqarTa amboxebebs afaseben, rogorc qalaqis mmarTvelobis
`demokratiulobis~ xarisxis amaRlebas. faqtobrivad ki, `amqarTa mRelvare-
bebis~ Semdegac qalaqis sabWos mmarTvelobaSi mxolod warCinebuli xelosnebi
iRebdnen monawileobas.

wyaro 5

parizis feiqarTa amqris wesdebidan, XIII s:

Tavi mesame

`parizis olqis farglebSi arc erT feiqars ar unda hqondes saxelosno, Tu mas pi-
radad ar SeuZlia xelosnoba, Tu igi xelosnis Svili ar aris~.
b

`yovel parizel Saleulis feiqars SeuZlia iqonios Sin ori farTo da erTi viw-
ro dazga.

Saleulis yovel feiqars SeuZlia iyolios Sin araumetes erTi Segirdisa, aranak-
leb oTxi wlis samsaxuris vadiT.

yvela maudi mTlianad matylisa unda iyos da TavSic iseTive kargi, rogoric SuaSi.

amqris wevrTagan aravin daiwyos muSaoba mzis amosvlamde, Torem jarima daekisreba.

feiqarma qarglebma maSinve unda aiRon xeli muSaobaze, rogorc ki dahkravs mwux-
ris zari~.
g

`dae, yvelasaTvis cnobili iyos, rom CvenTan gamocxadda valter kezengeri, ro-
melmac wamoayena winadadeba, rom abreSumis darTvisa da dagrexisaTvis borbali
iqnas gakeTebuli. magram megobrebTan TaTbirisa da rCeva-darigebis miRebis Sem-
deg ... sabWom cno, rom borblis SemoRebiT umravlesoba, romelic Cvens qalaqSi
Tavs am xelobiT irCens, gaRatakdeba. amitom dadgenil iqna, ar gakeTdes da ar da-
idgas borbali arc axla da arc momavalSi~.

200
 xelosnebi da amqari
qalaqis sruluflebian moqalaqeTa umravlesobas xelosnebi warmoadgen-
dnen, romlebic xelosanTa kavSirSi – gildiebSi (amqrebSi) erTiandebodnen.
amqrebi qalaqebis daarsebasTan erTad yalibdeba. amqari ara mxolod profe-
siuli kavSiri iyo, igi socialuri dacvis funqciasac asrulebda. es iyo Cake-
tili, mkacri Sinaganawesis mqone organizacia.

wyaro 6

germaneli sociologi, maqs veberi (1864-1920) Sua saukuneebis

evropuli qalaqis Sesaxeb:

`saqalaqo Temi, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, rogorc masobrivi fenomeni, mxo-

lod dasavleTisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli ... vinaidan aq saubaria met-naklebad Zli-
erad gamokveTili saxelosno-savaWro xasiaTis mqone dasaxlebebze, romelTaT-
visac tipuria Semdegi niSan-Tvisebebi: 1. simagriT SemozRuduloba; 2. bazari; 3.
sakuTari sasamarTlo da nawilobriv mainc, sakuTari samarTali; 4. korporaciuli
xasiaTi da amdenad, SekavSirebuloba; 5. nawilobriv mainc, avtonomia da avtoke-
falia, Sesabamisad, uwyebaTamieri mmarTveloba, im uwyebebis, romelTa SeqmnaSic
garkveulwilad moqalaqeebi monawileobdnen ...

Sua saukuneebi
CineTsa da iaponiaSi `TviTmmarTveloba~ hqondaT profesiul kavSirebs, magram
ara qalaqebs, soflebisagan gansxvavebiT. CineTSi qalaqi cixe-simagre da impera-
toris moxeleebis rezidencia iyo, iaponiaSi qalaqebi am gagebiT saerTod ar arse-
bobda. indoeTSi qalaqebi mefis an samefo moxeleebis rezidencia, cixe-simagre da
bazris adgili iyo. aseve [indoeTis qalaqebSi iyo] vaWarTa gildiebi da profesiu-
li kavSirebis msgavsi kastebi, orTave Zlieri avtonomiiTa da upirveles yovlisa,
sakuTari kanonmdeblobiT. magram induri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli,
memkvidreobiTi kastebad dayofa, profesiebis ritualuri karCaketiloba da mkac-
ri urTierTgamijvna, gamoricxavda rogorc `moqalaqeobis~, ise `saqalaqo Temis~
warmoqmnas.

dasavleTis qalaqi iyo ... adgili, sadac mTavrdeboda ymoba da iwyeboda Tavisuf-
leba. moqalaqeTa Temma SeZlo, Tavi daeRwia batonTa kanonebis morCilebisTvis ...
da es iyo didi, arsebiTad revoluciuri siaxle, romelic danerges swored Sua sau-
kuneebis dasavleTis qalaqebma, gansxvavebiT yvela sxva qalaqisagan.

centralur da Crdiloevropul qalaqebSi warmoiSva cnobili gamonaTqvami: `qa-

laqis haeri aTavisuflebs~, rac imas niSnavda, rom ... monisa Tu ymis batoni kar-
gavda uflebas ZaliT damorCilebul qveSevrdomebze. magram es gamonaTqvami yo-
velTvis ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles. Zalian xSirad qalaqebi, ... sxvadasxva saxis
xelSekrulebaTa safuZvelze, ar iRebdnen ymebs. amgvari SezRudvebi maTTvis, sa-
arsebo resursebis (sakvebis) simwiris pirobebSi, xSirad sasurvelic ki iyo. magram
zemoTxsenebuli gamonaTqvami erTi TvalsazrisiT namdvilad iqca kanonad: qalaq-
Si qreboda wodebrivi uTanasworoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi im gagebiT, rasac Tavisuf-
lebasa da ymobas Soris gansxvaveba niSnavs~.

201
 amqris saTaveSi idga sabWo, romelsac amqris wevre-
bis saerTo kreba irCevda. amqarSi gawevrianebisas
xelosnebi urTierTdaxmarebis fics debdnen.
amqarma CamoyalibebisTanave xelosnoba Tavis
monopoliad gamoacxada. amqris wevri SeiZle-
boda gamxdariyo is xelosani, visac Segir-
dobisa da Semdeg qarglobis (es ukanaskneli
safexuri ufro gviandel xanaSi SemoiRes)
garkveuli gamocdileba hqonda da bolos
ostatis wodebas miiRebda. amqari yovel-
mxriv cdilobda masSi Semavali xelosnebis
dacvas konkurenciisagan, axdenda warmoebis
mkacr reglamentacias.

Salis damzadeba,
safrangeTi, XII s.

klasSi samuSao
Tavi mesame

1. wyaro 1-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, ra privilegiebi miiRes hamburgis

mcxovreblebma da riT iyvnen davalebulni TavianTi seniorebisagan? ra-
tom iyo hamburgSi savaWro dReebis daweseba imdenad arsebiTi, rom saWiro
gaxda calke brZanebis momzadeba?
2. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaroebs 2 a da 2 b da saklaso diskusiaSi Camoayali-
beT evropel xelisufalTa mxridan vaWrebis xelSewyobis mTavari motive-
bi.
3. wyaro 3 da 4-is Sedarebis gziT daadgineT, Tu ra gardatexa moxda qalaq
strasburgis samarTlebriv statusSi. yuradReba gaamaxvileT qalaqis epis-
koposis rolze pirvel dokumentSi da qalaqis sabWos uflebamosilebaze
meoreSi.
4. gansazRvreT, wesdebis romeli punqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom amqari zru-
navda nakeTobis karg xarisxze da rom misi mizani iyo ostatTa Soris meto-
qeobis Tavidan acileba.
5. wyaro 5-sa da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT amqris organizaciis forma-
ze.
6. aRmosavluri da dasavluri qalaqebis Sedarebisas, Sua saukuneebis evro-
puli qalaqebis ra niSan-Tvisebas gamoarCevs maqs veberi da ratom uwodebs
mas `revoluciur siaxles~?

202
34. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos sameurneo-ekono-
mikuri ganviTareba ax.w. pirvel
saukuneebSi
axali welTaRricxvis pirvel sauku-
neebSi qarTlis (iberiis) samefo aqtiurad
CaerTo msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi.
mas mWidro politikuri, kulturuli da
savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba hqon-
da damyarebuli maSindeli msoflios uZ-
lieres da mowinave qveynebTan – romis im-
periasTan da iranis saxelmwifosTan. yo-
velive es garkveul zemoqmedebas axdenda
qarTlis mosaxleobis sazogadoebriv gan-
viTarebaze. qveynis ekonomikis ganviTare-
bisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda im
faqts, rom swrafad xdeboda samuSao ia-
leqsikoni
r sityva aznauri ori nawili-
sagan Sedgeba. azna – Zvel
sparsulSi dawinaurebuls,
warCinebuls niSnavda, uri –
Cveulebrivi qarTuli su-
fiqsia, romelic Tvisebas,
warmomavlobas, ama Tu im
jgufisadmi kuTvnilebas
aRniSnavs. iv. javaxiSvili
varaudobda, rom aznaurebi
ukve ewodebodaT im amalis
wevrebs, romlebic romSi
stumrobisas mefe farsman
II-s axldnen.
r yma – warmodgeba sityvidan

Sua saukuneebi
raRis gaumjobeseba, gansakuTrebiT rki- `yrma~, rac axalgazrdas,
nis iaraRis sayovelTao gavrceleba da arasrulwlovans, jer kidev
danergva, rac meurneobis Semdgom dawi- mamis mfarvelobaSi myofs
naurebas iwvevda. amave dros sul ufro niSnavda. termini yma sxvisi
viTardeboda meurneobis iseTi dargebi, mfarvelobis qveS myof pirs
rogorebic iyo mebaReoba-mevenaxeoba, niSnavs.
sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba, selis moyvana-
damuSaveba, mesaqonleoba, gansakuTrebiT
mecxvareoba sezonuri momTabareobiT.
amis karg saSualebas iZleoda saqarTve-
los bunebrivi pirobebi, sadac uxvad iyo
rogorc maRalmTiani sazafxulo, ise ba-
ris sazamTro saZovrebi. qarTveli meur-
nis aucilebeli sazrunavi iyo msxvilfexa
mesaqonleobis ganviTarebac, radgan Zi-
riTad gamwev-gadamzidav Zalas xari war-
moadgenda. amis kargi ilustraciaa xaris
kultis farTod gavrceleba warmarTul
saqarTveloSi. xari mTvaris RvTaebis, ar-
mazis wminda cxoveli iyo. samxedro saqmis oqros jaWvis gulsakidi
ganviTarebasTan erTad gansakuTrebuli imperator karakalas (211-217 ww.)
yuradReba eqceoda mecxeneobas. gamosaxulebiT, III s. aRmoCenili
urbnisSi
meurneobis gafarToeba da axali dar-
gebis danergva iseT muSaxels moiTxovda,
romelic Sromis SedegebiTa da mosavlia-
203
 nobis gazrdiT iqneboda dainteresebuli. verc mona da verc Tavisufali, miT
umetes, damokidebuli meTeme, aseT interess ver iCenda. monas iZulebiT amu-
Savebdnen da mosavlidan TiTqmis arafers aZlevdnen. meTeme mxolod meurne-
obis martiv, mamapapur dargebs misdevda, araferi axlis danergva mas ar surda.
amave dros igi mcire mosavliTac kmayofildeboda, rac mxolod misi da misi
ojaxis gamokvebisTvis iqneboda sakmarisi.

wyaro 1

straboni selis warmoebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi:

`qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis... moipoveba navTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan

izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba. amuSaveben blomad sels,
kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulic ki aris: qveynis gareTac
ki gaaqvT~.

antikuri periodis saqarTveloSi baris miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleoba ZiriTadad

Sedgeboda: 1. Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTagan, romlebic jer kidev gaerTiane-
bulni iyvnen sasoflo (teritoriul) TemebSi da amave dros qveynis samxedro
Zalis (saxalxo laSqris) ZiriTad birTvs qmnidnen. maTi saerTo saxeli iyo
`eri~. 2. qveynis miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgendnen
Tavi mesame

samefo gvarisadmi daqvemdebarebuli sxvadasxva meTemeebi, romlebsac stra-

boni `laoebs~ anu `samefo monebs~ uwodebs. 3. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi
nawilobriv CarTulni iyvnen monebi, romlebic soflis meurneobaSi SedarebiT
mcire raodenobiT gamoiyenebodnen, magram dasaqmebulni iyvnen ZiriTadad
sxvadasxva mZime samuSaoze da pirad saojaxo momsaxurebaSi.

saTemo miwaTmflobelobis daSla da feodaluri

urTierTobis Casaxva
sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis, baR-venaxis kulturebisa da teqnikuri mcenaree-
bis (selis) moyvana-damuSavebis ganviTareba moiTxovda miwis ufro intensiur
damuSavebas, risTvisac aucilebeli iyo miwis mravalwliani, memkvidreobiTi
mflobeloba. amitomaa, rom meurne-meTeme ewinaaRmdegeba mis xelT arsebuli
miwis xelaxla gadanawilebas, rac Temuri mflobelobisTvis aucilebeli pi-
roba iyo. meTeme damuSavebuli miwis nakveTis samudamod dauflebas cdilobs.
es iwvevs TandaTan saerTo-Temuri miwaTmflobelobis daSlas da miwaze ker-
Zo sakuTrebis damkvidrebas. Temuri miwaTmflobeloba mainc did gamZleobas
iCenda da saqarTvelos calkeul kuTxeebSi TviT XIX saukunemdec SemogvrCa.
Temis daSlis Sedegad calkeul ojaxebs Soris qonebrivi gansxvaveba sul
ufro gamokveTil xasiaTs iRebs. maT gamoeyo ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli
fena, romelic meurneobas ufro unarianad warmarTavda da mdidrdeboda.
didi nawili ki samefo da sxva gadasaxadebis (samoxeleo, qurumTa sasarge-
blo, saritualo) gadaxdas ver audioda. mas mZime movaleobad awva sxvadasxva
sazogadoebrivi samuSao da molaSqreoba, rac mas xangrZlivi droiT Tavis
204
 cxenosani aznaurebi
nadirobisas.
gamosaxulebebi Zvlis
firfitebze (II s.)
dedoflis mindvridan

meurneobas swyvetda. yovelive amis Sedegad igi TandaTan Raribdeboda. ga-

Raribebuli meTeme xSir SemTxvevaSi iZulebuli iyo, Temis daSlis Sedegad
SemorCenili miwac gaeyida. mis miwas SeZlebuli da dawinaurebuli yofili
TanameTeme eufleboda. iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ukeT SeiaraRebuli
da zurggamagrebuli warCinebuli-aznauri yofil TanameTeme-meurneze Zalas
xmarobda da mis miwas xelT igdebda.
gaRaribebuli meTeme verc samxedro samsaxurs axerxebda. axali tipis saomari
iaraRi (rkinis abjari, miT umetes – javSani, rkinis xmali, satevari da sxv.) metad

Sua saukuneebi
Zviri iyo da misi SeZena mxolod SeZlebul pirebs SeeZloT. amitom samefo jaris
ZiriTadi nawilic aseTi SeZlebuli pirebisagan Sedgeboda. erTguli samsaxu-
risaTvis mefe mTel rig SeRavaTebs aniWebda maT, aTavisuflebda gadasaxade-
bisagan, asaCuqrebda miwis nakveTiT, romelzec xSirad damokidebuli meTemeni
(`samefo monebi~) isxdnen. ase iqmneboda, erTi mxriv, SeZlebul, privilegirebul
miwaTmflobelTa fena, romelsac warCinebulebi, anu aznaurebi ewodeboda.
yofil Tavisufal meTemeTa, anu erisganTa fenidan aznaurTa gamoyofasTan er-
Tad da mis paralelurad, am erisganTa umravlesoba TandaTanobiT knindeboda,
mdabldeboda. wyaroebSi maT moixsenieben aSkarad kninobiTi saxeliT – `wurili
eri~. marTalia Zveli gvarovnuli wyobis iseTi niSani, rogoricaa piradi Tavisu-
fleba, maT jer kidev SenarCunebuli hqondaT, magram sxva politikuri uflebebi
aRar gaaCndaT. sawarmoo TvalsazrisiT isini ZiriTadad wvrili mwarmoeblebi
iyvnen. calkeul erisganTa dawinaureba (ekonomikuri, socialuri) ise ar Sei-
Zleboda, umravlesobis gaRaribeba-gaRatakeba rom ar gamoewvia. sasoflo Temis
daSla da miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis Semosvla am process usaTuod gulisxmobda.
`warCinebulTa~ xelSi miwis fondis gafarToeba da dagroveba niSnavda swored
imas, rom erisganTa didma nawilma miwa dakarga. amrigad, warmoiqmna, erTi mxriv,
ekonomikurad SeZlebuli da politikurad dawinaurebuli fena, romelsac wya-
roebSi `warCinebuli~ an sparsul-qarTuli termini `aznauri~ ewodeba. erisganTa
did nawils ki Seadgendnen miwadakarguli, ekonomikurad Seviwroebuli, zogjer
ki sruliad arafris mqone pirni, romlebic TavianTi arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis
iZulebulni iyvnen, am aznaur-warCinebulTaTvis miemarTaT, maT mfarvelobaSi
(ymobaSi) Sesuliyvnen da maTgan mieRoT miwa garkveuli begara-gadasaxadebis ga-
moRebis pirobiT. aseT pirebs Zveli wyaroebi `glexebs~ uwodeben. glexi (glaxa)
Tavdapirvelad arafrismqones, upovars, maTxovars niSnavda. is SeiZleba qalaqis
205
 mcxovrebic yofiliyo. glexsa da aznaurs
Soris myardeba garkveuli ekonomikuri da
socialuri urTierToba, rac feodaluri
urTierTobis Sinaarss iZens. aznauri ukve
miwas TviTon aRar amuSavebs da ZiriTadad
samxedro saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli. misi
da misi ojaxis Senaxva ki am glexebs evale-
baT.

msxvili feodaluri
miwaTmflobelobis warmoqmna
feodaluri urTierTobis Canasaxs war-
moadgenda mefis gvarisa da straboniseuli
meoTxe genosis, laoebis, anu `samefo mone-
bis~ urTierTobac. am fenis Tavisebureba portretuli intalionebi
qarTveli warCinebulebis
is iyo, rom igi Sedgeboda sxvadasxva gziT
gamosaxulebiT (III-IV ss)
damorCilebuli Tu dapyrobili Temebi-
sagan da, amdenad, Tavisufali ekonomiku-
ri ganviTareba ukiduresad SezRuduli
hqondaT. amitom maTSi didxans SemorCa
Temuri miwaTmflobeloba da mmarTvelo-
Tavi mesame

bis tradiciebi. es damokidebuli meTeme-

ni mxolod samefo gvaris mflobelobaSi
aRar rCebian. rogorc aRiniSna, aznaurTa
erTguli samsaxuris uzrunvelsayofad
mefe uxvad urigebda maT Tavis samflobe-
lo miwebs zed msxdomi meTemeebiTurT, es
ukanasknelni ki TavianTi mdgomareobiT
vercxlis Tasi mamakacis
yma-glexebs uTanabrdebodnen. skulpturuli biustiT armazis
feodalurad damokidebuli miwaTmo- xevidan (II s.)
qmedTa fenis warmoqmnis mesame gza iyo
yofili monebisa da samxedro tyveebis
miwaze dasma. es gamowveuli iyo soflis meurneobaSi monis Sromis uaRresad
ararentabelurobiT. misi gadayvana yma glexis mdgomareobaSi Sromis nayofie-
rebasac zrdida da xels uwyobda ufro progresuli da Semosavliani dargebis
– mebaReoba-mevenaxeobis ganviTarebas, mcenareuli kulturebis moSenebas, miwis
intensiur damuSavebas.
aRniSnuli procesebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze viTardeboda da III-IV
saukuneebisaTvis ukve Camoyalibebul da farTo xasiaTs iRebda. Tumca sa-
qarTveloSi iyo adgilebi, sadac mosaxleoba kvlav Temuri wesebiT cxovrobda.
aseTi iyo, magaliTad, mTis regionebi, ganapira sazRvrispira kuTxeebi da sxv.
feodaluri urTierTobis Sinaarsis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvreli niSani
iyo msxvili feodaluri miwaTmflobelobis Camoyalibeba, gabatonebuli fenebis
ierarqiuli struqtura da sazogadoebis fenebad danawevreba. ganvlil periodSi
206
qarTlis gabatonebulma fenebma (sefegvari, samoxeleo aristokratia, qurumoba
da sxv.) didi cvlileba ganicades da axali Sevseba miiRes. erisagan gamoyofili
da dawinaurebuli aznaurebi profesionalur samxedro Zalas qmnian, romelTa
mTavari saqmianoba molaSqreobaa. samefo xelisufleba ZiriTadad am kargad
SeiaraRebul da gawvrTnil samxedro Zalas eyrdnoba. aznaurTa calkeuli war-
momadgenlebi winaurdebian maRal samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobebze. isini
erTguli da unariani samsaxuris samagierod mefisagan iReben miwebs zed msxdomi
damokidebuli meTemeebiTurT. aseTi aRzevebuli aznaurebi TavianTi socialuri
da politikuri gavleniT uaxlovdebian qarTlis Zvel aristokratias da qmnian
e.w. didaznaurTa fenas. `aznaurni did-didni~ xelT igdeben erisTavis, pitiaxSis,
cixisTavis da sxva gavlenian Tanamdebobebs. isini iqvemdebareben erisganebs da
sxva ufro wvril aznaurebsac. ase TandaTanobiT warmoiqmneba feodaluri ur-
TierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli feodaluri ierarqia.
aseTi mdgomareoba gvaqvs ara marto aRmosavleT, aramed dasavleT saqarTve-
loSic, sadac samefo-samTavroebis mefe-mTavrebi jer romis imperatorebis
vasalebi iyvnen, xolo lazikis samefos warmoqmnis Semdeg isini lazikis mefeebis
ymebad iqcnen.

qarTuli feodalizmi Sua saukuneebSi

Sua saukuneebi
feodaluri ierarqiuli kibis arsebobis pirobebSi zogierTi aznauri ma-
Ral samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobas ikavebda, rac maTi gamdidrebis
mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo.
aseve moxda glexebis mimagreba miwaze – maT sacxovrebeli adgilis ga-
mocvlis ufleba ar hqondaT. glexs SeiZleboda hqonoda Tavisi yana, baR-
venaxi, saxli. garda imisa, rom glexi batonis miwas amuSavebda, is valdebuli
iyo, sakuTari miwidan moweuli mosavlidanac gadaexada batonisaTvis begara.
feodalTa fenas, romlebic miwebs flobnen, Seadgendnen mefe (an erismTa-
vari) didi da mcire aznaurebi. msxvili miwaTmflobeli iyo agreTve eklesiac.
mefe xSirad `wyalobiT~ gadascemda miwebs aznaurebs, amis safasurad ki maT
ekisrebodaT garkveuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba (upirvelesad samxedro).
amgvari samflobelo memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda mamidan Svils. amgvarive xa-

oqros samkaulebi
armazis erisTavTa
samarxebidan (II s.)

207
 wyaro 2

XIX s. 80-ian wlebSi siRnaRis mazris zogierT sofelSi SemorCenili

saerTo-sasoflo, anu saTemo miwismflobelobisa da miwis gadanawilebis
tradiciuli wesis aRwera TviTmxilvelis mier:

`qiziyis soflebSi xdeba saxnavi miwebis garkveuli nawilis mekomurTa Soris

gadanawileba, xolo danarCeni farTobis aTviseba datacebis gziT.

saTemo miwebis gadanawileba Semdegnairad xdeboda: gadasanawilebel miwas

yofdnen wvril-wvril, daaxloebiT erTnairi xarisxis da zomis nakveTebad. Semdeg,
komlis survilis mixedviT gadaecemoda mas erTi an ori, ori an oTxi naWeri. ra Tqma
unda, oTx naWers aiRebda is, visac amdeni miwis damuSavebis SesaZlebloba hqonda da
gadasaxadic SeZlebis mixedviT Seewereboda... gadanawilebis dros miwis gazomva
sabliT xdeboda, amitom am process miwis `sabelSi Cagdeba~ ewodeboda... rodesac
glexi daeufleboda saTemo miwis nakveTs, mas `daCemebuli miwa~ ewodeboda.

saTemo miwas vadiT iCemebdnen. vinc yvelaze adre moaswrebda da moxnavda saTemo
miwas, im weliwadSi imisia, meore weliwads SeiZleba igive miwa sxvam moxnas da
daiCemos...

ganuyoflad iTvleba mxolod mamuli baR-venaxianad.

saTemo miwebis datacebis gziT sargeblobaSi monawileoba SeeZloT mxolod Temis

Tavi mesame

im wevrebs, romlebsac gaaCndaT Sesabamisi saxvneli iaraRi da gamwevi saqoneli.

aseTi miwebiT sargeblobda pirvel rigSi, visac hqonda guTani da hyavda saWiro
raodenobis xar-kameCi. qarTuli guTani moiTxovda 6-10 uRel xar-kameCs da ara
nakleb 4 kacis erTdroul muSaobas. aseTi guTnis gamoyeneba SeeZlo mxolod
SeZlebul komls, glexebis umravlesobas ki ar gaaCnda saqonlis aseTi raodenoba
(12-20 suli) da arc hyavda amdeni muSaxeli. amitom aseTi wesiT, e. i. `datacebis~
gziT yvelaze ufro sargeblobdnen SeZlebuli komlebi. isini agreTve xnavdnen
yvelaze saukeTeso da yvelaze didi raodenobis miwas, xolo Semdeg aZlevdnen sxva
glexebs qiriT guTansa da gamwev saqonels...~

siaTis iyo evropuli `feodi~ – feodaluri miwismflobelobis wesi. miwebze

memkvidreobiT uflebisa da `Seuvalobis~ (imunitetis) mopovebiT, qarTveli
erismTavrebi evropel `seniorebs~ emsgavsebodnen. bevr erismTavars sakuTari
samxedro razmic hyavda da gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi, isini eswrafvodnen mefis
xelisuflebisagan damoukideblobis mopovebas.
feodalebi aSenebdnen cixesimagreebs. isini mudmivad eqiSpebodnen erTma-
neTs da cdilobdnen mowinaaRmdegis miwebisa da ymebis dauflebas. zogjer
Zlieri mTavari ufro susts iqvemdebarebda da maT Soris e.w. patronymuri
urTierTobebi myardeboda. mcire samTavro amgvarad ufro didi samTavros
nawili xdeboda. amgvari urTierTobebic evropaSi arsebuli vasalitetis
sistemis msgavsi iyo.

208
 qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos gaZlierebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT
daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis xanaSi, moxda feodalebis damoukideblobisaken
miswrafebis CaxSoba. daviTis mier Camoyalibebul jaris birTvs mefis erTgu-
li wvrili da saSualo aznaurebi Seadgendnen. am periodSi ganxorcielebulma
politikurma da ekonomikurma reformebma saqarTvelo erT-erT uZlieres
feodalur saxelmwifod aqcia.
gaizarda qalaqebi da ganviTarda saqalaqo cxovreba. am pirobebSi, Tamaris
mefobis dasawyisSi, Tbilisis mdidar, magram arawarCinebul moqalaqeTa nawil-
ma, yuTlu arslanis meTaurobiT, moindoma sakuTari rolis gazrda qveynis po-
litikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. maT moTxovnaTa Soris iyo sakanonmdeblo
organos – darbazis Seqmna da mefis uflebebis SezRudva. marTalia, maTi mo-
Txovnebi mxolod mcired dakmayofilda, magram es gamosvla adasturebda gan-
viTarebuli feodalizmis pirobebSi axali sazogadoebrivi fenis warmoqmnas.
saqarTveloSi feodaluri urTierTobebs, upirvelesad ki miwismflobelo-
bas did zians ayenebda saukuneTa manZilze momTabareTa Semosevebi. momTaba-
reebi kultivirebul miwebs saZovrebad aqcevdnen. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTve-
loSi feodalurma urTierTobebma SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi xasiaTi da amasTan
erTad, am urTierTobebs garkveuli msgavseba hqonda evropul feodalizmTan.

Sua saukuneebi
wyaro 3

`XIV saukuneSi, monRolTa mravalwliani batonobis Semdeg saqarTveloSi

aRadgines samefo xelisufleba. feodaluri sistema ar dazianebula, misi
struqtura xeluxlebeli darCa, Tumca evolucia SeCerda. samefo xelisufleba
gaZlierda mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis taxtze asvlis Semdeg (1314). es iyo erT-
erTi iSviaTi qarTveli xelisufali, romelmac kargad miusadaga feodaluri
reJimi saxelmwifos marTvis sistemas. samefos aRdgena man vasalitetis xarjze
daiwyo. Tavisi mefobis periodSi... giorgi V-m Seqmna samarTlebrivi kodeqsi qveynis
CrdiloeT sazRvarTan mdebare aragvis saerisTavosTvis, sadac mTielebs neba
miecaT, SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi moZvelebuli socialuri struqtura, romelic
sisxliT naTesaur urTierTobebze iyo damyarebuli. am teritoriaze gvxvdeba da
xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli
ori sistema: xelisufalTa mier SeTavazebuli feodalizmi da klanuri
sazogadoeba – adgilobrivi nayofi da warsulis gadmonaSTi. giorgi mefis
krebuli esadageba orive moqmed Zalas da im dogmebsa da Sexedulebebs, romlebic
maT asuldgmulebs.

giorgi SaraSiZe, Sesavali qarTuli feodalizmis kvlevaSi

209
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT saqarTvelos sameurneo cxovre-

ba ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi.
2. ris mixedviT SegviZlia davadginoT, rom adre CvenSi miwaze saerTo-
sasoflo, anu Temuri mflobeloba iyo?

3. meurneobis ra dargebis ganviTareba uwyobda xels miwaze Temuri

mflobelobis daSlas da kerZo sakuTrebis dafuZnebas?
4. gaiazreT, rogor unda gaCeniliyo e. w. `samefo monebi~ (`laoebi~) da riTi
gansxvavdebodnen isini Tavisufal meTemeTagan, anu erisganTagan?
5. ra roli iTamaSa saomari iaraRis gaZvirebam warCinebul `erisganTa~
dawinaurebis saqmeSi?
6. isaubreT patronymuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.
7. imsjeleT wyaro 3-Si motanili masalis Sesaxeb. daaxasiaTeT giorgi V
brwyinvales politika mTielTa mimarT.
Tavi mesame

xerTvisis cixe

saSinao davaleba

1. gaecaniT wyaro 2-Si aRweril saTemo mflobelobis miwebis ganawilebis tra-

diciul wess da werilobiT gadmoeciT feodalizmis Camoyalibebis sawyis
etapze arsebuli mdgomareoba. istoriuli suraTis aRsadgenad moiSvelieT
agreTve paragrafis teqstSi mocemuli masala.
2. teqstis, ganvlili masalisa da wyaroebis mixedviT dawereT Tema: `evropuli
da qarTuli feodalizmi – msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi~.

210
35. ganaTleba da mecniereba. `universitetebis xana~
evropaSi

bizantia - antikuri kulturis leqsikoni

memkvidre
romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg mTava-
ri, ris SenarCunebac bizantiam SeZlo –
es iyo antikuri, berZnuli ganswavlulo-
ba. ganaTlebis yvelaze saxelganTqmuli
kera iyo aTenis akademia, romelic jer
kidev Zv.w. IV saukuneSi daaarsa platonma
da sadac saxelganTqmuli warmarTi fi-
losofosebi aswavlidnen. studentebi,
romlebic aTenSi swavlobdnen, imdenad
amayobdnen TavianTi ganaTlebis siRrmi-
r bula – papis mier gamoce-
muli dokumenti, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli beWedi er-
tya.
r himnografia [berZ. humnos
– himni da graphō – vwer] – sa-
suliero poezia.
r ritorika – mWevrmetveleba,
mecniereba mWevrmetyvele-
bis xelovnebis Sesaxeb.

Sua saukuneebi
Ta da brwyinvalebiT, rom V s-is erT-erTi
avtoris SeniSvniT, `Tavis Tavs naxevrad
RmerTebad miiCnevdnen, yvela danarCens
ki – naxevrad virebad~.
II s-dan yalibdeba qristianuli Teologia (anu RvTismetyveleba – codna
RmerTze), romelic antikuri filosofiis miRwevebs Zveli da axali aRTqmis
ganmartebisTvis iyenebda. RvTismetyvelebi miiCnevdnen, rom antikuri xanis
filosofosebi flobdnen samyaros Sesaxeb WeSmariti codnis mxolod nawils,
mxolod ieso qristes rwmena axsnis da moawesrigebs im aRmoCenebs, rac gaake-
Tes warmarTebma filosofiaSi, elinuri sibrZne qristianuli xdeboda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi warmarTuli akademiebi daqveiTda, xolo filosofia aRorZinda
saRvTismetyvelo akademiebSi da qristianuli Teologiis mTavari iaraRi gax-
da. qristiani bizantielebi aviTarebdnen sxva mecnierebebsac – maTematikas,
astronomias, medicinas.

sqolastika
Sua saukuneebis mecniereba qristianuli filosofiiT iyo gaJRenTili.
VIII-XV saukuneebSi Teologiuri mimdinareoba – sqolastika (laT. scholastica
– skolisa; swavluli) gabatonda, romlis drosac religiam eklesiis dogma-
Ta Teoriuli dasabuTebis SesaZlebloba dauSva. sqolastika pirvel rigSi
samyarosa da RmerTis Secnobis meTodi iyo. sqolasti gamodioda iqidan, rom
rwmena da codna, zeSTagoneba da goneba, SeiZleba ara mxolod SeuTavso erT-
maneTs, aramed aswavlo maT erTmaneTis daxmareba. goneba, mkacri logika – ai,
Zala, romelsac SeuZlia pasuxi gasces uamrav SekiTxvas. yvelaze mTavaria,
211
 rom filosofosebma gansjisas ar gadauxvion saRmrTo werils. sqolastika
gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg ganviTarda, rac evropelebi aristoteles filo-
sofiasa da logikas gaecnnen.
sqolastikosebma zusti azrovnebis, logikurad Camoyalibebuli msjelobis
unari gamoimuSaves, ramac didi roli Seasrula mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTa-
rebaSi. wminda mamebma ganaviTares qristianuli moZRvreba, magram zogjer maT
naSromebSi erTi da igive debuleba sxvadasxvanairad iyo gaSuqebuli, rac maT
mimarT kritikas iwvevda. sqolastikosebis mizani am winaaRmdegobebis daZle-
va da sxvadasxva mosazrebaTa SeTanxmeba iyo. maTTvis mTavari iyo ara axali
codnis mopoveba, aramed avtoritetebis mier gamoTqmuli azris komentireba
da logikuri gaazreba. sqolastikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli avtori-
tetebis Tayvaniscema. umTavresi avtoriteti iyo saRvTo werili, amasTanave
aristoteles Sromebi.
adreuli sqolastikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli iyo pier
abelari (1079-1142), romelic uars acxadebda avtoritetebis usityvo Tayva-
niscemaze. misi azriT, mxolod WeSmariti codna SeiZleba iyos rwmenis uryevi
safuZveli. sqolastikuri debuleba – `irwmune, raTa Seicno ~, abelarma Sem-
degnairad Seabruna: `Seican, raTa irwmuno~. adamians aqvs goneba, mas SeuZlia
mwyobrad, logikurad iazrovnos, da raxan asea, filosofoss Seswevs unari
Tavad, wminda teqstebze dayrdnobis gareSe, Caswvdes axal codnas. abelarma
dawera wigni – `ho da ara~, romelSic Sekriba da erTad moaTavsa eklesiis ma-
Tavi mesame

mebis erTmaneTTan sruliad SeuTanxmebeli azrebis aTeulobiT magaliTi. rac

imas niSnavda, rom saboloo jamSi adamiani mxolod sakuTar gonebas, logikas,
msjelobis unars unda daeyrdnos.

leqcia

212
 abelaris msjelobam mravali RvTismetyvelisa da eklesiis maRal moxeleTa
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia: `abelars eWvi epareba imaTi azrebis WeSmaritebaSi, visi
werilebic RvTivSTagonebulia! abelaris siaxleebs mwvaleblobis elferi
dahkravs!~ – ambobdnen isini da abelarisaTvis mZime dro daiwyo, romelic
Tavad aRwera Tavis avtobiografiaSi saxelwodebiT `ambavi Cemi ubedurebisa~.
yvelaze daundoblad abelars sdevnida cnobili frangi RvTismetyveli,
klervos monastris abati bernar klervoeli (1090-1153). igi mistikosTa mimdi-
nareobis fuZemdebeli iyo. mistika sqolastikis paralelurad viTardeboda.
bernarma mistikosTa mTeli skola Seqmna. maTi mizani igive iyo, rac sqolas-
tikosebis – RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis Secnoba, magram Secnobis gzebi iyo gan-
sxvavebuli. sqolastika gonebis saSualebiT cdilobda Secnobas, mistika ki
uaryofda adamianis gonebis rols. mistikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom adamianis
goneba imdenad sustia, rom igi ver Sewvdeba RvTaebriv WeSmaritebas. samyaro,
da miT umetes, misi Semqmneli RmerTi – es gonebiT amouxsneli saidumloa,
romlis gagebac sakuTari ZalebiT mokvdavebs ar ZaluZT. dava abelarsa da
bernars Soris evropuli kulturis SemTxveviTi movlena ar yofila. es iyo
samyarosadmi, codnisadmi, adamianisadmi ori sxvadasxva midgoma.
abelarisaTvis, rogorc racionalistisaTvis, mTavari iyo WeSmaritebis
miRweva gonebiT, Tanmimdevruli logikuri msjelobis safuZvelze. bernars,
rogorc mistikoss, gonebrivi daskvnebi Zalian zedapirulad eCveneboda. im-

Sua saukuneebi
wyaro 1

nawyveti abelaris avtobiografiidan `ambavi Cemi ubedurebisa~:

`me vapirebdi, mimeZRvna Cemi Tavi ZiriTadad saRmrTo werilis SeswavlisaTvis, rac
ufro Seesabameboda Cems codnas (berisas), magram bolomde ar miTqvams uari saero
mecnierebaTa swavlebaze ... me am mecnierebebisgan gavakeTe satyuara, ase vTqvaT,
ankesi, romliTac me SevZlebdi im adamianebis mizidvas, romelTac gausinjes gemo
filosofiur codnas, WeSmariti filosofiis Seswavlas...

im droisaTvis me gamiCnda azri, pirvel rigSi Sevdgomodi Cveni sarwmunoebis

safuZvlebis ganxilvas, adamianis gonebisaTvis misawvdomi Sedarebebis gamoyene-
bis gziT, da me Cemi mowafeebisTvis Sevqmeni RvTismetyvelebis traqtati `RvTiur
erTianobasa da samebaze~. Cemi mowafeebi Cemgan moiTxovdnen adamianur da filo-
sofiur daskvnebs imaze, rac SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod gamoTqmuli, aramed gagebu-
lic. isini amtkicebdnen, rom zedmetia sityvebi, romelTa gagebac miuwvdomelia,
SeuZlebelia gwamdes is, rac Sen windawin ver gaige, sasaciloa qadageba imaze, risi
wvdomac gonebiT ar SeuZliaT arc mqadagebels da arc mis msmenelebs ... roca sakmaod
bevrma naxa da waikiTxa Cemi traqtati, is yvelas Zalian moewona, radgan, rogorc
Cans, erTnairad iZleoda damakmayofilebel pasuxebs masTan dakavSirebul yvela
wamoWril kiTxvaze. radgan es kiTxvebi warmoadgendnen urTuless, rac meti iyo
maTSi sirTule, miT ufro moswondaT maTi gadaWris sinatife. amitomac Cemma mowi-
naaRmdegeebma, ukiduresad damwuxrebulebma yovelive amis gamo, Cems winaaRmdeg
krebis mowveva gadawyvites... ~

213
 jerad kamaTSi warmatebas mistikis warmo-
madgenelma miaRwia. bernarma gailaSqra
abelaris winaaRmdeg da igi mwvaleblad
gamoacxada.
sqolastikam ayvavebas miaRwia XIII s-Si.
es dakavSirebulia qalaqebis ganviTare-
basa da universitetebis daarsebasTan.
berZen-romael filosofosTa naSromebi
laTinur enaze jer arabulidan iTargmna,
Semdeg originalidan, upirveles yovlisa,
aristoteles Txzulebebi.
wyaro 2
albert didi `balaxTa, qvaTa da
cxovelTa Tvisebebis Sesaxeb~:
`Tu Sen ginda sZlio mtrebs, aiRe
qva, romelsac andamati (almasi)
ewodeba. es qva brWyvialaa, yve-
laze magaria, ver gatex, Tu Txis
sisxli ar wausvi, da Tu marcxena
mxares daimagreb mas, giSvelis
mtrebis winaaRmdeg, avadmyo-

aristoteles `dabruneba~ fobis winaaRmdeg, gareuli da

Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi, Zveli ber-
Zeni filosofosi aristotele (Zv.w. 384-
322) dasavleT evropaSi daiviwyes. maSin
jer kidev did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda
berZnuli enis kargi codna, xolo aris-
toteles Rirseuli Targmani laTinurad
TiTqmis ar arsebobda. SedarebiT ukeT
iyo cnobili platonisa da misi mimdevre-
Tavi mesame
Sxamiani cxovelebis winaaRmdeg,
boroti adamianebis winaaRmdeg,
Cxubis, kamaTisa da Sxamis winaaR-
mdegac. Tu ginda sibrZne Seimato
da sisulele aicdino, aiRe qva,
romelsac qrizoliTi ewodeba,
Ria mwvane ferisaa, oqroSia Cas-
muli; es qva sisuleles sdevnis

da sibrZnes matebs ... ~

bis zogierTi idea, radgan maT jer kidev
netari avgustine iyenebda.
aristotelesTan dasavleT evropelTa axali nacnoboba arabebis wyalobiT
Sedga. bizantiis dapyrobil teritoriaze arabebma biblioTekebSi antikur
filosofosTa Sromebi aRmoaCines. arab brZenTa yuradReba gansakuTrebiT
aristotelem miiqcia. islamuri samyaros bevri gamoCenili moazrovne misi
Zlieri gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. maT gadaTargmnes aristoteles mravali
naSromi da daweres uamravi komentari maT Sesaxeb. XII s-Si arabuli enis mcodne
espanelebma, toledos arqiepiskoposis brZanebiT, laTinur enaze Targmnes
aristotele.
didi berZenis yvelaze cnobili mimdevari iyo muslimi filosofosi, ibn
ruSdi (1126-1198), arabuli espaneTis dedaqalaq kordobas universitetis pro-
fesori. evropaSi ibn ruSdis averoesis saxeliT icnobdnen. ibn ruSdis avto-
riteti imdenad maRali iyo, rom aseTi gamoTqmac ki arsebobda: `aristotelem
axsna buneba, xolo averoesma axsna Tavad aristotele~.
evropelTa nawili muslimur espaneTSi saswavleblad da mis mosasmenad
miemgzavreboda, averoesis Txzulebebi evropaSi laTinuri TargmanebiT
vrceldeboda. arabTa wyalobiT aristoteles gacnobili evropelebi gaogne-
bulni iyvnen misi interesebis yovlismomcvelobiTa da azrTa siRrmiT. magram
aristotele warmarTi iyo, ris gamoc mas didi drois manZilze sifrTxiliT
ekidebodnen. urTulesi amocana – `aristoteles qristesTan dakavSireba~
– gadawyvites albert magnusma (1193-1280) da Toma akvinelma. germaneli mec-
nieri albert magnusi (didi) pirveli didi sqolasti iyo, romelmac Seiswavla
214
aristotele da dawera komentarebi. albert magnusi aRniSnavda: `codna iZleva
rwmenis ukeT SeTvisebis saSualebas~. antikuri mwerlebis gavleniT magnusi
mraval saintereso mosazrebas gamoTqvamda, magaliTad, mas miaCnda, rom de-
damiwa mrgvalia.
albert didis mowafis, Toma akvinelis (1125-1274) Semoqmedeba Sua saukuneebis
sqolastikis mwvervaladaa miCneuli. Toma akvineli aRiarebda gonis faseulobas
da mis did SesaZleblobebs. mas miaCnda, rom aris raRac zegonieri movlenebi,
romelTa logikuri axsna adamianis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. es exeba samya-
ros gaCenas, Ze RvTisas adamianis saxiT gamocxadebas da a. S. aseT SemTxvevaSi
upiratesoba unda mieniWos rwmenas – WeSmaritebas, romelic miiReba ara co-
dniT, aramed zeSTagonebiT. mas ekuTvnis mravali Txzuleba, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia `Teologiis jami~, sadac ganxilulia religiis, filosofiis, is-
toriis, ekonomikis, meurneobis sakiTxebi. naSromis yvela sakiTxi ganxilulia
dasabuTebis erTi meTodiT, romelic oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba: sakiTxis dasma;
citata avtoridan; komentari-ganmarteba; daskvna (erTi debulebis miReba,
meoris uaryofa). esaa enciklopediuri naSromi, sadac Toma akvineli, eyrdnoba
ra aristoteles, adamianis miswrafebaTa Soris umaRlesad miiCnevs sibrZnisaken
swrafvas. es misi azriT, aris umaRlesi WeSmaritebisaken, RmerTisaken swrafva.
rwmena pirveladia, Tumca marto rwmena ar kmara, mis dasasabuTeblad gonebasac
unda movuxmoT. aseTia Toma akvinelis filosofia, e. w. Tomizmi, romelic XIV

Sua saukuneebi
saukunis damdegidan kaTolikuri eklesiis oficialur doqtrinad cxaddeba.
sqolastikis batonobis xanaSi gaCndnen mecnierebi, romlebic kritikulad
iyvnen ganwyobilni Tavad sqolastikis mimarT. maT centrs oqsfordis univer-
siteti warmoadgenda. am mecnierTa Soris yvelaze saxelganTqmuli ingliseli
rojer bekoni (1214-1294) iyo. bekoni ilaSqrebda avtoritetebis usityvo da
gazviadebuli Tayvaniscemis winaaRmdeg. igi aRniSnavda, rom arsebobs codnis
sami wyaro: avtoriteti, goneba, cda. avtoriteti ar aris sakmarisi, Tu mas
gonebrivi safuZveli ar gaaCnia. gonebac verafers SeZlebs, Tu ar damtkicda
cdiT. igi werda, rom saWiroa, pativi vceT aristoteles da sxva berZnebs. maT
gaakeTes yvelaferi, ris gakeTebac im dros SeiZleboda, magram ar unda davi-
viwyoT, rom isinic adamianebi iyvnen da maTac SeeZloT Secdomebis daSveba.
bekoni amtkicebda, rom mecnierebis mizania, Seiswavlos buneba da adamianis
samsaxurSi Caayenos is, mis mizans mecnieruli codnis praqtikasTan dakavSi-
reba warmoadgenda.
gviandeli sqolastika aRorZinebis epoqis msoflmxedvelobas daupiris-
pirda da amis Semdeg Rirebuli araferi Seuqmnia.

skolebi da universitetebi
Sua saukuneebis dasawyisis evropa skolebis simravliT ar gamoirCeoda.
antikuri saero skolis tradiciebi aqa-iq iyo SemorCenili, isic samxreTSi,
ZiriTadad italiaSi. alpebis CrdiloeTiT, umTavresad samonastro da saekle-
sio skolebi arsebobda. bunebrivia, rom rogorc skolis xelmZRvanelebi, ise
maswavleblebic, sasuliero pirebi iyvnen. eklesia adgenda maTTvis programas.
swavleba yvelgan laTinur enaze tardeboda.

215
Tavi mesame

boloniis universiteti

qalaqebis zrdam – ganaTlebis ganviTarebas, Tavisufali azrovnebis gavr-

celebas misca biZgi. axalgazrda qalaqebSi swrafad Cndeboda skolebi. isini
ukve ise Zlierad ar iyvnen damokidebulni eklesiaze, radgan kerZo sakuTrebas
warmoadgendnen an qalaqis sabWos TanxebiT arsebobdnen. zogierTi qalaqis
skolebma swrafad moipoves aRiareba mTel evropaSi. XII s-is bolodan eko-
nomikur ganviTarebasTan erTad saWiro gaxda specialuri ganaTlebis mqone
pirTa momzadeba. did qalaqebSi taZrebTan arsebuli skolebi TandaTan ga-
dakeTda zogad da mogvianebiT umaRles skolad – universitetad. dasavleT
evropaSi universitetebi Cndeba iq, sadac ganTqmuli mecnierebi moRvaweobd-
nen. XII-XIII saukuneebSi, rodesac dasavleT evropaSi qalaqi kulturis centri
xdeba, rasakvirvelia, iq kulturis keras universitetebi da maTi profesura
warmoadgenda, romelic im epoqisaTvis maRali sazogadoebis Sesaferis tra-
diciebs amkvidrebda. XIII-XV saukuneebSi universitetebi evropis TiTqmis
yvela qveyanaSi gaCnda. evropuli universitetebi TviTmmarTvel korpora-
ciebs warmoadgendnen. rac imas niSnavda, rom aravin ereoda maT saqmianobaSi.
universitetebi TviTon adgendnen gegmebs, irCevdnen leqtorebs, aniWebdnen
samecniero xarisxebsa da wodebebs. yvela universitetSi swavleba laTinur
enaze mimdinareobda. universitetebma TavianTi Tavisuflad moazrovne profe-
suriTa da studentobiT samRvdeloebasa da feodaluri samyaros mesveurebs
didi problemebi Seuqmnes.
216
 miiCneva, rom evropis pirveli univer-
siteti daarsda italiis qalaq boloniaSi
1088 wels. swored misi daarsebis aqtSia
pirvelad moxseniebuli sityva `universi-
teti~. pirveli evropuli universitete-
bi gildiebis (amqrebis) saxiT iqmneboda:
`ostati~ (profesori) iRebda `licenzias~
(uflebas) eswavlebina `SegirdisaTvis~
(studentisaTvis). aRsaniSnavia, rom gil-
diis laTinuri Sesatyvisia universitas. pa-
rizelma `ostatebma~ swavlebis ufleba
daaxl. 1200 wels safrangeTis mefis qar-
tiiT, xolo 1231 wels papis buliT miiRes;
dadasturda `gildiis~ avtonomiuroba da
misi ufleba TviTonve mieniWebina licen-
zia maswavleblebisaTvis.
antikur samyaroSi, miuxedavad imisa,
rom araerTi saxelganTqmuli skola arse-
bobda, arasdros Seqmnila Sua saukuneebis
evropis msgavsi universitetebis sistema
– anu umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebule-
baTa qseli, codnis Segrovebis, Senaxvis,
gazrdisa da gadacemis mizniT. universi-
tetebis raodenobis zrda evropaSi da-
savlur sazogadoebaSi axali socialuri
klasis gaCenis momaswavebeli iyo, romlis
profesiuli daniSnulebac gaxda codnis
Segroveba, gamdidreba da gadacema. uni-
versitetebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli
adamianebi amieridan dasavluri azrovne-
bis ganviTarebis mTavar wyarod iqcnen.
skolebisa da universitetebis qselis
gafarToebasTan erTad izrdeboda moT-
xovnileba wignebze. XIV s-dan wignis war-
moebaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda qaRaldi,
romelic evropaSi aziidan jvarosnuli
omebis Semdeg Semovida. wignis gavrce-
lebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda
beWdvis gamogonebas. pirveli wigni germa-
nelma gamomgonebelma, iohan gutenberg-
ma dabeWda (1445). am gamogonebam udidesi
biZgi misca ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli
codnis Semdgom gavrcelebas.
wyaro 3
nawyveti rojer bekonis Txzu-
lebidan:
`Zvel wignebSi naTqvamia, rom
almasis gaxleCa SesaZlebelia
Txis sisxlis moSveliebiT. me
vasvelebdi almass Txis sisxlSi,
magram araferi gamovida. magram
almasis gaxleCis xerxs kargad
icnoben oqromWedlebi. SeiZle-
ba iseTi sacurao mowyobilobis
ageba, romelsac ar dasWirdeba
meniCbeebi. am mowyobilobis meS-
veobiT erTi adamiani SeZlebs
moZraobaSi moiyvanos yvelaze
didi xomaldic ki, Tanac ufro
didi siCqariT, vidre amas ua-
mravi meniCbe SeZlebda. SesaZle-
Sua saukuneebi
belia oTxTvalas gakeTeba, ro-
melsac ar dasWirdeba cxenebis
Sebma, magram ivlis saocrad
swrafad; safreni manqanis age-
ba, romelSic ijdeba adamiani
da frinveliviT aamoZravebs
manqanaze mimagrebul frTebs.
gamWvirvale sxeulebi SeiZleba
ise damuSavdes, rom Sorsmyofi
sxeulebi axlos mogeCvenos, an
piriqiT. warmoudgenel siSore-
ze SesaZlebeli iqneba umciresi
asoebis wakiTxva da uwvrilesi
sagnebis garCeva, varskvlavebis
daTvaliereba; sadac ki movisur-
vebT, uxilavi xiluli gaxdeba~.
217
 ganaTleba da mecniereba qarTuli kulturis
`oqros xanis~ periodSi
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ZiriTad centrebs
eklesia-monastrebi warmoadgenda (rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise
mis farglebs gareT). eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi aswavlidnen
Teologias, himnografias, liturgikas, istoriasa da qarTul mwignobrobas.
samefo karisa da didgvarovanTa ojaxebis SvilebisaTvis arsebobda kerZo sko-
lebic. aris cnoba, rom jer kidev IV saukuneSi fazisis maxloblad arsebobda
ritorikis skola.
XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTveli axalgazrdebi bizantiaSic iRebdnen ganaTlebas.
zogierTi maTgani iqve, iverTa qarTul monasterSi agrZelebda Semdgom moR-
vaweobas. ucxoeTSi araerTi qarTuli monasteri arsebobda. iverTa monaster-
Tan erTad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo ierusalimis jvris monasteri da
petriwonis monasteri bizantiaSi (dReEvandeli bulgareTis teritoriaze). am
monastrebSi farTo samecniero da saganmanaTleblo muSaoba mimdinareobda.
daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobaSi ganaTlebasa da mecnierebaze zrunvas
gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava. mis mier agebul gelaTis monasterSi daarsda
umaRlesi saganmanaTlebo dawesebuleba – gelaTis akademia. aq moRvaweobdnen
cnobili qarTveli swavlulebi ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli da sxvebi. ge-
laTis akademiaSi, ise rogorc evropaSi, mecnierebis Svid dargs aswavlidnen:
filosofias, ritorikas, ariTmetikas, geometrias, musikasa da astronomias.
Tavi mesame

dasturdeba, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis centri arsebobda iyalToSic.

gelaTi
218
 wyaro 4

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi gelaTis akademias moixseniebs `yovlisa aRmo-

savleTisa meore ierusalimad, saswavlod yovlisa keTilisad, moZRurad swavlu-
lebisad, sxuad aTinad, friad uaRres missa saRmrToTa Sina wesTa~.

Sua saukuneebi
iyalTos akademia

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-ze da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ras gulisxmobda abelaris

debuleba: `Seican, raTa irwmuno~.
2. imsjeleT, ratom daadanaSaules wignis – `hosa da aras~ avtori imaSi, rom
man gabeda, eWvi Seetana eklesiis mamebisa da sxva RvTismetyvelTa umaRles
avtoritetSi, abelari xom ar akritikebda arc erT maTgans, aramed ubralod
erTad amowera am avtorTa erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli azrebi?
3. wyaro 2-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT Sua saukuneebis ganaTlebis doneze,
Tuki aseT daskvnebs akeTebs magnusad (didad) aRiarebuli mecnieri?
4. wyaro 3-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, rojer bekonis romeli Sexeduleba
gamoiwvevda eklesiis mxridan mis devnas? SeadareT wyaro 2 da 3 erTmaneTs
da isaubreT, ramdenad SesamCnevia azrovnebis evolucia.
5. isaubreT im siaxleebis Sesaxeb, rac gamoiwvia universitetebis Seqmnam evro-
paSi.
6. ganxileT wyaro 4. imsjeleT, ratom uwodebs qarTveli istorikosi gelaTs
erTdroulad ierusalimsac da aTensac.

219
 36. Sua saukuneebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi
organoebi

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT organoebs evropaSi safuZveli XII-XIII sauku-

neebidan eyreba. am organoebis warmoqmnamde arsebobda samefo sabWoebi,
romlebsac metad SezRuduli uflebebi hqonda. es axali, wodebriv-warmo-
madgenlobiTi organoebi ki mefis xelisuflebis SezRudvas da qveynisaTvis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobas cdilobdnen. maTSi war-
modgenilni iyvnen msxvili feodalebi, mRvdelmTavrebi da vaWar-xelosanTa
zeda fena. es organoebi cdilobdnen, SeemsubuqebinaT dapirispireba monarqsa
da sazogadoebas Soris.

pirveli parlamenti inglisSi da `TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~

Tavdapirvelad inglisis mefeebi SezRudulni iyvnen adaTiTa da `Cveule-
baTa samarTliT~ (gvar-tomobrivi stadiidan moyolebuli, sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis procesSi Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis wesebis
erToblioba). am samarTlis aRsrulebaSi `brZenTa sabWo~ monawileobda. es
sabWo samefos didgvarovanTagan Sedgeboda. XI-XII saukuneebSi `brZenTa sab-
Wodan~ `samefo sabWo~ (curia regis) warmoiSva. TandaTanobiT yalibdeba sxva ins-
titutebi, magaliTad, sasamarTloebi, `saidumlo sabWo~ da `lordTa palata~.
Tavi mesame

droTa ganmavlobaSi sasamarTloebi SeimuSavebdnen adgilobrivi samarTlis

normebs (`CveulebiTi samarTali~ – ingl. Common Law). ase Camoyalibda XII-XIII
saukuneebSi swavlul iuristTa wodeba, romelic Tavs angariSvaldebulad
Tvlida samarTlis da ara mefis winaSe.
roca mefe jon umiwawylom (1199­1216) tradiciuli samarTlis morCileba ar
isurva, samefos didebulebma aiZules mefe, mieRo `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~
(Magna Charta Libertatum,1215) da daedo am kanonis erTgulebis fici, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, misgan misi vasalebis uflebebis pativiscemas moiTxovda. amasTa­
nave ganisazRvra `saerTo sabWos~ mowvevis wesi.
1265 wels mowveul iqna aseTi sabWo, romelSic Sevidnen calkeuli sofle­
bisa da qalaqebis warmomadgenlebi (Sesabamisad, ori raindi da ori moqalaqe
TiToeuli erTeulidan). am sabWos `parlamenti~ ewoda. bevri istorikosi 1265
wlis parlamentSi Tanamedrove `TemTa palatis~ winamorbed instituts xedavs.
1295 wels Sekrebili parlamenti ki iyo pirveli warmomadgenlobiTi organo
inglisis istoriaSi, radgan misi mowvevis dokumentis Tanaxmad, delegatebi
uflebamosilni iyvnen maT mier, visac isini warmoadgendnen.
Semdgom saukuneebSi parlamentma sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mo-
ipova (Tavdapirvelad mefisadmi wardgenili peticiis formiT, mogvianebiT
ukve mza kanonproeqtis – bilis saxiT).

generaluri Statebi safrangeTSi

safrangeTSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organo XIV s-is dasawyisSi Seiq-
mna. romis papma, bonifacius VIII-m kaTolikur samRvdeloebas aukrZala gada-

220
saxadebis gadaxda safrangeTis mefis sasargeblod. sapasuxod filip IV-m 1302
wels frangi xalxis warmomadgenelTa kreba moiwvia. eseni iyvnen sami wodebis
– samRvdeloebis, Tavadaznaurobisa da moqalaqeebis warmomadgenlebi. am
Sekrebas generaluri Statebi ewoda. man mefes dauWira mxari da romis papis
safrangeTis saqmeebSi Carevis winaaRmdeg gamovida. generaluri Statebi (1302-
1789) saTaTbiro organo iyo, romelsac mefis iniciativiT iwvevdnen xelisuf-
lebis dasaxmareblad kritikul situaciebSi. misi winamorbedi iyo samefo
sabWos gafarToebuli sxdomebi, romlebSic qalaqebis warmomadgenlebic
monawileobdnen. generaluri Statebis mTavari funqcia gaxda gadasaxadebis
raodenobis dadgena. generalurma Statebma safrangeTSi ver moipova is ufle-
bebi, rac inglisis parlaments gaaCnda.
generaluri Statebis mniSvneloba gaizarda aswliani omis dros (1337-1453),
rodesac samefo xelisuflebas gansakuTrebiT esaWiroeboda finansuri saxs-
rebi. XIV saukunis areulobebis dros (parizis 1357-58 ww. ajanyeba, 1358 wlis
`Jakeriis~ saxeliT cnobili amboxi da a.S.), generaluri Statebis wevrebi cdi-
lobdnen, gaezardaT am organos roli mmarTvelobaSi, magram qalaqebs Soris
erTianobis ararsebobisa da TavadaznaurobasTan Seurigebeli dapirispire-
bis pirobebSi, generaluri Statebis am mcdelobebma Sedegi ver moitana. XIV
saukunis miwurulidan generalur Statebs sul ufro iSviaTad iwvevdnen da
mas Caenacvla didgvarovanTa (notablebis) krebebi.

Sua saukuneebi
generaluri Statebi ukanasknelad 1614 wels moiwvia maria mediCim Tavisi
vaJis, axalgazrda lui XIII-is saxeliT da radgan maSin wodebebma monarqis Za-
lauflebis SezRudva scades, SemdgomSi, safrangeTis revoluciamde, frang
monarqebs misi mowvevis survili aRar gasCeniaT.

jon umiwawylo xels awers qartias

221
 kortesebi espaneTSi
Sua saukuneebis espaneTSi samefo xelisufle-
basTan erTad moqmedebda kortesebi – regionuli
wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. kasti-
liis mefeebs XI s-dan hqondaT tradicia, moewviaT
asambleebi (saTaTbiro organoebi), umaRlesi saero
da sasuliero aristokratiis monawileobiT mniSv-
nelovani sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. leonis same-
foSi kortesebs 1188 wels Caeyara safuZveli da es
iyo pirveli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organo
evropaSi. 1230 wels Seiqmna kastiliisa da leonis
samefos erTiani kortesebi, Tumca misi Zala didi generaluri Statebi (me-14
ar iyo. mefes hqonda kortesebis mowvevisa da daTxov- s-is miniatura)

nis ufleba; magram vinaidan kortesebSi warmodgeni-

li Tavadaznauroba akontrolebda jarebsa da saxelmwifo finansebs, mefe,
Cveulebriv, SeTanxmebas debda kortesebTan omis warmoebisaTvis dasturis
misaRebad, samagierod ki, feodalebi garkveul sargebels iRebdnen.

es sainteresoa

`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~

Tavi mesame

`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~ Sedgenilia laTinur enaze da Sedgeba 63 muxlisagan.

maTi umravlesoba exeba feodaluri aristokratiis interesebis dacvas. `qartiiT~
samRvdeloeba iRebda saeklesio arCevnebis Tavisuflad Catarebis garantiebs
(muxli 1); is avaldebulebda mefes, daecva feodaluri Cveulebebi Tavisi vasali
baronebis mimarT (muxlebi 2-11). 61-e muxli exeboda `qartiis~ dacvis uzrunvel-
yofis wesebs: baronebi TavianTi wridan irCevdnen 25 warmomadgenels `Tavisufle-
baTa~ dacvaze Tvalyuris sadevneblad. Tu mefe daarRvevda `qartias~ da ormoci
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Tundac oTxi baronis moTxovniT, ar gamoasworebda Secdomas,
ocdaxuTive barons ufleba hqonda gamoeyenebina Zala mefis winaaRmdeg – CamoerT-
mia misTvis sasaxleebi Tu miwebi da daendo mxolod mefe Tavisi ojaxiTurT. amgvar
SemTxvevaSi nebismier qveSevrdoms SeeZlo, baronebTan erTad ebrZola mefis wi-
naaRmdeg.

raindobam da glexobamac miiRes garkveuli uflebebi. baronebs ar SeeZloT maTgan

ufro metis moTxovna, vidre es CveulebiT iyo gansazRvruli. qalaqebs daudasturdaT
TavianTi privilegiebi. `qartiaSi~ aseve Setanili iyo dadgenilebebi zomisa da wonis
erTiani erTeulebis SemoRebis, samefoSi Tavisuflad Sesvla-gasvlis, arakanonieri
sasamarTlo baJis akrZalvis, samarTalwamoebis mowesrigebis da a.S. Sesaxeb.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda 39-e muxls, romlis Tanaxmadac `ar SeiZleba

Tavisufali adamiani dapatimrebul iqnes an cixeSi Caisvas, an CamoerTvas qoneba, an
ganidevnos qveynidan, an raime sxva saxiT daiCagros, Tu ar iqneba mis TanasworTa ka-
nonieri ganCineba anda gasamarTleba qveynis kanonis Sesabamisad~.

miiCneva, rom swored am muxlma daudo safuZveli pirovnebis Tavisuflebas.

222
 vestminsteris sasaxle (parlamentis Senoba) londoni

Sua saukuneebi
XII saukunis espaneTSi momZlavrdnen qalaqebi. rekonkistas (arabTa batono-
bisagan espaneTis gaTavisuflebis) periodSi mefem dauSva kortesebSi mdidari
Tavisufali moqalaqeebi, raTa maTgan finansuri daxmareba mieRo. am mxardaWe-
ris sanacvlod, qalaqebi TviTmmarTvelobas iRebdnen. amdenad, kortesebis
mniSvneloba gaizarda. Tumca Semdgom, espaneTis imperiis periodSi, kvlav
Semcirda (kortesebs mainc darCa garkveuli Zalaufleba sagadasaxado sfe-
roSi – gansakuTrebiT amerikis saqmeebSi).

landTagebi
Sua saukuneebSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi sakrebuloebi – `landTage-
bi~ arsebobda germanul saxelmwifoebSic. es iyo ama Tu im `miwis~ (germanulad
`land~ – swored aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodeba `landTag~, rac miwebis
warmomadgenelTa krebas, TaTbirs niSnavs), e.i. sagrafos, sahercogos, Tu
sxva romelime Suasaukuneobrivi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis mmarTveli
saTaTbiro organo.
es saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi droTa ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda maTi uze-
naesi xelisuflis mier sxva msgavsi `miwebis~ dapyrobisa da SemoerTebis
Sedegad. damorCilebuli `miwebi~, rogorc wesi, misi mfarvelobis qveS gada-
dioda. ama Tu im mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadasawyvetad (mag., gadasaxadebis
akrefis wesi da sxva) `landebis~ warmomadgenlebi ikribebodnen sxdomaze da
gamarTuli TaTbiris Semdeg iRebdnen erTobliv dadgenilebebs.
Sua saukuneebis landTagebis tradicias efuZneba Tanamedrove germaniis
federaciuli respublikis adgilobrivi calkeuli `bundeslandebis~ sakanonm-
deblo organoebis mmarTvelobis wesi, romelTac dResac landTagebi ewodebaT.

223
 wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organos
Seqmnis cda saqarTveloSi
Tamaris mefobis dasawyisSi aradidgvaro-
vani warmoSobis moqalaqeebma yuTlu arsla-
nis meTaurobiT, moindomes samefos saqmeebSi
aqtiuri CarTva da am mizniT, mefes mosTxoves
maTTvis aego calke `karavi~ (sasaxle), romel-
sac gacilebiT ufro meti uflebebi eqneboda,
vidre samefo darbazs. am axal organos unda
mieRo umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo gadawyve-
tilebebi, mefe ki unda gamxdariyo am gadawyve-
tilebaTa aRmsrulebeli. yuTlu arslanis da-
sis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra Tavadaznaurobam.
dasi damarcxda, magram am mcdelobas mainc
ar Cauvlia ukvalod, vinaidan gafarTovda
samefo darbazis uflebebi da amieridan me-
fes gadawyvetilebebi samefo darbazTan er- TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis
Tad, `Tanadgomisa da erTnebaobis~ principis Tavfurceli. XIV s-is xelnaweri
safuZvelze unda mieRo.
Tavi mesame

klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT im istoriuli viTarebis Sesaxeb, romelic safuZvlad daedo `Tavi-

suflebaTa didi qartiis~ miRebas.
2. ra hqondaT saerTo da ra ganasxvavebdaT inglisis parlaments, generalur
Statebs da espanur kortesebs?
3. ganixileT wyaro. ra cvlilebebi mohyva inglisSi am dokumentis miRebas?
`qartiis~ romeli muxlebi migaCniaT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad?
4. imsjeleT samefo Zalauflebis SemzRudvel, sakanonmdeblo warmomadgen­
lobiTi institutebis Canasaxovan formebze Sua saukuneebis evropaSi.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `monarqi da wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi Sua

saukuneebis evropaSi~.

224
37. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul samyaroSi.
bizantia VII-XII saukuneebSi

herakle keisris mmarTveloba

VII saukunis dasawyisaTvis bizantia sakmaod dasustebuli iyo. 604 wels bi-
zantiasa da irans Soris kidev erTi xangrZlivi da yvelaze sisxlismRvreli
omi daiwyo. es omi Tavdapirvelad sparselTa upiratesobiT mimdinareobda.
607 wlisaTvis sparselebs mTeli mesopotamia dapyrobili hqondaT.
swored amgvar viTarebaSi bizantiis samefo taxtze avida keisari herakle
(610-641). herakles mmarTvelobis pirvel periodSic sparselTa upiratesoba
omSi TvalsaCino iyo. 612 wels maT aiRes antioqia, 615 wels – damasko, 615 wels
ki ierusalimSi SeiWrnen da sakuTar sataxto qalaqSi, qtesifonSi gadaitanes
wminda jvari da sxva qristianuli relikviebi. 617 wels sparselebis xelSi
gadavida egviptec.
gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma heraklem armiis gaZlierebisTvis
zrunva daiwyo. mas gverdSi amoudga konstantinopolis patriarqic da sae-
klesio saganZuri gadasca.
nineviasTan (627) da qtesifonTan (628) gamarjvebebis Semdeg heraklem aiZula

Sua saukuneebi
sparselebi, maTTvis damamcirebel zavze daTanxmebuliyvnen. heraklem wminda
jvari ierusalimSi daabruna.
gamarjvebebis SEemdeg heraklem scada monofizitebTan Serigeba da am gziT
imperiis erTianobis aRdgena. mis dros qristianobaze moeqcnen slavi xalxebi
– serbebi da xorvatebi.
miuxedavad warmatebebisa, bizantiis erTianoba mainc ar iyo myari. herakles
mmarTvelobis miwuruls ki samefo xazina, faqtobrivad, dacarielda. gauTave-
belma omebma daasusta Zveli metoqeebi – bizantia da sparseTi, da maT jerovani
winaaRmdegoba ver gauwies msoflio asparezze axlad gamoCenil arabebs.

herakle keisari da saqarTvelo

VII saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac bizantia-
iranis omSi gamarjvebis saswori sparselebis
mxares iyo gadaxrili, qarTli sparselTa ba-

banas taZaris nangrevebi, VII s.

225
 tonobis qveS moeqca. magram male herakle keisarma bizantiis mdgomareobis
gamosworeba SeZlo. man sparselebTan brZolis asparezad samxreT kavkasia
airCia da 622 wels lazikis gziT SeiWra somxeTsa da adarbadaganSi, mokavSired
ki moiwvia xazarTa xakani.
xazarebi Turquli modgmis momTabare tomebi iyvnen, romlebmac Crdilo-
kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes. maTi xakani kmayofi-
lebiT Sexvda herakle keisris miwvevas da uzarmazari armiiT, darubandis gziT
SemoiWra samxreT kavkasiaSi.
TbilisTan xazarebs Seegeba herakle keisari da mokavSireebTan erTad daiw-
yo brZola qarTvelTa dedaqalaqis asaRebad. es pirveli alya uSedegod da-
mTavrda. heraklem moxsna alya da iranisken gailaSqra. aq, 627 w. q. nineviis
nangrevebTan daamarcxa sparselebi da Semdeg kvlav Tbilisisaken gamoemarTa.
amasobaSi xazarebs ori Tvis alyis Semdeg Tbilisi aeRoT. xazarebma qalaqi
daarbies da gaZarcves. mematianis cnobiT, `xazarebs mohqondaT ganZiT savse
skivrebi da TavianTi mbrZaneblis winaSe erTmaneTze axvavebdnen. oqrosa da
vercxlis fulebiT da Tval-margalitiT Semkuli nivTebis iseTi grova yofi-
la, rom Tvalebsac ki wyali eleoda maT cqeraSi~.
amjerad samxreT kavkasiaSi bizantia gamovida gamarjvebuli. iranma he-
rakles daubruna dakavebuli teritoriebi. Seqmnilma viTarebam saqarTvelo-
Si kidev ufro ganamtkica diofizituri qristianoba. omianobis miuxedavad,
qarTlis sazogadoeba viTardeboda da ekonomikur winsvlasac ganicdida.
Tavi mesame

aseT viTarebaSi Sexvda saqarTvelo msoflio istoriis asparezze axali Zalis,

arabebis gamoCenas.

wyaro 1

qarTveli mematianis (sumbat daviTis Zis) cnoba qarTlSi herakle keisris

moqmedebis Sesaxeb:

`heraklem tfiliss da mcxeTas da ujarmas qadagni ganavlinna, raTa yovelni

qristianeni qalaqTa Sina eklesiaTa Sina Seikribnen da yovelni moguni da cecxlisa
msaxurni anu moinaTlnen anu moisrnen. xolo maT naTloba ara inebes, aramed zakviT
aRerivnen qristianeTa Tana da miawies yovelTa maT zeda maxvili, da eklesiaTa Sina
mdinareni sisxlTani diodes. da gawmida sjuli qristes RmrTisa Cuenisa da warvida
erekle samefodve Tvisad~.

xatmebrZoleoba da misi politikur-religiuri Sedegebi

xatmebrZoleobis ideebi qristianobaSi uZvelesi droidan arsebobda.
xatmebrZolebi amtkicebdnen, rom xatebis Tayvaniscema kerpTa Tayvaniscemis
tolfasi iyo. maTi SexedulebiT, RmerTi suls da ara sxeuls warmoadgenda
da sulis gamosaxva (sxeulis sawinaaRmdegod) SeuZlebeli iyo. xatmebrZo-
lebi wminda xatebs kerpTayvanismcemlobis gamoxatulebad miiCnevdnen da
sakuTari mosazrebis gasamyareblad iSveliebdnen Zveli aRTqmis cnebas – `ar
gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac aris maRla caSi... ar sce Tayvani maT,
226
arc emsaxuro...~ xatebis Tayvanismcemelni ki icavdnen Tvalsazriss, romelic
mkafiod gamoxata saxelganTqmulma RvTismetyvelma ioane damaskelma (VII s. II
nax.-VIII s. I naxevari): RmerTsa da mis gamomsaxvel xats Soris arsebobs saidumlo
moqmedi kavSiri da xatis mzerisas adamiani am kavSirs eziareba.
730 wels bizantiis imperatorma leon III isavrielma (717-741) akrZala xatebis
Tayvaniscema. am akrZalvis Sedegi gaxda aTasobiT xatis, mozaikis, freskisa Tu
qandakebis ganadgureba. xatmebrZoleoba SEeexo ravenis (bizantiis samflobe-
lo italiaSi) saegzarqososac. romis papebma SeaCvenes bizantielebi da leon
III. papebis brZanebiT, italiaSi bizantieli moxeleebis Seviwroeba da devna
daiwyes. leon III ki monastrebisa da eklesiebis qonebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilob-
da. xatmebrZoleoba oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli 754 wlis saeklesio krebaze
imperator konstantine V-is (741-775) mxardaEWeriT. daiwyo xatebis Tayvanis-
mcemlebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasuliero pirebis devna. Tumca mogvianebiT,
787 wels meSvide msoflio saeklesio krebaze, dedofal irines mxardaWeriT,
gauqmda 754 wlis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetileba.
brZola amiT ar dasrulebula. IX saukunis dasawyisSi imperatorma leon
V-m kvlav ganaaxla xatebis TayvanismcemelTa devna. mxolod 843 wels kons-
tantinopolis patriarq meTodes mecadineobiT mowveul krebaze sabolood
daigmo xatmebrZoleoba. 843 wlis 11 marti ki gamocxadda xatmebrZoleobis
msxverplTa moxseniebis dRed.

Sua saukuneebi
religiuris garda, xatmberZoleobas gansakuTrebuli politikuri dat-
virTva gaaCnda. istorikosebi, erTi mxriv, xazs usvamen bizantieli imperato-
rebis survils, moespoT qristianebis iudevlebTan da muslimebTan, romle-
bic ar aRiarebdnen xatebs, daaxloebisaTvis winaRoba da am gziT imperiaSi
mcxovreb xalxTa erTianoba aRedginaT. meore mxriv, imperatorebi am gziT
cdilobdnen uzomod gamdidrebuli da gaZlierebuli eklesiis damorCilebas,
misi finansebis xelSi Cagdebas.
xatmebrZoleoba arapirdapiri gziT ukavSirdeboda qiSps qristianul sam-
yaroSi pirvelobisaTvis romsa da konstantinopols Soris. dapirispirebam
IX saukuneSi uaRresad mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. papma nikoloz I-ma eklesiisagan
gankveTa kosntantinopolis patriarqi – fotiosi, konstantinopolis saekle-
sio krebam ki romis papi SeaCvena. dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis qristianuli
samyaroebi sul ufro Sordebodnen erTmaneTs.

wyaro 2

nawyveti konstantinopolis patriarq nikifores `istoriidan~

leon III-is dros xatis TayvanismcemelTa devnis Sesaxeb:

`amboben, rom roca imperatorma (leon III-m) gaigo miwisZvrisa da vulkanis amof-
rqvevis Sesaxeb erT-erT kunZulze, kretas maxloblad, es RvTis risxvad CaTvala da
Seecada gamoecno, ra iyo amis mizezi. amitomac aRdga igi RvTismosaobisa da wminda
xatebis winaaRmdeg, Caifiqra maTi damxoba, radgan umecrebisgan miiCnevda, rom es
TiTqosda xatebis aRmarTvisa da maTi Tayvaniscemis gamo saSineli miniSneba iyo.
da daiwyo man xalxis swavleba sakuTari dogmatebiT. sxvaTa Soris, mravali mwared
dastiroda eklesiis Seuracxyofas. swored amitom, ... aumxedrdnen imperators ...~
227
 xatTmebrZoleobis dros
daundobeli devnis ZiriTadi
msxverplni berebi iyvnen,
romlebic wmindanTa
gamosaxulebis kultis
erTgulni darCnen.

ganxeTqileba msoflio
eklesiaSi
romSi jer barbarosuli evropis pirve- wyaro 3
li imperatoris, karlos didis (742-814),
bizantieli mematianis,
xolo Semdgom sxva imperatorebis kur-
Teofane aRmsareblis (760-
Txeva bizantiaSi ukmayofilebas iwvevda,
818) `qronografiidan~:
radgan bizantiis imperatorebs miaCndaT,
rom mxolod isini iyvnen romis imperiis `uwmindurma mefe leonma
erTaderTi memkvidreebi. am ukmayofile- daiwyo laparaki wminda da
basTan erTad konstantinopolis sapatri- saTayvano xatebis ganadgurebis
arqosa da romis papebs Soris urTierTo- Sesaxeb. rodesac es romis papma,
ba kidev ufro daiZaba. papebi konstanti- grigolma Seityo, romidan da
nopolis patriarqis titulSi msoflio danarCeni italiidan misaRebi
Tavi mesame

patriarqis titulis damatebas aprotes- Semosavlebis gareSe datova

tebdnen. romis papisa da konstantinopo- igi da gaugzavna damrigebluri
lis patriarqis interesebi bulgareTis xasiaTis werili, rom mefe ar
gaqristianebis gamoc Seejaxa. garda ami- unda Caerios sarwmunoebis
sa, romisa da konstantinopolis eklesie- saqmeebSi da Secvalos wminda
bis wes-Cveulebebic daSorda erTmaneTs. mamebis mier dadgenili
marTalia, am dapirispirebaSi didi adgi- eklesiis Zveli moZRvreba~.
li politikuri gavlenisaTvis brZolas
ekava, magram umTavresi mainc papizmisa da
suliwmindis mofenis Taobaze Sexedule-
baTa gansxvaveba iyo.
papis legatebi (warmomadgenlebi), romelTac am or eklesias Soris sadavo
sakiTxebi unda gaerkviaT, konstantinopolSi Cavidnen, magram mxareebs Soris
SeTanxmeba ver moxerxda. legatebma ver SeZles papis morCilebis Taobaze
patriarqisagan gancxadebis miReba. 1054 wlis 16 ivliss wminda sofiis taZarSi
papis legatebma miitanes sigeli, romliTac konstantinopolis patriarqi da
yvela misi Tanamoazre eklesiisgan gankveTilad gamoacxades. papis legatTa
anaTemis sapasuxod 20 ivliss konstantinopolSi Semdgarma krebam saqveynod
gankveTa romis papi. krebis gadawyvetileba aRmosavleTis yvela ierarqs pat-
riarqis epistoles meSveobiT Seatyobines. amiT dasrulda ori eklesiis gayo-
fis aqti. es ganxeTqileba sabediswero aRmoCnda qristianuli samyarosaTvis,
aRmocenda ori – marTlmadidebluri (aRmosavleTSi) da romaul-kaTolikuri
(dasavleTSi) eklesia.

228
 feodalur urTierTobaTa
gabatoneba wyaro 4

bizantiis uzarmazari teritoriis da- imperator roman I-is kanone-

sacavad mravalricxovani da kargad Seia-
raRebuli jari iyo saWiro. didi daqira-
vebuli jaris Senaxva ki bizantiis gamoca-
rielebul xazinas aRar SeeZlo da laSqars
glexebiT (romlebic cxensac da iaraRsac
sakuTari saxsrebiT iZendnen) avsebdnen. ami-
tom basilevsebi cdilobdnen, gansakuTre-
buli kanonebiT daecvaT Tavisufal glexTa
uflebebi da qoneba, Sesabamisad, win aRdgo-
modnen feodalTa gaZlierebis process.
XI saukunisaTvis bizantiaSi farTod
damkvidrda feodaluri urTierTobebi.
Tavisufali saglexo Temebi aqa-iq, mTi-
an da miyruebul olqebSiRa SemorCa. sa-
xelmwifos mTeli miwa msxvili memamule
feodalebis xelSi moeqca. XI-XII saukune-
ebSi damTavrda feodalizmis ZiriTad in-
bidan (934 w.):
`dae amieridan samoqalaqo,
samxedro da saeklesio maRali
da dabali moxeleebidan... nu-
ravin gabedavs yidvis, Cuqebis
an raime sxva gziT Sevides ro-
melime sofelSi, iyidos misi
miwebi mTlianad an Tundac
nawilobriv... aseTi pirebis
mxridan Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyeneba, sofelSi Casvla
mravalricxovani Sinamosam-
saxureebiT, monebiTa da yve-
lanairi TanamgzavrebiT, ara
marto zrdis RaribTa tvirTs
da Tan moaqvs ajanyebebi, devna,
sabatono begara, Seviwroeba,

stitutTa Camoyalibeba, glexebi iqcnen
feodalebze damokidebul pirebad – pa-
rikebad. bizantia dausruleblad omob-
da arabebTan da slavebTan, mogvianebiT
normanebTanac (IX saukunis II naxevridan
XI saukunemde). XI saukunis II naxevarSi gam-
Sua saukuneebi
gamoZalva, aramed... uSualod
ayenebs mniSvnelovan ziansa da
zarals saxelmwifos. imitom,
rom swored glexuri miwaT-
mflobeloba akmayofilebs or
arsebiT saxelmwifo moTxovnas,

wvavda brZola provinciis didebulebsa Seaqvs saxazino (saxelmwifo)

gamosaRebi da asrulebs sam-
da dedaqalaqis warCinebulebs Soris. ga-
xedro valdebulebas. erTic da
uaresda imperiis sagareo politikuri
meorec Semcirdeba, Tu iklebs
mdgomareobac, mTavrobas erTdroulad
glexTa raodenoba~.
uxdeboda paWanikebisa da Turq-selCuke-
bis mogerieba.
XII saukunis miwuruls bizantiis imperia Rrma ekonomikur kriziss ganic-
dida. gaZlierda feodaluri daqucmacebuloba, qalaqebi dakninda, dasustda
jari da floti. daiwyo imperiis rRvevis procesi.
am xanebSi kidev ufro gamwvavda uTanxmoeba bizantiasa da dasavleTs Soris;
papebi cdilobdnen bizantiis eklesia romis kuriisaTvis daemorCilebinaT;
evropis imperatorebi bizantiis damorCilebis gegmebs saxavdnen. venecia cdi-
lobda, ganedevna bizantiidan Tavisi savaWro konkurentebi – genua da piza.
bizantiis imperiis dauZlurebam, politikuri interesebis rTulma xlarTma
gezi Seucvala IV jvarosnul laSqrobas (1202-04) – jvarosnebma ierusalimze
galaSqrebis nacvlad, konstantinopoli aiRes (1204) da dapyrobil teritori-
aze laTinTa imperia (1204-61) daaarses.

229
 bizantiuri mozaika (Tesaloniki, daaxl. 470 w.)

wyaro 5

bizantiis imperatori da mwerali konstantine VII (908-959 ww.)

romeuli (bizantiuri) diplomatiis Sesaxeb:

`romeebis basilevsisaTvis me sakmaod sasargeblod mimaCnia paWanikebTan mSvidobis

Zieba, maTTan megobruli SeTanxmebebisa da xelSekrulebebis dadeba, Cvengan yovel-
wliurad despanis _ apokrisiariis gagzavna am xalxisaTvis Sesaferisi ZRveniT da
maTgan mZevlebisa da (paWanikTa) elCebis wamoyvana ... sanam romeebis basilevsi paWani-
kebTanaa dazavebuli, verc rusebi, verc Turqebi ver SeZleben Tavs daesxan romeebis
saxelmwifos saomrad, aseve ver mosTxoven romeebs mSvidobisaTvis didsa da gadaWar-
bebul fulsa da simdidres, (radgan maT) SeeSindebaT, rom basilevsi gamoiyenebs am
Tavi mesame

xalxis (paWanikebis) Zalas maT winaaRmdeg, roca isini romeebze gailaSqreben. paWa-
nikebs, romlebic basilevsTan megobrobiT arian dakavSirebuli da Segulianebuli
misi sigelebiTa da saCuqrebiT, SeuZliaT iolad daesxan Tavs rusebisa da Turqebis
miwebs, waiyvanon monebad maTi colebi da Svilebi da gaaCanagon maTi miwebi...

bulgareTis mxares dnepris, dnestrisa da sxva mdinareebis mimarTulebiT moTavsd-

nen paWanikebi ... saWiroa maTTan SeTanxmeba, raTa maT gagviwion samsaxuri rusebis an
bulgarelebis winaaRmdeg, roca basilevss amis aucilebloba gauCndeba~.

klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 2. ra mTavar braldebas uyenebs romis papi imperator leons?

2. wyaro 4-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT roman I-is kanonebze, ratom gaxda saWiro
gansakuTrebuli kanonebi glexebis dasacavad da ratom iyvnen dainterese-
bulni imperatorebi glexebis dacviT?
3. wyaro 5-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, ris Tqma SeiZleba bizantiis dip-
lomatiis meTodebsa da xerxebze? Tqveni azriT, riTi SeiZleba yofiliyo
mimzidveli paWanikebisaTvis romeebTan kavSiri?

230
38. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul samyaroSi Sua
saukuneebSi. `imperiis gadatana~

kacobriobis istoriis oTx msoflio

leqsikoni
monarqiad dayofis da romis imperiis ma-
radiulobis principi III-IV saukuneebis r samsWuali (samsWvali) –
mijnaze miiRo da daakanona qristianulma lursmani
eklesiam, riTac saboloo saxe mieca ro-
mis, rogorc imperiis maradiulobis ideas,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, didi gavlena iqonia Sua saukuneebis evropis azrovnebaze.
romi erTaderTi iyo msoflio istoriaSi, romelmac maradiuli qalaqis titu-
li daimsaxura. romi, erTi mxriv, iyo imperatorTa, meore mxriv – mociqulTa
qalaqi, mefeTa da imperatorTa koronaciis adgili. romis dacemis miuxedavad,
Sua saukuneebSi mudmivad hqondaT misi, rogorc samyaros centris aRdgenis
imedi. evropul da zogadad qristianul samyaroSi `axali romi~, `sxva romi~
gulisxmobda pretenzias romis imperiis memkvidreobaze. romis imperia droTa
ganmavlobaSi ganicdida cvlilebas da sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva sivrceSi,

Sua saukuneebi
sxvadasxva saxiT arasdros wyvetda arsebobas.

Translatio imperii – imperiis gadatana

imperiis gadatana (Translatio imperii) gvianaantikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi evropu-
li ideaa, es aris msoflio samefos gadatana, monacvleoba erTi qveynidan meoreSi.
evropul kulturaSi mocemul ideas ori ZiriTadi wyaro gaaCnda _ virgiliu-
sis (Zv.w. I s.) `eneidas~ siuJetis mixedviT, troas samefos gadanacvleba italiaSi
(romi – axali troa), da fragmenti bibliuri winaswarmetyveli danielis wignidan
`oTx samefoze~, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs msoflio
istoriaSi.

qristianobiT romma daibruna Tavisi Zliereba da bosforis srutis sanapi-

roze gadainacvla. bizantia gaxda romis imperiis pirveli memkvidre – `axali
romi~. konstantine didma oficialurad `axali romi~ uwoda mis mier daar-
sebuli imperiis axal dedaqalaqs, romelsac mokle xanSi araoficialurad
konstantinopolad moixseniebdnen. axal roms (konstantinopols) msoflios
centrad da qristianTa dedaqalaqad acxadebdnen. rac, bunebrivia, uaryofiT
reaqcias iwvevda romis eklesiasa da sxva did sapatriarqoebSi. Tavdapirvelad
konstantinopolSi Tvals xuWavdnen romis papisa da misi warmomadgenlebis
gamonaTqvamebze romis upiratesobis Sesaxeb. sabolood dapirispireba das-
rulda qristianuli eklesiis gayofiT – marTlmadidebluri (orTodoqsuli)
da kaTolikuri eklesiis CamoyalibebiT.
dasavleTis romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg V s-Si, bizantielebma irwmunes
rom isini iyvnen romis imperiis kanonieri memkvidreebi. roca germanelma mxe-
darTmTavarma, odoakrma romSi ukanaskneli imperatori romulusi taxtidan
231
 Camoagdo (476), imperatoris gvirgvini konstantinopolSi – axal romSi gaag-
zavna. konstantinopolma, rogorc axalma romma, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
imperator iustiniane I-is mmarTvelobisas SeiZina. iustiniane didma ukanaskne-
lad aRadgina romis imperia Zvel sazRvrebSi. konstantinopoli, rogorc axali
romi, TviTon ganasaxierebda imperias da imperiis xangrZlivobac ganisazRvra
konstantinopolis arsebobis xaniT – 330 wlis 11 maisidan, qalaqis sazeimo da-
fuZnebidan, 1453 wlis 29 maisamde – Turqebis mier konstantinopolis aRebamde.
romis memkvidreoba imdenad momxibvleli iyo, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
bizantias dasavleTSi konkurenti gamouCnda frankTa samefos saxiT. frankTa
pirveli samefo dinastia merovingebis saxiT, bizantias romis memkvidred
cnobda. magram frankTa mefis karlos didis romSi 800 wlis 25 dekembers im-
peratorad kurTxeviT gaCnda ori imperia: aRmosavleTSi – bizantia, xolo
dasavleTSi – frankTa imperia. karlos dids romi ar gamoucxadebia imperiis
centrad, Tumca is papebis rezidencia da imperatorad kurTxevis adgili
iyo. am droidan romis papebi wyveten urTierTobas bizantiis imperatorTan
da aRiareben frankTa imperatorebs. karlos didis mier frankTa imperiis
gamocxadeba didi kadniereba iyo, radgan erTaderTi xelmwife, romelsac
imperatoris titulis kanonieri ufleba hqonda, romeebis (bizantielebis)
basilevsi iyo. magram bizantia im dros mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda da ar
SeeZlo seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva karlosis ganzraxvisaTvis. garedan
romeebis saxelmwifos arabebi utevdnen. SigniT imperias xatmebrZolebsa da
Tavi mesame

xatis Tayvanismcemlebs Soris arsebuli SuRli aryevda.

TandaTan xdeba kulturuli da politikuri centris aRmosavleTidan da-
savleTisaken gadatana (Translatio). dasavleT evropaSi romis imperia karolin-
gebis frankTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg (843) isev aRdga X s-Si. amjerad memkvid-
reobiTobis idea ganaxorcieles germanelebma oto I-is meTaurobiT. saxelm-
wifo romis saRvTo imperiad iwodeboda. 1442 wlidan, karl IV-is mefobisas mas
germaneli eris romis saRvTo imperia ewoda. bizantielTaTvis miuRebeli iyo
tituli, romelic miiRo germaniis mefem romSi. Tumca oto I-ma SeZlo poli-
tikuri qorwinebis miRweva Tavis vaJsa da bizantiis imperatoris Zmiswuls
Soris, am qorwinebiT ki bizantiis imperatorebma faqtobrivad cnes meore
romis arseboba dasavleTSi.
imperiis gadatanasTan erTad, dadga sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxic. imperatoris
gvirgvinis gadatanam aRmosavleT romis imperiidan – bizantiidan – dasavleT-
Si, romelic daiwyo karlos didis droidan, safuZveli Cauyara romis papisa
da bizantiis imperatorTa daSorebas. `saRvTo romis imperiis~ imperatoris
doqtrina mimarTuli iyo papebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic TavianT Tavs impera-
torze maRla ayenebdnen da miaCndaT, rom imperatoris xelisufleba maTze iyo
damokidebuli. imperatori, Tavis mxriv, amtkicebda, rom TviT imperiaa wminda
da papebi mxolod formalur rols asruleben gvirgvinkurTxevis ceremonial-
ze. imperatori emorCileba mxolod RmerTs da aravin dgas masze maRla garda
RmerTisa. jer frankTa da mogvianebiT germaneli eris romis saRvTo imperia
antikuri romis memkvidreobis pretenziiT iqmneboda. dasavleT evropis Ca-
moyalibebas da aRmosavleT romidan mis daSorebas xeli Seuwyo aseve arabTa
Semosevebma evropis kontinentze.
232
 saRvTo romis imperia – tradiciis gagrZeleba, Zveli didebis aRdgenis
mcdeloba iyo. romis erTianobis qristianuli koncefcia ucxo ar iyo Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvisac. ioane SavTeli, XII-XIII saukuneebis
qarTveli poeti da sasuliero moRvawe, Tavis nawarmoebSi `abdulmesiani~,
romelic Tamarisadmia miZRvnili, gelaTis Sesaxeb wers:
`axalo romo, SenTvis Tqves, romo
ufros iqmneso myofTa yovelTa.~
amgvarad, ioane SavTeli gelaTs `axal roms~ uwodebs da mas politikuri da
kulturuli centris mniSvnelobiT moixseniebs. XI-XIII saukuneebis saqarTve-
loSi Cndeba pretenzia romis memkvidreobaze. saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II (1072-
1089) erTaderTi iyo qarTvel mefeTa Soris, romelic atarebda yvelaze maRal
bizantiur tituls – kesarosobas. mis titulaturaSi aRniSnuli iyo: `yovlisa
aRmosavlisa da dasavlisa kesarosi~, rac ar iyo Cveulebrivi tituli – V s-is
miwurulidan kesarosobis matarebeli pirovneba saimperatoro taxtis erT-erT
realur memkvidred iTvleboda. amitomac es tituli TiTqmis yovelTvis saim-
peratoro karis naTesavs eniWeboda. igi iwodeboda imperatoris Semdeg pirvel
pirad da Sesabamisi regaliebic (xelisuflebis simboluri niSnebi) gaaCnda.
bizantiis imperiis aRsasruls savalalo Sedegebi mohyva saqarTvelosTvis.
konstantinopolis dacema mZimed ganicada marTlmadideblurma samyarom,

Sua saukuneebi
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvamia:
`da odes aRiRes konstantinopoli, mas Jams dabnelda mze ...~

bizantiis memkvidreobisaTvis brZola, misi dacemis dRidan, warmoadgenda

brZolas romis memkvidreobisaTvis, anu msoflios upirvelesi imperiisaTvis.
romis memkvidreobisaTvis brZolis saukeTeso nimuSia XV s-Si ruseTSi Camoya-
libebuli `mesame romis~, anu `bolo imperiis~ idea. am droisaTvis ruseTi aRmo-
savleT qristianul samyaroSi erTaderT marTlmadideblur qveynad rCeboda,
romelSic ar batonobdnen osmalebi da sparselebi. `moskovi – mesame romi~ ru-
suli centralizebuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis dros warmoqmnili Teoriaa,
romelic ruseTs mesianur mniSvnelobas akuTvnebda, romlis mixedviTac ruse-
Tis mmarTvelebi romisa da bizantiis memkvidreebad cxaddebodnen. moskovis
didma mTavarma, ivane IV mrisxanem, gaerTianebuli ruseTis pirvelma rusma mefem
(1547-1584), ruseTi `mesame romad~ gamoacxada da romis keisris, igive cezaris,
rusuli gamoTqmiT caris tituli miiRo. `mesame romis~ Teoria moicavda RvTis-
gan gamorCeulobisa da nacionaluri gansakuTrebulobis seriozul safrTxee-
bs. `moskovi – mesame romis~ Teoriis formulireba Cndeba fskovis elizaris
monastris beris, filofeis (1465-1542) moskovis did mTavar vasili III-isadmi
miweril werilebSi. misi sityvebiT: `ori romi daeca, mesame [romi – moskovi]
dgas, meoTxe [romi] aRar iqneba~. ruseTi axali gaTavisuflebuli iyo monRol-
Ta batonobisagan da sul ufro Zlierdeboda. `mesame romi~, anu moskovi, Tavs
yvela marTlmadideblis mfarvelad acxadebda. ruseTis xelisuflebas surda
`mesame romSi~ – moskovSi, Tavi moeyara qristianTa siwmindeebisaTvis. samefo
karis miswrafeba cnobili iyo mezobel qveynebSic, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic.
ruseTSi diplomatiuri misiiT wasul qarTvelebs, mfarvelobis imediTa da
233
 rusTa saameblad Tan mihqondaT relikviebi, oqros budeebSi Casmuli wmindanTa
sxeulis nawilebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamosarCevia 1688 wels mefe
arCil II-is mier ruseTis dedaqalaqSi waRebuli maRali Weduri xelovnebiT
Sesrulebul budeSi moTavsebuli uflis `samsWuali~.

wyaro 1

frangi istorikosi, Jak le gofi (daib.1924 w.) imperiis monacvleobaze:

`msoflio istoriaSi gabatonebulia xelisuflebis gadacemis Tema. yovel

epoqaSi samyaros aqvs erTi centri, cxovrobs erTi guliscemiT~.
b

`gzamkvlevi Zafi Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriaSi dafuZnebuli iyo im-

periis monacvleobis ideis Sesaxeb danielis winaswarmetyvelebis interpreta-
ciaze: xelisuflebis gadacema babilonidan midielebsa da sparselebze, Semdeg
makedonielebze da maTgan berZnebsa da romaelebze. es monacvleoba warmoebda
ormxriv: xelisuflebasa da civilizaciaze. imperiis monacvleoba (Translatio
imperii), upirvelesad codnisa da kulturis gadacemas (Translatio studii) niSnavda~.
Tavi mesame

aaxeni, karlos didis sataxto qalaqi

234
 wyaro 2

rusi filosofosi da poeti, vladimir soloviovi (1853-1900) Tavis leqsSi `panmon-

golizmi~ (1894 w.) afrTxilebs ruseTs, rom mesianizmis bacila daRupavs mas:

`dangreulia mesame romi,

xolo meoTxe aRar iqneba~.

avtori afrTxilebs ruseTs, mosalodnel ngrevasa da bizantiis _ meore romis

bedis gaziarebaze:

`ruseTo, gaqra Zveli edemi, arwivi veRar aRimarTeba

da Seni droSis monafleTebi
dRes yviTel bavSvebs misces saTrevad~.

`mesame romis~ misiis Sesrulebis survili surviladve darCa. ruseTisaTvis es mZime

tvirTi aRmoCnda, romlis tarebac man ver SeZlo verc politikis da verc kulturis
sferoSi.

Sua saukuneebi
klasSi samuSao
1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT klasSi gamarTeT diskusia: 1) rogor
saxelmwifos SeuZlia Seasrulos iseTi centris funqcia, romlis ritmiTac
icxovrebs garkveuli civilizaciuri erTeuli? 2) ratom aRiqmeboda romi
samyaros centrad? 3) Tqveni azriT, Cvens epoqaSi Tu aqvs samyaros erTi
centri? Tu aqvs – romeli?
2. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT: eTanxmebiT Tu ara im azrs,
rom imperiis monacvleoba, upirvelesad codnisa da kulturis gadacemas
niSnavda? daasabuTeT.
3. teqstze dayrdnobiT klasSi gamarTeT diskusia: 1) ramdenad realuri iyo
XI-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebuli pretenzia romis memkvidreoba-
ze? 2) ratom aRiqves saqarTveloSi konstantinopolis dacema mzis dabnele-
bad?
4. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT: 1) eTanxmebiT Tu ara im
azrs, rom `mesame romis~ Teoria moicavda RvTisgan gamorCeulobisa da na-
cionaluri gansakuTrebulobis seriozul safrTxeebs? daasabuTeT.

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT CamoayalibeT: ratom

aRmoCnda Translatio imperii-is idea aseTi sicocxlisunariani, rom man
saukuneebs gauZlo da ramdenad aqtualuria igi dRes?

235
 IV saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi
VII-XV saukuneebSi

39. arabebi da islamuri saxalifo

islami
sam msoflio religias Soris (budizmi, qristianoba, is-
lami) islami yvelaze axalgazrdaa. igi warmoiqmna arabe-
Tis naxevarkunZulze VII saukunis I naxevarSi.
naxevarkunZulis ZiriTadi nawili, zRvispira
raionebis garda, udabnos ukavia. udabnoSi cxov-
robdnen beduinTa (arab. udabnos xalxi) momTa-
bare tomebi. dasavleT arabeTis zRvispira
regionebSi arsebobda qalaqebic. maT Soris
umniSvnelovanesi iyo saerTo-arabuli
savaWro da sakulto centri meqa da
ufro CrdiloeTiT – iasribi (Semdgom
medina).
momTabare beduinebi warmarTe-
Tavi meoTxe

bi iyvnen1. isini Tayvans scemdnen

mTvaresa da mzes. maTi RmerTebis
panTeonSi erT-erTi umaRlesi
RvTaeba iyo alahi, romelic Semd-
gom islamSi RmerTis saxelwo- mociqulis meCeTi medinaSi
debad iqca.
qalaqi meqa winaislamur xanaSic umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebda. qalaqi
iTvleboda wminda teritoriad da xelSeuxeblad. iq arsebuli qaabas taZari ki
– saerTo arabul samlocvelod. meqa saqaravno-savaWro gzebis gzajvaredini
iyo. aq imarTeboda yovelwliuri bazroba. mis maxloblad Camoedineboda wminda
wyaro (zemzemis Wa). meqis molocva (haji) islamamdel arabeTSic gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo, ramac islamSi savaldebulo xasiaTi SeiZina.
islamamdel xanaSi, garda warmarTebisa, arabeTis naxevarkunZulze cxov-
robdnen qristianebi da iudevelebi. CrdiloeTiT ki, siriis sazRvrebTan
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli qristianoba. sakuTriv arabeTis naxevarkunZu-
lis teritoriaze qristianebi, gansxavebiT ebraelebisagan, erTian Temebad
cxovrobdnen (mag., qalaq iasribSi). qristianebi, romelTa ZiriTadi nawili
bizantiidan gamodevnili seqtantebi iyvnen, cal-calke cxovrobdnen da ar
qmnidnen erTian Tems.

1
islamis periodSi islamamdeli arabebis religiur warmodgenebs ewoda `jahiliia~ – `uco-
dinroba, umecreba~. am termins zogierTi fanatikosi muslimi dResac gamoiyenebs rogorc
rjulgandgomilad miCneuli muslimebis, aseve, maTi TvalTaxedviT aTeisturi da rwmenis
uarmyofeli dasavluri samyaros aRsaniSnavad.
236
 muhamadi
islamis Semqmneli muhamadi daibada daaxl.
570 wels meqaSi, iq gabatonebuli kuraiSis to-
mis, haSimis gvaris xelmokle vaWris ojaxSi. is
adre daoblda. jer kidev bavSvobaSi muhamadi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

savaWro qaravnebs dahyveboda siriaSi. muslim-
uri gadmocemiT, swored aq qristianma berma, ba-
hiram masSi amoicno momavali winaswarmetyveli.
muhamadi xSirad saubrobda religiaze qris-
tianebTan da iudevelebTan. Tavdapirvelad mas
ar hqonda naTlad warmodgenili gansxvaveba
iudaizmsa da qristianobas Soris. muhamadisaT-
vis mTavari Canda am religiebis monoTeisturi
idea da warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom maTi mim-
devrebi RmerTis `sityvas~ mociqulTa meSveo-
biT iRebdnen.
muhamadi xSirad ganmartovdeboda xolme
meqis maxloblad mTebSi, maT Soris, hiras mTis
gamoqvabulSi, sadac hqonda xilvebi da da es-
muhamadis `Ramis mogzauroba~
moda zebunebrivi xmebi. islamuri rwmeniT, mas
meqidan ierusalimSi. sparsuli
esaubreboda mTavarangelozi jabraili (bibl. miniatura
gabrieli), romelic alahis `sityvas~ gadas-
cemda mas. muhamads evaleboda am sityvebis
damaxsovreba da Semdeg adamianebisaTvis imis
qadageba, rasac RmerTi aswavlida.
muhamadma daiwyo Tavisi sarwmunoebis meqelTa Soris qadageba. is mouwo-
debda meqelebs, uari eTqvaT mravalRmerTianobaze da ewamaT erTaderTi Rmer-
Ti – alahi, romelic yovelives Semoqmedi iyo. warmarT meqelebs is gankiTxvis
dRis Semzarav suraTebs uxatavda, rodesac alahi TiToeuls mohkiTxavs, Tu
ra Caidina da amis mixedviT miuzRavs. RvTismosavebs samoTxe eliT, warmarTebs
da urwmunoebs – jojoxeTis cecxli da saSineli tanjva-wameba.
muhamadis ideebi axali ar iyo. amasve qadagebdnen iudevelebi da qristianebi.
muhamadi ambobda, rom alahi iudevelebisa da qristianebis RmerTicaa, magram
maT daiviwyes TavianTi mociqulebisagan, musasagan (mose) da isasagan (ieso
qriste) miRebuli WeSmariti rwmena da daamaxinjes is. muhamadi imedovnebda,
rom iudevelebi da qristianebi mas axal mesiad aRiarebdnen, magram es ase
ar moxda. amitomac, miuxedavad pativiscemis gamovlenisa `saRvTo werilis
xalxebis~ (iudevelebisa da qristianebis) mimarT, muhamadi mainc moiTxovda
maT damorCilebas.
meqaSi muhamads Zlieri mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen da is iZulebuli
gaxda, TavSesafari qalaqis farglebs gareT eZia. iasribelebTan molaparakebis
Sedegad, 622 wels is Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad gadasaxlda am qalaqSi,
romelsac Semdgom medina – mociqulis qalaqi ewoda. 622 weli hijris – `ga-
dasaxlebis~ welia da muslimuri kalendris dasabamad iTvleba.

237
 qaabas taZari meqaSi
Tavi meoTxe

medinaSi am dros ori ebrauli da sami arabuli tomi saxlobda. iyvnen qris-
tianebic. aq muhamadi ubralo mqadageblidan gadaiqca Temis liderad, romelic
Tavdapirvelad, muslimebis garda, moicavda mTel mosaxleobas, maT Soris,
warmarTebs, qristianebsa da iudevelebs. muhamadma gamoacxada principi `ar
aris Zaldataneba religiaSi~ (yurani, sura 2), romlis Tanaxmadac medinaSi
iqneboda sruli religiuri Semwynarebloba da yvelas eqneboda ufleba, Ta-
visuflad eRiarebina Tavisi rwmena. Tumca, TandaTanobiT viTareba Seicvala.
warmarTma arabebma, romelTaTvisac mezoblad mosaxle ebraelebisa da qris-
tianebis gavleniT ucxo ar iyo monoTeizmis idea, advilad miiRes islami. ma-
gram medinis Temis erTianobisaTvis muhamads aseve esaWiroeboda qristianebisa
da, upirvelesad, Zlieri ebrauli Temisagan aRiareba, rasac man ver miaRwia.
ebraelebisadmi muhamadis damokidebuleba male mkveTrad Seicvala, rac gan-
pirobebuli iyo rogorc religiuri, ise politikuri faqtorebiT: ebraelebma
muhamadi ar aRiares axal mociqulad da male kavSiric daamyares muhamadis
mtrebTan – meqelebTan. amis Semdeg muhamadma aiZula ebrauli tomebi, dae-
tovebinaT medina.
medinaSi muhamadi erTdroulad ayalibebs axali religiis ZiriTad dogmebsa
da principebs da qmnis saxelmwifos politikuri mowyobis safuZvlebs. medi-
naSi aSenda pirveli meCeTi, Seiqmna muslimuri ritualis – locvis, ganbanvis,
marxvis, salocavad mowodebis, savaldebulo mowyalebis da sxva safuZvlebi.
muhamadis qadagebebSi yalibdeboda muslimuri Temis cxovrebis principebi,
memkvidreobis gadacemis, qonebis gayofis, qorwinebis wesebi.
amdenad, muhamadma safuZveli Cauyara islamuri saxelmwifos rogorc re-
ligiuri, ise politikuri mowyobis principebs. saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis
238
muhamadisdroindeli Teokratiuli ideali – sasuliero da saero sferoebis
sruli ganuyofloba – dResac warmoadgens sxvadaxva islamuri moZraobebis
ideologiur safuZvels.
muhamads male mouxda meqelebTan SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba. aq man ga-
moavlina rogorc samxedro, ise diplomatiuri niWi da 630 wels daikava meqa,
romlis mcxovrebTa umetesoba (maT Soris misi yofili mowinaaRmdegeebi) mis

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

mxareze gadmovida. muhamadma meqa aqcia religiur centrad, xolo qaabas ta-
Zari – islamis mTavar salocavad. meqaSi piligrimoba – haji, muslimTa erT-
erTi movaleoba gaxda. muhamadis politikuri gamWriaxoba gamovlinda locvis
mimarTulebis SecvlaSic. amieridan mlocveli piriT ierusalimis nacvlad

es sainteresoa I

yurani

yurani muslimTaTvis mociqul muhamadis mier naqadagebi da werilobiT dafiqsi-

rebuli `zegardmovlenili~ saRvTo wignia. is Sedgeba 114 Tavisagan – surisagan,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa aiebad _ leqsebad.

yuranis kanonikuri teqsti dadginda muhamadis gardacvalebis Semdeg, Tumca misi

ramdenime adgilis utyuarobaSi zogierTi muslimuri mimdinareobis warmomadgen-
lebs eWvi SeaqvT. garda amisa, arabuli damwerlobis sirTule xSirad iwvevda davas
ama Tu im sityvis sworad warmoTqmasTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, interpretaciasTan
dakavSirebiT.

yuranSi uxvad aris elementebi bibliidan da arakanonikuri saxarebebidan, romle-

bic Sesuli unda iyos zepiri gziT, Talmudistebisa da sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
qristian berebTan urTierTobis meSveobiT. yurani mociqulebad aRiarebs bibliur
winaswarmetyvelebs da ieso qristes, xolo muhamadi iwodeba ukanasknel mociqu-
lad, `mociqulTa beWdad~.

yuranis teqstis didi nawili polemikaa, dialogis formiT alahsa da mociqulis

mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris, an alahis mowodeba-darigebebi da miTiTebebia muhamadis
mimdevrebisadmi.

Tu muhamadis moRvaweobis meqis periodis surebSi ZiriTadi Temebia gankiTxvis dRe,

kerpTayvanismcemelTa Zageba, erTRmerTianobis qadageba da muhamadamde moRvawe
winaswarmetyvelTa ambebi, medinis periodis surebSi ZiriTad adgils ikavebs re-
ligiur-samarTlebrivi miTiTebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven muslimTa cxovrebis
wessa da qcevas, kultis Sesrulebis wesebs.

yuranSi aisaxa muhamadis brZola warmarTobasTan, polemika iudaizmsa da qristia-

nobasTan. am religiebs yurani ganixilavs islamis winamorbed da masTan genetikur
kavSirSi myof religiebad. yuranis mTavari braldeba qristianobis mimarT samebis
dogmatis saxiT erTRmerTianobis principidan gadaxvevaa.

muslimuri TvalsazrisiT, yurani maradiuli da Seuqmnelia. misi Secvla aravis

SeuZlia da muslimurma Temma misi miTiTebebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos.

239
 wyaro 1

bibliis elementebi yuranSi da damokidebuleba iudevelTa da qristianTa

mimarT:

sura 2.
`da Cven vaqcieT es saxli (meqa) adamianTa TavSeyris da dacul adgilad. gaxadeT
adgili, sadac ibrahimi (abraami) loculobda, Tqvens salocav adgilad~.

`ibrahimi da ismaili safuZvels uyrian saxls sityvebiT: `Cveno RmerTo, miiRe es

Cvengan, Sen, visac esmis da icnobs Cvens gulebs~... gamogzavne Cveni xalxisaTvis Cvens
Semdeg mociquli, romelic uqadagebs maT Sen gzanvils, aswavlis maT saRvTo wigns
da sibrZnes~.

`isini amboben: `WeSmaritebis gzis mosaZebnad unda iyo iudeveli an qristiani.

Tqvi: `ara – unda iyo ibrahimis Temidan, romelic WeSmariti morwmune da
mravalRmerTianobis uarmyofeli iyo... Cven gvwams alahis da imis, rac misgan
zegardmogvevlina, rac zegardmoevlina ibrahims, ismails, ishaks (isaaks), iakubs
(iakobs), da maT STamomavlebs, musas (moses) da isa-s (iesos) da rac wyalobad eboZaT
mociqulebs maTi RmerTisagan~.

sura 3.
`Tqves angelozebma: `mariam, WeSmaritad, alahi gendo Sen da gangwminda da agirCia
Tavi meoTxe

qveynierebis qalebisgan... mariam, alahi Sen gaxarebs ambaviT mis Sesaxeb, romlis
saxelia mesia isa (ieso)...

sura 4.
`ai, mociqulebi! maTgan zogierTs Cven upiratesoba mivaniWeT sxvebTan SedarebiT.
maT Soris iyvnen isini, visTanac alahi laparakobda da romlebic xarisxiT
aRamaRla. da Cven isas, mariamis Zes, vuboZeT mkafio miTiTebebi da ganvamtkiceT is
wminda suliT~.

`saRvTo werilis mflobelno! ar gadauxvioT sakuTar religias da ar TqvaT alahis

winaaRmdeg araferi... mesia, isa, mariamis Ze, mxolod alahis mociqulia, misi sityvaa,
romelic uwyaloba mariams da misi sulia. gwamdeT alahis da misi mociqulebisa da
ar TqvaT – sami. WeSmaritad, alahi mxolod erTiani RmerTia!~

`(iudevlebi amboben) Cven xom mesia, isa, mariamis Ze, alahis mociquli movkaliT. maT
ki is arc mouklavT da arc jvarze ucviaT, es mxolod moeCvenaT... alahma is TavisTan
aRamaRla zecaSi~.

`da amboben iudevlebi: qristianebi aravin arian! da amboben qristianebi:

iudevlebi aravin arian! alahi maT gansjis gankiTxvis dRes imasTan dakavSirebiT,
razec uTanxmoeba aqvT~.

`qristianebma daiviwyes is, rac maT zegadmoevlinaT. amitom (alahma) maT Soris
Camoagdo SuRli da siZulvili gankiTxvis dRemde. da maSin Seatyobinebs alahi maT,
Tu ra Caidines~.

240
meqisaken unda mdgariyo. am aqtiT, aseve meqis wminda qalaqad da qaabas taZris
muslimTa mTavar siwminded gamocxadebiT, man xazi gausva axali rwmenis saerTo
arabul xasiaTs. axalma religiam daqsaqsuli arabuli tomebis gaerTianebis
SesaZlebloba Seqmna.
muhamadi gardaicvala medinaSi 632 wels. man Seqmna ara mxolod axali re-
ligia, aramed axali saxelwifos safuZvlebi da moamzada pirobebi arabTa

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

momavali eqspansiisaTvis.

islamuri saxalifo. saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesi da

religiuri ganxeTqileba islamSi
muhamadis gardacvalebis Semdgomi ocdaaTi weliwadi udidesi Zvrebis xana
iyo axladSeqmnil arabul saxelmwifoSi. EerTi mxriv, muslimebma swored am
periodSi ganaxorcieles didi dapyrobebi, xolo meore mxriv, saxelmwifoSi
mudmivi SinadaZabuloba iyo, rasac Seewira misi pirveli oTxi gamgeblidan
(xalifadan) sami.
islamuri saxelmwifos (saxalifos) specifikuroba momdinareobda misi Seqm-
nis pirobebidan, rodesac religia da saxelmwifo erToblivad, erTmaneTisagan
mouwyvetliv yalibdeboda. muhamadi erTdroulad iyo uzenaesi religiuri da
politikuri xelisufali. rogorc RmerTis mociquli, is mimdevrebs uqada-
gebda masze zegadmovlenil religiur gamocxadebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc
muslimuri Temis meTauri, is gamoscemda kanonebs, mihyavda sasamarTlo proce-
sebi, krefda gadasaxadebs, awarmoebda omebsa da diplomatiur molaparakebebs.
adrindeli islamisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, religiisa da saxelmwifos ganuyo-
241
 flobis idea dResac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sxvadasxva tipis muslimur
moZraobebSi.
muhamadis mier saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisas miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
yoveldRiur problemebs ukavSirdeboda da ar iyo xangrZliv vadaze gaTvlili.
magaliTad, erTxel muhamadma avadmyofobis gamo locvis warmmarTvelis adgi-
li droebiT dauTmo Tavis erTgul mimdevars, abu baqrs, romelic didwilad
swored am mizeziT, muhamadis gardacvalebis Semdeg, xalifad airCies.

es sainteresoa II

sunizmi da Siizmi

sunitebad iTvlebian isini, vinc aRiarebs pirveli oTxi `marTlmorwmune~ xalifas

kanonierebas, muhamadis gamonaTqvamebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli gadmocemebis
(suna) utyuarobas. sunituri TvalsazrisiT, mociqul muhamadis sikvdilis Sem-
deg muslimuri Temis pirdapiri `kontaqti~ alahTan Sewyda da misi cxovreba unda
warimarTos yuranisa da sunas miTiTebebis safuZvelze, maTi swori ganmarteba ki
uzrunvelyofilia Temis erToblivi azriT, romelsac warmoadgenen yvelaze avto-
ritetuli samarTlismcodne-RvTismetyvelebi. sunitebis Tanaxmad, Teoriulad
politikuri da sasuliero Zalaufleba ekuTvnis muslimuri Temis mier arCeul
adamians, romelic Tavisi piradi TvisebebiT da codniT Sesaferisia imisTvis, rom
Tavi meoTxe

ganaxorcielos cxovrebaSi yuranis miwerilobebi.

sunizmisagan gansxvavebiT, Siitebi pirvel oTx xalifad aRiareben mxolod alis,

xolo danarCen sams uzurpatorebad Tvlian. Siituri TvalsazrisiT, Temis uze-
naesi xelisufali unda iyos mociqulis STamomavali. Siitebis SexedulebiT, pir-
dapiri kontaqti RmerTTan muhamadis Semdeg ar Sewyvetila da es misia daekisraT
mociqulis STamomavlebs – imamebs.

Siitebi Tavdapirvelad warmoadgendnen politikur jgufs, romelic Tavidanve

mxars uWerda xalifas taxtze muhamadis biZaSvilisa da siZis, alis kandidaturas.
samxedro-politikurma warumateblobebma, alis mkvlelobam, misi vaJis, al-husai-
nis tragikulma daRupvam (rac SiizmSi mowameobriobis kultis safuZveli gaxda),
sxvadasxva ajanyebis marcxma da sxv., xeli Seuwyo SiitTa wreSi religiuri Ziebebis
ganviTarebas, politikuri dajgufebidan Siizmis religiur-politikur mimdina-
reobad Camoyalibebas.

arsebobda mravali Siituri mimdinareoba. maTgan dRes yvelaze mravalricxovania

imamitebis Sto, romlebsac Cveulebriv Siitebad moixsenieben. imamitebi aRiareben
Tormet imams alis sagvareulodan. maTgan ukanaskneli, maTi mrwamsiT, X saukuneSi
gauCinarda da amJamad `farul~ mdgomareobaSia. is, mesiis msgavsad, unda dabrundes
gankiTxvis dRes da samarTlianoba daamyaros amqveynad.

amJamad sunitebi Seadgenen msoflios muslimuri mosaxleobis daaxl. 80%-s. Sii-

tebi absolutur umravlesobas Seadgenen iranis islamur respublikaSi, aseve mo-
saxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen eraySi, quveiTSi, libanSi.

242
 muhamadis Semdeg, romelsac ar darCa vaJi memkvidre, muslimur saxelmwifos
saTaveSi Caudgnen xalifebi (xalifa arabulad niSnavs rogorc moadgiles, ise
memkvidres). pirveli oTxi xalifa arCeuli iyo, xolo Semdeg dinastiurma prin-
cipma gaimarjva.
pirveli oTxi xalifas dros (abu baqri (632-634), omari (634-644), osmani (644-
656) da ali (656-661)) daiwyo arabTa dapyrobebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRs-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

aniSnavia energiuli omaris mmarTvelobis xana. amave dros, Sinadapirispire-
bebis Sedegad, islami gaiyo or ZiriTad mimarTulebad: sunizmad da Siizmad.

arabTa dapyrobebi
istoriis asparezze arabTa gamosvlis droisaTvis imJamindeli msoflios
ori udidesi imperia – bizantia da sasanianTa irani urTierTbrZolebis
Sedegad Zlier iyvnen dasustebulni. garda amisa, centraluri xelisufleba
ver akontrolebda provinciebs. arabebma moaxerxes iranis mTlianad dapyroba
da misi islamizacia, bizantias ki samflobeloebis didi nawili waarTves.
merve saukunis dasawyisisTvis muslimuri imperia gadaWimuli iyo aRmo-
savleTiT indoeTsa da CineTamde, dasavleTiT atlantis okeanis sanapiroeba-
mde, samxreTiT afrikis Savkaniani mosaxleobis binadrobis adgilebamde, Crdi-
loeTiT ki, evropaSi pirenes qedamde. muhamadis sikvdilidan asi wlis manZilze
arabebma safrangeTamde miaRwies, sadac puatiesTan 732 wels maTi winsvla
karlos martelma SeaCera. es uzarmazari imperia gaxda aleqsandre makedone-
lisa da romaelTa imperiebis memkvidre. am imperiaSi islami iyo saxelmwifo
religia da arabulma enam swrafad Secvala sxva enebi.
islamis gavrceleba da arabuli imperiis zrda gaaadvila dapyrobili xalxe-
bis ganwyobam. dasavleTiT, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, berberebi, romlebmac Tavda-
pirvelad Zlieri winaaRmdegoba gauwies arab dampyroblebs, Semdeg SeuerTd-
nen maT. maT miiRes islami da didad Seuwyves xeli espaneTis dapyrobas da mis
kolonizacias, aseve afrikis Savkaniani xalxebis kolonizaciasa da moqcevas
islamze. dasavleTSi sparselebma maTi imperiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, swrafad
daiviwyes dromoWmuli zoroastruli religia, gaiTavises islami da misi saxelm-
wifoebrivi mniSvneloba da aqtiurad CaerTvnen islamis gavrcelebis procesSi
centraluri aziis Sereul sparsul-Turqul mosaxleobaSi. imperiis centrSi,
nayofieri naxevarmTvaris arameul enaze molaparake qristiani xalxebisa da
koptur enaze metyveli qristiani egviptelebisaTvis, romlebic didi xnis man-
Zilze eqvemdebarebodnen sparsul da bizantiur imperiebs, axali dampyrobeli
naklebad momTxovni, ufro metad toleranti da, Sesabamisad, ufro misaRebi
aRmoCnda.
am qveynebSi mosaxleobis islamze moqceva da arabul imperiaSi CarTva Se-
darebiT iolad ganxorcielda. arabuli gadasaxadebi bizantiurze da spar-
sulze ufro dabali iyo, gansakuTrebiT – islamze moqceuli mosaxleobisaT-
vis. arabuli imperia erTnair tolerantobas iCenda nebismieri qristianuli
mimdinareobis mimarT (e. i. mosaxleobas, specialuri gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
pirobiT, uflebas utovebda, SeenarCunebina rwmena), romlebic bizantiaSi mwva-
leblurad iyo miCneuli da maTi mimdevrebi mkacrad idevnebodnen. SedarebiT

243
 gamosworda ebraelTa mdgomareobac, romlebic sakmaod Seviwroebulebi iyvnen
bizantiisa da sasanianTa imperiebSi.
dapyrobil qveynebSi isini, vinc ar miiRebdnen islams (qristianebi da ebrae-
lebi) valdebulni iyvnen gadaexadaT specialuri gadasaxadi – jizia. maTTvis
aseve dawesebuli iyo garkveuli SezRudvebi (tansacmelze ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebis tareba, religiuri dResaswaulebis sajarod aRniSvnis akrZalva da
a.S.). muslimuri xelisufleba ki maTi sicocxlisa da qonebis dacvis garantad
gamodioda.
muslimTaTvis msoflio sam nawilad iyofoda: islamis teritoria; omis
teritoria, romlis damorCilebac aucilebeli iyo da, Sesabamisad, romelic
brZolis vels warmoadgenda da zavis teritoria. zavis teritorias warmoad-
genda is qveyana Tu qalaqi, romelic uomrad danebdeboda arabebs da zavis
sanacvlod kisrulobda garkveuli saxis xarkis gadaxdas. arabebi am SemTx-
vevaSi damorCilebul xalxebTan aformebdnen xelSekrulebas e.w. `dacvis
sigelis~ saxiT. amgvarive sigeli gaformda VII saukunis Sua xanebSi saqarTve-
los mosaxleobasTan.

omaianTa da abasianTa saxalifoebi

xalifa alis sikvdilis Semdeg saxalifoSi omaianTa sagvareulos (661-750)
dinastiuri mmarTveloba damyarda. xalifa muaviam saTave daudo omaianTa saxa-
Tavi meoTxe

lifos, romlis sataxto qalaqic gaxda damasko. omaianebi warmatebiT ebrZod-

nen bizantias da araerTxel Semoartyes alya konstantinopols, daipyres Crd.
afrika, 711 w. gadalaxes gibraltaris srute da Seudgnen espaneTis dapyrobas.
omaianTa saxalifo arabuli saxelmwifo iyo. omaianTa mTavar dasayrdens
arabuli tomebi warmoadgendnen TavianTi laSqriT. arabebi sakuTari samxedro
garnizonebisaTvis, romlebsac evalebodaT provinciebis kontroli, aarsebd-
nen axals an iyenebdnen ukve arsebul qalaqebs.
am periodSi arabebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT socialuri
barierebi arabebsa da araarabebs Soris,
Tundac rom maT mieRoT islami da gaeTa-
visebinaT arabuli ena. isini dauSveblad
wyaro 2
miiCnevdnen arabi qalis qorwinebas araa-
rab mamakacTan, magram ara piriqiT da ar `ibrZole maT winaaRmdeg, visac
aniWebdnen axladmoqceul muslimebs Ta- ar swams RmerTis an gankiTxvis
naswor socialur, ekonomikur da poli- dRisa, vinc ar krZalavs imas,
tikur uflebebs. rac RmerTma da misma moci-
mdgomareoba Seicvala xelisuflebis qulma akrZales da ar aRiarebs
saTaveSi abasianTa dinastiis (750-1258) WeSmarit religias, maT Soris
mosvliT, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili maT winaaRmdegac, visac mieca
sparselebs miuZRodaT. TandaTanobiT wminda wignebi, sanam isini,
ganxorcielda arabuli saxalifos isla- damcirebulni, ar gadaixdian
mur saxalifod transformaciis proce- jizias~.
si. arabTa privilegiebi daviwyebas mieca,
yurani, IX, 29
pirvel rigSi saqme exeba sparselTa aRze-
244
 saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si
omaianTa meCeTi damaskoSi

vebas, romlebmac umniSvnelovanesi roli

Seasrules arabuli saxalifos islamurad wyaro 3
gardaqmnaSi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
`dautove es miwebi, romlebic
sistemis srulyofasa da kulturul gan-
nadavlis saxiT mogca RmerTma,
viTarebaSi.
am miwebze mcxovrebT da
abasianebma sataxto qalaqi siriidan, da-
daakisre maT suladobrivi
maskodan, gadaitanes eraySi, romelic didi
gadasaxadis (jizias) gadaxda……...
kosmopolituri imperiebis centri iyo
arc Sen da arc SenTan myofi
Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi. axali dedaqala-
sxva muslimebi ar unda moepyran
qi, baRdadi, evfratis dasavleT napirze ga-
urwmunoebs, rogorc nadavls
Senda. igi mdebareobda savaWro magistra-
da ar unda gainawilon maTi
lebis gzagasayarze da isic simboluria,
qoneba, vinaidan mSvidoba
rom mis maxloblad iyo sasanianTa Zveli
damyarebulia, vinaidan isini
sataxto qalaqis, qtesifonis nangrevebi.
ixdian suladobriv gadasaxads
swored am qalaqSi mefobdnen xuTi sauku-
maTi SesaZleblobis mixedviT~.
nis manZilze abasianebi, Tavdapirvelad,
rogorc imperiis efeqtiani mmarTvelebi, xalifa omaris werilidan
xolo politikuri dakninebis Semdeg, ro- Tavisi mTavarsardlisadmi
gorc nominaluri mmarTvelebi, rodesac
realuri Zalaufleba sxvaTa, upirvelesad,
samxedro meTaurebis xelSi iyo.
amdenad, moxda imperiis centris ufro aRmosavleTiT, Zveli iranuli civi-
lizaciis siaxloves gadanacvleba. dasrulda arabTa monopolia saxelisufle-
bo Tanamdebobebze. magaliTad, barmekianTa iranuli sagvareulos warmomad-
genlebs ekavaT vaziris Tanamdeboba da xangrZlivi drois manZilze marTavdnen
245
 imperias. iTargmna sasanuri Txzulebebi, aRorZinda sasanuri tradiciebi da
Zveli sparsuli modelebi gamoiyeneboda rogorc samefo karis ceremoniebSi,
ise imperiis administrirebaSi. es niSnavda arabuli tomobrivi tradiciebi-
dan daSorebas, romlebsac, am TvalsazrisiT, praqtikulad arafris mocema
SeeZloT.
pirvelad islamuri saxelmwifos istoriaSi Camoyalibda regularuli jari
sparsuli modelis mixedviT, ramac Seamcira dinastiis damokidebuleba ara-
bul tomobriv sajariso gaerTianebebze da Semdeg daaknina arabTa gavlenac
sataxto qalaqSi.
abasiani xalifa ukve arafriT hgavda Tavis winamorbed omaian xalifas, rome-
lic praqtikulad arabi tomebis meTaurebis mbrZanebeli iyo. is warmoadgenda
ZvelaRmosavluri stilis avtokrat mmarTvels, romelsac pretenzia hqonda
sakuTari Zalauflebis RvTiur warmomavlobaze, eyrdnoboda SeiaraRebul
Zalebs da marTavda imperias organizebuli biurokratiuli aparatiT.
abasianebi Seecadnen islamuri erTianobis xazgasmas uzarmazari imperiis
gamaerTianebeli faqtoris saxiT. aseve xels uwyobdnen religiisa da reli-
giuri samarTlis mcodne adamianebis winwamowevas da maTi saxiT sakuTari
ZalauflebisaTvis religiuri sayrdenis Seqmnas.
xalifa harun ar-raSidis mmarTvelobis xana (786-809)
miCneulia abasianTa saxalifos Zlierebis mwverva-
lad. mas Semdeg abasiani xalifas Zalaufleba Tan-
Tavi meoTxe

daTan knindeba da saxalifo iSleba. centralize-

buli saxelmwifos xangrZlivi droiT SenarCuneba
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. jer kidev harun ar-
raSidis dros espaneTi da CrdiloeT
afrika faqtobrivad damoukidebe-
li gaxda da mxolod nominalurad
aRiarebda abasiani xalifas uzenae-
sobas. male saxalifos Camoscilda
egvipte da siria, xolo iranisa da
centraluri aziis teritoriebze abasianTa oqros
moneta
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebi Seiqm-
na adgilobrivi dinastiebiT sa-
TaveSi. 946 wels sparsuli warmo-
mavlobis Siitma buveianebma aiRes
baRdadi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT xeli ar uxliaT xalifasaTvis, is mxolod
danawevrebuli imperiis nominalur meTaurad darCa, rogorc islamis reli-
giuri erTianobis simbolo.
am droidan moyolebuli, monRolTa mier baRdadis aRebamde (1258) xalifebi,
mcire gamonaklisis garda, marionetebs warmoadgendnen (ZiriTadad Turquli
warmomavlobis) samxedro meTaurebis xelSi.

246
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebze 1, 2 da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT imaze, Tu rogor Seicvala

muhamadis damokidebuleba qristianebisa da ebraelebis mimarT da ram gana-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

piroba es cvlileba.
2. teqstze da damatebiT cnoba I-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT sunituri da Si-
ituri mimdinareobebis Seqmnis ganmapirobebel politikur da religiur
faqtorebze.
3. teqstsa da wyaroebze 1 da 2 dayrdnobiT aRwereT arabebis damokidebule-
ba dapyrobili qveynebis mosaxleobis mimarT.
4. imsjeleT gansxvavebebze omaianTa da abasianTa saxalifoebs Soris.
5. imsjeleT arabTa samxedro warmatebebis ZiriTad mizezebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba mocemuli ori Temidan erT­erTze: a) sxvadasxva

religiis gavlena islamis Camoyalibebaze (damatebiT cnoba I-ze, wyaro 2-sa
da teqstze dayrdnobiT); b) islami da saxelmwifoebrioba (wyaroebze 1, 2 da
teqstze dayrdnobiT).

ZiriTadi TariRebi

632-634 – xalifa abu baqri

946
634-644 – xalifa omari buveianTa mier baRdadis aReba da
abasiani xalifas xelisuflebis sim-
637 – kadisias brZola da bolurad qceva
arabTa mier sasanianTa
sataxto qalaqis, qte-
750-1258 – abasianTa
sifonis aReba
dinastia
644-656 – xalifa osmani

656-661 – xalifa ali

600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950

711 – arabTa mier

espaneTis 786-809 – xalifa harun
dapyrobis ar-raSidi
dasawyisi

661-750 – omaianTa
dinastia

247
 40. saxalifos kultura da socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba

kulturuli cxovreba baRdadSi abasianTa dros

baRdadi X saukunisaTvis garkveulwilad SeiZ-
leba CaiTvalos msoflios inteleqtualur arabuli
centrad. swored aq swavlobdnen da ikvlevdnen kaligrafiis
nimuSi
antikur memkvidreobas, mimdinareobda religiuri
codnis evolucia, viTardeboda literatura da
mecniereba. am procesSi CarTulebi iyvnen muslime-
bi, qristianebi da ebraelebi, arabebi da sparselebi.
iwereboda yuranis ganmartebebi, warmoebda Teo-
logiuri Ziebebi. Seiqmna arabuli enis gramatikis pir-
veli saxelmZRvaneloebi. Camoyalibda da daixvewa musli-
muri saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolebi.
mimdinareobda mTargnelobiTi samuSaoebi. iTargmna aristo-
teles, hipokrates, evklides, ptolemaiosis da sxvaTa Srome-
bi. baRdadis maxloblad aSenda observatoria. aq moRvawe
Tavi meoTxe

gamoCenili maTematikosisa da astronomis, al-xorezmis

saxelidan modis sityva `algoriTmi~.
xalifa al-mamunma baRdadSi `sibrZnis saxli~ daaarsa, romelic umniSvnelo-
vanes samecniero centrad iqca. aq moRvawe mecnierTa daniSnuleba iyo, Seenar-
CunebinaT da eTargmnaT arabulad msoflio inteleqtualuri memkvidreoba.
nestorianuli mimdinareobis qristianma eqimma, iahia ibn masavaihma mravali
Sroma miuZRvna sxeulis temperaturis cvalebadobas, higienas, dietas. misi
traqtati ofTalmologiaSi istoriaSi pirvelia. is evropaSi cnobili iyo
mesuas saxeliT. mis mowafes, aseve qristian hunain ibn ishaks, romelic Sua
saukuneebis laTinuri TargmanebiT iyo evropaSi cnobili, arabuli medicinis
mamas uwodeben. Camoyalibda samecniero ena. iTargmna hipokrates ficic.

arabuli astrolabi

mecnierebaTa klasifikacia al-farabis mixedviT:

1. lingvisturi mecnierebebi;
2. logika;
3. maTematika (masSi Sedis ariTmetika, geometria,
optika, astronomia, musika, statistika, meqanika);
4. fizika;
5. metafizika;
6. politika;
7. iurisprudencia;
8. Teologia.

248
 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo al-kindisa da al-farabis moRvaweoba,
romlebmac ganaviTares aristotelesa da platonis ideebi.
sazogadoebrivi biblioTekebi yvelasaTvis Ria iyo. erTi arabuli wyaros
mixedviT `samkiTxvelo oTaxebi yvelgan iyo, SesvlisaTvis garkveuli safasu-
ris gadaxdis Semdeg, msurvels SeeZlo aerCia nebismieri wigni wasakiTxad~. wig-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

nebis gadamwerebi da kaligrafebi sayovelTao pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen.
baRdadSi Aaseve iqmneboda poeziis da prozis brwyinvale nimuSebi.

arabebi espaneTSi
arabebi VIII saukunis dasawyisSi SeiWrnen espaneTSi da
male TiTqmis mTeli pirenes naxevarkunZuli daipyres. X
saukuneSi aq Seiqmna kordobas saamiro, romelsac saTa-
veSi omaianTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi edgnen. Semdgom
aq gabatondnen almoravidebisa da almohadebis dinastie-
bi. qristianebma 1212 wels moaxerxes muslimTa damarcxe-
ba, romlebmac mxolod qalaqi granada SeinarCunes. 1492
wels es qalaqic espanelTa xelSi gadavida.
am xanebSi espaneTi warmoadgenda islamuri, qris-
tianuli da ebrauli kulturebis Sexvedris adgils.
urTierTgavlenis Sedegad iqmneboda xelovnebis uaR-
resad saintereso nimuSebi. arabuli gavleniT, qris- sasaxle seviliaSi
tianuli espaneTis arqiteqturaSi xangrZlivi drois
manZilze popularuli iyo e. w. `mudejaris~ stili.

es sainteresoa I

averoesi (ibn ruSdi) (1128-1198)

averoesma TiTqmis mTeli cxovreba kordobaSi gaatara. mis ka-

lams ekuTvnis naSromebi filosofiis, medicinisa da astrono-
miis sferoebSi. mis naSromebSi `komentarebi~ da `urTierToba
religiasa da filosofias Soris~ dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli
aristoteles Semoqmedeba. misi Txzulebebi jer kidev XIII
saukuneSi iTargmna laTinurad.

avicena (ibn sina) (980-1037)

iraneli medikosi da filosofosi avicena aris asze meti Txzu-

lebis avtori TiTqmis yvela disciplinaSi. is enciklopediuri
ganaTlebis adamiani iyo da bevrs mogzaurobda. dasavleTSi yve-
laze cnobili misi Txzulebaa fundamenturi samedicino naSromi
`kanoni~, romelic evropisaTvis XIV saukunemde mTlianad moica-
vda samedicino codnas. masve ekuTvnis pirveli muslimuri Txzu-
leba aristoteles Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. es wignebi XII saukunis
dasawyisisaTvis gamoCnda espaneTSi da iTargmna laTinurad.

249
 intensiuri iyo kulturuli cxovreba arabul espaneTSi. aq viTardeboda cod-
nis sxvadasxva dargi. iTargmneboda antikuri memkvidreobis saukeTeso nimuSebi.
mimdinareobda maTi safuZvliani Seswavla da kvleva. aristoteles, platonisa
da sxvaTa Semoqmedebas Sua saukuneebis qristianuli evropa swored arabuli
Targmanebis saSualebiT gaecno, romlebic Semdeg laTinurad iTargmna.
ganviTarebuli iyo saqalaqo cxovreba. am TvalsazrisiT umniSnelovanes
qalaqs warmoadgenda kordoba, romelic im drois evropaSi erT-erTi udidesi
da yvelaze kosmopolituri (eTnikurad da religiurad mravalferovani) qa-
laqi iyo.

qalaqebi da savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

arabuli imperiis Seqmnam wertili dausva xangrZliv konfliqts romsa
(Semdgom bizantias) da sparseTs Soris axlo aRmosavleTis savaWro gze-
bis Taobaze. pirvelad aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg, axlo aRmosavleTi,
centraluri aziisa da afrikis CrdiloeTi sanapiros CaTvliT, gaerTianda
erTian imperiul da komerciul sistemaSi.
islamuri civilizacia yvelaze adreuli periodidan saqalaqo cxovrebasa da
vaWrobaze orientirebuli iyo. muslimuri qalaqebi iqmneboda da viTardeboda
aragegmiurad, masSi viwro quCebiT da ubnebiT erTmaneTs emijnebodnen sxva-
dasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebi. islamur qalaqSi TiTqmis yovelTvis
Tavi meoTxe

dominirebda saSualo vaWarTa klasi.

es sainteresoa II

ebraelebi arabul espaneTSi

vestgoTebis mmarTvelobis dros ebraelebs espaneTSi sdevnidnen, amitomac isini

miesalmnen axal dampyroblebs. ebrauli kultura andalusiaSi (arabebi ase uwo-
debdnen espaneTs) gaifurCqna, kordobam ki umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula ebrau-
li kulturis istoriaSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia rabinis, eqimisa da filoso-
fosis – moSe maimonidis moRvaweoba.

ebraelebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni vaWrobaSi (upirvelesad abreSumiTa da mone-

biT vaWrobaSi). zogierT maTgans maRali Tanamdeboba ekava kordobas samefo karze.

ebraelebi arabul espaneTSi warmoadgendnen zimiebs, anu dacul aramuslimebs. isi-

ni ixdidnen jizias – suladobriv gadasaxads. maT ar exebodaT samxedro valdebu-
leba. amasTan erTad, ebraelebs unda etarebinaT gansxvavebuli tanisamosi, Tumca
maT hqondaT sakuTari sasamarTlo sistema da sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebi. `wminda
wignis~ xalxebis monoTeisturi religiebis mimarT garkveulwilad tolerantuli
ganwyoba iyo, magram ar daiSveboda sajaro adgilebSi religiuri msvlelobebisa
da dResaswaulebis mowyoba.

espaneTidan arabTa gandevnis Semdeg, inkviziciisagan Tavis asarideblad, espaneTSi

mcxovrebma ebraelebma masobrivad Seafares Tavi muslimur aRmosavleTs.

250
 qalaqis xelisufleba Cveulebriv centralizebuli iyo mmarTvelis rezi-
denciaSi, qalaqis cixeSi, romelic aSenebuli iyo qalaqis yvelaze amaRlebul
adgilze. qalaqis Tavis mTavari movaleoba Tavdacvisunarianobis da kano-
nierebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa iyo. gareubnebis mosaxleoba irCevda Tavis
warmomadgenlebs maTi interesebis dasacavad qalaqis xelmZRvanelobis winaSe.
gareubnebSi SeeZloT TavdacvisaTvis SeiaraRebuli razmebis Seqmna, romelTac

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

aseve evalebodaT qalaqis dacvis dros profesiuli armiis daxmareba.
municipaluri xelisuflebis ori mTavari warmomadgeneli iyo yadi da
muhTasibi. yadis evaleboda sasamarTlo funqciebis Sesruleba. muhTasibis
funqciebi ki sakmaod mravalmxrivi iyo, magaliTad, Tvalyuris devna sasmeli
wylis xarisxze, qalaqis quCebSi sisufTavis dacvaze, epidemiebis gavrcelebis
Tavidan acilebaze, bazrebis zedamxedvelobaze da a.S.
islamuri saqalaqo cxovrebis kidev erTi aspeqti iyo vakfi, religiuri Se-
sawiravi, romlis akrefa evalebodaT yadisa da religiur pirebs. am Semowiru-
lobaTa gziT, vakfis tipis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda mravali sazogadoebrivi
abano da fabrika, Semosavali gamoiyeneboda ganaTlebis sferoSic, sarwyavi
arxebis gasayvanad qalaqis farglebs gareT. dapyrobebis Semdeg osmalebma es
sistema daamkvidres maTi imperiis evropul nawilSic.
religiuri dawesebulebebi muslimur samyaroSi Tavisuflebi iyvnen yo-
velgvari gadasaxadisgan. rigiTi moqalaqeebi gadasaxadebs uxdidnen qalaqis
xelisuflebas, meomrebi – maT zemdgom samxedro pirs, miwismflobelebi –
saxelmwifo xazinas.
rac ufro Rirebuli iyo saqoneli, miT ufro kargi adgili iyo gamoyofili
mis gasayidad, amitomac wignebis gamyidvelebi da oqromWedlebi yovelTvis
mTavari meCeTis siaxloves, qalaqis SuagulSi vaWrobdnen.
vaWarTa da xelosanTa gildiebi oficialurad ar arsebobda, magram vaWro-
bas zedamxedvelobas uwevda qalaqis mier aRiarebuli oficialuri piri. xe-
losnobisa da vaWrobis nebismier saxeobas Camoyalibebuli hqonda sakuTari
niSan-Tvisebebi, misi wevrebi dadiodnen erTi da igive meCeTSi da icavdnen,
iaraRiTac ki, erTmaneTis interesebs. monebi yvelaze xSirad gamoiyenebodnen
Sinamosamsaxureebad.
islamurma civilizaciam, teqnolo-
giebisa da mrewvelobis TvalsazrisiT,
im droisaTvis ganviTarebis maRal dones
miaRwia. distilaciis teqnikis ganviTare-
bam xeli Seuwyo parfiumeruli industriis
winsvlas. qimiuri keramikuli minanqari
metoqeobas uwevda CineTidan importire-
bul analogiur nivTebs. metalurgiisadmi
samecniero midgomam uzrunvelyo Cinuri
da induri foladis damuSavebis teqnolo-
giebis srulyofa. eqsportis sagnebs war-
moadgenda xelnakeTi fufunebis sagnebi,
rogorebicaa damuSavebuli xe, liToni da
SuSa, qsovilebi da keramikis nawarmi. biblioTeka
251
 islamur samyaroSi xelosnobisa da soflis meurneobis Zvelma centrebma
SeinarCunes TavianTi mniSvneloba: qsovilebi, papirusi da xorbali egviptidan
gadioda; iaraRi, marcvleuli da zeTi – siriidan; maRali xarisxis qsovilebi
da margalitebi – iranis farsis provinciidan.
vaWrebis mier SemuSavebuli sakontraqto sistemebi didi efeqtianobiT
gamoirCeoda. vaWrebs unda eyidaT da gaeyidaT saqoneli sakomisios gacemis
xarjze, mdidari pirebis mier maTTvis nasesxebi fuliT, an mravali vaWari
erTad debda did Tanxas garkveuli savaWro operaciis Catarebis mizniT _
isini SeiZleba yofiliyvnen muslimebi, qristianebi an ebraelebi. axlaxans
egviptis erT-erT sinagogaSi aRmoCenili dokumentebi detalurad gviamboben
Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleli vaWrebis cxovrebaze. saqmiani urTierTobebi
myardeboda mravali komerciuli wamowyebisaTvis da finansur interesTa Tanx-
vedra xels uwyobda savaWro qselebis formirebas uSores manZilebzec ki. am
dros Seqmnilma qselebma iseTi savaWro urTierTobebis safuZveli Seqmna, rom
baRdadSi dapirebuli fuli SeiZleboda gacemuliyo espaneTSi, es ki garkveul
msgavsebas amJRavnebs Tanamedrove sabanko Cekebis sistemasTan. amasTan erTad,
qalaqebSi gavlisas, vaWrebs nebismier saqonelze gadasaxadi unda gadaexadaT
da es saboloo punqtSi fasis sakmaod awevas iwvevda.
islamur yaidaze moWrili bizantiuri oqros fuli da sasanuri vercxlis
fuli saxalifos mimoqcevaSi darCa da, Sesabamisad, dinarisa da dirhemis
saxelwodeba miiRo.
Tavi meoTxe

satransporto sistema aseve iyo ganviTarebuli. nebismier qalaqs karibWis

gareT hqonda tvirTis gadamzidavi pirutyvis sadgomi. qalaqebis bazrebSi
arsebobda saqonlis Sesanaxi kargad daculi sawyobebi. vaWrebisaTvis qalaqSi
da savaWro gzebis gayolebaze arsebobda sastumroebi.
tigrosis, evfratisa da nilosis garda muslimur samyaroSi ar arsebobda
sanaosno mdinareebi, amitomac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda sazR-
vao navigacias. muslimi zRvaosnebi navigaciis dros iyenebdnen sxvadasxva
xelsawyoebs (seqtanti, magnituri kompasi). amerikis aRmomCenis, qristefore
kolumbis karavelebi adreuli andalusiuri muslimuri xomaldebis naxazebis
mixedviT iyo agebuli.
cnobilia, rom islamur samyaroSi qaRaldis warmoebis teqnologia CineTi-
dan Semovida. magram aq miiRes umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetileba selis gamo-
yenebis Sesaxeb qaRaldis warmoebisAaTvis. aman saweri masala ufro ekonomiuri
gaxada, vidre pergamentia da gacilebiT gamZle, vidre papirusi. swored is-
lamuri samyarosagan iswavla danarCenma msofliom qaRaldis keTeba selisagan.

252
 es sainteresoa III

Tbilisis saamiro

arabebma VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi daarses Tbilisis saamiro. arabTa gamgeblobis
xanaSi, IX-X saukuneebSi Tbilisi kavkasiis udides qalaqad iqca. is keTilmowyobi-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

li gzebiT ukavSirdeboda aRmosavleT amierkavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis sxva
qalaqebs.

TbilisSi cxovrobda an axlo aRmosavleTSi moRvaweobda Tbilisidan gamosuli

araerTi muslimi aT-Tiflisis, anu Tbiliselis metsaxeliT. Tbilisis gamgeble-
bis, amirebis ufleba-movaleobebi saxalifos provinciebis amirebis funqciebis ana-
logiuri iyo. Tbilisis saamiros politikuri organizacia da saqalaqo administ-
racia aRmosavlur yaidaze iyo mowyobili. amasTan erTad, Tbilisi am perioDdSi
kosmopilituri qalaqi iyo, sadac muslimebTan da qristian qarTvelebTan erTad
cxovrobdnen somxebi, ebraelebi da sxv. amgvari kosmopolituri xasiaTi, eTnikuri
da religiuri tolerantizmi qalaqma SeinarCuna daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbili-
sis ganTavisuflebis Semdegac.

saxalifoSi centraluri xelisuflebis dasustebis Semdeg Tbilisis amirebi iwye-

ben brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis da garkveul warmatebebsac aRweven. saxalifos
centridan saamiroSi igzavneboda sadamsjelo eqspediciebi, magram centraluri
xelisuflebis dasustebis pirobebSi, amgvar eqspediciebs grZelvadiani sasurveli
Sedegebi centrisaTvis ar mohqonda.

1122 wels daviT IV-m aiRo Tbilisi, riTac wertili dausva Tbilisis saamiros ar-
sebobas da qalaqi xelaxla aqcia gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad. Tumca
amis Semdegac muslimebi ganagrZobdnen TbilisSi cxovrebas da sargeblobdnen Se-
RavaTebiTa da garkveuli privilegiebiT, romlebic maT daviT IV-isa da misi memkvi-
dreebisgan miiRes.

erTi arabi istorikosis cnobiT, daviTma qalaqis mosaxleobaze daawesa gadasaxade-

bi aseTi odenobiT: qarTvelebs unda gadaexadaT weliwadSi xuTi dinari, ebraelebs
– oTxi dinari, muslimebs ki – sami.

meore arabi istorikosi ki gvatyobinebs, rom daviT mefe paraskeobiT xSirad dadio-
da meCeTSi, yuranis kiTxvasa da qadagebas ismenda da muslim religiur pirebs mraval
oqros uwyalobebda. daviTs moxetiale derviSebisa da poetebisaTvis TavSesafari
augia, xSirad qonebrivi daxmareba gauwevia da sadResaswaulo mejlisebic gaumar-
Tavs. `igi (daviTi) met pativs scemda muslimebs, vidre maT pativs muslimi mbrZane-
blebi scemdnen~.

amgvari tolerantuli religiuri politika didwilad aixsneba daviT IV-is poli-

tikuri pragmatizmiTac. muslimuri mosaxleobisagan qalaqis daclis SemTxvevaSi,
Tbilisi dakargavda im umniSvnelovanes rols, romelic mas hqonda aRmosavleT-
dasavleTis savaWro-satranzito damakavSirebeli centraluri rgolis saxiT.

253
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da `es sainteresoa I~-is mixedviT imsjeleT muslim mecnierTa

moRvaweobis mniSvnelobaze evropisaTvis.
2. `es sainteresoa II~-is mixedviT imsjeleT ebraelebis moRvaweobis sxvadasx-
va aspeqtze da maTi uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arabul espaneTSi.
3. rubrikebze `es sainteresoa~ dayrdnobiT, aseve avtoris teqstis
gamoyenebiT, moawyveT diskusia Temaze `saqalaqo cxovreba saxalifoSi~.
4. rubrikaze `es sainteresoa~ – `Tbilisis saamiro~ dayrdnobiT imsjeleT
daviT aRmaSeneblis politikis Sesaxeb Tbilisis muslimebis mimarT.
Tavi meoTxe

kordobas
meCeTis
interieri

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT mokle Tema: `islamuri kulturis gavlena evropaze~.

254
254
41. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

arabebi saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvreb-
Tan VII s. 40-ian wlebSi gamoCndnen. Tavda-
pirvelad es iyo marbieli laSqroba, da-
sapyrobad ki qveyanas isini 50-ian wlebSi
moadgnen. am dros maT ukve daepyroT ira-
ni, bizantielebi ganedevnaT siria-pales-
tinasa da SuamdinareTidan. somxeTis da-
pyrobis Semdeg ki maTi sardali habib ibn
maslama saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa. sazR-
varTan pirveli Setakebis Semdeg arabTa
sardalTan movida qarTlis erismTavris
mociquli ZRveniT da dazaveba SesTava-
za. arabTa sardalma kmayofilebiT miiRo
qarTlis erismTavris winadadeba, saCuqre-
bi momavali xarkis angariSSi CauTvala da
saTanado xelSekruleba, anu `dacvis sige-
li~ gauforma.
aRsaniSnavia, rom habib ibn maslamam
qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdeg sakmarisad ar
CaTvala xelSekrulebis dadeba mxolod
qarTlis erismTavarTan, man Sesabamisi
xelSekrulebebi gaaforma qarTlis cal-
keuli nawilebis mflobel mTavrebTan,
rac imas mowmobs, rom es mTavrebi eris-
mTavris mimarT Tavs sakmaod damoukideb-
lad grZnobdnen. rac Seexeba xelSekru-
lebis pirobebs, isini maincadamainc mZime
ar unda yofiliyo, miT umetes, rom male
saxalifoSi Sinaomi atyda da, amdenad,
arabebs Soreuli kavkasiisaTvis aRar eca-
laT. Sinaareuloba arabTa saxelmwifoSi
omaianTa dinastiis batonobis pirobebSic
gagrZelda.
am mdgomareobiT isargebles qarTve-
lebma, somxebma da albanelebma da arab-
Ta batonobisagan Tavi gaiTavisufles.
magram saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebi gana-
axles bizantielebma da xazarebma, ise,
rom qarTvelebs `sami mxriT uxdebodaT
xmlis qneva~. VII saukunis bolosaTvis ara-
muhamadi mimarTavs muslimebs.
arabuli miniatura
wyaro 1
habib ibn maslamas `dacvis si-
gelidan~ Tbilisis mosaxle-
obisadmi:
`saxeliTa alahisa, yovlad
mowyalisa da mwyaloblisa,
esaa habib ibn-maslamas sigeli
al-harmazis qveynis Tbilisis
mcxovrebTaTvis: gewyalobaT
Tqven, Tqvens Svilebs, ojaxebs,
senakebs (monastrebs), eklesi-
ebs, sarwmunoebis Seuvaloba
damamcirebeli jizias aRia-
rebiT, yovel komlze sruli
dinaris (oqros moneta) raode-
nobiT. Tqven ara gaqvT ufleba
gaaerTianoT sxvadasxva ojaxe-
bi jizias Sesamcireblad, arc
Cven gvaqvs ufleba, rom davyoT
komli jizias gasadideblad.
Cven gveqneba Tqveni gulwrfe-
loba da Sewevna alahisa, misi
mociqulisa da morwmuneTa
mtris winaaRmdeg...~
255
 bebma SedarebiT myarad moikides fexi qarTlSi da dasavleT saqarTveloSic
SeZles gadasvla. am dros dasavleT saqarTvelo didad iyo Seviwroebuli
bizantielebisagan. egrisis mmarTvelma (patrikiosma), sergi barnukis Zem 697
w. bizantielebis sapirispirod arabebi moiwvia, amdenad, VIII saukunis dasawyi-
sisaTvis egrisis dedaqalaqSi – cixegojSi da kodoris cixeebSi arabTa samxe-
dro nawilebi idga. am droidan arabebma kidev ufro mkvidrad moikides fexi
qarTlSic. 724 w. arabTa sardalma, jarahma ganaaxla `dacvis sigeli~ da su-
ladobriv gadasaxadTan (jiziasTan) erTad qarTlis mosaxleobas axali saad-
gilmamulo gadasaxadi – xarajac daakisra. mosaxleoba pirobebis gauaresebiT
uaRresad ukmayofilo iyo da ajanyebas ajanyeba mosdevda. amitom saxalifo
axal-axal damsjel eqspediciebs agzavnida saqarTveloSi.
arabebs mudmiv safrTxes uqmnidnen xazarebi, romlebic xSirad iWrebodnen
amierkavkasiaSi da did zians ayenebdnen ara mxolod mosaxleobas, aramed ara-
bTa jarebsac. arabi istorikosi tabari mogviTxrobs, rom arabTa winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad xazarebs uxmobda qarTlis ganmgebeli. 730 w. xazarTa didi jari
darialis gziT SemoiWra qarTlSi. qarTlis erismTavari xazarTa sardals
aZlevda sasargeblo rCeva-darigebas, uCvenebda arabi razmebis ganlagebis
adgilebs, ris Sedegadac xazarebma SeZles arabebis damarcxeba.
baRdadis xalifa hiSamma (724-743 ww) amierkavkasiis sabolood dasamorCile-
blad da xazarTa gasanadgureblad 735 wels 120 000-iani laSqriT gamogzavna
Tavisi biZaSvili, cnobili sardali mervan ibn muhamadi, romelsac sisasti-
Tavi meoTxe

murvan yrus laSqroba saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos sazRvari
735-738 wlebSi

2012

saqarTvelo VII-VIII ss-Si

256
kis gamo qarTvelebma `yru~ (murvan yru)
Searqves. `Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da
umravlesni cixeni yovelTa sazRvarTa
qarTlisaTa~, – wers qarTveli mematiane.
qarTlis erismTavari stefanoz III iZu-
lebuli gaxda, Tavis ojaxTan erTad da-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

savleT saqarTveloSi gadasuliyo. mas
kvaldakval gadahyva murvan-yru, romel-
mac aiRo da daangria egrisis dedaqalaqi,
samgalavniani cixegoji, aseve aiRo q. cxu-
mi da miadga anakofiis cixes, sadac gama- muslimi meomrebi, sparsuli miniatura
grebulni iyvnen stefanoz erismTavris
Svilebi – miri da arCili. afxazeTis eris-
Tavi leoni sobRisis cixeSi idga, saidanac
wyaro 2
gza gadadioda alan-oseTSi. murvan-yrum
anakofiis cixis aReba ver SeZlo da iZu- `naSobni qristianeTani garda-
lebuli gaxda, ukan daexia. am brZolebSi gularZnes romelnime mZlavro-
sasikvdilod daiWra miri. murvan-yrum biT, romelnime SetyuviliT,
didi zarali naxa dasavleT saqarTvelo- romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecre-
Si. misi mTavari mizani xazarebis saboloo biT, romelnime mzakurebiT da
damarcxeba iyo, amitom egrisis da qarT- sxuani. romelni ese varT morw-
lis darbevis Semdeg igi gadavida Crdilo muneni mZlavrebasa queSe damo-
kavkasiaSi, daimorCila zogierTi iqauri nebulni da naklulevanebiTa da
tomi, magram mouvida cnoba saxalifo siglaxakiT Sekrulni, viTarca
taxtisaTvis atexili brZolis Sesaxeb rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa gue-
da saswrafod gaemarTa siriisaken, sadac mulni da qejnilni, Zvir-Zvirad
ramdenime xnis Semdeg xalifa gaxda mervan zRveulni, SiSiTa ganilevian
II-is saxeliT (is iyo ukanaskneli xalifa da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni
omaianTa dinastiidan). qarTagan ZlierTa~.
murvan-yrus laSqrobis Semdeg arabebma
ioane sabanisZe,
TandaTan xelSi aiRes qveynis mmarTvelo-
`abo Tbilelis wameba~
bis sadaveebi. marTalia, maT erismTavroba
ar mouspiaT, magram igi dauqvemdebares
maT mier daniSnul arab moxeles – amiras,
romlis rezidencia TbilisSi iyo. qarT-
lis mTavar cixeebSi – TbilisSi, rusTav-
Si, dmanisSi da sxva, arabTa jarebi idga. am
jarisa da moxeleTa Statis Senaxva qarT-
lis mosaxleobas mZime tvirTad daawva.
arabebma mTeli saqarTvelos dapyro-
ba ver moaxerxes. maTi batonoba mxolod
qarTlis Sida teritoriaze vrceldebo-
da, xolo ganapira olqebSi isini mxolod
drodadro awyobdnen marbiel laSqro-
bebs.
atenis sioni, VII s.
257
 arabebis winaaRmdeg moZraobas qarTlSi Tavisi mqadageblebi da ideolo-
gebi hyavda. maT Soris, VIII s-is mwerali ioane sabanisZe, romelmac aRwera abos
wamebis ambavi TanamemamuleebSi qristianuli rwmenis gasamtkiceblad da pa-
triotizmis gasaRviveblad. es saWiro iyo imdenad, ramdenadac qarTvelebis
nawili arabebis rwmenaze eqceoda.
qarTulma eklesiam wmindanebad Seracxa arabebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da-
Rupuli argveTeli mTavrebi daviTi da konstantine, aseve qristianobisTvis
Tavdadebuli erismTavari arCili, arabebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli da qristia-
nobisTvis Tavdadebuli miqel-gobroni da sxv.

klasSi samuSao

1. `dacvis sigelSi~ aRniSnuli `jiziiT damcireba~ ra saxis urTierTobebze

metyvelebs qarTvelebsa da arabebs Soris?
Tavi meoTxe

qarTveli aznauri nadirobisas. atenis sionis bareliefi VII s.

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: `saqarTvelo arabTa Semosevebis

win~.
2. SearCieT da waikiTxeT arabobis xanis romelime agiografiuli Txzuleba,
misi monacemebis mixedviT, aseve teqstsa da wyaroebze – 1, 2 dayrdnobiT
daaxasiaTeT arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi.

258
42. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba
da kultura VIII-IX saukuneebSi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba
arabTa batonobam saqarTveloSi, marTalia, Seaferxa feodaluri urTier-
Tobis normaluri ganviTareba, magram misi SeCereba ver SeZlo. qveyana ekono-
mikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis gzaze mainc win midioda. arabTa batonoba
mTeli simZimiT awveboda qveynis centralur raionebs, ris gamoc am raionebi-
dan mosaxleoba masobrivad iyreboda da gadadioda periferiebSi, sadac Seh-
qonda feodaluri urTierTobis ufro ganviTarebuli wesebi, erTiani qarTuli
qristianuli ideologia, qarTvelTa erTianobis TviTSegneba da qarTuli
saliteraturo ena.
VIII-IX saukuneebSi abasianTa saxalifoSi SeiniSneba soflis meurneobis da
saqalaqo cxovrebis gamococxleba. saqarTveloc am mxriv progress ganicdis.
iwyeba gaveranebuli da dausaxlebeli adgilebis xelaxali dasaxleba-moSeneba,
axali sacxovrebeli adgilebis aTviseba, samiwaTmoqmedo farTobebis gazrda.
farTod inergeba axali, gaumjobesebuli sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebi. maga-
liTad, sxvadasxva saxis saxvnelebi (guTani, erqvani, aCaCa da sxv.), romlebic
gamoiyeneboda gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebsa da gansxvavebul niadagebSi.
kidev ufro viTardeba venaxis kultura, rac im faqtSic aisaxa, rom am droidan
xSirdeba vazis foTlis da yurZnis mtevnebis gamosaxulebani qarTul mxatv-
robasa da kedlis reliefur qandakebaSi.
saqarTvelos ekonomika emyareboda ganviTarebul soflis meurneobas, ris
safuZvelic miwa iyo. amdenad, miwis sakuTrebis formebs didi mniSvneloba
hqonda qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri struqturis da sawarmoo urTierTobis
daxasiaTebisaTvis.
am dros miwismuSa-meurneTa udides nawils glexebi Seadgendnen, romlebic
mebatonis miwaze iyvnen mimagrebulni da Tavisuflad wasvlis ufleba aRar
hqondaT. samagierod, miwis nakveTi, romelsac sakomlo anu saglexo fuZe ewo-
deboda, mas micemuli hqonda memkvidreobiT mflobelobaSi. glexis sakomlo
Sedgeboda sayane miwis, venaxisa da baR-bostnisagan, agreTve sacxovrebeli
da sameurneo-saTavso (saxl-kari, kalo, sab-
Zeli da sxv.) adgilebisagan. saglexo fuZe
dabegrili iyo sabatono valdebuleba-ga-
dasaxadebiT. amaT garda, miwaTmoqmedTa
nawils jer kidev Seadgendnen mdabioebi, yo-
fili erisganni, romlebsac SenarCunebuli
hqondaT piradi Tavisufleba da miwis nakve-
Ti. isini saxelmwifos mimarT gadasaxadebsa
da samxedro valdebulebas ixdidnen.
martvilis eklesiis bareliefi
yurZnis da vazis gamosaxulebiT, VII s.
259
 miwis feodali mesakuTreni iyvnen: Tvi-
Ton mefe an didi mTavari (erismTavari),
didi da mcire aznaurebi da eklesia. mefis
(erismTavris) samflobelos didi nawili
gadacemuli hqondaT `wyalobis~ saxiT az-
naurebs. `Sewyalebuli~ aznauri movale
iyo garkveuli valdebuleba Seesrulebi-
na `Semwyaleblis~ mimarT. wyalobiT miRe-
buli es samflobelo ukve memkvidreobiTi
iyo, e. i. gadaecemoda mamidan Svils, ami-
tom mas `mamuli~ ewodeboda. igi gvagonebs
evropul `feods~ _ feodaluri miwismf-
lobelobis am ZiriTad, tipur formas.
samflobelo miwebis mniSvnelo-
vani nawili gadacemuli iyo eklesia-
monastrebze `Sewiruli~ miwebis saxiT.
danarCeni miwebi uSualo mflobelobaSi
erisTavis gamosaxuleba zemo krixis
hqondaT datovebuli mefesa da didmTa- taZris freskidan
vrebs.
aznaurTa umaRles fenas qmnidnen didi
anu `didebuli aznaurebi~. maTi samflobe-
Tavi meoTxe

lo Sedgeboda, rogorc aseTi, `wyalobis wyaro 1

mamulisagan~, aseve saganmgeblo (magali- juanSeri iranis Sahis mier

Tad, saerisTavo, sapitiaxSo, sacixisTa- Tavisi Svilis, qasre ambarve-
vo da sxv.) teritoriisagan zed mcxovrebi zis kavkasiis gamgeblad gamog-
glexebiTa Tu mdabioebiT. am saganmgeblo zavnis Sesaxeb:
miwebze maT TandaTan moipoves memkvidre-
`movida da dajda bardavs, da
obiTi mflobelobis ufleba. did aznaur-
uwyo zraxvad erisTavTa qarT-
Ta aseT miswrafebas kargad iTvaliswi-
lisaTa: aRuTqua keTili didi,
nebdnen saqarTveloSi gabatonebisTvis
da dauwera saerisTaoTa maTTa
mecadine iranelebi Tu bizantielebi da
mamuloba SviliTi-Svilamde,
did aznaurebs maTi survilebis dakmayo-
da esreT waribirna liqniTa.
filebas aRuTqvamdnen.
da gandges erisTavni da Tvis-
aseTi gziT qarTlis erisTavebi Tanda-
Tvisad xarksa miscemdes qasre
Tan moxele-erisTavebidan mTavar-eris-
ambarvezsa~.
Tavebad gadaiqcnen, rac evropul `senio-
rebs~ gvagonebs. maT ara marto memkvidre- (qarTlis cxovreba, I)
obiTi uflebebi moipoves maTTvis sagan-
mgeblod gadacemul miwebze (mag., saeris-
Tavoebze, sapitiaxSoze, sacixisTavoebze da sxv.), aramed TandaTan faqtobrivi
`Seuvalobac~ (imuniteti) daimkvidres. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom isini
TviTonve xelmZRvanelobdnen laSqrobisTvis samzadiss da jaris gamoyvanas,
gasagebi gaxdeba, rom isini, faqtobrivad, damoukidebeli mTavrebi gaxdnen.
Tavdapirvelad arabebi qveynis saSinao saqmeebsa da mmarTvelobaSi ar
ereodnen, Tumca erismTavris xelisuflebis gaZlierebas yovelmxriv ewi-
260
naaRmdegebodnen. qarTlis mTavar-se-
niorebi Tavis Zalas ufro eyrdnobodnen
da centralur xelisuflebas naklebad
emorCilebodnen. Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo
mTavrebs Soris brZola samflobelo te-
ritoriebis da glexebis dauflebisaTvis.
sagulisxmoa, rom swored am periodSi
saqarTveloSi intensiurad mimdinareob-
da feodalTa cixesimagreebis mSenebloba.
cixesimagreTa momravleba mowmobs, erTi
mxriv, maT mflobelTa gabatonebas im te-
ritoriis mosaxleobaze da, meore mxriv,
urTierTSoris brZolas mamulisa da yma-
glexobis dauflebisaTvis. am urTierT-
mtrobisa da brZolis viTarebaSi mcire
SeZlebis an ufro susti mTavari iZulebu-
li iyo ufro Zlieri mTavris mfarvelobaSi
(ymobaSi) Sesuliyo. Zlieri mTavari ufro
susts patronobda, anu iqvemdebarebda, maT
Soris patronymuri urTierToba myardebo-
da. xSirad patronymuri urTierToba form-
deboda nebayoflobis gziTac. ufro susti
da daucveli feodali iZenda Zlier mfar-
vels da mis ymobaSi nebayoflobiT Sedio-
da, mcire samTavro ufro didi samTavros
nawili xdeboda. ase TandaTan yalibdeboda
patronymuri sistema, romelic dasavleT
evropuli siuzeren-vasalis urTierTobis
anu vasalitetis analogiuri iyo.
aseTi patronymuri urTierTobis dam-
yarebis tipur suraTs gvaZlevs qarTveli
mematiane, rodesac qarTlis erismTavrisa
da afxazTa erisTavis urTierTobas gad-
mogvcems. qarTlidan ltolvili erismTa-
vari arCili Tavis taZreulebTan erTad
afxazeTis erisTavTan afarebs Tavs. keTi-
li maspinZlobis samagierod arCilma Ses-
Tavaza leon erisTavs moeTxova saTanado
sazRauri. leoni arCils mxolod ymobaSi
miRebas sTxovs: `SemrTe meca monaTa Sen-
Ta Tana, romelni ese dRes Rirs hyven Svi-
lad da Zmad Senda. ara minda nawili Sen-
gan, aramed Cemica ese Senadve iyos~. e.i.
afxazTa erisTavi ymobaSi miRebis samagie-
rod Tavis samTavros sakuTrebaSi uTmobs
wyaro 2
rodesac sparselTa winaaRmdeg
gamosvlas apirebdnen qarTlis
erisTavebi da bizantielebs
saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si
mouxmobdnen dasaxmareblad,
maTi mTavari moTxovna iyo
`iyunen erisTavni igi Tvis-
Tvissa saerisTaosa Seucvale-
blad~.
( qarTlis cxovreba, I )
wyaro 3
`[qarTlis erismTavarma guaram
kurapalatma] erisTavni qarT-
lisani ver scvalna saerisTao-
Tagan maTTa, rameTu sparsTa
mefisagan da berZenTa mefisagan
hqondes sigelni mkvidrobisaT-
vis saerisTaoTa maTTa, aramed
iyvnen morCilebasa guaram ku-
rapalatisasa~.
( qarTlis cxovreba, I )
wyaro 4
`erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvissa
saerisTaosa Sina mkvidrobdes
Seucvaleblad, da morCileb-
des adarnase mTavarsa~.
( qarTlis cxovreba, I )
wyaro 5
`iqmna simravle mTavarTa que-
yanasa qarTlisasa da Seeria
brZola, iqmna mter urTier-
Tasa~.
( qarTlis cxovreba, I )
261
 slesis cixe, aznaur slesarTa rezidencia, IX s.

qarTlis erismTavars, xolo Tavis Tavs mis `monad~ (ymad) aRiarebs. maT Soris
myardeba patronymuri urTierToba, romelic garegnulad mamisa da Svilis an
ufros-umcrosi `Zmebis~ urTierTobis saxes atarebs. aseTi `mamaSviluri~ anu
patronymuri urTierToba kargad Seesabameboda qristianobis principebsac:
Svili unda emorCilebodes mamas, mama unda mfarvelobdes Svils.
qarTuli didi da mcire samTavroebis aseT urTierTSekavSirebis tendencias
Tavi meoTxe

ganapirobebda is garemoebac, rom arabebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis aucile-

beli iyo Zalebis gaerTianeba. yovelive amis Sedegad VIII saukunis bolos da IX
s-is dasawyisis saqarTveloSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT warmoiqmna SedarebiT
msxvili politikuri erTeulebi – kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo, hereTis samefo,
afxazTa samefo, tao-klarjeTis samTavro. Tbilisis saamiroc gamoeyo saxa-
lifos da damoukidebeli samTavro gaxda.

kultura
rTuli politikuri pirobebis miuxedavad, VIII-IX saukuneebSi qarTuli kul-
tura inarCunebs erovnul TviTmyofadobas da iTvisebs qristianuli mso-
flios, gansakuTrebiT bizantiuri kulturis miRwevebs. swored am periodSi

atenis
sionis
freskis
nimuSi

zanavis cixe,
feodal
CorCanelTa
rezidencia
IX s.

262
iqmneba qarTuli literaturis SesaniS-
navi Zeglebi: ioane sabanisZis `abo Tbile-
lis wameba~, ucnobi avtorebis `ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba~ da `konstanti kaxas
martviloba~, stefane mtbevaris `gobro-
nis martviloba~, agreTve saistorio

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

Txzulebani `moqcevai qarTlisai~, `wm.
ninos cxovreba~ da sxv. IX saukuneSi qar-
Tuli ena ukve iyo mwerlobis, saxelmwifo
marTva-gamgeobis, samoqalaqo urTierTo-
bisa da eklesiis erTaderTi ena rogorc
qarTlSi, ise tao-klarjeTSi, kaxeTSi, he-
reTSi da egris-afxazeTSi. qristianobis
saSualebiT qarTuli ena da damwerloba samSvildis sionis (VIII s.) nangrevebi.
vrceldeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic.
saqarTveloSi swavla-ganaTlebis da mecnierebis centrebi iyo monastrebi,
romlebic mravlad daarsda jer kidev VI saukunidan. gansakuTrebiT mZlavrad
gaiSala samonastro moZraoba VIII saukunis damlevidan tao-klarjeTSi.
VIII saukunidan didad winaurdeba qarTuli xelovneba, iqmneba qarTuli xu-
roTmoZRvrebis brwyinvale Zeglebi: samSvildis sioni, gurjaanis yvelawminda,
opizis taZari da sxv. saqarTveloSi ar ganviTarebula mrgvali monumenturi
skulptura. mis magivrad didi mniSvneloba SeiZina reliefurma qandakebam,
romelic xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis Sesamkobad iqmneboda. aseve ganviTarda
oqrosmqandakebloba _ vercxlisa da oqros reliefebi xatebis, jvrebis da sxva
saeklesio nivTebis Sesamkobad. ganviTarda minanqris xelovneba, amzadebdnen
umTavresad tixrul minanqars, romelic ferebis ulamazesi SexamebiT gamoir-
Ceoda. IX saukunidan iwyeba xelnaweri wignebis miniaturebiT Semkoba. qarTuli
miniaturebi maRali ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli.

gurjaanis `yvelawmindis~ orgumbaTiani taZari (VIII s.)

263
 wyaro 6

stefanoz mamfalis epitafia, SemorCenili atenis sionis freskaze:

`q. zeobasa 21-sa RmrTiv gvirgvinosnisa [ leonisa ] keTilad msaxurebasa zeda mefi-
sa Cuenisasa, xelmwifobasa sarkinozTasa 121-sa, aResrula kurTxeuli mamfali ste-
fanoz, RmrTisa mier qarTuelTa da megrelTa erisTavT-erisTavTa ufali, TTuesa
oqtombersa 14-sa, dResa oTxSabaTsa...~

warwera Sesrulebulia arabTa batonobis periodSi (`xelmwifobasa sarkinozTasa~),

hijriT 121 w., rac etoleba qristes Sobidan 739 w. qarTveli erismTavari arabTa sa-
pirispirod mainc aRiarebs bizantiis imperatoris uzenaesobas, amitom asaxelebs mis
_ leon III isavrielis (717-741 ww.) zeobis 21-e wels, rac aseve udris 738/9 wels, `...
aResrula (e. i. gardaicvala) kurTxeuli mamfali (anu mama-ufali, analogiuri deda-
ufalTan, romlisganac miRebulia _ dedofali) stefanoz, RmrTisa mier qarTvelTa
da megrelTa erisTavT-erisTavTa ufali...~ erisTavi am dros ukve gamgebeli-moxele
ki aRar aris, aramed saerisTavos memkvidreobiT mflobeli erisTav-mTavaria. mis qve-
SevrdomobaSi anu ymobaSi igulisxmebian sxvadasxva aznaurebi: `winaSemdgomelni~,
cixianni Tu ucixoni, mcire da SeZlebuli aznaurebi, romlebic am didi mTavris ama-
las Seadgenen. mis zemoT dgas erisTavT-erisTavi, e. i. ufro Zlieri mTavari. unda vi-
gulisxmoT, rom aseTi erisTavT-erisTavi ramdenimea rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi (qarTlSi), ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi (samegreloSi), romelTa zemoT dgas
Tavi meoTxe

`erisTavT-erisTavTa ufali~ stefanoz erismTavari.

bareliefi
aSot kurapalatis gamosaxulebiT

264
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebze –1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dayrdnobiT imsjeleT erisTavTa uflebriv mdgoma-

reobaze da sparselebisa da arabebis politikaze erisTavebis mimarT.

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

2. ra miznebi amoZravebdaT didebul aznaurebs sparselebTan da
bizantielebTan urTierTobis dros?
3. teqstisa da wyaro 6-is mixedviT aRwereT socialuri urTierTobebi VIII
s-is saqarTveloSi, kerZod, patronymuri damokidebuleba da feodaluri
ierarqia.
4. feodaluri miwismflobelobis ra da ra saxeebi gvaqvs am periodis
saqarTveloSi?
5. SeadareT saqarTvelos gamTavrebuli erisTavebi am periodis dasavleT
evropis seniorebs.
6. rogor yalibdeba saqarTveloSi patronymuri (vasalitetis) sistema?

opizis taZari

saSinao davaleba

1. daxazeT patronymuri urTierTobis sqema saqarTvelos feodaluri klasis

SigniT (magaliTi: ufali (mefe an erismTavari ), gamTavrebuli erisTavT-
erisTavi, gamTavrebuli erisTavi, mcire da saSualo aznaurebi).
2. airCieT am periodis romelime xuroTmoZRvruli an mxatvrobis Zegli da
vrclad (werilobiT) daaxasiaTeT igi.

265
 43. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianeba

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
VIII saukunis bolos aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los mTian nawilSi Camoyalibda qarTuli feo-
daluri samTavro – kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo.
aq mdinareebis – Tergis, aragvisa da ivris zemo
welze da saTaveebTan mcxovreb mTielebs wa-
narebi ewodebodaT. maT winaaRmdeg brZola
gansakuTrebiT uWirdaT arabebs. adgilobriv
pirobebs SeCveuli mTielebi warmatebiT upi-
rispirdebodnen dampyroblebs. aqve Tavs afa-
rebdnen arabTa batonobiT Seviwroebuli bare- wanarTa STamomavali
lebi. wanarebs mmarTvelobis Taviseburi forma `Satilionni~
hqondaT. maTSi SemorCenili iyo patriarqa-
lur-Temuri mmarTveloba, kerZod, calkeuli xevis Tu xeobis saTaveSi idga
arCeuli xevisufali – xevisberi, romelic aerTianebda sasuliero da saero
Tavi meoTxe

Zalauflebas. igi xelmZRvanelobda religiur ritualebs (xatobebs, sxvadasxva

qristianul-warmarTul dResaswaulebs, sajaro samarTlis warmoebas da sxv.),
xolo omianobis dros sardlobda saxalxo laSqars. aseT arCeul xelisufals
am dros qristianuli saxeli – qorepiskoposi ewodeboda.
arabTa winaaRmdeg saerTo brZolaSi wanarebTan erTiandebodnen mezobeli
– gardabnis, kaxeT-kuxeTis da sxva mTavrebi.
arabebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ZiriTad Zalas wanarebi warmoadgendnen, amitom
am gaerTianebis saTaveSi wanarTa qorepiskoposi moeqca. Tumca kaxeT-kuxeTis
da gardabnis mTavarni, romlebic feodalur-patronymuri wesiT cxovrobdnen,
cdilobdnen am gaerTianebuli samTavros saTaveSi TviTon yofiliyvnen, rasac
miaRwies kidec da SemdegSi qorepiskoposad swored gardabnel an kaxel mTav-
rebs vxedavT. sabolood kaxeTis samTavro (saqorepiskoposo) aqtiurad CaerTo
saqarTveloSi pirvelobisaTvis brZolaSi.
kaxeTis saqorepiskoposos aRmosavleTiT warmoiqmna hereTis samefo. aseve
damoukidebeli samefoebi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos samxreT da dasavleT
teritoriaze.

dasavleTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo

dasavleT saqarTvelom arabTa batonobis simZime naklebad ganicada. aq mo-
saxleobam swrafad iwyo momravleba. aqeT masobrivad moemarTeboda aRmosavleT
saqarTvelodan daZruli emigrantTa talRa, rac bunebrivad iwvevda dasavleT
da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturul da eTnikur daaxloebasa
da Serwymas. dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTod vrceldeba qarTuli salite-
266
raturo ena. bizantielTa batonoba sul
ufro sustdeba da zedapiruli xdeba. da- wyaro 1
savleT saqarTvelos samTavroebis erTian
X s. somexi istorikosi Toma
saxelmwifod SekavSireba aucilebeli iyo
arwruni wanarebis Sesaxeb:
rogorc arabTa axali Semosevebis aRsakve-
Tad, ise bizantiis batonobis Tavidan mosa- `isini mTis simagreebSi cxo-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

Soreblad. egrisSi mefobis gauqmebis Sem- vroben uzrunvelad, damSvide-
deg dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebs bulni gareSe mterTa safrTxi-
Soris yvelaze metad dawinaurda abazgiis sagan, samefo xarki maTve rCe-
saerisTavo, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi baT. TavianTi Tavis gamgeblad
afxazeTi ewodeba. mxolod erT kacs ayeneben Ta-
afxazeTis samTavros gaZliereba- vianTi survilis mixedviT. isi-
gafarToebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT aqtiu- ni erTsulovnad da erTobiT
rad iRvawa leon I erisTavis Zmiswulma arian; da cxovroben erTmaneTis
leon II-m. man ymadnaficobis pirobiT dai- gverdiT~.
qvemdebara (`ipyra~) dasavleT saqarTve-
los mTavrebi da Tavisi sam flobelo wyaro 2
teritoria ganavrco CrdiloeTiT niko-
arabi istorikosi al-qufi:
fsiidan samxreTiT md. Woroxamde da aR-
mosavleTiT lixis mTamde. isargebla ra `rodesac al-hasan ibn kahta-
VIII s-is miwurulSi bizantiis dasuste- ba (arabTa jaris sardali)
biT, rac religiuri brZolebiTa da sa- Sevida armeniis qveyanaSi, mas
Sinao areulobiT (xatmebrZoleoba) iyo aujanydnen as-sanaria (wanare-
gamowveuli, man daixmara Tavisi simamri bi), jurzanis (qarTlis) urw-
– xazarTa xakani da Tavisi samTavro ga- munoni (e.i. qristianebi). al-
aTavisufla bizantielTa batonobisagan. hasan ibn kahtabam ver SeZlo
mas Semdeg, rac arCili da misi Svilebi, maTi dawynareba da amis Sesaxeb
romlebsac bizantiis imperatorisagan miswera xalifa al-mansurs.
miRebuli hqondaT mefis wodeba da niSne- maSin al-mansurma daxmareba
bi, umemkvidreod gadaSendnen, leon II-em aRmouCina mas oTxi sardliT...
Tavi mefed gamoacxada da `afxazTa mefed~ al-sanaria (wanareTi) da
iwoda. samefo taxti man quTaisSi daidga. kahitis (kaxeTis) mcxovrebni,
saqarTvelos samxreT da samxreT-da- romlebic agreTve urwmuno-
savleT nawilSi, sadac ZiriTadi provin- ni arian, gaerTiandnen. isini
ciebi tao da klajeTi iyo, damkvidrda SeerTdnen didi raodenobiT
qarTlidan arabTa mier gamoZevebuli eris- muslimTa winaaRmdeg da brZo-
mTavris aSot bagrationis sagvareulo. la gaumarTes~.
bagrationebi warmoSobiT Zveli qarTuli
Temidan – speridan iyvnen. maTi erTi Sto
somxeTSi dawinaurda, meore – qarTlSi,
orivegan maT mTavrobas da mefobas miaRwies. VIII s-is bolos da IX s-is dasawyisSi
aSot bagrationma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavis mflobelobas daumor-
Cila sakmaod didi teritoria, ganaaxla artanujis cixe da iqve qalaqis Seneba
wamoiwyo. aSotma bizantiasTan daamyara kavSiri da keisrisagan miiRo kurapa-
latis tituli. 888 w. aSotis SviliSvilma adarnase bagrationma `qarTvelTa
267
 mefis~ wodeba miiRo. am aqtiT bagrationebi bizan-
tias daupirispirdnen. amiT isini Tavis uflebas
acxadebdnen qarTlze da xazs usvamdnen TavianT
upiratesobas mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT.
saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis ukanasknel
naSTad Tbilisis saamiro rCeboda, romlis sa-
TaveSi mdgomi amirebi xalifas aRar emorCile-
bodnen da Tbiliss da qvemo qarTls iseve gana-
gebdnen, rogorc sxva qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi
TavianT samflobeloebs. Tbilisis amiras da-
samorCileblad arabTa xalifam gamogzavna didi
jari Tavisi cnobili sardlis – buRa Turqis me-
biWvinTis taZari, IX s.
TaurobiT. buRa Turqi Tbiliss moadga 853 wlis
agvistoSi. qalaqis damcvelTa didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad buRa Turqma
mainc SeZlo Tbilisis aReba. Tbilisis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili
ganadgurda. urCi amira Seipyres da sikvdiliT dasajes.
aseTi zewolis miuxedavad Tbilisis amirebi IX s-is damlevidan faqtobrivad
aRar emorCilebian xalifebs. garegnuli morCilebis gamoxatuleba mxolod is
iyo, rom Tbilisis amirebi erTxans fuls isev xalifas saxeliT Wridnen.
Tavi meoTxe

wyaro 3

eTnonim `afxazis~ etimologia da istoria

termini `afxazeTi~ Tavidan sruliadac ar niSnavda imas, rasac dRes vuwodebT.

dRes `afxazebi~ TavianT Tavs `afsuas~ uwodeben, xolo qveyanas `afsnis~. `afxaze-
Ti~ Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda im teritorias, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos
CrdiloeT mTian mxares moicavda. `afxa~1 dResac megrulSi beWs, mxars, mxares2 niSna-
vs, zanebs ki svanebi megrelebs uwodeben, amdenad `afxazeTi~ qarTvelurad samegre-
los Crdilo mxares, mTian samegrelos aRniSnavda. rodesac afxazeTis samTavros
hegemonobiT dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianda erT saxelmwifod, `afxazeTi~ mTel
dasavleT saqarTvelos ewoda, xolo rodesac `sruliad saqarTvelo~ erT saxelmwi-
fod Camoyalibda XI-XIV saukuneebSi, ucxoeli avtorebi (gansakuTrebiT sparseli
da arabi avtorebi) mTel saqarTvelos `afxazeTs~ uwodebdnen. gvian Sua saukuneeb-
Si misi mniSvneloba isev daviwrovda da mxolod Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapirosa da
kavkasionis mTavar qeds Soris mdebare teritorias SerCa.

a. lomTaZe, r. Serozia, `eTnonim afxazis

etimologiasa da istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi~

1
bgeraTa `fx~ kompleqsi damaxasiaTebeli ar aris afxazuri enisaTvis, qarTveluri enebisTvis ki igi
Cveulebrivia (fxovi, fxa, zafxuli da a.S.)
2
`mxari~ termini toponimebis (adgilTa saxelebis) SeqmnisaTvis Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba. magaliTad,
kaxeTSi ­ gaRma mxari, ukana mxari, gaRmamxari (qarTlSi) da a.S.

268
 atenis sionis warwera

saxalifos jarebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

amiras exmareboda kaxeTis didaznauri
konstantine kaxai, romlis Sesaxebac
atenis sionis warweraSi vkiTxulobT:
`TTuesa aguistosa e-sa (5-sa), dResa

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

SabaTsa, qoronikonsa og-sa (73 -sa) ... qalaqi
tfilisi dawua buRa da Seipyra amirai sahak
da mokla da masve TTuesa agustossa kv-sa
(26-sa) dResa SabaTsave ziraq Seipyra kaxai
da Zei misi Tarxuji~.

saqarTveloSi feodaluri samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmnis procesi da-

emTxva arabTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflebis xanas. ucxo Zalis batonobisa-
gan gaTavisuflebam da maTi gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis aRkveTam qveyanaSi
normaluri sameurneo cxovrebis pirobebi Seqmna. SesamCnevad dawinaurda
soflis meurneoba. mas calke gamoeyo xelosnoba. warmoiqmna axali qalaqebi

sazareTi
nikofsia
qalaqi cixe monasteri

ov samefos samTavro centri

se
T
i daviT kurapalatis samflobelo

ab bagrat III-is mier gaerTianebuli

xa
zT samefos teritoria
a
sa
me
fo
ZurZukeTi
cxumi bedia dariali

kax xunZaxi
eT
ar

Cixa sam is xu
ag

tbeTi Ta nZ
qsa

vi

pontos zRva vr
o eT
quTaisi gru
ni

(Savi zRva) i
foTi kacxi ufliscixe TianeTi
rioni
gavazi
i
Tl Telavi her
q ar
eT
aldekaris is
al

sam
ef
az

saerisTavo o
an

kldekari Tbilisi
i

xixani yveli saam

iro rusTavi
kl Tmogvi a xornabuji
xufaTi nefTi T samSvilde io Saqi
ar
j l ri
ta dmanisi
i
eT tbeTi v e f o Si
r-Z
trapizoni artanuji T e or
i r m lore ag xunani
et
mt

e T fanaskerti a a is ganZa
n parxali q s sam
kv

a i ef Samqori
W am o
ar

qa ie d
im

oSki r bana n
i

l a kari
di
ier

a n ar
ao a
gelaqunis an
Woroxi t v anisi
i
olTixi ki tba
Co xaxuli a
r
rm a o i i
ai t S r xa
ri a Ce
ba r ni
si
an s a dvini
xaldoariWi a t
i valaSkerti m s i
f o
ar

karnuqalaqi g a l m
b

grev
aq

avniki sevuki andi x

s

u
i

si

o
i

b r
z

kafani
v

e i
mardali
a

apapuni l
n

o
e
t

e
h
T

manaskerti b naxWevani
i

a i
ni
i

r arWeSi
a

k k a
i a
u
r ani
ag
xlaTi sp b ad
vani va ad
ar

saqarTvelo X-XI ss. mijnaze

269
 – vaWrobisa da xelosnuri warmoebis centrebi. IX-X saukuneebi saqarTvelos
istoriaSi axalqalaqebis xanaa. aseTi axalqalaqebi iyo, magaliTad, dmanisi,
artanuji, axalqalaqi (ramdenime), Tmogvi, olTisi, axalcixe, Telavi da sxv.
gamococxlda da gaZlierda Zveli qalaqebic – Tbilisi, quTaisi, rusTavi,
samSvilde, xunani. am qalaqebis mosaxleoba gaizarda da damoukidebel Zalad
iqca, romelic upirispirdeboda didebul aznaurebs. moqalaqeebi qveynis
gaerTianebiT da mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebiT iyvnen dainteresebulni.
erTiani saqarTvelos Zlieri mefis xelisuflebis Seqmnis momxre iyo msaxu-
reuli, aseve, mcire da saSualo aznaurTa mravalricxovani fena, xolo Seuri-
geblad mowinaaRmdege – didgvarovani aznauroba.
qveynis gaerTianebas aucilebels xdida sagareo safrTxec. dampyroble-
bi ara marto aSkara SemoteviT ibrZodnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, aramed
didaznaurTa waqezebiT da yovelmxrivi xelSewyobiT cdilobdnen CaeSalaT
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesi.

erTiani qarTuli samefos Seqmna

IX-X saukuneebi qarTul samefo-samTavroebs Soris saqarTveloSi pirvelobisa
da hegemonobisaTvis gaafTrebul brZolebSi gailia. sabolood qveynis gaerTia-
nebis meTauroba afxazTa mefis erisTavma ioane maruSis Zem da taos mefem daviT
III kurapalatma ikisres. daviTi erT-erTi Zlieri xelisufali iyo wina aziaSi. man
Tavi meoTxe

gansakuTrebiT bizantiis imperatoris winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli barda skliarosis

damarcxebaSi monawileobiT gaiTqva saxeli. amis samagierod bizantiis saimpe-
ratoro karma mas gadasca taos sazRvrispira olqebi – `zemoni qveyanani~. es
samflobelo Semdeg sadavod Seiqmna saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris. amjerad

wyaro 4

daviT III energiulad iRvwoda qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebisa da ayvavebisaT-

vis. misi dakveTiT iqmneboda da qarTulad iTargmneboda wignebi rogorc saqarTve-
loSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTvelma mwignobrebma `mra-
valni wigni warsces winaSe daviT kurapalatisa~, xolo daviT kurapalati `zedais-
zeda mouwern, raiTa Targmnides da warscemdes~, _ gvauwyebs giorgi mTawmindeli.
mis saxels ukavSirdeba oSkis, xaxulis, parxlis, oTxTa eklesiis didebuli taZre-
bis mSenebloba. daviTis Sesaxeb qarTveli mematiane wers: `iyo pirvelad RmrTismo-
yvare da glaxakT-mowyale, mdabali, mSvidi da Zvir uxsenebel, eklesiaTa maSenebe-
li, tkbili, uxvi, kacT-moyvare da fiCosanTa (e. i. monazonTa) moyvare, yovelTaTvis
keTilis myofeli da savse yovliTa keTiliTa~.

misi Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi stefanoz taroneli werda: `didi kurapalati

daviT Cveni drois yvela xelmwifes aRemateboda Tavisi lmobierebiTa da mSvidobis-
moyvare guliT. daviTma daamyara mSvidoba da keTilwesiereba yvela aRmosavleTis
qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi. man Sewyvita omebi, romlebic
gamudmebiT Cndeboda yoveli mxridan da gaimarjva yvela garSemo mcxovreb xalxze~.

270
ki mTavari iyo saqarTvelos gaerTianebis saqme ganexorcielebinaT. ioane maru-
Sis Zis SeTavazebiT daviTi daTanxmda, xeli Seewyo Tavisi Svilobilis, bagrat
gurgenis Ze bagrationis gamefebisaTvis. marTalia, bagrati jer kidev ar iyo
srulwlovani, magram igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebda sami taxtis memkvidreobas: mamis
xaziT igi iyo memkvidre `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis mqone gurgenisa, dedis xaziT
igi iyo disSvili da memkvidre usinaTlo da uSvilo `afxazTa mefe~ Teodosisa da

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

memkvidre-Svilobili taos mefe daviT III-isa.
975 w. daviT III-m ufliscixeSi qarTlis ganmgebloba bagrats gadasca, xolo
qarTlis didaznaurebs mimarTa istoriuli sityviT: `ese ars mkvidri taosi,
qarTlisa da afxazeTisa, Svili da gazrdili Cemi, da me var mouravi (e.i. meurve)
amisi da TanaSemwe; amas daemorCileniT yovelni~. daviTma 978 wels mefobidan
gadaayena usinaTlo Teodosi da quTaisSi `afxazTa mefed~ sazeimod akurTxa
bagrat III. 980 wlidan ukve srulwlovani da sakmaod gamowrTobili bagrati
damoukidebel mefobas Seudga.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaro 1-is mixedviT gansazRvreT mmarTvelobis ra Taviseburi

forma hqondaT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobas (wanarebs) da
rogori xelisufali iyo `qorepiskoposi~ ?
ras geubnebaT wyaro 2 wanarebis Sesaxeb.
2. rogori iyo eTnonim `afxazis~ da afxazeTis mniSvneloba sxvadasxva dros?
3. daaxasiaTeT aSot I bagrationis moRvaweoba.
4. ra mniSvneloba hqonda bagrationTa mier `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis
miRebas?
5. ra mizezebi ganapirobebda qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis erTian
saxelmwifod gaerTianebas?
6. ganixileT ioane maruSis Zisa da daviT III bagrationis gegma saqarTvelos
erTian samefod Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb.

saSinao davaleba

1. wyaro 4­isa da teqstSi mocemuli masalis mixedviT werilobiT SeafaseT da­

viT III kurapalatis moRvaweoba. gaamyareT Tqveni mosazrebebi saTanado ar­
gumentebiT.

271
 44. bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi

quTaisi, bagratis taZari (XI s.) bagratis taZari (rekonstruqcia)

1001 w. daviT III gardaicvala. daviTis memkvidreobis gamo daiZaba urTierToba

bagrat III-sa da imperator basil II-s Soris, magram saqme konfliqtamde ar misu-
la. bagrat mefem amjerad daTmoba arCia da saqme diplomatiuri molaparakebiT
damTavrda. basilma bagrats kurapalatis wodeba mianiWa, xolo mis mamas, gur-
gens – magistrosoba.
Tavi meoTxe

1008 w. gurgen bagrationi gardaicvala da bagrat III-m misi uSualo samflobe-

lo (SavSeT-klarjeTi, samcxe, javaxeTi) daikava da qarTvelTa mefis titulic
miiRo. igi oficialurad iwodeboda `mefed afxazTa da qarTvelTa, kurapalati~.
saqarTvelos miwebidan misi mflobelobis gareT rCeboda Tbilisis saamiro da
kaxeT-hereTi. 1010 w. bagrati kaxeTSi jariT Sevida, misi mefe kvirike III daatyveva
da qveyanac daikava.
kaxeTSi laSqrobis win bagrat III-m radikaluri RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela
Tavis samefoSi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT.
erisTavoba ubrundeboda Tavis Zvel Sinaarss, e. i. moxeleobas. bagratis
mier daniSnuli erisTavebi iyvnen saerisTavoTa ganmgebeli moxeleni (mosakar-
gaveni) da ara seniori-mflobelebi (mTavrebi).
ase TandaTan yalibdeboda saqarTvelo erTian
saxelmwifod mefis Zlieri xelisuflebiT. misi
gaerTianeba-gaZliereba ar Sedioda samxreT kavka-
siaSi arab dampyrobTa darCenil xelisufalTa inte-
resebSi. magaliTad, ganZis amira fadloni ganuwyvet-
liv Tavs esxmoda kaxeT-hereTis teritorias da aqe-
dan bagratis gandevnas cdilobda. bagratma Tavis
mokavSire somxeTis mefe gagikTan erTad sastikad
daamarcxa ganZis amira da aiZula, moxarkeoba ekisra.
bagrat III 1014 w. gardaicvala. misi neSti mis mierve
agebul bediis taZarSi dakrZales.
bagrat III-is memkvidreebs, giorgi mcxeTa,
sveticxoveli
I-sa (1014-1027) da bagrat IV-s (1027-
272
1072) met-naklebi warmatebiT uxdebodaT
bizantiis Semotevis mogerieba. giorgi I-is wyaro 1
siymawviliT isargebles kaxeT-hereTis di-
mematiane bagrat III-is saqmia-
daznaurebma, Seipyres bagratis mier daniS-
nobis Sesaxeb:
nuli erisTavebi da aiZules Wabuki mefe,
gaeTavisuflebina kvirike III. kaxeT-hereTi `viTarca xelovanman menaveT-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

isev CamoSorda erTian saqarTvelos. gior- moZRvarman ganago yoveli saqme
gi I-ma windauxedavad imoqmeda bizantiis afxazeTisa, rameTu mcired
mimarTac da mZime marcxi ganicada sof. amxilos yovelTa. vin ukue po-
SirimnTan brZolaSi. 1023 wels imperator vos urCi da missa adgilsa gana-
basil II-s da mefe giorgis I-s Soris daido didos erTguli da misandobe-
zavi, romlis ZaliTac saqarTvelos mefe li Tvisi~.
iZulebuli gaxda, did daTmobebze wasu-
`urCni Tvisni Secvala dide-
liyo bizantiis mimarT.
bisagan da adgilTa maTTa da-
bagrat IV-is mefobis periodSi, miuxeda-
adgina erTgulni da moswra-
vad imisa, rom TviTon saimperatoro karze
fed morCilni brZanebaTa
anarqia da krizisi sufevda, erTmaneTis mo-
misTa~.
nacvale imperatorebi mainc cdilobdnen
saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Careuli-
wyaro 2
yvnen da ar daeSvaT qveynis gaerTianeba da
ganmtkiceba. basil II bulgarTmmusvrelis `ese bagrat, afxazTa da
gardacvalebis Semdeg samiode wels misi qarTvelTa mefe, waremata yo-
Zma konstantine VIII (1025-1028) mefobda, ro- velT xelmwifeTa yovliTa
melsac sami qaliSvili darCa memkvidred. gangebiTa, amisda Sempovned da
imperatoris taxtze zedized cvlian erT- amisda moajed Seiqmnes yovel-
maneTs am qaliSvilebis qmrebi, romelTagan ni xelmwifeni, maxlobelni da
zogi abanoSi daaxrCves, zogi daabrmaves, moTaulni mamulisa da samefosa
zogi ki iZulebiT monasterSi aRkveces misisani, molaSqreT viTarca
berad. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kons- Tvisni da misandobelni. da
tantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055) mefoba, daumorCilna RmerTman yove-
romlis drosac moxda sqizma, e. i. dasavleT lni mterni da winaaRmdgomni
da aRmosavleT eklesiebis, kaTolikobis da misni; momadla dReTa misTa
marTlmadideblobis gaTiSva (1054). mSvidoba da didi dawynareba
konstantine IX energiulad cdilobda, queynisa~.
gamoesworebina imperiis sagareo-poli- `matiane qarTlisa~
tikuri mdgomareoba, magram warumateb-
lad. erTaderTi warmateba is iyo, rom bi-
zantielebma somxeTSi mefoba gaauqmes da
somxeTi uSualod SeierTes. bizantielebi saqarTvelos saqmeebSic apirebdnen
Carevas. am mxriv maTTvis xelsayrel viTarebas qmnida is Seurigebeli brZola,
rac warmoebda mefe bagrat IV-sa da mis uZlieres yma-feodals liparit baRvaSs
Soris. uTanxmoeba mefesa da mis ymas Soris imiT daiwyo, rom lipariti Tbilisis
saamiros gauqmebis Semdeg saamiros teritoriis didi nawilis xelSi Cagdebas
TviTon varaudobda, mefe da danarCeni didebulebi ki amaze ar Tanxmdebodnen.
amgvar viTarebaSi Tbilisis dauflebis saqme ramdenjerme CaiSala. sabolood
273
 ki, rodesac Tbilisis moqalaqeTa Tavka-
cebma qalaqi bagrats gadasces, lipari-
tis moRalaturi saqmianobiT Tbilisic
daikarga da anisic.
liparitma RalatiT Seipyro anisis
mmarTvelad datovebuli qarTveli eris-
Tavebi, ris Semdegac somexTa kaTolikos-
ma petrosma anisi angarebiT gadasca berZ-
nebs. bagratma Tbilisic datova da lipa-
ritis winaaRmdeg gaemarTa. amis Semdeg alaverdis taZari (XI s.)

daiwyo brZola mefesa da gamdgar klde-

karis erisTavs Soris. es brZola aT welze
metxans gagrZelda. lipariti TviTonac
Zlieri feodali iyo da mas bizantiis kei-
saric uWerda mxars. bizantia gaZliere-
bul saqarTveloSi Tavis metoqes xedavda,
romelic aRmosavleTis qristianul samya-
roSi pirvelobas da hegemonobas ecilebo-
da, amitom yvela saSualebiT cdilobda
CaeSala saqarTvelos gaerTianeba. ajan-
yebuli kldekaris erisTavi bizantieli
Tavi meoTxe
wyaro 3
` yves mSvidoba da daizavnes da
misca giorgi mefeman mZevlad
Ze Tvisi bagrat weliwdisa
samisa da cixeni, romel pirvel
gaecnes aznaurTa, daucalna
da miscna; sxuanica cixeni
pirvel micemulni da ukanis
ToTxmetni; da queyana, romeli

politikosebisaTvis SesaniSnav iaraRad hqonda daviT kurapalatsa

iqca. maTi daxmarebis Sedegad iyo, rom taosTa, basians, kola-artaanTa
bagrat mefesTan brZolaSi metwilad li- da javaxeTs... da warvida
pariti imarjvebda. liparitma bagrats basili mefe da Tana wariyvana
bevri vneba miayena, imdenad, rom mefe 1054 bagrat ufliswuli mZevlad, Ze
w. iZulebuli gaxda liparitTan Sesari- giorgi mafisa Cvenisa. aRuTqua
geblad bizantiaSi gamgzavrebuliyo da ficiTa aRTqma, viTarmed:
keisrisTvis Suamdgomloba eTxova. kei- `welsa mesamesa gamogigzavno
sarma bagrat IV da misi urCi yma daazava. Ze Seni~. da iyo sam wel qalaqsa
bagrats mxolod saxeladRa SerCa mefoba, samefosa konstantinepoles,
lipariti ki mTeli samxreT saqarTvelos da welsa mesamesa gamogzavna,
mTavrad aRiares. man isargebla bagratis viTarca aRuTqua~.
saqarTveloSi aryofniT da mefed akurT- `qarTlis cxovreba~
xa bagratis mcirewlovani Svili giorgi,
Tavisi Tavi ki mis mzrunvelad dainiSna.
amrigad, saqarTvelos faqtobrivi marTva-gamgeoba mTlianad liparitis xelSi
gadavida, magram misi aseTi gandideba sxva feodalebma ver aitanes. mesxma az-
naurebma sula kalmaxelis meTaurobiT lipariti da misi Ze ivane Seipyres da
mefes mihgvares. mefem lipariti iZulebiT berad aRkveca da saqarTvelodan
gaaZeva, magram misi Ze ivane daindo, CamoarTva mxolod kldekaris erisTavoba,
sagvareulo mamulebi ki SeunarCuna da spasalaradac daniSna.
bagratisa da ivanes Serigebis Semdeg mefe bagrat IV kvlav gaZlierda da
warmatebiT ilaSqra kaxeT-hereTSi, romlis saboloo SemoerTeba hqonda ganz-
raxuli, magram es ganzraxva Turq-selCukebis Semosevebma CaSala.
274
 bagrat IV-is mefed kurTxeva
banas taZarSi (freska oSkis
taZridan)

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebidan 1 da 2 rogor mmarTvelad warmoCndeba bagrat III? damatebiT

riT SegiZliaT daadasturoT mematianis es Sefasebebi.
2. daasabuTeT, ratom ar iyo mizanSewonili giorgi I-is mier bizantiis
imperiis winaaRmdeg omis dawyeba?
3. ratom ewinaaRmdegeboda bizantiis saimperatoro kari saqarTvelos
gaerTianebas?
4. ratom iyo dainteresebuli liparit baRvaSi Tbilisis saamiros
SemoerTebiT?
5. rogor SeafasebdiT giorgi I-is pirovnebas da mis moqmedebas?
6. isaubreT bagrat IV-sa da kldekaris erisTavs Soris dapirispirebis
mizezebsa da Sedegebze.

bagrat IV-is mier

moWrili vercxlis drama bagrat III-is mier
moWrili moneta

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Tema: `saqarTvelos gaerTianeba: xelSemwyobi da xelis SemSleli

faqtorebi~. msjeloba gaamyareT saTanado argumentebiT.

275
 45. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifo

saxalifos daSla
abasianTa dinastiam ori saukunis manZilze SeZlo politikuri da samxedro
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da, Sesabamisad, saxalifos erTianobis garantire-
ba. centraluri xelisuflebis efeqtianobis gazrdaze gamudmebuli zrunvis
miuxedavad, uzarmazari saxalifos erTianobis SenarCuneba ufro xangrZlivi
droiT ver moxerxda. centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan kontrolis sirTu-
lis pirobebSi, provinciebi sul ufro metad amJRavnebdnen damoukideblo-
bisaken swrafvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom baRdDadi kvlavac upirobod iTvleboda
islamuri samyaros centrad, IX s-is miwurulidan provinciebma TandaTanobiT
gaacnobieres sakuTari aRmavali kulturuli da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, maT
saqalaqo centrebs ki saSualeba miecaT, mniSvnelovani roli SeesrulebinaT
islamuri samyaros evoluciaSi.
omaianTa da pirvel abasianTa mier miRweuli islamuri samyaros droebiTi
gaerTianebis Sedegad axali xalxebis CarTvam imperiaSi Seqmna sakmaod rTuli
situacia. iranelebs ekavaT imperiis aRmosavleTi nawili, centralur aziaSi
Tavi meoTxe

iranuli elementi erwymoda Turqul momTabaruls, romelic TandaTanobiT

dasavleTisaken moiwevda da romlis rigebidanac xdeboda saxalifos gvardiaSi
meomarTa rekrutireba.
saxalifoSi gaerTianebul xalxebs gaaCndaT sakuTari, arabebisagan gansxva-
vebuli kulturuli tradiciebi, ris Sedegadac xSiri iyo uTanxmoeba arabebsa
da araarabebs Soris. Tu aRmosavleTis provinciebSi winaaRmdegoba arsebobda,
upirveles yovlisa, iranelebsa da arabebs Soris, espaneTSi dapirispireba
xdeboda arabebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris. arabul kulturas, ro-
melic IX s-is manZilze mTel islamur samyaroSi dominirebda, ivseboda ama Tu
im niuansiT lokaluri kulturisagan, imperiis sabolood daSlis pirobebSi,
damoukidebeli ganviTarebis saSualeba mieca.
es lokaluri kulturebi, abasianTa dakninebul saxalifoSi arsebuli re-
ligiuri, tomobrivi da politikuri qiSpis wyalobiT, amieridan warmodgenili
iyo axali, met-naklebad avtonomiuri dinastiebiT, romlebsac gadanawilebu-
li hqondaT islamuri samyaro da romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavbrudamxvevi
siswrafiT cvlidnen erTmaneTs. maTgan yvelaze Zlieri da xangrZlivi aR-
moCnda omaianebis dinastia espaneTSi, fatimianebis – egviptesa da CrdiloeT
afrikaSi da Turq-selCukebisa saxalifos centralur regionebSi.
XI saukunisaTvis aSkarad iCina Tavi islamuri saxelmwifosa da sazoga-
doebis dakninebis niSnebma. imperia praqtikulad daSlili iyo avtonomiur
regionul saxelmwifoebad. moxda mTlianad islamuri imperiis politikuri
da administraciuli struqturis, romelic bizantiur da sasanur safuZvle-
bs eyrdnoboda, kolafsi. xalifebis xelisufleba ukve mxolod nominalur
xasiaTs atarebda, realuri Zalaufleba ki samxedro meTaurebis xelSi iyo.
276
 gamoCnda ekonomikuri dakninebis niSnebic. mxolod saxalifosagan gamoyofil-
ma egviptem SeinarCuna ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi. aRmosavleTiT CineTTan,
xolo CrdiloeTiT ruseTTan da baltiis qveynebTan esoden momgebiani vaWroba
faqtobrivad Sewyda.
swored amgvar viTarebaSi axlo aRmosavleTSi iwyeba Turquli modgmis xal-
xebis dominirebis epoqa.

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

Turqebis Semosevebi axlo aRmosavleTSi
muslimebi Turqebs pirvelad imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebze Sexvdnen da
male daiwyo maTi rekrutireba xalifas gvardiaSi. ukve pirveli abasianebis
dros Turqi meomrebi xalifaTa mniSvnelovan samxedro dasayrdenad iqcnen.
XI s-is dasawyisisaTvis Turqi xalxebis orma didma migraciam Secvala axlo
aRmosavleTSi situacia da aseve didi gavlena moaxdina aRmosavleT evropaSi
arsebul viTarebaze. centralur aziaSi, md. sirdariis midamoebSi oRuzi Tur-
qebi momTabareobdnen. ufro aRmosavleTiT, mdinare irtiSis sanapiroebze ki
binadrobdnen Turqi yivCaRebi. es ukanasknelebi dasavleTiT daiZrnen da Sea-
viwroes oRuzebi; Semdeg ki ganagrZes svla samxreT ruseTisa da aRmosavleT
evropisaken, sadac sxvadasxva saxelebiT, maT Soris polovcebis da kumanebis,
iyvnen cnobilni. sakuTari teritoriidan gamodevnili oRuzebi islamur teri-
toriebze Semovidnen. TurqTa migracia araerTi talRis saxiT ganxorcielda.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo selCukTa migrireba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.
saxelwodeba selCuki momdinareobs erT-erTi Turquli sagvareulos meTauris

selCukebi (XI-XIII s.-is dasawyisi)

oRuzi
Turqebi
Savi
zR
bizantiiskonstantinopoli va
kasp

imperia saqarTvelo xorezmi ar

ia
iis

nikomedia
trapizoni
Tbilisi rd
dorilea si
yarsi
rumis sasulTno buxara
zRv

anisi
somxeTi samaryandi
am

manazkertis
u
a

d
ar

brZola Tavrizi
ia

edesa azerbaijani
antioqia alepo
i a

alamuTi
xmel
tigro

qabuli
T xorasani
zRva aSua
si

RaznevianTa
r

ev
f
r

did selCukTa
s i

at

aleqsandria
saxelmwifo
i

ispahani
ierusalimi
kairo saxelmwifo
fatimianebi a i r a n i
Sirazi
969-1171
r
sp
ar

a
se

aiubianebi
mew

1171-1250 b
is

did selCukTa saxelmwifo

amu

1094 wlisaTvis.
e
yu

ismailitTa cixe­simagreebi.
medina
re
li

T o
ma
laTinuri saxelmwifoebi
axlo aRmosavleTSi.

ni xorezmSahTa laSqrobebi.
zR

meqa
i monRolTa laSqrobebi XIII s.­is
dasawyisisaTvis.
va

brZolis adgili.

277
 saxelisagan, romelmac moaxerxa Turqi tomebis gaer-
Tianeba. selCukebi dasaxldnen buxaris provinciaSi
da miiRes islami. isini sakuTari jariT emsaxurebo-
dnen sxvadasxva muslimur dinastias, maT Soris, Tur-
quli warmomavlobis Raznevianebs. male ki selCukis
SviliSvilebma ToRrul begma da CaRri begma Tavad
Raznevianebis winaaRmdegac gailaSqres da gamodev-
nes isini iranidan.
X s-is Sua xanebidan iwyeba Turquli tomebis is-
lamizaciis procesi. momTabare Turqebi, romlebsac
iranelebisa da arabebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCn-
daT winaislamuri xanis kulturuli da saxelmwi-
foebrivi tradiciebi, islams TavianTi erovnuli
identobis mTavar wyarod miiCnevdnen. saxeli Turqi
iqca muslimis ekvivalentad rogorc TurqebisaTvis, selCukTa mavzoleumi.
ise mogvianebiT dasavluri samyarosaTvis. maT sunizmi irani

miiRes da male iqcnen sunizmis Tavgadaklul damcve-

lebad sxvadasxva Siituri mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
momTabare Turquli tomebis centraluri aziis stepebidan dasavleTisaken
daZvris ZiriTadi mizezi saZovrebis nakleboba iyo. Turqebis elCebi momaval
mowinaaRmdegeebTan molaparakebebis dros aRniSnavdnen, rom `maT dedamiwaze
Tavi meoTxe

adgili ara aqvT~. binadari miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobisaTvis Turqebis Semose-

vebs metad mZime Sedegebi mohqonda. momTabare Turqebi intensiuri meurne-
obisaTvis gamoyenebul miwebs saZovrebisaTvis iyenebdnen, xolo damarcxebuli
binadari mosaxleoba mTebsa da xeobebSi ixizneboda.
ToRrul-begma 1038 wels daikava aRmosavleT iranis qalaqi niSaburi, xolo
1040 wels, RaznevianTa damarcxebis Semdeg, gaxda aRmosavleT iranis udidesi
provinciis, xorasnis mbrZanebeli. baRdadis xalifa, romelic am periodSi,
politikuri da samxedro xelisuflebis dakargvasTan erTad, praqtikulad
Siitebis mZevlad iyo qceuli, miesalma suniti Turqebis winsvlas dasavle-
Tisaken, radgan imedovnebda maTi saSualebiT sakuTari Zalauflebis Tundac
nawilobriv aRdgenas.
1055 wels ToRrul-begi ubrZolvelad Sevida baRdadSi. male xalifam mas
uboZa sulTnis tituli, Semdeg ki ToRrulma damatebiT miiRo `aRmosavleTisa
da dasavleTis~ amiras titulic, romelic mis Zalauflebas formaluri Tval-
sazrisiT avrcelebda im teritoriebzec, romlebzec egviptis fatimianebis
samflobelos warmoadgenda. swored ToRrul begi (1037-1063) iTvleba `did
selCukTa~ saxelmwifos damaarseblad.
Turqebis am Zlevamosili winsvlisa da Tavbrudamxvevi samxedro warmatebe-
bis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebidan upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia maTi mobiluro-
ba – Tviseba, romelic dakarguli hqondaT maT mowinaaRmdegeebs: organizebul
saxelmwifoTa Tavdacva damokidebuli iyo sayrden punqtebze, sadac xdeboda
sursaT-sanovagisa da maTi armiis aRWurvilobis maragis Tavmoyra. swored
amitomac Zlieri da kargad SeiaraRebuli, magram naklebad mobiluri Razne-
vianTa armiebi araerTxel damarcxdnen swraf da msubuq Turqul mxedrobasTan
278
brZolaSi, romelic erTi xelis dartymiT anadgurebda yovelives, rac gzad
Sexvdeboda da aiZulebda mowinaaRmdeges, emoqmeda gaukacrielebul sivr-
ceebze. didi qalaqebis mosaxleoba, Cveulebriv, ubrZolvelad emorCileboda
selCukebs, radganac ar hqonda yofili mbrZaneblebisagan daxmarebis miRebis
imedi. amasTan erTad, es ukanasknelebi, maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebis gamo,
ar sargeblobdnen mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT. miwaTmoqmedebsa da vaWrebs,

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

Tundac rom selCukebis Semosevebs maTi gakotreba gamoewvia, faqtobrivad,
damorCilebis garda sxva gza ar rCebodaT da im imediT iyvnen, rom SeinarCu-
nebdnen savaWro kavSirebs centralur aziasTan, rac saukuneTa manZilze maTi
keTildReobis wyaros warmoadgenda.

`did selCukTa~ saxelmwifos aRzeveba da dacema

selCukTa imperia kidev ufro gafarTovda sulTnebis alf arslanisa (1063-
1072) da maliqSahis (1072-1092) mmarTvelobis periodSi. alf arslanis mTavar
damsaxurebas warmoadgens bizantiis TavdacviTi xazis ganadgureba, romelic
ukve moryeuli iyo Turquli bandebis regularuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad. 1071
wels alf arslanma manazkertTan gaanadgura bizantiis armia, Tavad keisari
ki tyved CauvardaT Turqebs. anatolia Ria aRmoCnda momTabareTa Semoseve-
bisaTvis, romlebmac TandaTanobiT fexi moikides dezorganizebul qveyanaSi,
romelsac ukve aRar hyavda administracia da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mniS-
vnelovan nawils is ukve mietovebina. amgvarad Caeyara safuZveli Tanamedrove
TurqeTis dasaxlebas. mTel rig regionebSi Seiqmna saamiroebi, romelTac
saTaveSi edgnen did selCukTa naTesavebi an maTi mxedarTmTavrebi. Tumca, sel-
CukTa dinastiis dasustebis pirobebSi es regionebic anarqiam moicva. mxolod
XII saukunis Sua xanebSi moaxerxa selCukianma yiliC arslanma rumis selCukian-
Ta saxelmwifos daarseba: rumi ewodeboda teritorias, romelic odiTganve
bizantiis, romis imperiis memkvidris, SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. TandaTanobiT
moxda regionis Turqizacia momTabare Turqebis axali talRebis modinebiT.
maliqSahis periodSi selCukTa saxelmwifom Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals
miaRwia. mas Soreuli iemenic ki emorCileboda.
es momTabareTa Semosevebis Sedegad Seqmnili imperia, romlis msgavsic aR-
mosavleTSi ar yofila arabTa dapyrobebis Semdeg, Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT
Seiqmna. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am TvalsazrisiT iranel moxeleTa roli,
romlebic selCukma suverenebma moiwvies da saSualeba misces am ukve karga xnis
islamizebul aristokratias, aRWurviliyo sakmaod mniSvnelovani xelisufle-
biT da gamoevlina sakuTari talanti. `didi selCukebis~ saxelmwifos ganmtki-
cebis saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula alf arslanisa da maliqSahis
sparsuli warmomavlobis vazirma nizam al-mulqma.
pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo armiisa da imperiis Semqmnel momTabare tomebTan
misi urTierTmimarTebis problemis gadawyveta. Turqebi ZiriTadad sazRvris-
pira regionebSi dasaxldnen – mag., azerbaijansa da anatoliaSi. daqiravebuli
jari, aseve ZiriTadad Turquli, romlis SenarCunebac selCukebs surdaT,
mkacr ierarqias emyareboda. misi mxedarTmTavrebi valdebulni iyvnen Tvi-
Tonve SeenaxaT sakuTari jari da amisaTvis droebiT sargeblobaSi iRebdnen

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 samflobeloebs miwis gansazRvruli gadasaxadebis akrefis uflebiT. am gziT
moxda uzarmazari armiis Senaxvis problemis gadawyveta, romelic zogier-
Ti cnobiT, 70 aTass aRwevda. es feodaluri sistema, romelic upirvelesad
iranul administraciul tradiciebs eyrdnoboda, saSualebas iZleoda erT-
droulad dakmayofilebuliyo armiis moTxovnebi, uzrunvelyofiliyo misi
meTaurebis erTguleba da momxdariyo soflebis aRorZineba.

es sainteresoa I

`did selCukTa~ vaziri nizam al-mulqi

am energiuli da ganswavluli moRvawis mier daarsda ara mxolod umaRlesi

saswavleblebi, aramed observatoria da biblioTekebic. misi aqtiuri monawile-
obiT gatarda samxedro, sasamarTlo da kalendris reformebi. manve dawera poli-
tikuri traqtati `siaseT name~ (`politikis wigni~).

`siaseT nameSi~ uxvadaa motanili iranuli kulturul-politikuri tradiciebis

mkafio magaliTebi (upiratesad sasanuri iranis istoriidan) da xazgasmulia am
tradiciebis gamoyenebis mniSvneloba Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi.

nizam al-mulqis rCevebis mixedviT, sulTanma `unda gaiyvanos miwisqveSa ruebi,

gaTxaros mTavari sarwyavi arxebi, aagos xidebi did mdinareebze, sadac gzebi erT-
maneTs xvdebian; ganaviTaros soflebi, gaamagros cixeebi, daaarsos axali qalaqebi
Tavi meoTxe

da keTilmowyobili nagebobani, fanCaturebi da TavSesafrebi mTavar gzebze~. yve-

laferi es soflis meurneobis, qalaqebis, vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebas
gulisxmobda.

nizam al-mulqi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad Tvlida saxelmwifos centralizebas

da am mxriv gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda mudmiv jars. swored misi TaosnobiT
Seiqmna centraluri xelisuflebis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli mudmivi jari.

`narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriidan~

centralurma xelisuflebam ZiriTadad SeinarCuna abasianTa mier Seqmnili

struqturebi. kidev ufro daixvewa provinciebis marTvis sistema samoqalaqo
da samxedro xelisuflebis mkveTri gamijvniT. qalaqebis garnizonebis meTau-
rebs aranairi Zalaufleba ar gaaCndaT sagadasaxado uwyebebis meTaurebze.
amasTan erTad, uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba, rac islamuri kano-
niT suverenis privilegias warmoadgenda da Turquli tomebis Cveulebasac
Seesabameboda, evalebodaT am miznisaTvis specialurad SerCeul pirebs. maTi
saSualebiT selCuki sulTani axorcielebda sasamarTlo xelisuflebas da
aseve aqtiurad monawileobda religiur cxovrebaSi.
es Zlieri samxedro da administraciuli struqturis mqone saxelmwifo
sunituri iyo da ebrZoda sxvadasxva Siituri mimarTulebebis warmomadgen-
lebs rogorc qveynis gareT, ise SigniT. garda samxedro moqmedebebisa, saxel-
mwifos ideologiuri da politikuri ganmtkicebisaTvis, RvTismetyvelTa da

280
 wyaro 1

nizam al-mulqis rCevebi selCuki mbrZaneblisadmi:

`xelmwife arasodes unda iyos uyuradRebo sakuTari moxeleebis saqmianobisadmi;

da yovelTvis unda icodes yvelaferi maTi cxovrebis da saqmeebis Sesaxeb. rogorc

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

ki gamoCndeba raime araswori da orguloba maT qmedebaSi, maSinve unda gadaayenos
da dasajos danaSaulis simZimis mixedviT, rac magaliTi iqneba sxvebisaTvis, rom
boroti ganzraxva ar Caidon gulSi mbrZaneblis mimarT. yvelas, vinc iniSneba maRal
Tanamdebobaze, xelmwifem unda miuCinos erTguli kaci meTvalyured, ise, rom Ta-
namdebobis pirma es ar icodes da man unda Seatyobinos xelmwifes misi saqmianobis
Sesaxeb.

aristotele ase arigebda aleqsandre makedonels: Tu Sen awyenine vinmes, vis ka-
lamsac gavlena aqvs Sens saxelmwifoSi, aRar daniSno is Tanamdebobaze, radgan is
miemxroba Sens mtrebs da moindomebs Sens daRupvas...~

`xelmwife TiToeuli mosamarTlis saqmianobas kargad unda icnobdes. isini uzrun-

velyofilni unda iyvnen maRali yovelTviuri jamagiriT, rom ar hqondeT mizezi
Ralatisa. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac maT gadawyvetileba gamoa-
qvT muslimTa sicocxlisa da qonebis Sesaxeb. Tuki mavani mosamarTle usamarTlo
ganaCens gamoitans sibriyvis, sixarbis an dainteresebis gamo, sxva msajulebma xeli
ar unda moaweron am cud ganaCens da Seatyobinon mis Sesaxeb xelmwifes. es piri unda
gadaayenon Tanamdebobidan da dasajon.~...

`unda gaigzavnos mstovrebi yvela adgilze vaWrebad, mogzaurebad, samkurnalo ba-

laxebis gamyidvelebad, maTxovrebad gadacmulebi; da maT unda Seatyobinon yvela-
feri xelmwifes, rasac gaigeben, rom araferi darCes dafaruli, da Tu raime movlena
moxdeba, droulad miiRos saTanado zomebi~....

`saWiroa malemsrbolebis samsaxuris daweseba yvelaze mniSvnelovan gzebze da

maTTvis yovelTviuri jamagiris daniSvna, rom erT dReSi gaxdes cnobili is, rac
moxda 50 farsangiT (1 farsangi – 6-7 km) Sors~.

`mezobeli qveynebis elCebis mimarT qveynis sazRvrebSi SemosvlisTanave pativiscema

unda gamoixatos. yvelaferi, kargi Tu cudi, rasac maT mimarT akeTeben, igivea, xelm-
wifis mimarT rom akeTebdnen. xelmwifeebi ki erTmaneTis mimarT yovelTvis amJRav-
nebdnen did pativiscemas, ufrTxildebodnen elCebs, radganac am gziT izrdeboda
maTi pativi da Rirseba. roca xelmwifeebs Soris mtroba iyo da elCebi modiodnen,
maT aravin ayenebda zians da isini elCobis mizans, rogorc maT nabrZanebi hqondaT,
asrulebdnen ise, rom ar icvleboda maTdami Cveulebrivi kargi damokidebuleba.~

nizam al-mulqi, `siaseT name~.

moxeleTa mosamzadeblad, nizam al-mulqma Seqmna saswavleblebis – madra-

seebis sistema, romelSic maswavleblebs saxelmwifo niSnavda. saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofda maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs xelfasiTac da amgvarad
srul kontrols axorcielebda saswavlo procesze. madraseebSi amzadebdnen
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 RvTismetyvelebsa da samarTalmcodneebs, romlebic ikavebdnen saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebs (mosamarTlis, notariusis, maswavleblis da sxv.). sayuradRe-
boa, rom Cvens uaxloes warsulSi, gasuli saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi, mTel rig
aRmosavlur qveynebSi (pakistanSi, avRaneTSi da a.S.) Seiqmna sruliad sxva tipis
madraseebi – islamuri skolebi, romlebSic iqadageba religiuri eqstremizmi
da saRvTo omis – jihadis warmoebis aucilebloba dasavleTisa da misi mokav-
Sire muslimuri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg.
selCukTa saxelmwifos mkacri organizaciis miuxedavad, ar momxdara zo-
gierTi Turquli tradiciis mospoba, maT Soris, Zalauflebis saojaxo koncef-
ciisa, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba SeiZleboda gardacvlili mbrZaneblis
vaJebs erTdroulad gaenawilebinaT. am mizeziT gamudmebiT mimdinareobda
qiSpi da brZola xelisuflebisaTvis. nizam al-mulqma moaxerxa samefo taxt-
ze jer alf arslanis, xolo Semdeg misi vaJis, maliqSahis uflebebis dacva.
magram misi sikvdilis Semdeg sul male maliqSahic gardaicvala, ramac dinas-
tiis krizisi da, sabolood, erT dros Zlevamosili imperiis daSla gamoiwvia.
selCukTa saxelmwifoSi SinaaSlilobiT isargebles jvarosnebmac, romlebmac
ori mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipoves Turqul jarze, jer mcire aziaSi (1097
w. dorileasTan brZola), xolo Semdeg siriaSic (1098 w. antioqiasTan brZola).
maliqSahis sami vaJi xangrZlivi drois manZilze ebrZodnen erTmaneTs Za-
lauflebisaTvis. 1118 wels erT-erTma maTganma, sanjarma miaRwia sxvebis mier
ojaxis ufrosad mis aRiarebas, magram amasTan iZulebuli gaxda, sagvareulos
Tavi meoTxe

gverdiTi StoebisaTvis daeTmo dasavleTis regionebi. selCukTa imperia sa-

bolood daiSala.
XII saukunis miwuruls aseve centraluri aziidan wamosulma xorezmelebma
moaxerxes Turqebis mcire politikuri erTeulebis udidesi nawilis ganadgureba
da mTlianad daikaves irani. selCukTa sagvareulos batonoba istorias Cabarda.

es sainteresoa II

politikuri terorizmis saTaveebTan: asasinebi (ismailitebi)

Turq-selCukebs sakuTari saxelmwifos SigniT dapirispireba mouxdaT erT-erTi

radikaluri Siituri seqtis warmomadgenlebTan – ismailitebTan. 1090 wels ira-
nel ismailitTa liderma hasan sabahma daisakuTra miuvali cixe-simagre alamuTi
iranis CrdiloeT nawilSi. male ismailitTa xelSi gadavida sxva cixe-simagreebic
iranisa da siriis teritoriebze, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebis CaTvliT. ismaili-
tebi sakuTari arsebobisa da samflobeloebis SesanarCuneblad awarmoebdnen daus-
rulebel brZolebs selCukTa winaaRmdeg.

hasan sabahs kargad esmoda, rom mis xelT arsebul mcire Zalebs ar SeeZloT win
aRdgomodnen selCukTa Zlevamosil armias da daemarcxebinaT igi. man gamoZebna axa-
li gza, romliTac mcire, magram disciplinirebuli da Tavdadebuli Zalebis saSua-
lebiT SeZlo efeqtianad dapirispireboda mravalricxovan mters da ganexorciele-
bina sakuTari miznebi. es gza moqmedebis teroristuli meTodis gamoyeneba iyo.

sakuTari arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis ismailitebs aucileblad esaWiroebodaT

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`did selCukTa~ saxelmwifos dasusteba da dezintegracia. am miznis misaRwevad
maT 1092 wels mokles vaziri nizam al-mulqi, romelic praqtikulad mTavar rols
asrulebda selCukTa saxelmwifos erTianobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. marTlac, es
mkvleloba selCukTa saxelmwifos dasasrulis dasawyisi gamodga. amrigad, am erTi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

mkvlelobiT ismailitebma selCukebs gacilebiT ufro mZime dartyma miayenes, vidre
es rigiTi marcxis Sedegad iqneboda brZolis velze.

politikuri mkvleloba ismailitebs ar gamougoniaT, magram istoriulad swored

maT ekuTvniT pirveloba mowinaaRmdegeebis daSinebisa da mkvlelobis politikuri
brZolis mTavar iaraRad qcevasa da mis sistematurad gamoyenebaSi. erTi ismailiti
poeti werda, rom erTma ubralo qveiTma meomarma SeiZleba xelmwife daaSinos, Tun-
dac mis gankargulebaSi asi aTasze meti cxenosani iyos.

nebismieri mkvlelobis gamarTleba, bunebrivia, xdeboda religiiT. mkvleloba ri-

tualis donemde iyo ayvanili. ismailitebi yovelTvis iyenebdnen xanjals, arasodes
sawamlavs, arasodes satyorcn iaraRs, Tumca xSirad maTi gamoyeneba ufro gauadvileb-
daT saqmes da ufro saimedoc iyo. maT ZiriTadad an danaSaulis adgilze klavdnen,
an isini tyved vardebodnen da Cveulebriv gaqcevis survils ar avlendnen. cocxlad
darCena samarcxvinodac ki iTvleboda. arsebobs legenda, rom davalebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg uvneblad dabrunebuli mebrZolis dedam glovis niSnad ZaZebic ki Caicva.

hasan sabahma gamoiCina SesaSuri administraciuli da strategiuli niWi am tero-

ristuli qmedebis dagegmvaSi. warmatebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo mkacri organiza-
ciuli struqtura da igi ganmtkicebuli unda yofiliyo ideologiuri safuZvle-
biT. sasikvdilod ganwiruli ismailiti darwmunebuli unda yofiliyo sakuTari
qmedebis samarTlianobaSi religiuri TvalsazrisiT. maT moqmedebaSi Serwymuli
iyo civi gaangariSeba da fanatikuri Tavganwirva.

evropuli istoriuli wyaroebi ismailitebs `asasinebis~ saxeliT moixsenieben.

sityva `asasini~ mTel rig evropul enebSi mkvlelis mniSvnelobiT Sevida. erT-
erTi varaudiT, igi modis arabuli haSiSinidan, haSiSis mwevlidan. evropel da
aRmosavlel avtorebs uWirdaT asasinTa aseTi TavganwirvisaTvis axsnis moZieba. im
xanebSi Seqmnili legendis mixedviT, davalebis Sesasruleblad gagzavnil asasi-
nebs winaswar abruebdnen narkotikebiT. XIII s-is evropeli mogzauri, marko polo
werda, rom ismailitTa mbrZanebelma Tavis samflobeloSi SesaniSnavi, samoTxis
msgavsi baRi gaaSena, romelSic SehyavdaT haSiSiT gabruebuli asasinebi. gamofxi-
zlebulni, isini ukve Sors imyofebodnen am baRidan da udidesi iyo maTi survili
xelaxla aRmoCeniliyvnen iq. mbrZanebeli, davalebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, is-
mailitebs imqveynad amgvar baRSi moxvedras aRuTqvamda.

teroristi ismailitebi iwodebodnen fidaebad. sityva `fidaim~ mniSvnelovani

adgili daikava Tanamedrove muslim teroristTa leqsikonSi. arabulad is niSnavs
adamians, romelic mzad aris TavganwirvisaTvis.

maTi msxverplebis dayofa sam jgufad SeiZleba. pirvelSi Sedian xalifebi, sulTne-
bi, vazirebi, mxedarTmTavrebi; meoreSi – is Tanamdebobis pirebi, visac danaSauli

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 miuZRodaT ismailitTa winaSe da vinc ebrZoda maT religias. mesameSi ki – moRala-
te, gandgomili ismailitebi.

mkvlelobisaTvis ismailitebi didxans da guldasmiT emzadebodnen, zogjer Tve-

obiT da wlobiT elodnen Sesaferis moments msxverplis gasanadgureblad. fidaebs
ar eTakilebodaT gansxvavebuli mrwamsis vaWris, xelosnis, maTxovris niRabqveS amo-
fareba, raTa moxvedriliyvnen TavianTi momavali msxverplis uaxloes garemocvaSi.
qristian berebad gadacmuli ori fidai eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda jvaro-
sanTa banakSi, sanam ar miecaT jvarosanTa erT-erTi meTauris, markiz konrad monfe-
ratis mokvlis saSualeba. swored jvarosanTa saSualebiT gaicno evropam asasinebi.

ismailitebi kargad iyvnen cnobilni saqarTveloSic. JamTaaRmwereli maT Sesaxeb

wers: `romelni arian kacni mkvlelni miparviTa~. asasinebis msxverplTa Soris aris
Tbilisis muslimi mosamarTle, romelic 1134 wels mokles SurisZiebis mizniT, vi-
naidan man ramdenime ismailits sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana.

sabolood ismailitTa saxelmwifo gaanadgures monRolebma, romlebmac xangrZli-

vi alyis Semdeg, 1256 wels aiRes alamuTis cixe-simagre. aRsaniSnavia, rom am alyis
dros monRolTa jarSi qarTvelebic iyvnen. male asasinebma Suri iZies. erT-erTma
gadarCenilma fidaim mokla monRolTa mxedarTmTavari CaRata-noini. saintere-
soa, rom JamTaaRmwerlis cnobiT, Tavdapirvelad monRolebma eWvi am mkvlelobaSi
Tavi meoTxe

qarTvelebze miitanes da mzad iyvnen maT Casaxocad, magram uecrad lerwmovanidan

kaci gamovida, aRmarTa sisxliT SeRebili xanjali da daiZaxa: `me movkali CaRata~.
datyvevebulma mkvlelma amayad ganacxada, rom is iyo fidai da Suri iZia TanamoZme-
Ta ganadgurebisaTvis. amiT man qarTvelebic gadaarCina gardauval sikvdils.

monRolTa dapyrobebis Semdeg asasinebis arseboba dasrulda, magram maT mier Se-
muSavebuli politikuri terorizmis meTodi dRes aqtiurad gamoiyeneba muslim
teroristTa mier.

alamuTis klde
284
 klasSi samuSao

1. rukisa da teqstSi mocemuli informaciis daxmarebiT aRwereT selCukebis

mier warmoebuli dapyrobebis dinamika. rukaze daitaneT maTi samxedro

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

warmatebebis ZiriTadi TariRebi. imsjeleT am warmatebebis ganmapirobe-
bel faqtorebze.
2. teqstze, damatebiT cnoba I-sa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT nizam
al-mulqis moRvaweobis da misi Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos
mowyobaze.
3. isaubreT axlo aRmosavleTSi TurqTa gabatonebis Sedegebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. ganixileT `es sainteresoa~ – `politikuri terorizmis saTaveebTan:

asasinebi (ismailitebi)~. dawereT mokle Txzuleba asasinTa teroristul
qmedebaTa Sesaxeb da gaavleT paralelebi TanamedroveobasTan.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1090
1037-1063 – ToRrul begi asasinTa (ismailitTa)
saxelmwifos Seqmna

1055 – baRdadis
aReba ToRrul 1072-1092
begis mier maliqSahi

1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090

1071 – manazkertis
brZola

1063-1072 1092
alf arslani nizam al-mulqis
mkvleloba
285
 46. Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo

kavkasiaSi selCukebi 1048 wels SeiWrnen

da im dros bizantiis kuTvnili somxeTi
daikaves. Tavdapirvelad bizantielebi
warmatebiT ewinaaRmdegebodnen Tur-
qebs. am brZolebSi maT liparit baRvaSic
exmareboda, magram manazkertis brZolam
situacia mkveTrad Secvala da 1074 wlis
xelSekrulebiT bizantiam Tavisi aRmo-
savleTi provinciebis didi nawili Tur-
qebs dauTmo.
selCukebi saqarTveloSi alf arsla-
nis mmarTvelobis xanaSi gamoCndnen. Ta-
vdapirvelad alf arslanma sakuTari vaJi
gamoagzavna dasazverad, xolo 1064 wels manazkertis brZola
Tavad Caudga saTaveSi uzarmazar laS-
Tavi meoTxe

qars da samxreT saqarTveloSi SemoiWra.

man qalaqis mcvelTa didi winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad aiRo axalqalaqi da sastikad
gausworda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. am
pirveli Semosevis Sedegad samxreT sa-
qarTvelom didi zarali ganicada. TurqTa
daundoblobisa da sisastikis ambavi mTel
qveyanas moedo.
pirveli laSqroba alf arslans aRar
gaugrZelebia da, piriqiT, damoyvrebac ki
SesTavaza bagrat IV-s. marTlac, bagratma
sakuTari diswuli miaTxova selCuk sul-
Tans, Tavisi asuli ki bizantiaSi gaaTxova.
am SemTxvevaSi bagrati cdilobda orive
potenciur mterTan SeenarCunebina ke-
Tilmezobluri urTierToba.
Tumca, situacia male Seicvala. sa-
qarTveloSi alf arslanis erTguli
mokavSire, anisis gamgebeli abul-savari
SemoiWra, romelsac alf arslanisagan
davalebuli hqonda anisis garSemo da mi-
mdebare qveynebSi elaSqra selCukTa pozi-
ciebis dacvis mizniT. sapasuxod, bagrat
IV-m aranSi gailaSqra da bardavi daarbia.
286
wyaro 1
daviT aRmaSeneblis isto-
rikosi TurqebTan brZoleb-
Si bizantiis marcxisa da
saqarTvelosaTvis am marcxis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb:
`xolo ganZlierebasa TurqTasa
dautevnes berZenTa queyanani
maTni, cixeni da qalaqni, romel
aRmosavleTs hqondes, da warvi-
des. romelnica aixunes TurqTa
da daemkvidrnes mas Sina. da vi-
naTgan mezoblobiT moeaxlnes
sazRvarTa CuenTa, ganmravlda
SiSi da Wiri maTgan Cuenzeda.
rameTu iwyes mieriTgan rbevad
da mooxrebad, wuad, srvad da
tyueobad Cuen qristianeTa~.
amis Semdeg, savaraudod, 1068 wels alf
arslanma isev ilaSqra saqarTveloSi. wyaro 2
rogorc Cans, swored am droidan daiwyo
`Sevides qalaqad Turqni da
momTabare Turqebis Camosaxleba qarTul
tyve yvnes uricxuni sulni
miwebze, rasac mZime Sedegebi mohyva Qqvey-
qristianeTani, aRiRes ganZi da
nisaTvis.

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

SeiReba wyali axalqalaqisa
pirveli da meore laSqrobebis dros
sisxliTa.~
selCukebma saqarTvelos samxreT regio-
nebi daikaves, amasTanave, qarTuli miwebis matiane qarTlisai
nawili sulTanma Tavis mokavSire ganZis
amiras gadasca. bagrati saTanadod moe-
mzada ganZis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreb-
lad. bagratis colisZma, osTa mefe dorRoleli, mas didi laSqriT daexmara.
qarTvelebma, romelTac saTaveSi ufliswuli giorgi edga, moaxerxes ganZis
mbrZaneblis fadlonis jaris damarcxeba. es didi warmateba iyo bagratisaTvis.
arc sulTan alf arslans Seswevda Zala kidev erTi sadamsjelo laSqrobis
mowyobisaTvis. is mociqulebsa da ZRvens gzavnida saqarTvelos mefesTan da
xarks iTxovda, magram bagratic diplomatiurad moqmedebda – isic ZRvensa da
mociqulebs ugzavnida sulTans da xarks ar kisrulobda. moxarkeobaze uaris
TqmiT bagrati qveynis damoukideblobas inarCunebda.
marTalia, bagratma selCukebTan dapirispirebaSi garkveul warmatebebs
miaRwia, magram, rogorc Cans, ukve am dros daiwyo saqarTveloSi Turquli
elementis damkvidreba, rasac xels uwyobda anatoliis dapyroba TurqTa mier
da maTi iq dasaxleba.

wyaro 3

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi Turqebis Semosevebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb:

`ara iyo maT JamTa Sina Tesva da mka, mooxrda qveyana da tyed gadaiqca, da nacvlad
kacTa mxecni da nadirni velisani daemkvidrnes mas Sina... wmidani eklesiani
Seqmnes saxlad huneTa (cxenTa) TvisTa, xolo sakurTxevelni RmrTisani adgilad
arawmidebisa maTisa. da mRvdelni romelnime TviT Sewirvasave Sina saRmrTosa
msxverplisasa munve maxviliTa Sewirul iqmnes... moxucebulni ara Sewyalebul
iqnes, xolo qalwulni ginebul, Wabukni dakueTebul, xolo Cvilni mimodatacebul.
cecxli ucxo da mbrZoli, romliTa moiwua Senebuli yoveli, mdinareni sisxlTani,
nacvlad wylisa nakadulTa, mrwyevelni queyanisani~.

XIII s-is anonimi Turqi avtori, `anatoliis selCukTa saxelmwifos istoria~:

`1067 wels sulTani alf arslani saqarTveloSi Sevida da Tavidan bolomde

iavaryo. uamravi xalxi daxoca~.

selCukTa aseT sisastikes adastureben sxva, upirvelesad, somexi istorikosebic.

287
 mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda ma-
liqSahis mmarTvelobis xanaSi. giorgi II wyaro 4
Tavdapirvelad winaaRmdegobas uwevda
`...da movida sulTani maliqSa
Turqebs, magram male aSkara gaxda, rom
mterad yovelTa qristianeTa...
Zalebi metad araTanaswori iyo.
da daiWira samSvilde sulTan-
1080 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo e.w.
man da mun dgomasa moarbia qarT-
`didi Turqoba~. selCukebma am periodi-
li, Tan waiyvana mravali tyve da
dan wesad SemoiRes yovelwliuri Semo-
uricxvi nadavli~.
seva saqarTveloSi. isini gazafxulidan
zamTris dadgomamde TareSobdnen da ar- matiane qarTlisai
bevdnen qveyanas.
gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebis momta- wyaro 5

ni iyo Turquli momTabare tomebis Ca- `xolo mefesa giorgis moexsena

mosaxleba. sameurneod vargisi miwebis
saZovrebad gadaqcevis Sedegad nadgur-
deboda saukunovani tradiciebis mqone
intensiuri soflis meurneoba. TurqTa
dasaxlebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo iranSi
Seqmnili situaciac. momTabaruli ele-
mentebis siWarbisagan qveynis gawmendis
mizniT maliqSahi da misi vaziri nizam al-
Tavi meoTxe
nadiroba ajameTs, arasdros
zrunavdes sxuasa, arca eloda
aRebasa veJinisasa da kaxeTisa,
aramed laSqarTa TurqTasa, ro-
mel hyva, misca yoveli queyana
ioris piri kuxeTi, romeli mo-
oxrda mun dReindelad dRemde.
xolo TviT gardavlo mTa lixTa

mulqi momTabarul masebs bizantiisa da da STavida afxazeTad~.

saqarTvelos sazRvrebisaken erekebodnen.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
giorgi II iZulebuli gaxda Tavi damarc-
xebulad ecno da 1083 wels is eaxla maliq-
Sahs, morCileba gamoucxada mas da yovel-
wliuri xarkis safasurad zavi da mSvidoba iTxova. xarkis gadaxdis sanacvlod
maliqSahi giorgis dahpirda, rom aRkveTda TurqTa marbieli razmebis TareSs
qveyanaSi, aseve uwyaloba mas kaxeT-hereTi. saqarTveloSi mobrunebuli mefe
giorgi sulTnis laSqriT kaxeTs gaemarTa, magram dawyebuli brZola bolomde
ver miiyvana da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. ivrisa da alaznis nayofieri
velebi ki Turqebis xelSi aRmoCnda. Tavis mxriv, kaxeTis mefe aRsarTanic eaxla
sulTans, gamuslimda da sulTnis mfarvelobac miiRo. amdenad, giorgi II-m ver
moaxerxa verc kaxeTis SemoerTeba da verc Turqebis gandevna qveynidan.
momTabareTa TareSi kvlavac grZeldeboda. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
aRniSnavs, rom momTabareTa razmebi ar eqvemdebarebodnen sulTans da Tavian-
Ti neba-survilis mixedviT moqmedebdnen. es cnoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom ukanas-
kneli `did selCuki sulTnis~ gamgeblobis miwuruls centraluri xelisufle-
ba ukve veRar akontrolebda calkeuli momTabare Turqi tomebis moqmedebas.
saqarTvelos mefis xelisufleba am droisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos far-
glebs veRar scildeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ki selCukebs praqtikulad
saZovrebad da sanadiro adgilebad hqondaT gadaqceuli. giorgi II maliqSahTan
zavis dadebisa da xarkis gadaxdis pirobis micemis Semdeg male iZUulebuli
gaxda Tavisi ufrosi vaJisTvis, 16 wlis daviTisTvis daeTmo samefo taxti.

288
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT selCukebTan brZolaSi bizantiis marc-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

xis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosaTvis.
2. teqstze da wyaro 5-ze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT giorgi II.
3. wyaroebsa da teqstze dayrdnobiT SeafaseT `didi Turqobis~ Sedegebi sa-
qarTvelosaTvis. gamoyaviT Tqveni SexedulebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi.
4. SeadareT Turq-selCukTa politika saqarTveloSi maT moqmedebas axlo
aRmosavleTis sxva regionebSi.

xaraganis tyupi _ selCuki

didebulebis mavzoleumi.
yazvinis provincia, irani, 1067 w.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1064, 1068 _ alf arslanis

laSqrobebi saqarT- XI s-is 80-iani wlebi –
veloSi `didi Turqoba~
saqarTveloSi
1072-1089 –
giorgi II

1060 1065 1070 1075 1080 1085 1090

289
 47. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi

1089 wels saqarTvelos samefo karze poli-

tikuri gadatrialeba moxda. qveynis momavliT
dainteresebulma saxelmwifo moRvaweebma ai-
Zules giorgi II gadamdgariyo da mefoba Ta-
visi 16 wlis vaJisTvis – daviTisTvis daeTmo.
daviT IV-is gamefebiT da qveynis marTvis am
moRvaweTa xelSi gadasvliT sruliad Seicva-
la saqarTvelos politikuri kursi rogorc
Turqebis, ise didgvarovani aznaurebis mi-
marT. daviT mefis yovel moqmedebaSi da yovel
nabijSi Canda windaxeduleba da Sorsgamiz-
nuloba. ra Tqma unda, es am qveynisTvis Tav-
dadebul pirTa gamocdileba da damsaxureba
iyo, romlebic erTgulad amoudgnen mxarSi
axalgazrda mefes. maT saTaveSi idga daviTis
Tavi meoTxe

aRmzrdeli da misi ufrosi TanamoRvawe gior-

gi mwignobarTuxucesi.
qveynis winaSe gadaudebel amocanad idga
uZlieres feodalTa TviTnebobis aRkveTa da
Turqi dampyroblebis saqarTvelodan gandev- daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, gelaTis
na. daviT mefe, upirveles yovlisa, samxedro freska

Zalis reorganizacias Seudga. man wvril da sa-

Sualo aznaurTagan Camoayaliba kargad gawvrTnili Wabuk-raindTa razmebi,
romlebiTac igi Turqebs Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualebas aRar aZlevda.
igi Turq momTabareebs aiZulebda, TandaTan daetovebinaT saqarTvelos te-
ritoria. qarTveli mosaxleoba mama-papaTa nasaxlarebze brundeboda da qve-
yana normalur cxovrebas ubrundeboda. daviTi aseve mtkice xeliT Seudga
uZlieres feodalTa naxevrad damoukidebeli safeodaloebis gauqmebas da
didgvarovan aznaurTa urCobis alagmvas. man saqarTvelodan gaaZeva baRvaSTa
STamomavali lipariti, romlis memkvidris ratis gardacvalebis Semdeg: `das-
rulda saxli baRvaSTaQEL, saxli ganmamwarebelTaL, rameTu... arRaravin daSTa
sayofelTa maTTa mkvidri, rameTu aRixsena usjuloebaL mamaTa maTTaL winaSe
uflisa da mamuli maTi aRiRo mefema~.
aseve daundoblad gausworda daviTi meamboxe Zagan abuleTis Zes da mis Zmas,
modistoss, mRvdelTmTavar-episkoposs. am uZlieres feodalTa damarcxebiT
mefem didgvarovan aznaurebs urCobis yovelgvari survili daukarga.
selCukTa didi sulTnis maliqSahis gardacvalebis (1092) Semdeg TurqTa
imperia mraval urTierTmoqiSpe politikur erTeulad daiSala, amas daerTo

290
 wyaro 1

`qarTlis cxovreba~ daviT mefis saSinao da sagareo politikis Sesaxeb:

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

`esreT rai TviTmpyrobelobiT daipyra hereTi da kaxeTi da nebierad aRixuna ci-
xeni da simagreni maTni, mzeebr mihfina wyalobai yovelTa zeda mkvidrTa qveyani-
saTa~.
b

daviT mefem `erwuxs qmnna wyobani didni da xma-gansmenili didi Zlevai, rome-
li mcirediTa laSqriTa da ganwiruliTa eriTa daxocna sultnisa igi spani
uricxuni; aTabagi ganZisai da umravlesi kaxTa queynisa eri, mterTave Tana gare-
modgomili Cuenda... xolo TviT mefe ara viTarca sxuai vinme zurgiT udga oden
spaTa TvisTa, anu SoriT uzaxebda, viTarca erTi mTavarTagani, aramed upirates
yovelTasa TviT wina-uvidoda da viTa lomi Seuzaxebda xmiTa maRliTa da viTa
grigali mi-da-moiqceoda, TviT goliaTebr mihmarTebda, da mklaviTa mtkiciTa
daamxobda axovanTa, srvida da dascemda wina-damTxueulTa yovelTa... da mas dRe-
sa samni cxenni gamouklnes da meoTxesa Ra zeda mjdomelman srul-yo dRisa homi.
da ese mravlisagan yovlad mciredi da knini warmovTqviT~.

wyaro 2

`qarTlis cxovreba~ daviT mefis saeklesio reformis Sesaxeb:

`rameTu wmidani eklesiani, saxlni RmrTisani, quabavazakTa qmnil iyvnes; da uRirs-

Ta da uwesoTa mamulobiT ufrois, vidre RirsebiT, daepyrnes ufroisni saepiskopo-
soni, viTarca avazakTa. da maTnive msgavsni xucesni da qorepiskoposni daedginnes,
romelni nacvlad sjulTa saRmrToTa usjulobasa awurTides maT queSeTa yovel-
Ta. da TviT saxliT uflisaT da mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli usjulobai da
codvai, romelTa Tuali RmrTisa xedvida yovelTa da ganrisxebul iyo~.

`da pirvelad episkoposni vinme ver RirsebiT Semosrulni pativsa mRvdelmTa-

vrobisasa da uRirsni qristes pirvelisa mis mwyemsTmTavrisani ganvkveTeniT da
ucxo vyveniT mRvdelobisagan... da nacvlad maTda sxuani davadgineniT...~

dasavleTidan evropeli jvarosnebis laSqrobebis dawyeba, ramac Turqebis

yuradReba ZiriTadad iqiT gadaitana. daviTma Turq-selCukebs xarki Seuwy-
vita da daiwyo brZola dampyroblebis saqarTvelodan erTianad gasadevnad.
1101-1104 wlebSi man kaxeT-hereTi adgilobriv didaznaurTa mecadineobiT Se-
291
 moierTa da misi didi nawili samefo domenad
aqcia; 1104 wels ki erwuxTan (aRmosavleT
kaxeTSi) sastikad daamarcxa ganZis aTabagi,
romelic saqarTvelos mefes kaxeT-hereTs
ecileboda.
kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebam SesamCne-
vad gazarda saqarTvelos ekonomikuri da
samxedro Zalebi. saqarTvelos gaerTiane-
bis damTavrebisa da mefis xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis saqmeSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi
mRvdelTmTavrebi, gelaTis freska roli eklesias unda hqonoda, magram sa-
qarTvelos eklesiis mmarTvelobis saWe
xelT epyraT didgvarovan aznaurTa saxlisSvilebs da isini TanaugrZnobdnen
samefo xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege didfeodalTa frTas.
aucilebeli iyo eklesiaSi Zireuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba. aseTi
gardaqmnebis moTxovnebs ayenebdnen farTo saeklesio wreebi. samRvdeloeba
imTaviTve ibrZoda eklesiis mmarTvelobaSi didgvarovan feodalTa ganuyo-
feli batonobis, saeklesio kaTedrebis memkvidreobiT an qrTamis gaRebis
gziT dauflebis winaaRmdeg. maRali saeklesio Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda miscemoda pirad Rirsebas da ara gvariSvilobas.
aseT Sexedulebebs ayenebda jer kidev XI saukuneSi giorgi aToneli.
Tavi meoTxe

eklesiis sakiTxebis mowesrigeba saeklesio krebis saqme iyo. am mizniT mefis

brZanebiT, 1104 wels moiwvies sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba, romelic
mimdinareobda qarTlSi, ruisisa da urbnisis saeklesio kaTedralebSi, amitom
es kreba cnobilia ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis saxelwodebiT.
krebis gadawyvetilebiT eklesiidan daundoblad gaaZeves uRirsi mRvdel-
mTavrebi da maT adgilze `WeSmaritni mwyemsni~ daadgines. krebam miiRo `Zeg-
liswera~ (e. i. dadgenileba), romliTac aRmofxvra is uwesobani, rac dasadgu-
rebuli iyo qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.
ruis-urbnisis krebis mniSvneloba Zalze didia. man upirvelesad didgvaro-
vanTa opozicias CamoaSora didi Zalisa da zegavlenis mqone mokavSire eklesia
da mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv ganmt-
kicebas, ise eris zneobriv ganwmendas. es iyo amave dros mefis xelisuflebis
politikuri gamarjvebac, ris samudamod uzrunvelsayofadac daviTma sagan-
gebo RonisZiebebi gaatara.
mefis uaxloesi mrCeveli da misi
samwignobros (kancelariis) ganmge-
beli iyo mwignobarTuxucesi (kan-
cleri), romelic, rogorc ganwes-
da, ubralo beri iyo, magram Tavisi
mdgomareobiT uaRresad ganswavlu-
li da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi kargad

mRvdelTmTavrebi,
gelaTis freska
292
 Caxeduli pirovneba. gansxvavebiT sxva
didgvarovan didmoxeleTagan, mas, rogorc
bers, sakuTari samamulo da samemkvidreo
interesebi ar gaaCnda, amitom uaRresad
erTguli iyo mefisa da qveynisa. daviTma
es ubralo beri qveynis saTaveSi moaqcia da

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

sxva savaziroebis Tavmjdomareoba daakis-
ra. amave dros mas SeuTavsa erT-erTi umaR-
lesi saeklesio Tanamdeboba – Wyondidis
episkoposoba – Wyondideloba. amrigad,
quTaisi, gelaTis taZari
igi mefis umaRlesi moxelec iyo da didi
sasuliero Tanamdebobis piric. SemdgomSi
mwignobarTuxucesebs sxva saepiskoposoebic gadaecemodaT xolme, magaliTad,
bediel-alaverdeloba, ujarmeloba da a.S. aseTi gziT mefe akontrolebda
eklesiis saqmianobas.
pirveli mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli iyo mefis aRmzrdeli da uaxloesi
mrCeveli giorgi monazoni, romelmac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo ruis-urbnisis
saeklesio krebis CatarebaSi. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels evaleboda saekle-
sio saqmeebis meTvalyureoba. amave dros igi Cayenebul iqna uzenaes sasamarTlo
organos – `saajo karis~ saTaveSic. masve hqonda mefisadmi ara marto rCevis
movaleoba, aramed rCevis uflebac: mis ukiTxavad qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi
araferi keTdeboda. Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucess yvelgan da yvelaferze
miuwvdeboda xeli. igi mefis `mamad~ da `vazirad~ iwodeboda da misi Tanamdeboba
aSkarad didgvarovan didmoxeleTa sapirispirod iyo mimarTuli, amitom buneb-
rivia, rom didgvarovan aznaurebs sZuldaT esoden gaZlierebuli Wyondidel-
mwignobarTuxucesi da yvela saSualebiT ebrZodnen mis xelisuflebas.
amas garda, mefis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebani didgvarovani opoziciis
winaaRmdeg, amravlebda mefis politikiT ukmayofiloTa ricxvs, e. w. `mabra-
loblebs~. mefem maT daupirispira `mstovarTa~ (meTvalyureTa, mzveravTa)
Zlieri aparati.
vinc ki SemCneuli iqneboda `borot sityvasa~ Tu moqmedebaSi, e. i. Ralat-
Si, maT mefe sastikad uswordeboda – `ganpatiJebiTac~ ki (TvalTdawviTa da
dasaWurisebiT). wesrigisa da wesierebis
dacva, `yovelTaTvis kanonad~ iqca.
mefe daviTis drosve unda Camoyali-
bebuliyo samefo finansebis sagangebo
uwyeba meWurWleTuxucesiT saTaveSi,
aseve samxedro uwyeba amirspasalariT
saTaveSi. es ukanaskneli ganagebda qvey-
nis sxvadasxva nawilidan laSqris mom-
zadebas da gamoyvanas. mas Semdeg, rac
didebuli aznaurebi TandaTanobiT

SiomRvimis monasteri
293
 kargavdnen `Seuvalobas~, laSqris gamo-
yvanis movaleoba mosakargave-erisTavTa
ganmgeblobaSi gadadioda. mosakargave-
erisTavi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda mema-
mule-erisTavisagan. mosakargave _ ama
Tu im teritoriis ganmgebeli moxele iyo,
memamule ki memkvidreobiTi mflobeli.
daviTi aviwroebda an saerTod aqrobda
memamule-erisTavebs da maT magivrad mo-
sakargaveebs awesebda. aseTi mosakargave
Cans ganwesebuli kaxeTSi ariSiani, rome-
lic mefis uerTgulesi ganmgebel-moxe- `vedreba~ gelaTis oTxTavis
miniatura, XIIs.
le iyo da adre misi monawileobiT moxda
kaxeTis SeerTeba erTian saqarTvelosTan.
amrigad, daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebma qveynis mmarTvelobis mowesrigebis
xaziT da saeklesio sferoSi, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa qveynis gaZlierebisa
da brZolisunarianobis amaRlebis saqmeSi.
Tavi meoTxe

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze – 1 a da1 b dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, Tu ramdenad

Seuwyo xeli daviTis mier qveynis centralizaciisTvis gatarebulma Ro-
nisZiebebma sagareo politikur warmatebebs.
2. teqstsa da wyaroebze – 2 a da 2 b dayrdnobiT isaubreT daviTis mier
gatarebuli saeklesio reformis xasiaTze, eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi
daqvemdebarebis formasa da mniSvnelobaze.

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis gamoyenebiT SeafaseT daviTis mier Seqmnili saxelm­

wifo sistema. dawereT mokle Semajamebeli Txzuleba. daasabuTeT Tqveni Se­
fasebebi.

294
48. didgoris brZola

qveynis SigniT mdgomareobis ganmtkicebisTanave daviT mefem gaaZliera

saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul TurqTa winaaRmdeg brZola. 1110 w. man aiRo um-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

niSvnelovanesi cixe-qalaqi samSvilde, ris Semdegac Turqebma ubrZolvelad
datoves qvemo qarTlis didi nawili. 1115 w. qarTvelebma rusTavic gaaTavisuf-
les. 1117 w. aiRes hereTis ukiduresi aRmosavleTis ganapira qalaqi giSi. 1118
w. daviTma daisakuTra umniSvnelovanesi cixesimagre lore, romelic TurqTa
dasayrdeni iyo samxreT saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos mefis mflobelobis gareT
rCeboda qveynis dedaqalaqi Tbilisi.
TbilisSi ki Taviseburi mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili. qalaqs marTavdnen moqa-
laqeTa mier arCeuli pirebi _ `Tbiliseli berebi~, uxucesebi.
rogorc irkveva, XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qalaqis mflobel amiraTa jafa-
rianebis sagvareulos gadaSenebis Semdeg qalaqis mmarTveloba xelT auRia
moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlebs, romlebis mier arCeuli sabWos wevrebi TiTo
TviT ganagebdnen qalaqs. mas Semdeg, rac Tbilisis da dmanisis moqalaqeTa
mahmadianurma zedafenam Turqebis sulTans mimarTa saqarTvelos mefis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebisaTvis, daviTma gadamwyveti SetevisTvis iwyo
mzadeba. uZlieresi mtris sabolood gasanadgureblad marto adgilobrivi
Zalebi ar iyo sakmarisi. daviTma da misma karma miiRo gadawyvetileba, gamoe-
yenebinaT iseTi mniSvnelovani samxedro Zala, rogoric Crdilo kavkasiaSi
momTabare yivCaRTa meomari tomebi iyvnen. saqarTvelos aqamdec gadmohyavda
imierkavkasiidan daqiravebuli jari, magram exla es ar iyo sakmarisi. gadawyda
saqarTveloSi CamoesaxlebinaT yivCaRTa mravalricxovani urdo, romelic
Crdilo kavkasiaSi ruseTis mTavris vladimir monomaxis mier Seviwroebuli
da gamodevnili iyo samxreT ruseTis velebidan. qarTvelebi kargad icnobdnen
yivCaRebs da maTTan cxoveli urTierTobac hqondaT. daviTis meore meuRle
yivCaRTa mTavris, aTraqa SaraRanis Zis asuli iyo. saqarTvelos mefem mola-
parakeba gamarTa maTTan da saqarTveloSi gadmosvlaze daiTanxma.
1118 w. daviT mefe da misi mwignobarTuxucesi giorgi darialis gziT
Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadavidnen. maT daimorCiles osebi, romelTac yiv-
CaRebTan mtroba hqondaT, daikaves oseTis cixeebi, aiyvanes mZevlebi

wyaro 1

arabi istorikosi al-fariki Tbilisis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb:

hijriT 515 wlis (e. i. 1121/1122 ww) ` wina 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisi iyo misi
xalxis (e. i. moqalaqeebis) xelSi. [manamde] maT mflobelad orasi wlis manZilze
iyo jafarianebis (sagvareulo), romelic amowyda, ris Semdegac qalaqis gamgebloba
gadavida misi xalxis (e. i. Tbilisis moqalaqeebis) xelSi da yovel Tves ganagebda qa-
laqs erTi maTgani~.

295
 daviTis mier moWrili moneta

da uzrunvelyves yivCaRTaTvis mS-

vidobiani gza. amis Semdeg yivCaRTa
40 aTasi ojaxi saqarTveloSi gadmovida. wyaro 2
daviTma isini saqarTvelos sazRvrispira
`sultanma mouwoda arabeTis
raionebSi Caasaxla, miuCina sacxovrebeli
mefes durbezs, sadayis Zesa, da
da sameurneo adgilebi da TiToeul ojaxs
misca Ze Tvisi maliqi da yove-
TiTo SeiaraRebuli mxedris gamoyvana da-
li Zali misi; da aCina (daniSna)
avala. amrigad, yivCaRTagan daviTs 40 000
spasalarad el-Razi, Ze arduxi-
cxenosani laSqari hyavda mudmivad, ro-
si kaci mravalRone da ubrZana
melic uSualod mas eqvemdebareboda. ase-
Turqmanobasa, sadac vin iyo, da-
ve, mefem Seiqmna sakuTari mudmivi mcveli
maskoT da halabiTgan amoTmarT
jari `monaspa~, romelic 5 000 meomrisagan
yovelsa mxedrobad SemZlebelsa
Tavi meoTxe

Sedgeboda. mefis ase gaZlierebis Semdeg

amaT Tana aTabagsa ganZisasa mi-
qarTuli feodaluri sapatronymo laSqa-
siTa ZaliTa da somxiTisa amira-
ric ufro saimedo da sando gaxda.
Ta. qoronikoni iyo 341~.
ase, yovelmxriv momzadebulma daviT-
ma 1120 wels daiwyo generaluri Seteva `qarTlis cxovreba~
TurqTa winaaRmdeg samxreT kavkasiaSi.
saqarTvelos laSqari daviTis vaJis, de-
metres winamZRolobiT SeiWra SarvanSi

wyaro 3

XII saukunis somexi istorikosi maTe urhaeci didgoris brZolis Sesaxeb:

`wavida sabrZolvelad [daviT mefe] TurqTa jaris winaaRmdeg 40 000 Zlieri da

mamaci vaJkaciT da omSi nacadi meomriT. hyavda agreTve sxva laSqaric xifCaxTa
(yivCaRTa) mefisagan 15 000 mamaci da rCeuli kaci, alanTa tomisagan (osTagan) _
500 kaci, xolo frangi (jvarosani) _ 100~.
b

`im dRes iqna sastiki da saSineli amowyveta TurqTa jarebisa da aRivsnen

gvamebiT mdinareni da mTaTa xevebi da yovelni mTaTa qarafni daifarnen TurqTa
gvamebiT~.

296
da qalaqi yabala aiRo. Sarvanis mflobe-
li SarvanSahi qarTveli mefis ymadnafici wyaro 4
gaxda.
arabi istorikosi ibn al-asiri
qristianuli saqarTvelos aseTma war-
didgoris brZolis Sesaxeb:
matebebma SeaSfoTa Turq-selCukTa sul-
Tani mahmudi. man saqarTvelodan momdi- `muslimTa jarebis wina razme-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

nare safrTxe sworad Seafasa da koali-
ciuri laSqrobis wamowyeba gadawyvita.
man qristianuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
erToblivi gamosvlis mowodebiT mimar-
Ta wina aziis mahmadian mefe-mTavrebs da
Tavisi droSis qveS uzarmazari jari da-
razma. mahmudma am gaerTianebuli laSqris
saTaveSi jvarosnebTan brZolebSi saxel-
moxveWili sardali, baRdadis ganmgebeli
nejm ad-din il-Razi Caayena.
bi airivnen, ukan mdgom razmebs
egonaT, davmarcxdiTo da gaiqc-
nen. TavdaviwyebiT garbodnen
muslimebi da ise eCqarebodaT
gansacdelidan Tavis daRweva,
rom erTmaneTze gadadiodnen da
bevric daixoca~.

wyaro 5

arabi istorikosebi, al-fariki da al-jauzi daviTis politikis Sesaxeb

Tbilisis muslimi mosaxleobis mimarT:

`mas Semdeg, rac damarcxebul iqna muslimTa laSqari, dabrunda afxazTa mefec da
TbilisTan dabanakebulma alya Semoartya mas, xolo Semdeg maxviliT daeufla
Tbiliss da Sevida qalaqSi hijriT 515 w.(Qax.w. 1122 w.). man gaZarcva igi da cecxls
misca misi didi nawili, Semdeg ki Seiwyala mcxovrebni da kargad epyroboda maT.
daudgina maT (moqalaqeebs) is pirebi, romlebic TviT airCies~.

al-fariki
b

`daadgina, rom qalaqis im nawilSi, sadac muslimebi cxovrobdnen, aravis yoloda

Rori da aravis daekla igi maT Soris, man moWra maTTvis moneta xalifasa da sulT-
nis saxeliT da misca maT ufleba azanisa (locvaze mowodebis) da Tavisuflad
locvisa... igi ise keTilad epyroboda muslimebs, da agreTve maT sarwmunoebas, mec-
nierebas, xalxsa da sufiebs, rogoric maT ar hqoniaT TviT muslimebs Soris~.

al-fariki
g

`daviTi yovel paraskevs Sedioda meCeTSi... ismenda xutbasa da yuranis kiTxvas da

aZlevda xatibsa da muizinebs mraval oqros. man aaSena qarvaslebi stumarTaTvis
da saxlebi mqadagebelTaTvis, sufiebisa da poetebisaTvis ... igi (daviTi) met pa-
tivs scemda muslimebs, vidre maT scemdnen pativs islamis mflobelebi~.

al-jauzi

297
 1121 wlis zafxulSi Turq-mahmadianTa mravalricxovani laSqari qarTlSi
ramdenime gziT Semovida da walka-manglis-TrialeTis midamoebSi ganlagda.
qarTvelTa 56 aTasiani laSqari mters ricxobrivad ramdenjerme Camouvar-
deboda, magram maT is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom samSoblos damoukideblo-
bisaTvis ibrZodnen da saTaveSi edgaT iseTi didi mxedarTmTavari, rogoric
daviT IV aRmaSenebeli iyo.
am brZolis mniSvnelobas mowmobs is faqti, rom misi aRwera daculia ara
marto qarTul wyaroebSi, aramed somxur, sparsul, arabul da evropuleno-
van qronikebSic. magaliTad, es brZola dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili antioqiis
franguli samTavros kancleris, goties qronikaSi, romelic daiwera momde-
vno – 1122 wels. misi cnobiT, am brZolaSi monawileoba miuRia 200 evropel
rainds (maTe urhaeci mxolod 100 rainds asaxelebs). evropeli raindebis mo-
nawileoba am brZolaSi SemTxveviTi ar aris. mefe daviTs manamdec hqonda kargi
urTierToba jvarosnebTan da faqtobrivad saqarTvelo evropelebTan erTad
erToblivad gamodioda Turq-mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg. ase Tvlidnen evropeli
politikosebic. magaliTad, igive gotie aRniSnavda, rom il-Razim `daviT mefis
winaaRmdeg iveriaSi laSqroba imisTvis gadawyvita... raTa misi daqcevis anu
ganadgurebis Semdeg Tavisuflad da sruli ZaliT Seudges ierusalimisa da
antioqiis damorCilebas da qristianTa amowyvetas~. magram daviT IV-m CaSala
Turq-arabTa es ganzraxva. man 1121 wlis 12 agvistos didgoris velze mTlianad
gaanadgura mahmadianTa es koaliciuri armia.
Tavi meoTxe

ji
qeTi pirobiTi aRniSvnebi
nikofsia
q
saqarTvelo mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis dros saxelmwifo sazRvari
a

a S
danarCeni sazRvrebi
f

a g e y i v
T i C
x

a a dedaqalaqi
y i
z e T
Z samefo rezidencia
e u
T r dasaxlebuli punqti
gagari i Z
u cixesimagre
d a l
biWvinTa i k
uSguli eklesia-monasteri
s

anakofia v e
cxumi
a T swavla-ganaTlebis centri
n i i
bedia
e T brZolis adgili
v i

dv
aleTi d
i

x v
ed

WyondiDi gelaTi x o
q x u
a

TuSe T xunZaxi
n Z e T i
i
p o n t o s naWarmagevi
f

di
quTaisi
r
xis

do
foTi pankisi e
d darubandi
T

(fazisi) a
li

u
i

zedazeni r
( S a v i ) ajameTi
waRvlisTavi SiomRvime ub
l

andi
b

mcxeTa iyalTo H e e
r k
e T
a n

z R v a baTumi W a s
r a T
kldekari
veJini
e
T i
a r
m c didgori
i Tbilisi
i

S x e a
a

l e
avSeTi T i S
d i

xufaTi kaxi
jayi Tmogvi samSvilde
rusTavi
giSi
a

ar
n i
trapizoni k a m b e C a
s
ta

e Ti yabala
r

j ni
klar erwuxi
a

lore
artanuji
b a
v

i i Tuxarisi r
z a n t bana
xaxuli ganZa a
a

olTisi anisi
speri kari
TorTomi
n
T

n i
u
z R v

i a
i

s
a
r karnu_qalaqi
b
x e T
i

q (arzrumi) m
i a g a n i
- o a d
s b
r
e
a

s a
l d
C u a
k T f o
saqarTvelo a s a m w i
x e l
ymadnafici qveyana
298 2012
 daviTma mteri aiZula, gadamwyveti brZola misTvis sruliad mouxerxebel
adgilas gaemarTa. didgoris veli TrialeTis qedis maRal Txemze mdebareobs
da TurqTa uzarmazar armias iq gaSlis da mTeli Zalis gamoyenebis saSualeba
ar hqonda. brZolac daviTis Canafiqris mixedviT warimarTa. Tavdapirvelad
qarTvel mxedarTa mcirericxovani razmi gamoeyo qarTul laSqars, romelic

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

simciris gamo Turqebma moRalateebad miiRes da daubrkoleblad SemouSves
TavianT ganlagebaSi, magram am TavdadebulTa jgufma gabedulad Seutia mtris
centrs da mis rigebSi arev-dareva Seitana. daviTis winamZRolobiT qarTvelTa
mTavari Zala Setevaze gadavida, rasac daerTo zurgidan demetre ufliswulis
meTaurobiT Casafrebuli jaris dartymac, ramac erTbaSad gatexa TurqTa
winaaRmdegoba. panikiT moculma mterma brZolis velidan gaqceva iwyo.
qarTvelebma tyveebic bevri Caigdes xelT, maT Soris, saxelovani sardlebi
da amirebi. daviTis istorikosi aRfrTovanebuli werda, rom TviT glexeb-
sac ki arabTa mefeebi mohyavdaT datyvevebulni, xolo tyved wamoyvanil sxva
goliaTebze sityvis Tqma raRa saWiroao. TviTon il-Razi, TavSi daWrili da
Sercxvenili, mxolod ociode mxedris amara dabrunda Tavis qveyanaSi. qarTve-
lebma anisis sazRvramde sdies damarcxebul mters da TiTqmis mTlianad gaa-
nadgures igi.
didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam ara marto saqarTvelo, aramed arsebi-
Tad mTeli samxreT kavkasia ixsna Turq-selCukTa momTabare meurneobis, maTi
socialuri da politikuri wyobis gabatonebisagan. mas ufro konkretuli
xasiaTis Sedegebic hqonda. am gamarjvebis Sedegad swrafad aRigava yvela is
dabrkoleba, rac win eRobeboda saqarTvelos saboloo gaerTianebas. jer kidev
ar iyo saqarTvelos farglebSi Semosuli iseTi mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, rogo-
ric iyo Tbilisi da dmanisi. didgoris omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
Zlevamosil mefes gza gaxsnili hqonda Tbilisisaken da marTlac, mtris laSq-
ris damarcxebis Semdeg daviTi Tbiliss Semoadga, xolo 1122 wlis dasawyisSi
igi sabolood daimorCila.
Tbilisis winaaRmdegobiT ganrisxebuli mefe Tavdapirvelad mkacrad moeq-
ca qalaqis damcvelebs. maTe urhaelis cnobiT: `qarTvelTa mefe daviTma aiRo
qalaqi Tbilisi ... da sastikad amowyvita qalaqi, xolo 500 kaci Zelze gasva
da wamebiT moakvlevina~, magram mefis guliswyroma male damcxrala da Sem-
deg, TviT mahmadiani istorikosis cnobiT, muslimebs mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi
dauwesa.
imaves aRniSnavs meore avtori al-jauzi da Tan umatebs, rom1123 w. daviTma
aiRo q. dmanisic. amiT dasrulda mravalsaukunovani brZola qarTuli miwebis
erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebisTvis. daviTma samefo rezidencia quTaisidan
TbilisSi gadmoitana.
sulTani mahmudi advilad ver Seegua saqarTvelosTan marcxs da ukve Semdeg
wels didi jariT SarvanSi SemoiWra da mefe daviTs muqaris werili gamoug-
zavna, magram rogorc ki Seityo, rom saqarTvelos mefem mis dasaxmareblad
wamosuli ranis aTabagi sastikad daamarcxa, samarcxvinod gaipara `soflad
Tvisad~.

299
 1123 wels somex TavkacTa TxovniT daviTma ilaSqra anisze da adgilobriv
moqalaqeTa monawileobiT gaaTavisufla TurqTa morCilebaSi myofi somxeTis
dedaqalaqi. isaxeboda saqarTvelos meTaurobiT mTeli kavkasiis erT saxel-
mwifod gaerTianebis perspeqtiva.

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro1-isa da teqstis gamoyenebiT imsjeleT TbilisSi arsebul mmarTve-

lobis sistemaze.
2. gansazRvreT Turqebis miznebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.
3. gaecaniT wyaroebs 3 a, 3 b da 4 da SeadareT goties qronikis monacemebs. klas-
Si gamarTeT diskusia, Tu ramdenad faseulia swored ucxoel istorikosTa
cnobebze dayrdnoba da ramdenime gansxvavebuli wyaros Sejereba istoriu-
li sinamdvilis dasadgenad da dadgenili faqtis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi did-
goris brZolis) obieqturi SefasebisTvis.
3. wyaroebze 5 a, 5 b da 5 g dayrdnobiT SeafaseT daviTis politika Tbilisis
araqarTuli mosaxleobis mimarT. damatebiT gaecaniT saTanado nakveTs
teqstidan da SeafaseT mefe daviTis politika mezobeli xalxebis (somxe-
Tavi meoTxe

bis, Sarvanelebis) mimarT.

didgoris veli

saSinao davaleba

1. saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiT werilobiT daasabuTeT, Tu ratom iqca

saqarTvelo kavkasiaSi wamyvan saxelmwifod.

300
49. Tamar mefis epoqa

saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis dros

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

saqarTvelos brZola selCukTa winaaRmdeg kavkasiis SemomtkicebisaTvis
gagrZelda daviT IV aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis, demetre I-is (1125-1156) da
giorgi III-is (1156-1184) drosac. am brZolis umTavresi asparezi somxeTi da
Sarvani iyo. amasTan erTad, Tu demetre I-is sagareo politika ufro Tavdac-
viT xasiaTs atarebda, misi memkvidre giorgi III Seecada, daviT aRmaSeneblis
msgavsad, SeteviTi xasiaTi mieca qarTuli samefos sagareo politikisaTvis.
demetre I-is mefobis xanaSi selCukebma araerTxel scades somxuri qala-
qis, anisis dabruneba. sabolood, maTi mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda da
qarTvelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, droebiT daeTmoT qalaqis mmarTveloba
muslimi gamgeblisaTvis. arc ganZis (q. ganja, dRevandeli azerbaijani) wi-
naaRmdeg warmoebul kampaniebs moutania saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebuli
warmateba. marTalia, 1138 wels qarTvelebma SeZles ganZis aReba da Camoxsnes
qalaqis karibWe (es karibWe dResac gelaTSi inaxeba), magram ar moxerxda am
strategiulad umniSvnelovanesi punqtis xangrZlivi droiT SenarCuneba da
ganZa kidev didxans warmoadgenda selCukTa umTavres sayrdens saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
SedarebiTi samxedro warumatebloba didwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Sinagani
problemebiT. centridanuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis
mier miRweuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, did feodalebs kvlavac SeswevdaT
Zala, ebrZolaT rac SeiZleba meti damoukideblobis mosapoveblad erTpi-
rovnulad, samefo xelisuflebis Carevis gareSEe sakuTari samflobeloebis
samarTavad. amitomac moulodneli araa, rom Zlieri mefis sikvdilis Semdeg
feodalebi aaxlebdnen brZolas samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. am mizni-
saTvis isini iyenebdnen taxtze pretenziis mqone samefo sagvareulos warmo-
madgenlebs da maT agulianebdnen mefis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. swored am
separatisti feodalebis waqezebiT da daxmarebiT eqiSpebodnen samefo taxts
demetres jer misi Zma vaxtangi, xolo Semdeg misi ufrosi vaJi daviTi. saboloo
jamSi, demetrem moaxerxa mowinaaRmdegeTa damarcxeba da 1156 wels taxtze
Tavisi umcrosi vaJi, giorgi dasva.
giorgi III-is mmarTvelobis periodSi samefo xelisuflebam gaagrZela daviT
IV-is saSinao da sagareo politika. qarTvelebma ganaaxles omi TurqebTan da
did warmatebebsac miaRwies. 1161 wels anisi isev qarTvelebis xelSi gadavida,
giorgi III-m gandevna qalaqidan misi muslimi mmarTvelebi da anisis gamgebloba
Tavis amirspasalars, ivane orbels Caabara.
1162 wels qarTvelebma kidev ufro win waiwies samxreTisaken da aiRes dvini,
somxeTis Zveli dedaqalaqi araratis mTis maxloblad. sapasuxod, selCukTa
sasulTnoebi koaliciaSi gaerTiandnen da scades qarTvelTa gandevna, magram
warumateblad. qarTvelebma da somxebma erTiani ZalebiT SeZles mtris moge-

301
 rieba da 1173 wlidan dvini, anisi da mim-
debare regionebi isev qarTuli samefos
Semadgeneli nawili gaxda.
amave xanebSi giorgi III aqtiurad iyo
CarTuli aRmosavleTiT, SarvanSi mimdi-
nare procesebSi. XII saukunis Sua xane-
bisaTvis Sarvans marTavda Sahi aRsarTa-
ni, qarTveli mefis ymadnafici (vasali).
aRsarTanma, romlis samflobeloebsac
Crdilokavkasieli tomebi utevdnen, dax-
marebisaTvis Tavis suzerens mimarTa,
daxmarebamac ar daayovna da man gaimyara
poziciebi SarvanSi.
brZola samefo taxtisaTvis gagrZelda
giorgis mmarTvelobis periodSic. demet-
res ufrosi vaJis, daviTis Svili demna
Tavs taxtis kanonier memkvidred miiCnev-
da. centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkice-
bis mowinaaRmdege feodalebma mis garSemo
iwyes Semokreba. demnas ajanyeba 1177 wels
daiwyo da ramdenime Tve gastana. sabo-
Tavi meoTxe
es sainteresoa I
`samarTali samparavTmZebne-
lobisa~
daviTis memkvidreebis dros gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
qveynis ekonomikur aRmSeneblo-
bas, gaukacrielebul soflebSi
xalxis Casaxlebas, wesrigis
damyarebas. am mxriv gansaku-
TrebiT sayuradReboa kanoni
mekobre-mparavTa, anu yaCaRTa da
qurdTa winaaRmdeg. arsebobda
specialuri `samarTali sampa-
ravTmZebnelobisa~. saxelmwifo
moxeleebs, `mparavTmZebnelebs~,
evalebodaT damnaSaveTa Zieba,
Sepyroba da sasamarTlosaTvis
gadacema. mniSvnelovania, rom
am dros samarTalSi micema xor-

lood, giorgi III-m moaxerxa ajanyebulTa
damarcxeba da sastikad gausworda maT.
am gamarjvebis wyalobiT giorgim umniSv-
nelovanesi nabiji gadadga sakuTari xe-
lisuflebis gaZlierebisaTvis: ajanyebis
monawile da misi mxardamWeri didfeoda-
lebis (maT Soris iyo amirspasalari ivane
orbeli) nacvlad maRal Tanamdebobebze
daniSna SedarebiT dabali fenebis (saSua-
lo da wvrili aznaurebi), magram misi erT-
guli warmomadgenlebi.
cieldeba ara kerZo pirTa Civi-
lis, dazaralebulTa moTxovnis
safuZvelze, aramed damyare-
bulia samZebro principze, rac
miuTiTebs samarTalwarmoebis
ganviTarebis maRal doneze da
aseve centraluri xelisufle-
bis Zlierebis maniSnebelia.

saSinao viTareba Tamar mefis dros

giorgi III-s vaJi ar hyavda. amitomac, politikuri garTulebebisagan Tavis
asarideblad, man sicocxleSive, 1179 wels, taxtze Tavisi qaliSvili Tamari
aiyvana da masTan erTad mefobda sikvdilamde, 1184 wlamde. Tumca, giorgis
gardacvalebas kvlav mohyva politikuri SinaaSliloba – feodalebis nawils
miuReblad miaCnda Tamaris gamefeba – ar arsebobda qalis mier taxtis dakavebis
precedenti, magram darbazma (samefo sabWom) daadastura Tamaris gamefebis le-
gitimuroba. Tumca, Tamari erTpirovnuli mefobis dasawyisSi mainc iZulebuli
gaxda garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo da giorgi III-is mowinaaRmdege feodalebis
dasaSoSmineblad Tanamdebobebidan gadaeyenebina mamamisis mier samefo karis
erTgulebis safuZvelze dawinaurebuli aradidgvarovani moxeleebi.
302
 samefo xelisuflebis SezRudvis miz-
niT gansakuTrebuli zewola momdinare-
obda e.w. `yuTlu arslanis dasis~ mxri-
dan. maRali samefo Tanamdebobis pirma,
meWurWleTuxucesma yuTlu arslanma (is
giorgi III-m daawinaura demna ufliswu-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

lis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi gaweuli daxma-
rebisaTvis madlierebis niSnad) da sxva
`simdidriT aRlaRebulebma~ mosTxoves
mefes isanSi, misi sasaxlis maxloblad,
aego calke karavi (sasaxle) dasisaTvis,
romelic Seqmnida axal, samefo darbazi-
sagan Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul darbazs.
am organos Tavisi gadawyvetileba unda
ecnobebina Tamar mefisaTvis, romelsac is
sisruleSi unda moeyvana. dasis programa
iTvaliswinebda monarqis absoluturi xe-
lisuflebis SezRudvas; unda gadanawile-
buliyo sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli Tamar mefe da giorgi III
da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. sakanonm-
deblo xelisufleba unda gadascemoda
axladSeqmnil darbazs, monarqi ki unda wyaro 1

dakmayofilebuliyo mxolod aRmasru- didgvarovanTa moTxovnebi Ta-

lebeli xelisuflebiT. yovelive es im maris gamefebis dasawyisSi
epoqisaTvis umniSvnelovanes politikur
`aRar vegebiT ZuelTa xelisu-
inovacias (siaxles) warmoadgenda.
falTa da gamgebelTa saqmisaTa
politikuri reJimis cvlilebisa da
farmansa queSe myofni (aRar
suverenis uflebebis Sekvecis amgvar
davemorCilebiT Zvel xelisu-
programas zogjer adareben odnav ufro
falTa brZanebas)……... guarianni da
gvian, XIII saukunis dasawyisSi inglisSi
msaxureulni saxlni upatiod da
Sedgenil `TavisuflebaTa did qartias~,
usaxelod gasrul varT ugvaro-
romliTac mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda mefis
Ta da uxmarTagan.~
xelisufleba.
yuTlu arslans jaris nawilic uWerda istoriani da azmani
mxars da yvelaferi mzad iyo ajanyebisaT- SaravandedTani
vis. Tumca, Tamarma gonivruli taqtikiTa
da garkveuli daTmobebiT moaxerxa qvey-
nisaTvis samoqalaqo omis Tavidan arideba. magram `simdidriT aRlaRebul-
Ta~ dasis moZraobas saqarTvelos weswyobilebisaTvis unayofod ar Cauvlia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar Seqmnila dasis mier SemoTavazebuli tipis darbazi,
arsebuli darbazis uflebebi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda. am droidan dawye-
buli, umniSvnelovanes samefo brZanebebs yovelTvis axlda minaweri, rom igi
miRebuli iyo mefis mier didebulebTan erTad da maTi TanxmobiT, `Tanadgomisa
da erTnebaobis~ principis safuZvelze.
mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg, Tamaris damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis sawyis
303
 etapze, samefo xelisuflebis zemoaR-
niSnuli, SedarebiTi sisustis niSani
iyo isic, rom didebulebma Tamaris dau-
kiTxavad SearCies misTvis saqmro. dar-
bazis gadawyvetilebiT, Tamaris qmari
(savaraudod, 1185 wels) gaxda rusuli
samTavroebis, vladimirisa da suzdalis
mTavris, andrei bogoliubskis vaJi, saku-
Tari samSoblodan gamoZevebuli iuri
(qarTuli wyaroebi mas giorgi russ uwo-
deben). or weliwadSi qorwineba gauqmda.
amis Semdeg Tamarma Tavad amoirCia saqmro
– osi ufliswuli, bagrationTa monaTe-
save da saqarTvelos samefo karze gazr-
dili daviT soslani.
konstantinopolSi gadaxvewilma giorgi
rusma misi momxre didebulebis daxmarebiT
scada saqarTveloSi SemoWra, magram Tama-
ris laSqarma advilad daamarcxa amboxe-
bulTa jari. datyvevebuli giorgi rusi da
misi momxreebi, im dros miRebuli wesebis sawinaaRmdegod, mkacrad ar dausjiaT.
Tavi meoTxe
wyaro 2
yuTlu arslanis moTxovnebi:
`iTxova karavi dadgmad velsa
hisanisasa da sanaxebsa saRodeb-
lisasa da Tqua: dasxdomilni mun
Sigan, gamgebelni micemisa da mo-
Rebisa, wyalobisa da Serisxvis-
ani, vkadrebdeT da vacnobebdeT
Tamars, mefesa da dedofalsa;
maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gange-
buli Cueni~ (e. i. Tamarma unda
aRasrulos darbazis mier miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebebi).
istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani

giorgi isev gaaZeves qveynidan, bevr amboxebuls ki apaties. Tumca, didi feoda-
lebis nawilma dakarga adrindeli Tanamdebobebi.
am Sinagani gamarjvebis Semdeg gaZlierebulma samefo karma aqtiurad mixeda
sagareo politikas.

wyaro 3

ruqnadinis werili da danabarebi Tamarisadmi:

`...yoveli diaci reguenia da Sen gibrZanebia qarTvelTaTvis aRebad xmali musul-

manTa xocad... aw warmomivlenia yoveli mxedroba Cemi, raTa aRvxoco yoveli mamaka-
ci mag qveynisa, da cocxali igi oden darCes, romeli winamomegebos, Tayuanis-ces
CaTrsa Cemsa, sasoeba igi Tqueni juari winaSe Cemsa dalewos da mohmadi aRiaros...

... da viTar movida mociquli da Seiyvanes mefesa Tana Tamarsa winaSe, wigni misca da
wardga, iwyo arasakadrebelTa sityuaTa Tqmad: `ukeTu mefeman Tquenman dauteos
sjuli, ipyras sultanma colad; da ukeTu ara dauteos sjuli, iyos xarWad sultni-
sa!~ viTar ampartavnad ityoda sityuaTa amaT, warmodga zaqaria amirspasalari da
uxeTqa xeliTa pirsa, da viTarca mkudari daeca... viTar azidnes da amarTes da cno-
bad movida, rqua zaqaria: `Tu mociquli ara iyav, pirvelad enisa aRmokueTa iyo Seni
samarTali da mermeRa Tavisa, kadnierad kadrebisaTvis~.

istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani

304
 Tamar mefis sagareo politika
Turqebi ar urigdebodnen saqarTvelos dominirebas kavkasiaSi da xelsa-
yrel moments elodnen SetevisaTvis. sulTanma abu baqrma SeZlo selCukebis
didi Zalebis Tavmoyra, 1192 wels SeiWra SarvanSi da aqedan gandevna qarTve-
lebis ymadnafici SarvanSahi. male ki abu baqrma moaxerxa muslimuri samyaros

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan didi laSqris Sekreba. mas xalifamac ki gauwia dax-
mareba. brZola Samqoris velze, kavkasiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gaimarTa
da qarTvelebma mZime marcxi awvnies selCukebs. bevri maTgani tyved Cavarda.
Samqoris brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines Tavi qarTvelma mxedarTmTavreb-
ma Salva da ivane axalcixelebma. am gamarjvebis wyalobiT selCukebi ganidevnen
kavkasiis aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilidan. Sarvan Sahma daibruna
Tavisi samflobelo.
Samqoris brZolam daadastura saqarTvelos samxedro upiratesoba Turqul
sasulTnoebze, maT gaerTianebul Zalebzec ki. saqarTvelos mezobeli Turqi
suverenebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, eRiarebinaT saqarTvelos mefis vasaloba da
xarki exadaT misTvis.
qarTvelebis gaZliereba miuRebeli iyo rumis selCukTa sasulTnosaTvis,
romelic Tamaris epoqaSi uZlieres Turqul saxelmwifod iqca. misma sul-
Tanma, ruqn ad-dinma gadawyvita, bolo moeRo saqarTvelos dominirebisaTvis
regionSi, Sekriba didi laSqari da elCobac gaugzavna Tamars damamcirebeli
winadadebebiT.
brZola 1203 wels basianis velze gaimarTa. qarTvelebma, daviT soslanisa
da zaqaria mxargrZelis meTaurobiT, mZime brZolaSi daamarcxes ruqn ad-dinis
laSqari.

saqarTvelo XIII s. damdegs

p o n t o s

( S a v i )

z R v a

305
 qarTvelTa gamarjvebas didi gamoZaxili mohyva. Soreul palestinaSi musli-
mebis mier Seviwroebuli qristianebi ukve imedovnebdnen, rom saqarTvelo maT
daexmareboda. selCuki sulTnebi da amirebi erTimeoris miyolebiT xdebodnen
saqarTvelos samefos ymadnaficebi da moxarkeebi.
basianis brZolas saqarTvelosaTvis ar moutania axali teritoriebi, magram
gamarjvebam saqarTvelos samefo kars saSualeba misca ganemtkicebina Tavisi
poziciebi CrdiloeT somxeTSi. mcire aziis selCukTa swrafva am regionisaken
warumateblad damTavrda.
XIII saukunis damdegisaTvis saqarTvelos samefo karze momwifda azri Savi
zRvis samxreT sanapiroebze qristianuli samefos Seqmnis aucileblobis Se-
saxeb, romelic daxmarebas gauwevda saqarTvelos selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZo-
laSi. bizantia am xanebSi rTul situaciaSi aRmoCnda: misi imperiis aRmosavleT
nawilSi TandaTanobiT batondebodnen Turqebi, romelTac aseve SeeZloT
sakuTari Zala saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg miemarTaT. 1204 wels ki konstantino-
poli jvarosnebma daikaves da bizantia dainawiles. saqarTvelo am viTarebaSi
aqtiurad CaerTo bizantiis saqmeebSi – rogorc selCukebi, ise jvarosnebi xi-
faTs uqmnidnen qarTul samefos mis samxreT sazRvrebze. imave wels qarTulma
jarma daikava Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTi sanapiro. aq, berZnebis gverdiT,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis did nawils Seadgendnen qarTveluri _ lazur-
Wanuri tomebi. qarTuli samefos xeldasmiT Seiqmna trapizonis (trapezuntis)
imperia, xolo mis taxtze Tamarma bizantiis taxtis erT-erTi pretendenti,
Tavi meoTxe

saqarTvelos samefo karze aRzrdili ufliswuli aleqsi komnenosi dasva. mas

imperatoris tituli mianiWes; saqarTvelo ki am axali imperiis proteqtori
gaxda.
imave wels qarTulma jarma aiRo gamagrebuli qalaqi kari (yarsi). am qalaqis
daufleba mniSvnelovani iyo politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. is
Turq-selCukTaTvis warmoadgenda sayrden punqts saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaze
SetevisaTvis. qalaqi aseve mdebareobda anis-arzrumis did savaWro magistral-
ze da did rols asrulebda saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis.
Tuki daviT aRmaSeneblis sagareo politikuri kursi axali teritoriebis
uSualod saqarTvelos samefosTan mierTebaze iyo dafuZnebuli, Tamaris
periodSi umeteswilad vasaluri damokidebulebis principi gamoiyeneboda.
qveynis SigniT didgvarovnebic, meti politikuri da ekonomikuri damouki-
deblobis mopovebis mizniT, cdilobdnen ymadnaficobis statusis mopovebas
da garkveul warmatebasac aRwevdnen. amitom samefo xelisufleba cdilobda,
SemoerTebuli qveyana ar mieca samarTavad romelime gaZlierebuli qarTveli
feodalisaTvis da isev Zveli mflobelis xelSi daetovebina ymadnaficobis
safuZvelze da xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. sxva SemTxvevaSi didi feodalebi da
Sesabamisad, centridanuli Zalebi kidev ufro gaZlierdebodnen.
qarTul samefos ukve hqonda sakmarisi samxedro Zala imisaTvis, rom sakuTa-
ri da vasaluri teritoriebis sazRvrebs gareTac Seetia muslimuri sasulT-
noebisaTvis. Tamarma laSqari gaagzavna iranis qalaq ardebilis dasarbevad.
es iyo pasuxi am qalaqis sulTnis moqmedebaze, romelic aRdgomis dRes SeiWra
somxur qalaq anisSi, daarbia eklesiebi da amoxoca qalaqis 12 aTasi qristiani

306
mcxovrebi. qarTvelebic ardebilSi muslimTa wminda Tvis, ramadanis dros
SeiWrnen, daarbies qalaqi, sulTani da misi ojaxi ki daatyveves.
selCukTa Tavdasxmebis sabolood aRsakveTad qarTulma laSqarma zaqaria
da ivane mxargrZelebis meTaurobiT axali Seteva ganaxorciela iranis teri-
toriaze, aiRo mravali qalaqi da miaRwia kaspiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sa-
napiroebamde. es iyo qarTuli jaris yvelaze Soreuli laSqroba saqarTvelos

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

istoriaSi. Tamaris istorikosis sityvebiT, `esdeanad siSoresa SDina mividnen,
romel arca Tu saxeli qarTvelobisa ismoda~.
Samqoris brZolis, Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebze samxedro kampaniebis,
trapizonis imperiis, basianis brZolaSi gamarjvebis Sedegad, mTliani kavkasia
an saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, an vasalur damokidebulebaSi aRmoCn-
da. qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifo mTlianad akontrolebda Sav zRvasa da
kaspiis zRvas Soris teritorias. misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda kavkasiis
CrdiloeTsa da Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebze. qarTuli samefo mravale-
rovan saxelmwifod iqca. amasTan erTad, daviT aRmaSeneblidan moyolebuli,
qarTuli samefos mesveurebi qveyanaSi cdilobdnen erovnuli da religiuri
tolerantobis principis dacvas.
amgvarad, XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, saqarTvelo, rogorc axlo aRmo-
savleTis uZlieresi saxelmwifo, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda msoflio
politikaSi.

es sainteresoa II

qarTvel mefeTa titulebi XI-XIII ss-Si

saqarTvelos samefos teritoriuli gafarToeba da misi gavlenis zrda XII sauku-

neSi aisaxeboda qarTveli mefeebis titulaturaSi. bagrat III, qarTuli miwebis
pirveli gamaerTianebeli, atarebda Tavdapirvelad `afxazebisa da qarTvelebis,
kurapalatis~, Semdeg ki, 1008 wlidan, `mefeT mefis~ tituls. daviT aRmaSenebeli,
mefobis ukanasknel wlebSi, iwodeboda `mefed afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da
somexTa~. giorgi III da Tamar mefe XII saukunis dokumentebSi ukve atareben tituls
`mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa, Sarvan Sahi (igulisxmeba azerbaijanis
nawili) , SahinSahi (igulisxmeba somxeTi), mefeT mefe, sruliad aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis mpyrobeli~.

es titulebi, erTi mxriv, qarTuli saxelmwifos teritoriuli gafarToebis maCve-

nebelia, xolo, meore mxriv, sruli gaTavisuflebisa bizantiaze damokidebulebi-
sagan. XII s-is dasawyisamde, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi
atarebdnen magistrosis, kurapalatis, sebastosis da. a.S. bizantiur titulebs.
daviT aRmaSenebelma uari Tqva yvela am titulze, romlebsac bizantieli impera-
torebi aniWQebdnen qarTvel mefeebs patronaJis niSnad.

307
 klasSi samuSao

1. `es sainteresoa I~-is mixedviT imsjeleT aRniSnuli kanonis mniSvnelobaze

qveyanaSi wesrigis damyarebisaTvis.
2. teqstisa da wyaroebis 1 da 2 gamoyenebiT SeadareT erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
socialuri jgufis interesebi Tamaris mefobis dasawyisSi. Tqveni azriT,
ramdenad realuri iyo yuTlu arslanis dasis moTxovnebis ganxorcieleba
im epoqis saqarTveloSi?
3. `es sainteresoa II~-is mixedviT imsjeleT qarTvel mefeTa titulaturis
cvlilebis politikur mizezebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. SeqmeniT sqema axlo aRmosavleTSi saqarTvelos uZlieres saxelmwifod da

wamyvan samxedro Zalad gadaqcevis saCveneblad.

2. amave kuTxiT ganixileT wyaro 2. yuradReba miaqcieT, ra ikiTxeba am wyaroSi

qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT rumis sasulTnos damokidebulebis Tval-
Tavi meoTxe

sazrisiT? rogor unda gavigoT, Tqveni azriT, zaqaria amirspasalaris Jes-

ti, rogorc ubralod rainduli Rirsebis dacva Tu sakuTari saxelmwifos
ZalaSi darwmunebuli maRali moxelis kargad gacnobierebuli da sruli
pasuxismgeblobiT Cadenili saqcieli? aseve SeafaseT trapizonis imperiis
Seqmnis politikuri mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis. klasSi Sesrulebuli
am davalebis, teqstis saTanado nakveTisa da CanarTis – `qarTvel mefeTa
titulebi XI-XIII ss-Si~ safuZvelze Sin dawereT mokle Txzuleba Temaze:
`Tamaris epoqis saqarTvelos sagareo politika~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1125-1256 – demetre I
1210
qarTuli jaris laSqroba iranSi

1203
1156-1184 basianis brZola
giorgi III

1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220

1195
1179/1184-1207/1210/1213
Samqoris
Tamar mefe
brZola

1204
trapizonis imperiis daarseba
308
50. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba
Tamar mefis epoqaSi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistema
teritoriisa da mosaxleobis TvalsazrisiT esoden gazrdil qveyanas esaWi-
roeboda Sesabamisi mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic, erTi mxriv, moawesrigebda
calkeuli provinciebis urTierTobas centralur xelisuflebasTan da, meore
mxriv, gansazRvravda TiToeuli provinciis struqturas.
qarTuli samoxeleo aparati ori nawilisagan Sedgeboda: pirvelASi Sediod-
nen `darbazis kars myofi~ moxeleni (vazirebi da maTze daqvemdebarebuli
moxeleebi), meoreSi ki _ `saqveynod gamrigeni~ (calkeuli administraciuli
erTeulebis mmarTvelebi da maTi xelqveiTni).
mefes saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeblobaSi daxmarebas uwevda samefo darba-
zi, romelic feodaluri sazogadoebis maRali fenebis warmomadgenelTagan
Sedgeboda. darbazis mowvevis ufleba mxolod mefes hqonda da sxdoma mefFis
sasaxlis darbazSi imarTeboda. darbazTan dakavSirebuli etiketi gansazRvru-
li iyo `xelmwifis karis garigebiT~. masSi dawvrilebiT iyo aRwerili samefo
darbazis wesrigi (mag., vin sad da rogor unda mjdariyo an mdgariyo).
darbazSi ganixileboda umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo saqmeebi. darbazs
mxolod saTaTbiros funqcia hqonda. darbazis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT
gamoeTqvaT azri mefis mier dasmuli sxvadasxva sakiTxis Sesaxeb, magram sabo-
lood gadawyvetilebas mxolod piradad mefe iRebda, `TanadgomiTa da erTne-
baobiTa didebulTa~. `Tanadgomis da erTnebaobis~ principis mniSvneloba ki,
e.i. didebulTa gavlena, izrdeboda mefis xelisuflebis sisustis SemTxvevaSi.
saqarTvelo administraciulad dayofili iyo istoriul-geografiul pro-
vinciebad. TiToeuli maTgani qmnida msxvil administraciul erTeuls – sae-
risTavTsaerisTavos, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda ufro wvril erTeule-
bad. magaliTad, xeobas Seadgenda erTi mdinaris auzSi mdebare soflebi Tavisi
sarwyavi da urwyavi miwebiT, xevebi irgvliv mdebare soflebiT da miwebiT
Seadgenda ufro mcire administraciul erTeuls – xevs. xevs ewodeboda saxe-
visTavo, xeobas – saxevisuflo, regions xeoba-xevebiT – saerisTavo; ramde-
nime saerisTavo ki qmnida saerisTavTsaerisTavos. mis saTaveSi idga erisTa-
vTerisTavi, romelsac emorCilebodnen mis provinciaSi Semavali calkeuli
administraciuli erTeulebis gamgeblebi. erisTavTerisTavi mefis moxeled
iTvleboda da is uSualod iyo angariSvaldebuli samefo karis winaSe. saeris-
TavTsaerisTavo warmoadgenda samxedro-administraciul erTeuls, vinaidan
mis gamgebels aseve evaleboda laSqris gamoyvana.

ekonomikuri ganviTareba da saqalaqo cxovreba

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. qveynis gaer-
Tianebam da teritoriulma gafarToebam xeli Seuwyo soflis meurneobis gan-
309
 es sainteresoa I

samoxeleo sistema Tamaris epoqaSi:

omis gamocxadebis sakiTxis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi, darbazSi pirvel sityvas, mefis

Semdeg, amirspasalari, mTavarsardali iRebda. mefe moismenda darbazis sxva we-
vrebis azrebs da saboloo sityvas ityoda. omis dawyebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi is ganacxadebda: `laSqris Sekreba mibrZanebia~. dauyovnebliv iwerebo-
da brZaneba da malemsrbolebis saSualebiT daigzavneboda mTel qveyanaSi. darba-
zis sxdomebze xdeboda ucxo qveynebis elCebis miRebac. darbazi agreTve asrulebda
umaRlesi sasamarTlos funqcias. masze ganixileboda dava didebulebs Soris. dar-
bazi aseve xSirad ikribeboda sazeimo SemTxvevebis gamo: mefis taxtze asvla, didi
saeklesio dResaswaulebi, mefis qorwili, naTloba da a.S.

qveynis marTvas axorcielebda savaziro. vazirebi warmoadgendnen samefo karis

umaRlesi rangis moxeleebs. saqarTvelos mefis vazirTa Soris pirveli adgili eka-
va mwignobarTuxucess, mas vazirTupirvelessac uwodebdnen. is mefis pirvel TanaSe-
mwed iTvleboda. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformis Sedegad, es Tanamdeboba daukavSir-
da dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT uZveles da uZlieres saepiskoposos – Wyondids
da mwignobarTuxucesi imavdroulad Wyondideli episkoposic gaxda. am RonisZiebis
gatarebis Semdeg qarTvel mefeebs saeklesio saqmeebis kontrolisa da eklesiis
saxelmwifosadmi daqvemdebarebis saSualeba miecaT.
Tavi meoTxe

samxedro saqme ebara amirspasalars. mas ekisreboda jaris mzadyofnaze pasuxis-

mgebloba. samxedro saqmeebSi mas daxmarebas uwevdnen amilaxori da meabjreTuxucesi.

mandaturTuxucess evaleboda wesrigis dacvis uzrunvelyofa rogorc samefo kar-

ze, ise mTel samefoSi. mas emorCileboda amirejibi, romelsac aseve mniSvnelovani
roli ekisreboda wesrigis dacvis saqmeSi.

meWurWleTuxucesis funqciebSi Sedioda saxelmwifo finansebis gankargva. mas eva-

leboda samefo saWurWlis dacva da kontroli. saWurWle xazinismagvari dawesebu-
leba iyo, sadac inaxeboda fuli da sxvadasxva saxis ZvirFfaseuloba. saWurWleebi
iyo TbilisSi, quTaisSi, atenSi da saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSic.

Tamar mefis dros saqarTveloSi SemoiRes aTabagoba. es uaRresad sapatio Tanamde-

boba iyo da aTabags evaleboda taxtis memkvidris aRzrda.

Tamaris dros Sevida savaziroSi msaxurTuxucesic, romelsac mravali mniSvnelova-

ni samefo dawesebuleba emorCileboda.

viTarebas. gaizarda kultivirebuli miwebis farTobi, ganviTarda sairigacio

sistema. Tamaris epoqaSi gaiyvanes ori umniSvnelovanesi sarwyavi arxi – alaz-
nis da samgoris.
sarwyavi arxebis sistema, gaumjobesebuli sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebi
(am xanebSi Seqmnili `didi qarTuli guTani~ ufro Rrmad moxvnisa da Znelad
dasamuSavebeli farTobis aTvisebis saSualebas iZleoda da is mTel kavkasia-
310
Si gavrcelda), xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi da, gansakuTrebiT, mSvidobis
damyareba, soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis zrdis saSualebas iZleoda.
soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobda xelosnobisa
da vaWrobis gacxovelebas. saxelmwifo zrunvas iCenda gzebis gayvanasa da
maT keTilmowyobaze, xidebisa d sastumro saxlebis agebaze. sakomunikacio
gzebisa da vaWrebis qonebis dacvaze. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadioda um-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

niSvnelovanesi savaWro gzebi, maT Soris, indoeTisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT.
arqeologiuri da numizmatikuri masalebiT irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi Se-
modioda saqoneli iseTi Soreuli qveynebidan, rogorebicaa egvipte, Savi zRvis
CrdiloeTi sanapiro, CineTic ki. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili, sxvadasxva qveynebSi
moWrili monetebiT dasturdeba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi savaWro urTierTobe-
bis saerTaSoriso xasiaTi.

es sainteresoa II

araqarTuli provinciebis politikuri organiza-

cia

saqarTvelos samefoSi araqarTuli mosaxleobiT da-

saxlebuli teritoriebis gaerTianebam bunebrivad
warmoqmna am regionebis politikuri organizebis
problema. axali provinciebis mimarTeba saqarTve-
los samefos centraluri xelisuflebisamdi ori gziT xor-
cieldeboda: pirdapiri mierTeba da feodaluri vasaliteti Tamaris moneta

(ymadnaficoba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi qveyana uSualod imarTeboda qarTveli suvere-

nis mier, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ adgilobrivi suverenis mier, romelic saqarTvelos
vasali iyo.

Crdilo kavkasiis teritoriaze arsebuli samTavroebi saqarTvelos vasalebi

iyvnen. aRmosavleTiT, Sarvanma da aranma, romlis nawilic Tavdapirvelad uSua-
lod qarTul samefo kars eqvemdebareboda, SemdgomSi vasalobis statusi miiRes.
samxreT provinciebSi muslimi mosaxleobiT, aseve vasaluri damokidebuleba dam-
yarda. Zveli somxuri samefoebis teritoriebis udidesi nawili ki, somxuri mo-
saxleobiT, pirdapir daeqvemdebara qarTvel mefes.

somxuri provinciebis es gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba istoriuli viTarebidan ga-

momdinareobda. ukve as weliwadze meti iyo, rac somxur saxelmwifoebs dakarguli
hqondaT damoukidebloba. Turq-selCukebs dapyrobili hqondaT qveyana da TviTon
marTavddnen mas. saqarTvelo nabij-nabij stacebda xelidan Turqebs somxur teri-
toriebs, magram aq ukve aRar iyvnen adgilobrivi somexi mTavrebi, visac SeeZlo feo-
daluri vasalitetis movaleobebis Sesruleba qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT. amas-
Tan erTad, saqarTvelos xelisufleba sakmaod frTxil politikas eweoda somxuri
teritoriebis mimarT, niSnavda ra iq gamgeblebad iseT pirebs, romlebic religiu-
ri TvalsazrisiT misaRebi iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis (e. i.grigorianeli
iyo) an warmomavlobiT somexi iyo.

311
 wyaro 1

XIII saukunis damdegis Tbilisi sparsuli geografiuli Txzulebis mixedviT:

`Tbilisi – es didi, gamagrebuli qalaqia, romelic Znelad misadgom xevSia gan-

lagebuli. mdinareze, romelic qalaqs Suaze yofs, gadebulia erTmaliani xidi (am
xidis qveS gemebi gadian). xidis maxloblad mowyobilia mravali sabazro adgili.
qalaqis pirdapir aris kargad nagebi cixe. cixeSi auSenebiaT mefeTa sasaxleebi, mra-
vali sayaraulo koSki. mdinare ise axlos Caudis cixes, rom rasac ki mcire karidan
gadayrian da gadaagdeben, pirdapir mdinareSi cviva.

auSenebiaT mravali wisqvili, romelTac jaWviT amagreben da ase iWeren mdinareSi.

bevria dolabebi (wyalamwevi borblebi) da dovlaTiT savse baRebi. masSi (Tbilis-
Si) 65 abanoa. wyali yvela abanoSi ucecxlod cxelia... aq abanoze qiras ar ixdian. Tbi-
lisSi qalebi atareben qudebs. sxedan duqnebis win da, muslimebis garda, pirisaxes ar
ifaraven.

iqauri (Tbilisuri) saqonelia: spilos ZvliT inkrustirebuli unagirebi, aRvi-

rebi, kaparWebi – saisre yuTebi, Tafli, mravalgvari tkbileuli, cvili, uamravi
broweuli, Taxvi, wavi, monebi, mona-mxevlebi, SuSa, fialebi, brolis kargi nawarmi~.
Tavi meoTxe

ganviTarebuli iyo saqalaqo cxovrebac da saqarTvelo ukve sakmaod bevr

mniSvnelovan qalaqs iTvlida. xelisufleba zrunavda qalaqebis keTilmowyo-
baze, gzebis ganaxleba-gayvanaze, sastumroebis da qarvaslebis agebaze.
qalaqi Sedgeboda dedacixisa da sakuTriv qalaqisagan. cixeSi iyo mefis
(an qalaqis gamgeblis) sasaxle, karis eklesia, mecixovneTa da mosamsaxureTa
saxlebi. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili ki cixis kedlebs gareT cxovrobda.
qalaqi SemozRuduli iyo kedliT, romelsac qalaqis sididis, masze gamavali
gzebis Sesabamisi raodenobis kari hqonda (mag., Tbiliss xuTi kari hqonda).
qalaqebSi arsebobda moednebi, xidebi, savaWro rigebi, sastumroebi, qarvas-
lebi, sazogadoebrivi abanoebi (mag., TbilisSi ramdenime aTeuli gogirdovani
wylebis abano iyo). dedaqalaqSi funqcionirebda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi:
sasamarTlo, saWurWle, zarafxana (fulis mosaWreli) da sxv.
mosaxleoba saxelmwifos uxdida gadasaxadebs naturaluri formiT da fu-
liT. saxelmwifos SemosavlisaTvis aseve mniSDvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda
moxarke qveynebidan miRebuli Semosavali, omSi warmatebis Sedegad mopovebuli
nadavli.
feodaluri aristokratiis gverdiT, qalaqebis mosaxleobis umetes nawils
Seadgendnen vaWrebi da xelosnebi. isini avtonomiur korporaciebs – amqrebs
qmnidnen da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen qalaqis ekonomikur da poli-
tikur cxovrebaSi. saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeboda
umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli qalaqebis avtonomiuroba.

312
 es sainteresoa III

Tamar mefis `kulti~

Tamaris Zlevamosili omebisa da gonivruli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sedegad,

saqarTvelom, kulturuli da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, Tavisi Zlierebis mwver-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

vals miaRwia. Tamar mefe ki ukve sicocxleSi iqca legendad da qarTveli xalxis mex-
sierebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava.

qarTveli xalxi uamrav Zvel nagebobas ukavSirebs Tamaris saxels – cixesimagreebs,

koSkebs, eklesiebs, monastrebs, amasTan ki es nagebobebi umetes SemTxvevaSi arc Tama-
ris mier iyo agebuli da arc misi mefobis xanaSi.

Tanamedroveni, rogorc poetebi, ise istorikosebi, xotbas asxamdnen Tamars. `qarT-

lis cxovrebaSi~ xazgasmulia, rom Tamaris mmarTvelobisas misi brZanebiT aravin
dausjiaT sikvdiliT.

Tamar mefis Sesaxeb legendebi mTel kavkasiaSi arsebobda. Tamaris saxeli iseT So-
reul qveynebSic ki iyo cnobili, rogoricaa norvegia da islandia.

XIII saukunis skandinavur literaturaSi, sagaSi ingvaris Sesaxeb, aRniSnulia, rom am

ukanasknelma bevri imogzaura da moxvda aziaSi qristian mefe qalTan, romelic kavka-
siis mTebis kalTebze arsebul uZlieres qristianul saxelmwifos, saqarTvelos edga
saTaveSi da misi saxeli iyo Tamari. mas emsaxureboda 3 aTasi `varaegeri~ (vikingi).

Tamaris sikvdilidan 350 wlis Semdeg, ruseTis mefe ivane IV mrisxane mas magaliTad
uyenebs sakuTar meomrebs da mis Sesaxeb ambobs: `iberiis brZeni mefe, gonierebiTa da
mamakacuri simamaciT dajildoebuli~.

Tamaris xanis muslimi poeti nizami Tamaris Sesaxeb werda: `man TiTistari Subad
aqcia, Cven ki Subi vaqcieT TiTistrad~.

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT araqarTuli provinciebis politikuri

organizaciis Taviseburebebi.
2. teqstze da damatebiT cnobebze I, II dayrdnobiT gaaanalizeT Tamaris-
droindeli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistema da werilobiT CamoayalibeT
Tqveni daskvnebi.
3. teqstsa da damatebiT cnoba II-ze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT araqarTuli
provinciebis politikuri organizaciis Taviseburebebi.
4. teqstze da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT qalaqebisa da saqalaqo cxov-
rebis Sesaxeb Tamaris epoqis saqarTveloSi.
5. damatebiT cnoba III-ze `Tamar mefis kulti~ dayrdnobiT, imsjeleT, ra
SeiZleba gamxdariyo Tamaris Sesaxeb legendebis SeTxzvis safuZveli sa-
qarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT. SeecadeT, daasaxeloT rac SeiZleba
meti faqtori.
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 51. jvarosnuli epoqa

jvarosnuli laSqrobebi
jvarosnuli laSqrobebi papebis mowodebiT warmarTuli religiuri omebi
iyo. maT mizans Seadgenda palestinis wminda miwisa da ierusalimis muslimTa
batonobisgan gamoxsna. sami saukunis manZilze am omebSi evropis TiTqmis yvela
xalxi iyo CarTuli.
rigiTi adamianebi masobrivad tovebdnen evropas da miemarTebodnen aRmo-
savleTisaken. ganuwyvetliv ismoda SeZaxili: `ase surs RmerTs~. molaSqreebs
gulubryvilo rwmena warmarTavda. raindTa Soris ki, romlebic saTaveSi edgnen
am laSqrobebs, avantiuristebic iyvnen, romlebic sulac ar fiqrobnen muxlis
modrekas qristes saflavTan, aramed ocnebodnen gamdidrebaze da samflobe-
loebis xelSi Cagdebaze axlo aRmosavleTSi.
Tumca Tavdapirvelad jvarosnebis samizne muslimebi ar gamxdaran, `qristes
mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg brZola evropaSi daiwyo da is mimarTuli iyo ebraelTa
winaaRmdeg, amis Semdeg ki mzera aRmosavleTs miapyres.
pirvelad istoriaSi evropis xalxebi gaerTiandnen `wminda omis~ dasawyebad.
laSqrobebSi sxvadasxva miznebiT monawileobdnen moxaliseni: zogi religiuri
Tavi meoTxe

motivebis gamo midioda, radgan swamda, rom wminda miznebisaTvis brZolaSi

daRupva sulieri xsnis garantia iyo. sxvebi saxelze, warmatebaze, simdidreze,
Zalauflebasa da Tavgadasavlebze ocnebobdnen. XI s-Si dasavleT evropaSi Si-
naomebma, mousavlianobam, mosaxleobis zrdam bevri problema Seqmna. evropaSi
memkvidreoba ufros vaJze gadadioda, ris gamoc umcrosi vaJebi umiwod rCebo-
dnen da umravlesobas mxolod cxeni da abjari gaaCnda. aseTi raindebisaTvis
ZarcviT gamdidreba erTaderTi gamosavali iyo mZime ekonomikuri mdgoma-
reobidan da swored isini warmoadgendnen laSqrobebSi mTavar Zalas. dide-
bulebi, mefeebi da imperatorebi omSi axali miwebis miRebis SesaZleblobas
xedavdnen. amasTanave, mniSvnelovnad maRldeboda evropaSi maTi avtoriteti
saRvTo omSi monawileobis gamo. vaWrebs
axali bazrebi, aRmosavluri saqoneli
da swrafi gamdidrebis imedi izidavda.
valebisagan ganTavisuflebis, miwisa
da sxva nadavlis miRebis survili aTia-
TasobiT glexs erekeboda laSqrobaSi.
Tumca pirveli ori jvarosnuli laS-
qrobis Semdgom glexTa ricxvi mkveTrad
Semcirda.
kaTolikuri eklesia, romelic jva-
rosnul laSqrobebs aRmosavleTSi
`wminda omebis~ mniSvnelobas aniWebda,
jvarosnebi konstantinopolis galavanTan aRmosavleTi (marTlmadidebluri) da
I laSqrobis dros
314
dasavleTi (kaTolikuri) saqristianos rumis selCukTa sasulTno
gaerTianebasa da papis prestiJisa da gav- konia
lenis gazrdas imedovnebda. kilikiis edesas sagrafo
somexTa
laSqrobebis dawyebamde evropaSi ukve samefo
didi xnis manZilze arsebobda wminda ad- bizantiis harani
haranis
imperia
gilebis moxilvis tradicia. aRmosavle-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

antioqiis brZola
(1104)
Tidan dabrunebuli evropeli piligri- sagrafo
tripolis selCukTa
mebi (momlocvelebi) hyvebodnen ambebs im sagrafo imperia
mZimed mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rogorSic
qristianuli siwmindeebi iyo Cavardni-
li da aRmosavlel qristianTa cxovrebis akri
ierusalimis
gausaZlisi pirobebis Taobaze muslimTa samefo
dominirebis pirobebSi. selCukebis moZa- askalonis
brZola (1099)
lebis winaSe aRmoCenili bizantiis imperia
ki suls Rafavda. 1054 wels qristianobaSi axlo

didi ganxeTqileba moxda – eklesia gaiyo fatimianTa aRmosavleTi

saxalifo 1135 wels
dasavlurad (kaTolikurad) da aRmosavlu-
rad (marTlmadideblurad). am ganxeTile-
bis pirobebSic ki, gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenilma bizantiis impera-
torma daxmarebisaTvis kaTolike paps mimarTa. pap urban II-isaTvis saerTo
qristianuli moZraobis saTaveSi Cadgoma SesaniSnavi Sansi iyo avtoritetis
gasamyareblad da momavalSi, SesaZloa, qristianul aRmosavleTSic Tavisi
religiuri xelisuflebis gasavrceleblad. 1095 wlis klermonis (safrangeTi)
saeklesio krebaze urban II mgznebare sityviT gamovida da mouwoda morwmuneebs
aRmosavleTSi galaSqrebis, urwmunoTagan wminda miwisa da macxovris safla-
vis ganTavisuflebisaken. Tavdapirvelad aRmosavleTiT RaribTa brboebi
gaemarTnen, Tumca maTi nawili gzaSi daiRupa, xolo mcire aziaSi gadasulebi
selCukebma an daxoces an monebad gaixades.
1096 wels ki daiwyo pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba. jvarosnebma kargad
SeiaraRebuli jari Sekribes. isini sxvadasxva gzebiT konstantinopolSi Seikri-
bnen. maTma ricxvma 300 aTass miaRwia. 1097 wlis aprilSi jvarosnebma gadalaxes
bosforis srute. 1098 wels, xangrZlivi alyis Semdeg, maT aiRes qalaqi antioqia
da male ierusalimis kedlebs miadgnen. 1099 wlis 15 ivliss, erT Tveze metxans
gagrZelebuli alyis Semdeg, ierusalimi jvarosanTa xelSi gadavida. maT qalaq-
Si saSineli xocva-Jleta moawyves. ierusalmis mbrZanebeli gaxda grafi Jofrua
buloneli, romelmac miiRo `macxovris saflavis mcvelis~ tituli.
rodesac jvarosanTa gamarjvebis ambavma evropaSi didi enTuziazmi ga-
moiwvia, papma es gamarjveba `RvTis mier movlenil saswaulad~ gamoacxada.
sxvagvarad riT aixsneboda cudad SeiaraRebuli, araorganizabuli, udisci-
plino qristianTa jarebis gamarjveba Zlevamosil da manamde daumarcxebel
muslimebze?!
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Sedegad axlo aRmosavleTSi oTxi qris-
tianuli politikuri erTeuli Seiqmna: 1) edesis sagrafo – qristianebis mier
daarsebuli pirveli samTavro. misi damfuZnebeli 1098 wels gaxda balduin I
buloneli. edesis samTavrom iarseba 1146 wlamde. 2) antioqiis samTavro – is
315
 riCard lomgulis da saladinis Serkineba (evropuli miniatura)

aseve 1098 wels daarsa boemund I tarentelma. samTavrom 1268 wlamde iarseba.
3) ierusalimis samefo, romlis arsebobamac 1291 wlamde gastana. Zlierebis
xanaSi ierusalimis samefoSi ramdenime vasaluri senioria Sedioda. maT Soris
iyo galileis samTavro, iafasa da askalonis sagrafo, transiordania – krakis,
monrealis da sent-abraamis senioria, sidonis senioria. 4) tripolis sagrafo,
romelic daarsda 1105 wels tuluzis grafis raimond IV-is mier. sagrafom 1289
wlamde iarseba.
jvarosnebis samflobeloebi mTlianad moicavda im teritorebs, romel-
Tavi meoTxe

Ta gavliTac warmoebda evropis vaWroba indoeTTan da CineTTan. egvipte am

savaWro gzas mowyvetili aRmoCnda. evropaSi saqonlis Setana baRdadidan
jvarosanTa teritoriebis gverdis avliT SeuZlebeli gaxda. amgvarad, jva-
rosnebma garkveulwilad monopolia moipoves am gzaze da gamdidrebis saSua-
lebac miecaT.
jvarosnebma wminda miwaze cixesimagreebis ageba daiwyes. evropelebi am
dros yvelaze Zlier samxedro Zalas warmoadgendnen regionSi, magram isini
ricxobrivad bevrad Camouvardebodnen muslimebs, aseve qristianebs – marTl-
madideblebsa da monofizitebs, romlebic did enTuziamzs ar avlendnen evro-
pelTa gabatonebiT.
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobisas gancdili marcxis Semdeg muslimebma
TandaTanobiT moikribes Zalebi da Seuties jvarosnebs. daiwyo gauTavebeli
omebi. teritoriebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda. pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg kidev
Svidi jvarosnuli laSqroba ganxorcielda.
meore jvarosnul laSqrobas (1147-1149) safrangeTis mefe lui VII da ger-
maniis imperatori konrad III meTaurobdnen. jvarosanTa survili iyo im dros
muslimTa xelSi gadasuli edesis dabruneba. Tumca, es laSqroba warumateblad
dasrulda da jvarosnebi evropaSi dabrundnen.
1174 wels niWierma muslimma mxedarTmavarma salah ad-dinma (evropuli wya-
roebi mas saladins uwodeben) daimorCila siria da sulTnis tituli miiRo.
male mis saxelmwifos egviptec SeuerTda. jvarosnuli samTavroebi muslimTa
rkalSi aRmoCdnen. 1187 wels saladinma hatinis brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa
jvarosnebi. araerTi jvarosani raindi, maT Soris ierusalimis mefec, tyved
Cavarda. saladinisaTvis ierusalimisaken gza gaixsna da amave wlis 2 oqtombers
316
muslimebma qalaqi aiRes. Tumca, qristianebisagan gansxvavebiT, maT ar mouwy-
viaT xocva-Jleta. aRmosavleTSi qristianTa mflobelobaSi darCa mxolod
tvirosi, tripoli da antioqia.
am viTarebaSi evropelebma mesame jvarosnuli laSqroba wamoiwyes, romel-
sac saTaveSi germaniis imperatori fridrix I barbarosa (barbarosa am SemTx-
vevaSi niSnavs JRalwveras), safrangeTis mefe filip II avgusti da inglisis

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

mefe riCard I lomguli edgnen. fridrix barbarosa mcire aziaSi, mdinareSi
daixrCo, meTauris gareSe darCenili jari ki ukan gabrunda. filip avgustmac
swrafad datova aRmosavleTi. evropel monarqTagan mxolod riCard lomgulma
gaagrZela brZola. garkveuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, riCards ar eyo Zala
gamarjvebisaTvis. man 1192 wels zavi dado saladinTan da evropaSi gabrunda.
ierusalimi muslimTa xelSi darCa, qristianebs mxolod wminda qalaqis moxil-
vis ufleba darCaT.
1202-1204 wlebSi mimdinareobda IV jvarosnuli laSqroba, romelic wminda
miwis nacvlad konstantinopolSi dasrulda. bizantiis imperiaSi im xanebSi
SinaaSliloba sufevda. imperatoris taxtis erT-erTma pretendentma dax-
marebisaTvis paps da jvarosnebs mimarTa. jvarosnebic aqtiurad CaerTvnen
bizantiis saSinao saqmeebSi. saboloo jamSi, 1204 wlis 12 aprils maT aiRes
konstantinopoli da gaZarcves qalaqi. jvarosnebma aq laTinTa imperia Seqm-
nes, romelmac 1261 wlamde iarseba. amgvarad, am laSqrobis dros jvarosnebi
wminda miwaze saerTod ar gamoCenilan.
uSedegod dasrulda warmatebiT dawyebuli V jvarosnuli laSqrobac (1217-
1221), romlis mTavari samizne egvipte iyo.
VI jvarosnul laSqrobas (1228-1229) saTaveSi Caudga romis saRvTo impe-
riis imperatori fridrix II hohenStaufeni. man moxerxebulad gamoiyena mus-
lim mmarTvelTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi da mizans miaRwia ara omiT,
aramed diplomatiiT. fridrixma xelSekruleba dado egviptis gamgebel al-
qamilTan da 1229 wels ierusalimi kvlav qristianebis xelSi gadavida. Tumca,
droebiT, radgan 1244 wels muslimebma isev daibrunes ierusalimi.
ori ukanaskneli jvarosnuli laSqroba (1248-1254 da 1270) dakavSirebulia
safrangeTis mefe lui IX-is (wminda luis) saxelTan. meSvide laSqrobis dros
lui IX tyved Cavarda da is gamosasyidis gadaxdis Semdeg gaaTavisufles. merve
laSqrobis dros ki, CrdiloeT afrikaSi qalaq tunisis aRebis mcdelobisas,
safrangeTis mefe Savi Wiris epidemiis msxverpli gaxda.
1291 wels muslimebma aiRes jvarosanTa miuvali cixesimagre akri. male
muslimTa xelSi gadavida jvarosanTa qalaqebic – tvirosi, sidoni, beiruTi,
tortoza. jvarosnebs aRar daedgomebodaT wminda miwaze da maT Tavi kunZul
kvipross Seafares. papebi SemdgomSic araerTxel cdilan jvarosnuli laSq-
robis organizabas, Tumca evropel monarqebs, winaparTa mware gamocdilebis
safuZvelze, aRar izidavda aRmosavleTi.
ase dasrulda jvarosnuli omebis epoqa.
jvarosnebis mier miRweuli warmatebebi droebiTi gamodga. isini erTi
saukunis manZilze flobdnen ierusalims da daaxloebiT ori saukune – pales-
tinis sanapiro nawils. aman qristian piligirmebs saSualeba misca SedarebiT
usafrTxod emogzauraT palestinaSi.
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 jvarosnulma omebma didi gavlena moaxdina samxedro xelovnebis ganvi-
Tarebaze. Tavdapirveli Setevis Semdeg, jvarosnebs ZiriTadad Tavdacvaze
uxdebodaT zrunva, swored am mizniT maT daxvewes cixesimagreTa mSeneblobis
teqnika. Semdgom es teqnika gadaiRo islamurma samyaromac. bunebrivad ganvi-
Tarda sazRvaosno saqmec.
jvarosnuli omebi mniSvnelovan dafinansebasa da saTanado organizebas moi-

wyaro 1

netari avgustine `samarTliani omis~ Sesaxeb:

`[omi] unda iwarmoebodes mxolod aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da warimarTos mxo-

lod RmerTis nebiT mSvidobis dasamyareblad. Tu mSvidoba sufevs, saWiro ar aris
omi, magram omi saWiro xdeba mSvidobis dasamyareblad... amdenad, mtris ganadgure-
ba brZolaSi unda momdinareobdes aucileblobisgan da ara survilisgan~.

wyaro 2

bizantieli istorikosi nikita xoniati (XIIs-is Sua xanebi _ 1213w.) 1204 wels
laTinTa mier konstantinopolis darbevis Sesaxeb:

`yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba, rac mterma ixila, aravin gamovida maT winaaR-
Tavi meoTxe

mdeg iaraRiT xelSi da aravin uwevda winaaRmdegobas: piriqiT, yvelaferi yurTamde

Ria iyo, gzebi daucveli, arsad aranairi safrTxe ar eloda da sruli Tavisufleba
hqonda mters. qalaqis mcxovreblebi, romlebmac TavianTi sicocxle beds miandes,
laTinTa Sesaxvedrad jvrebiTa da qristes wminda gamosaxulebebiT gamovidnen, ro-
gorc amas sadResaswaulo da sazeimo SemTxvevebSi akeTebdnen; magram am sanaxaobamac
ki ver moulbo suli laTinebs, ver auCuya guli maT da ver daaoka maTi pirquSi da
gaafTrebuli suli: maT ar daindes ara mxolod kerZo sakuTreba, aramed iSiSvles
maxvili da RvTis siwmindeebic gaZarcves... ar vici, riT daviwyo da riT davasrulo
yovelive imis aRwera, rac am codvilma adamianebma Caidines. oi, saSineleba! wminda
xatebi urcxvad gaTeles! oi, ubedureba! wminda mowameTa nawilebi migdebulia uw-
mindur adgilebSi! magram risi Tqmac Semzaravia da risi danaxvac SeiZleboda: qris-
tes RvTiuri sisxli daiRvara da wminda sxeuli mimofantulia miwaze. zogierTi
maTgani amsxvrevda wminda Tasebs: maT samkauls ubeSi malavda, xolo Tasebidan, ro-
gorc sirCebidan ise svamda... mTavari taZris (wminda sofiis) gaZarcvis ambis gul-
grilad mosmenac ki SeuZlebelia ...

da aravin iyo, vinc im dRes ar gamoscada glova. gzebze, taZrebSi _ yvelgan godeba,
qviTini, kvnesa, Zarcva, simruSe, tyveoba... adgili aRar darCa xeluyofeli, ubedu-
reba yvelgan vrceldeboda.

sulmdabali brbo da quCis vigindarebi mdidrdebodnen siwmindeTa ZarcviT, ro-

melTac Semdeg laTinebi yiddnen. mteri nadimobasa da garTobas eZleoda, romlis
drosac cdilobda daecina, masxrad aegdo da SeebRala berZnuli wesCveulebebi...

nadavlis gayofisas isini ar asxvavebdnen siwmindeebsa da Cveulebriv nivTebs, yve-

lafers iyenebdnen RmerTisa da rwmenisadmi mowiwebis gareSe...~

318
Txovda. aman gamoiwvia evropaSi sagada-
saxado sistemis Secvlac. magaliTad, 1188
wels papis xeldasxmiT SemoiRes 10%-iani
gadasaxadi Semosavlebze, romelic unda
moxmareboda mesame jvarosnuli laSqro-
bis warmarTvas. Semosavlebis kidev erTi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

wyaro gaxda nabayoflobiTi Semowirulo-
ba maTTvis, vinc raime mizezis gamo (avad-
myofoba, sibere) ver axerxebda jvaros-
nul laSqrobaSi monawileobis miRebas.
lui IX gzad egviptisken
amgvarad papi maT `Seundobda~ laSqro-
baSi armonawileobis `codvas~. SemdgomSi
eklesiisaTvis am saxis Semosavlebma `indulgenciebis~ saxe miiRo – garkveuli
safasuris gadaxdis samagierod, papi nebismiers Seundobda codvebs. indul-
genciebi gaxda XV s-is pirvel meoTxedSi martin luTeris romis eklesiasTan
dapirispirebis uSualo sababi (ix. Sesabamisi paragrafi).
jvarosnulma omebma didad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis ganviTarebas aRmosavleT-
sa da dasavleTs Soris. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ki iyo or samyaros –
islamursa da qristianuls Soris samecniero da kulturuli kontaqtebis
gaRrmaveba da urTierTzegavlena.

saraindo ordenebi
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdeg raindTa nawili evropaSi dabrunda,
nawili ki aRmosavleTSi darCa da iq evropulis msgavsi feodaluri saxelmwi-
foebi daarsa. jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis dacva, romlebic mtrul garemocva-
Si imyofebodnen, axlad daarsebulma sasuliero saraindo gaerTianebebma _
ordenebma ikisres, romelTa wevrebi Tavs `qristes mxedrobas~ uwodebdnen.
isini, rogorc sasuliero pirebi (berebi), aRTqmas debdnen, rom ar daqorwinde-
bodnen, icxovrebdnen morCilad da Raribulad. amasTanave isini valdebulebas
iRebdnen, rom iaraRiT xelSi daicavdnen qristianebsa da qristianul rwmenas.
maT ekrZalebodaT nebismieri saero garToba, magram mokle droSi isini uzo-
mod gamdidrdnen, aRTqmac daiviwyes da morCilebac.
ordenebis wevrebi jvarosanTa mTavar samxedro Zalad iqcnen, rasac maTi
miudgomeli cixe-koSkebic mowmobda. uZvelesi saraindo ordeni daarsda XII
s-is dasawyisSi ierusalimSi, hospitalierebis anu ioanitebis ordenis saxel-
wodebiT. es saxeli ewodaT wminda ioane ierusalimelisagan, romlis saxeloba-
zec hospitali (davrdomilTa TavSesafari) hqondaT mowyobili, sadac ordenis
damaarsebeli raindebi piligrimebs (mlocvelebs) patronobdnen. ioanitebis
ordenis wevrebi atarebdnen Sav mosasxams – mantias TeTri jvriT. roca jva-
rosnebma wminda miwa dakarges, ioanitebi dasaxldnen kunZul kviprosze (1291
w.), sadac sakuTari flotic gaiCines. Semdeg kunZul rodosze (1309 w.), XVI
s-Si (1530 w.) ki maT kunZul maltaze mouxdaT gadasaxleba, ris gamoc am saZmos
maltis ordeni ewoda.
meore iyo tamplierTa ordeni, romelic frangma raindebma daaarses ieru-
319
 salimSi (daaxl. 1118-19 ww.). tamplierebis anu metaZreebis (frang. Temple – ta-
Zari) ordenis adgilsamyofeli Tavdapirvelad iyo iudevelTa mefis solomon
brZenis taZris savaraudo adgilas, aqedan warmoiSva saxelwodeba `taZris
mxedrebi~. tamplierebi atarebdnen TeTr mosasxams wiTeli jvriT. droTa
ganmavlobaSi tamplierebis ordeni ise gaZlierda, rom mis simdidreze legen-
debi dadioda. tamplierTa ordenis raindebi mamulebsa da fuls swiravdnen
qarTvelTa jvris monasters ierusalimSi da sanacvlod TavianT saxelebs
awerinebdnen locvisas mosaxsenieblad. palestinaSi qristianuli samflobe-
loebis dakargvis Semdeg ordeni parizSi gadavida. ordeni finansuri Tval-
sazrisiT imdenad gaZlierda, rom mis mevaleebs Soris monarqebic ki iyvnen.
finansuri Zala ki ordens politikuri procesebis warmarTvis saSualebasac
aZlevda. am viTarebaSi safrangeTis mefe filip IV lamazma gadawyvita erTi
dartymiT moespo ordeni da daesakuTrebina misi qoneba, rac samefos dacari-
lebul xazinas Seavsebda. misi brZanebiT 1307 wlis 13 oqtombers, paraskev dRes,
frangi tamplierebis yvela winamZRoli daapatimres. xangrZlivi procesis Se-
mdeg, jadoqrobasa da mwvaleblobaSi braldebuli tamplierTa didi magistri
da ordenis sxva meTaurebi 1313 wels koconze dawves. erTi wliT adre ki mefem
romis papi aiZula, ordeni daSlilad gamoecxadebina.
mesame didi sasuliero-saraindo ordenis wevrTa umravlesoba germanelebi
iyvnen, amitom saZmos xSirad germanul, anu (misi laTinuri formiT) tevton-
Ta ordens uwodebdnen. igi XIII s-Si Seiqmna palestinaSi, magram wminda miwaze
Tavi meoTxe

didxans ar darCenila. ordenis wevrebi polonelma mTavarma konrad mazovec-

kim aRmosavleT baltiispireTSi miiwvia warmarTi litveli tomis – prusebis
dasamorCileblad. ordenma miiRo mowveva, daipyro prusebi, damkvidrda mis

wyaro 3

Ggiiom tireli tamplierTa ordenis daarsebis Sesaxeb:

`...ramdenime keTilSobilma raindma, WeSmaritad morwmune da RvTismosavma adamian-

ma, gamoTqva survili ecxovra fufunebis gareSe da morCilebaSi, samudamod uari
eTqva sakuTar samflobeloebze, gamxdariyo berebis ordenis wevri da sakuTari
Tavi miendo eklesiis uzenaesi mbrZaneblisaTvis. maT Soris pirvelebi da yvelaze
saxelganTqmulebi iyvnen iugo de peini da Jofrua de sent-omeri. ramdenadac saZmos
Tavdapirvelad ar hqonda arc Tavisi taZari, arc samosaxlo, (ierusalimis) mefem
maT gamouyo droebiTi TavSesafari Tavis sasaxleSi, romelic agebuli iyo taZris
mTis samxreT ferdobze... sasuliero pirebma maT gakveuli pirobebis sanacvlod
dauTmes kedliT garSemortymuli ezos nawili ordenis saWiroebisaTvis. ufro me-
tic, ierusalimis mefe balduin II-m, masTan daaxloebulma pirebma da patriarqma Ta-
visi prelatebiT, maSinve uzrunvelyves ordeni mxardaWeriT da gamouyves sakuTari
miwebis nawili – zogi samudamod, zogi – droebiT, raTa ordenis wevrebs hqonodaT
arsebobis saSualeba. pirvel rigSi, sakuTari codvebis gamosasyidad maT daevalaT
patriarqis xelmZRvanelobiT `ierusalimSi mimavali momlocvelebis dacva qurde-
bisa da yaCaRebis Tavdasxmisagan, maTi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa~.

320
 wyaro 4

elifas levis (abati alfons lui konstani) `magiis istoriidan~ (XIX s.):

`1188 wels aRmosavleTSi jvarosanma raindebma Jofrua de sent-omerma da iugo

de peinma sakuTari Tavi religias miuZRvnes, dades ra aRTqma konstantinopolis

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

patriarqis winaSe, romlis kaTedrac farulad Tu Riad mtrulad iyo ganwyobili
vatikanis mimarT fotiusis (konstantinopilis patriarqi) droidan dawyebuli.
tamplierTa Riad gancxadebuli mizani iyo qristiani piligrimebis dacva wminda
adgilebSi; saidumlo ganzraxva ki – solomonis taZris aRdgena iezikielis mier
naCvenebi nimuSis mixedviT. aRdgenili da msoflio kultisadmi miZRvnili solomo-
nis taZari unda gamxdariyo msoflios sataxto qalaqi. saxelwodeba tamplierebis
asaxsnelad istorikosebi amboben, rom balduin II-m, ierusalimis mefem, maT saxli
misca solomonis taZris SemogarenSi. magram aq seriozuli Seusabamoba mosdiT,
radganac im dros qvac ki ar iyo darCenili zorobabelis meore taZridan da Zneli
iyo imis gansazRvra, Tu sad idga taZrebi. unda miviCnioT, rom balduinis mier ta-
mplierebisaTvis gadacemuli saxli iyo ara solomonis taZris SemogarenSi, aramed
swored im adgilze, sadac aRmosavleli patriarqis es saidumlo SeiaraRebuli mi-
sionerebi apirebdnen mis aRdgenas.

tamplierebi sakuTar magaliTad miiCnevdnen bibliuri zorobabelis qvismTle-

lebs, romlebsac muSaobisas cal xelSi xmali, xolo meoreSi qvismTlelis niCabi
eWiraT. ramdenadac xmali da niCabi Semdgom periodSi maTi niSnebi iyo, maT Tavi ga-
moacxades masonur saZmod, anu qvismTlelTa saZmod~.

teritoriaze da samxedro-Teokratiuli
saxelmwifo Camoayaliba. ordenma vaWrobasa
da mevaxSeobas mihyo xeli. tevtonTa orde-
nis wevrebi TeTr mosasxmams atarebdnen Savi
jvriT. germanuli ordenis msgavsi naciona-
luri ordenebi XII s-Si, rekonkistas dros,
espaneTsa (alkantaris, kalatravis, santia-
gos) da portugaliaSi (avisis) Camoyalibda.
sasuliero-saraindo ordenebi romis pa-
pis erTgulebis aRTqmas debdnen da papis
xelisuflebis gaZlierebas emsaxurebodnen. jvarosnebi
nacionaluri ordenebi ZiriTadad adgilo-
briv monarqebs emsaxurebodnen. TiToeuli ordenis saTaveSi didi magistri
idga. ordenis saerTo saqmeebs `ZmaTa sabWo~ wyvetda. raindTa sasuliero saZmos
wevrebis Tavdapirveli mizani _ aRmosavleTSi avadmyof jvarosanTa movla da
piligrimebis dacva muslimebisagan, friad saWiro iyo da evropelebi ordenebs
auarebel fulsa da miwebs swiravdnen rogorc palestinaSi, ise TviT evropaSi.
maTi mamulebi Tavisufali iyo gadasaxadisagan, magram ordenebma TavianTi moR-
vaweoba male savaWro interesebs daukavSires. eweodnen mevaxSeobas, spekulacias
da simdidris mosaxveWad araviTar saTakilo saqmes ar eridebodnen.
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 raindebi

jvarosnebi da saqarTvelo
XII saukuneSi saqarTvelo axlo aRmosavleTis uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca.
muslimur rkalSi moqceulma qveyanam SeZlo mezobeli regionebis damorCileba
da praqtikulad mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianeba. regionSi poziciebis ganmtki-
cebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos bunebrivad unda miepyro mzera wminda miwisaken.
Tavi meoTxe

jvarosnebTan kontaqtebi saqarTvelos samefosTan Cans jer kidev daviT

aRmaSeneblis mefobis xanaSi. XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli enciklopediuri
Txzulebis, `kalmasobis~ avtori ioane batoniSvili wers: `iyo baldvoin ieru-

wyaro 5

frangi raindis de buas werilidan safrangeTis qalaq bezansonis episkoposisad-

mi (1210-iani wlebi):

`... sando mociqulTagan gavigeT, rom iveriiTgan vinme qristianeni, georgianebad

wodebulni, uricxvi mxedrobiT da qveiTi jariT RvTis aRmafrTovanebel daxmare-
biT ZaliTa friad aRWurviliT, urwmuno warmarTTa winaaRmdeg swrafad aRdgnen
da aiRes ra ukve samasi cixe da cxra didi qalaqi, magarni daipyres, xolo sustni na-
cartutad aqcies...

zemo aRniSnulni wminda ierusalimis miwis saxsnelad movlen da mTel sawarmar-

Tos daimorCileben. mefe maTi warCinebuli Teqvsmeti wlisaa, aleqsandres bada-
li ZaliT da sikeTiT, Tumca ara sarwmunoebiT. Wabuki ese dedis misis dedoflis
uZlieresis Tamaris Zvlebs Tan atarebs, romelmac, sanam cocxlobda, ierusalimad
wasvlis aRTqma dasdva, da Svils sTxova, Tu miicvaleboda, Zvlebi misi uflis
saflavTan waesvenebinaT, man ki dedis TxovnaTa yuradmRebelma da dedis aRTqmis
Sesrulebis msurvelma, daapira misi (cxedris) wminda qalaqSi wamoReba warmarTTa
nebiT Tu uneblieT~.

322
salimis mefed (balduin II, 1118-1131), ro-
melnaca mravali Zleva miiRo saracinel-
Ta anu arabTa zeda. da es baldvoin movida
idumal qarTlsa Sina moTxrobisamebr sxva-
Ta istoriebTa~. ueWvelia, rom qarTvel
avtors es cnoba Sua saukuneebis romelime

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

evropuli wyarodan aqvs aRebuli, baldui-
nis saqarTveloSi Camosvla ki muslimebTan
brZolaSi qristiani mokavSiris ZiebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. XII saukunis jvarosnuli
omebis mematiane gotie, Tavis mxriv, wers,
rom didgoris brZolaSi qarFTvelebis mxar-
damxar orasi frangi meomari ibrZoda mus-
limTa winaaRmdeg.
XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis axlo aR-
mosavleTSi rTuli viTAareba iyo Seqmnili.
1204 wels jvarosanTa laSqrobis gezis
cvlilebam da konstantinopolis aRebam
TiTqosda kidev ufro gazarda ufskruli tamplierTa cixe-simagre
portugaliaSi
dasavlur da aRmosavlur qristianobas
Soris. magram wminda miwaze Seviwroebulma jvarosnebma TandaTanobiT gaac-
nobieres, rom muslimTa moZalebis pirobebSi isini ver SeZlebdnen isedac Sem-
cirebuli samflobeloebis SeEnarCunebas, miT umetes, ierusalimis dabrunebas.
am mdgomareobidan saukeTeso gamosavali qarTvelTa mxardaWeris mopoveba
iyo. romis papma 1221 wlis 7 ivniss laSa giorgis gaugzavna werili saTauriT:
`saqarTvelos brwyinvale mefes – mowodeba wminda miwis dasacavad~. Semdgom
romis papma mefe rusudansac mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis. saqarTveloc mzad iyo
`wminda omSi~ Casabmelad, magram monRolTa Semosevebma mTlianad Secvala vi-
Tareba da evropasTan jvarosnul omebSi saqarTvelos CarTvis SesaZlebloba
mospo (ix. Sesabamisi paragrafi).

wyaro 6

franki mematiane Jak de vitri qarTvelebis Sesaxeb `ierusalimis istoriaSi~ (da-

axl. 1219):

`isini arian friad medgarni da mamacni brZolaSi... mxedarTa uricxvi raodenobiT.

maT sastikad daSinebuli hyavT sarkinozebi (muslimebi), Tavisi TavdasxmebiT xSi-
rad ayeneben zians sparselebs, midielebs da asirielebs, romelTac esazRvrebian.
maT ewodebaT georgianebi, radganac gansakuTrebul pativsa da Tayvans scemen wmin-
da giorgis, visac Tavis medroSed Tvlian urjuloebTan omebSi... yovelTvis, ro-
desac ewvevian salocavad uflis saflavs, isini Semodian wminda qalaqSi gaSlili
droSebiT da aravis uxdian xarks~.

323
 klasSi samuSao
1. isaubreT jvarosnuli omebis dawyebis mizezebze.
2. ganixileT wyaro 1. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad Seesabameboda jvarosnuli ome-
bis dawyeba netari avgustines Sexedulebebs?
3. ram ganapiroba jvarosnul omebSi qristianTa Tavdapirveli warmatebebi
da Semdegom ukandaxeva?
4. isaubreT jvarosanTa mier IV laSqrobaSi konstantinopolis aRebis mniSvne-
lobaze. gamoiyeneT wyaro 2, gaixsneT ganvlili masalac da imsjeleT dasav-
luri da aRmosavluri qristianuli samyaroebis dapirispirebis mizezebze.
5. wyaro 2-is damuSavebis Semdeg imsjeleT, ras gulisxmobda nikita xoniati,
roca laTinTa mier konstantinopolis gaZarcvas ieso qristes jvarcmas
adarebda.
6. ra mizniT SEeiqmna saraindo ordenebi da ra saxe miiRo maTma moRvaweobam
droTa ganmavlobaSi?
7. ra motivebi amoravebda filip IV lamazs tamplierebTan dapirispirebisas?
8. ganixileT wyaroebi 3 da 4. SeadareT isini erTmaneTs. Tqveni azriT, ra
ganapirobebs XII saukunis mematianis miukerZoebel Sefasebas, xolo XIX
saukunis avtoris aSkarad tendenciur ganwyobas tamplierTa mimarT? ro-
Tavi meoTxe

gor damokidebulebas amJRavnebs elifas levi aRmosavluri eklesiis mi-

marT da riT aixsneba es faqti?
9. ganixileT wyaro 5. gaixseneT, ra viTarebaa am dros `wminda miwaze~. rogor
axasiaTebs frangi raindi laSa-giorgis da ra upiratesobas aniWebs mas
aleqsandre makedonelTan SedarebiT? ramdenad asaxavs werili istoriul
realobas?
10. imsjeleT wyaro 6-is Sesaxeb. gaixseneT, romeli jvarosnuli laSqrobis
dros iwereboda es Txzuleba da ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen im dros jvaros-
nebi. ra upiratesoba eniWebaT qarTvelebs jvarosnebTan SedarebiT ieru-
salimSi? ra aris amis mizezi?

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT Txzuleba `jvarosnuli omebi: mizezebi da Sedegebi~.

ZiriTadi TariRebi
1095 – pap urban II-is mowodeba 1291
akris cixesi-
1187 – hatinis brZola
1099 – ierusalimis aReba jva- magris dacema
rosanTa mier
1100 1150 1200 1250 1300

1204 – konstantinopolis aReba jvarosanTa mier

324
52. monRolTa dapyrobebi da misi Sedegebi

monRolTa imperiis Seqmna

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

XIII saukunis dasawyisSi aziis aRmosavleT
nawilidan axali dampyroblebi – monRole-
bi daiZrnen dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. maT
umokles droSi moaxerxes islamuri samyaros
didi nawilis, kavkasiis, ruseTisa da aRmo-
savleT evropis mniSvnelovani teritoriebis
dapyroba, am dapyrobebis Sedegad ki Seiqmna
msoflio istoriaSi erT-erTi udidesi imperia.
Cingiz yaeni
monRolebi istoriaSi cnobilni arian ase-
ve TaTrebis saxeliT. es saxeli SenarCunda monRoleTis imperiis dasavleT
nawilebSi, magaliTad, dRevandeli ruseTis teritoriaze XIII-XV saukuneebSi
arsebul monRolur saxelmwifo oqros urdoSi. SemdgomSi evropelebi TaTre-
bs uwodebdnen yvela Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebs osmalebis gamoklebiT
(aRsaniSnavia, rom monRolebi da Turqebi monaTesave xalxebi arian). dRes Ta-
Trebad moixseniebian volgispireTis Turqebi.
monRolma beladma TemuCinma xangrZlivi brZolebis Semdeg moaxerxa erTma-
neTTan moqiSpe momTabare monRoluri tomebis gaerTianeba da saTaveSi Caudga
maT Cingiz yaenis saxeliT. 1206 wels, mdinare ononis saTavesTan gamarTul
Tavyrilobaze monRolurma tomebma mas erTgulebis fici daudes. daiwyo
monRolebis dapyrobebis epoqa.
Semdgom wlebSi Cingiz yaenma daimorCila darCenili monRoluri tomebi,
warmarTi Turqebis tomebi da samxreT cimbiris tyeebSi mcxovrebi xalxebic.
1218 wlisaTvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi aziis umetesi nawili mis gamgebloba-
Si iyo da is dasavleTisaken gamoemarTa. Cingiz yaenis mxedarTmTavris jebe
noinis meTaurobiT monRolebma daimorCiles yara-kitais samefo da male maT
gamgeblobaSi aRmoCnda md. sirdariis aRmosavleTiT arsebuli miwebi. amdenad,
isini uSualod gaumezobldnen xorezmis Turquli warmomavlobis muslim Sahs.
momdevno wels sirdariis napirze mdebare qalaq otraris xorezmeli gam-
geblis brZanebiT gaZarcves monRoleTidan momavali qaravani da 450 vaWari
mokles. monRolTa SurisZiebam ar daayovna. imave wels Cingiz yaenma Tavis ar-
miiT gadalaxa sirdaria da SeiWra islamuri samyaros teritoriaze. 1220 wels
mTeli centraluri azia umniSvnelovanesi qalaqebis, buxaras da samaryandis
CaTvliT, mis xelT iyo. male monRolebma mdinare amudariac gadalaxes da
SeiWrnen aRmosavleT iranSi.
1227 wels Cingiz yaeni gardaicvala da monRolTa winsvla droebiT SeCerda.
am xanebSi monRolebTan damarcxebul xorezmSah jalal ad-din manguber-
tis (qarTuli wyaroebi mas jalaledins uwodeben) Tavi indoeTs hqonda Se-
farebuli. magram mas Semdeg, rac monRolebma ZiriTadi samxedro Zalebi isev
aRmosavleTisaken, CineTis winaaRmdeg Seatriales, man ganaaxla brZola. Tum-
325
 ca, imis nacvlad, rom koalicia Seeqmna monRolebis winaaRmdeg, jalal ad-
dinma wamoiwyo brZola abasiani xalifas, anatoliis Turqebis, egviptelebis,
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg. 1230 wels monRolebma isev gailaSqres jalal ad-
dinis winaaRmdeg da daamarcxes yvela SesaZlo mokavSiresTan gadamterebuli
xorezmSahi.1231 wels jalal ad-dini daiRupa da mis mier droebiT maxviliT
Sekowiwebuli saxelmwifoc daiSala. monRolebs gza gaexsnaT evropisakenac.
isini Seesivnen ruseTs, poloneTs, ungreTs, gamoCndnen venis midamoebSic. da-
savleTi iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia monRolTa ZalisaTvis. papma inokenti
IV-m parizis universitets arabuli da `TaTruli~ enis swavlebis organizebis
ufleba misca. garda amisa, man gaagzavna elCebi monRol yaenTan yarayorumSi,
sadac franciskaneli beri plano karpini daeswro did yaenad guiukis (1246-
1248) arCevas.
1240 wlisaTvis monRolTa xelSi ukve dasavleT iranic iyo. 1243 wels maT
daamarcxes anatoliis selCuki sulTnis jari.
XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi daigegma axali Seteva dasavleTiT. didi yaenis brZa-
nebiT, romlis rezidenciac ukve dapyrobil pekinSi iyo, monRolTa armiam,
romelsac saTaveSi hulagu edga, gadalaxa amudaria da daipyro islamuri
qveynebi Soreul egviptemde. ukiduresad mokle droSi monRolebma moaxerxes
uzarmazari dapyrobebis ganxorcieleba da gaanadgures asasinTa miudgomelad
miCneuli cixe-simagreebi.
1258 wels monRolTa jarebi baRdadSi SeiWrnen. maT ukanaskneli abasiani xa-
Tavi meoTxe

lifa al-musTasimi, sagvareulos yvela warmomadgenelTan erTad, sicocxles

gamoasalmes. abasianTa dinastia, romelic 5 saukunis manZilze sunituri is-
lamis sayrdenad iTvleboda, istorias Cabarda.

es sainteresoa I

monRolTa damokidebuleba religiis mimarTY

monRolebi warmarTebi iyvnen, magram amasTan tolerantobas iCendnen sxva religie-

bis mimarT. Tumca, es tolerantoba didwilad aixsneba maTi indiferentulobiT
zogadad religiisadmi. Tumca, monRolTa Soris gavrcelebuli iyo qristianobis
nestorianuli mimdinareobac. evropaSi imxanad legendac ki Seiqmna presviter
(mRvdelmTavar) ioanes Sesaxeb, romelmac moaqcia monRolebi qristianobaze. evro-
paSi imasac ki fiqrobdnen, rom qristiani monRolebi gverdSi amoudgebodnen da-
sustebul jvarosnebs muslimTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi wminda adgilebis gamosaxsne-
lad. monRolebisTvis ki religiuri kuTvnileba arafers niSnavda da isini umowya-
lod anadgurebdnen rogorc muslimebs, ise qristianebs.

qristianebad da SesaZlebel mokavSireebad Tvlidnen monRolebs saqarTveloSic.

1223 wels saqarTvelos mefe rusudani romis papisadmi miweril werilSi aRniSnav-
da: monRolTa Semosevisas qarTvelebma imitom ar gamoiCines sifrTxile, rom isini
qristianebi egonaT da mxolod Semdeg darwmundnen sakuTar SecdomaSi.

dasavleTSi damkvidrebul monRolTa didi nawili Semdgom TandaTanobiT gamus-

limda.

326
 monRolTa Zlevamosili winsvla egviptis mamluq-
Ta armiam SeaCera, romelmac 1260 wels aiun jalu-
Tis brZolaSi gaanadgura monRolTa laSqari. 1277
wels kidev erTxel daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs
monRolebi da egviptelebi. monRolebi amjeradac
damarcxdnen. monRolTa armiaSi ibrZoda sami aTasi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

qarTveli, romlebmac, marcxis miuxedavad, simama-
ciT gamoiCines Tavi.
Cingiz yaenis STamomavlebs Soris monRolTa im-
peria Semdeg nawilebad daiyo:
didi yaenis imperia – aRmosavleT aziis didi nawi-
li monRoleTisa da CineTis CaTvliT.
CaRatais saxano – centraluri azia da CrdiloeT
irani. ugedei yaeni
oqros urdo – ruseTi.
ilxanTa saxelmwifo _ irani, Tanamedrove TurqmeneTi, avRaneTis nawili,
mcire aziis nawili da samxreT kavkasia.
am uzarmazari imperiis erTianobis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo. monRoluri
saxelmwifoebis yaenebs SemdgomSi xSirad hqondaT erTmaneTTan omebi mosazRv-
re teritoriebisaTvis.
Cingiz yaenis mier SemoRebuli rkinis disciplina – iasaki, monRoluri ar-
miebis warmatebis mizezi gaxda. iasakma erT xalxad Sekra manamde dafantuli
da urTierTmoqiSpe tomebi.
YCingiz yaenis mtkice, disciplinirebuli laSqari aseulebad, aTaseulebad
da dumanebad (aTiaTaseulebad) iyofoda. dumanebis meTaurebad ufliswulebi
da mmarTveli dinastiis sxva warmomadgenlebi iniSnebodnen. yovel meomars
TviTon unda ezruna laSqrobisaTvis saWiro saWurvelsa da sursaT-sanova-
geze. es ki xels uwyobda laSqris swraf gadaadgilebas. monRolTa laSqari
aRWurvili iyo im droisaTvis saukeTeso Cinuri samxedro teqnikiT, iyenebda
mowinave samxedro taqtikas. gansakuTrebiT daxvewili iyo taqtika qalaqebis
alyebis dros. gamoiyeneboda e.w. `haSaris~ sistema, romlis Tanaxmadac monRo-
lebi dapyrobil mosaxleobas `cocxal farad~ iyenebdnen qalaqebis alyebis
dros.
monRolTa dapyrobebma da gaugonarma sisastikem Semzaravi STabeWdileba
moaxdina Tanamedroveebze. manamde arc erT Semosevas ar mohyolia esoden didi
raodenobis msxvepli.
monRolurma dinastiebma centralur aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi didi
xniT ver SeZles erTiani saxelmwifoebis SenarCuneba da XIV saukunis Sua xane-
bidan daiwyo maTi daSla mcire politikur erTeulebad, sanam Temur lengma ar
SeZlo droebiT isev gaeerTianebina centraluri aziisa da axlo aRmosavleTis
mniSvnelovani nawili. ruseTSi XIV saukunis miwurulidan oqros urdoc Tan-
daTanobiT Tmobda poziciebs. monRolurma dinastiam ufro xangrZlivi drois
manZilze SeinarCuna Zalaufleba CineTSi.

327
 es sainteresoa II

kavSirgabmulobis sistema monRolTa imperiaSi

Cingiz yaenis memkvidrem didi yaenis taxtze, ugedei yaenma (1229-1241) istoriaSi
pirvelad SemoiRo safosto sistema. man daayena monRoleTis sataxto qalaqidan
yvela mimarTulebaze daaxloebiT 15 kilometris daSorebiT fostalionebi 2-3
cxeniT. rodesac yaeni gamoscemda brZanebas, fostalioni mas gadascemda momdevno
safosto punqtSi myof kolegas da ase grZeldeboda, sanam brZaneba ar miaRwevda
nebismier saWiro adgils drois rac SeiZleba mokle monakveTSi. am sistemas ewode-
boda `urTuu~ da moqmedebda monRoleTSi 1921 wlamde. fostalionebi iRebdnen
xelfass da atarebdnen specialur samkerde niSans. fostalions SeeZlo saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi nebismieri pirovnebisaTvis CamoerTmia cxeni da gamoeyenebina. nebismie-
ri ojaxi valdebuli iyo, maTTvis moTxovnisTanave mieca sakvebi da wyali.

wyaro 1

XIII saukunis arabi istorikosi ibn al-asiri monRolTa samxedro

taqtikisa da sisastikis Sesaxeb:
Tavi meoTxe

`monRolebs aseTi Cveuleba hqondaT: roca qalaqis aRebas apirebdnen, win ayenebd-
nen tyve muslimebs da aiZulebdnen SeetiaT da ebrZolaT, xolo Tu tyveebi ukan
brundebodnen, maT xocavdnen... TviTon monRolebi muslimTa zurgs ukan ibrZod-
nen, amitomac tyve muslimebi ixocebodnen, TviTon ki uvnebelni rCebodnen~.
b

`matianeebi arafers Seicaven ramdenadme msgavss da Sesaferiss. im ambebidan, ra-

sac isini agviweren, yvelaze saSinelia is, rac gaakeTa nabuqodonosorma israe-
lelTa gaJletiT da ierusalimis dangreviT. magram raa ierusalimi im qveynebTan
SedarebiT, romlebic am wyeulebma daarbies, sadac yoveli qalaqi orjer metia
ierusalimze! da rani arian israelelebi imaTTan SedarebiT, romlebic maT (mon-
Rolebma) gaJlites. yovel calke aRebul qalaqSi mosaxleoba, romelic maT gaJ-
lites, meti iyo, vidre mTlianad israelelebi arian~.

monRolTa dapyrobebis Sedegebi da Sefasebebi

abasianTa saxalifos ganadgureba, romelic dakninebis xanaSic rCeboda
islamis centrad da misi erTianobis simbolod, warmoadgenda didi epoqis
dasasruls islamis istoriaSi. es iyo ara mxolod mmarTvelobis formisa da
xelisuflebis Secvla, aramed sakuTriv islamur civilizaciaSi gardatexis
momenti, romlis ganviTarebac stepis xalxebis SemosevebiT gamowveuli trans-
formaciis Sedegad axali, gasuli saukuneebisagan gansxvavebuli gzebiT wavida.

328
 monRolTa Semosevebma umZimesi Sedegebi moutana islamur civilizacias
ganurCevlad yvela sferoSi – ekonomikurSi, socialurSi, kulturulsa Tu
politikurSi. Tumca Tanamedrove istorikosTa didi nawili aRar iziarebs
mosazrebas, rom monRolTa dapyrobebis Sedegebi gamousworebeli iyo isla-
muri samyarosaTvis. ueWvelia, rom monRolTa Semosevebi gamanadgurebeli
iyo da gamoiwvia mravali regionis gaveraneba, gaukacrieleba da ganadgu-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

reba. magram magaliTad egvipte, romelic monRolebma ver daipyres, swored
im xanebSi iqca arabuli kulturis centrad da dRemde amgvarad rCeba, –
amdenad, monRolTa dapyrobebis Sedegebi mas mxolod arapirdapir Seexo.
siriaSi monRolebma mxolod reidebi ganaxorcieles da 1260 wels egviptis
mamluqTa armiis mier ain jaluTTan monRolebis damarcxebis Semdeg moxda
misi CarTva egviptis sasulTnoSi. amgvarad is daculi gaxda monRolTa Ta-
vdasxmisagan. anatoliaze didi gavlena moaxdina monRolTa damkvidrebam
iranSi, magram aq damkvidrebulma Turqulma elementma mainc SeinarCuna imis
Zala, rom momavalSi impulsi gamxdariyo osmaleTis imperiis SeqmnisaTvis.
yvelaze mZime Sedegebi monRolTa dapyrobebs iranSi hqonda, magram aqac
es mTel qveyanas ar Sexebia. samxreT iranSi adgilobrivma dinastiebma neba-
yoflobiT gamoucxades morCileba monRolebs da gadaurCnen dampyrobelTa
mxridan ganadgurebas. farsis provincia, sparsuli saxelmwifoebriobis da
civilizaciis akvani, kidev erTxel iqca sparsul erovnul centrad da aqeme-
nianTa sataxto qalaq persepolisTan axlos mdebare qalaqi Sirazi _ sparsuli
kulturis kerad post-monRolur periodSi. am xanebis gamorCeul moRvaweTa
Soris unda dasaxeldnen poetebi saadi (1184-1291) da hafezi (1320-1389), as-
tronomi kutb al-dini (gard. 1310) da arqiteqtori kavam al-dini (gard. 1439).
iranis is mxareebi, romlebsac monRolTa Semosevebma didi zarali miayena,
SedarebiT swrafad aRdga. dapyrobis Tavdapirveli Sokis Semdeg, monRolma
yaenebma irans SedarebiTi politikuri stabiluroba moutanes. isini xels uw-
yobdnen saqalaqo cxovrebis aRdgenas, mrewvelobasa da vaWrobas, saukeTeso
pirobebs uqmnidnen maT samsaxurSi Camdgar mecnierebebs, 1295 wels, islam-
ze maTi moqcevis Semdeg ki, did yuradRebas aqcevdnen islamur ganaTlebas.
XIV saukuneSi gamuslimebuli yaenebi agebdnen SesaniSnav Senobebs islamuri
RvTismsaxurebisaTvis am TvalsazrisebiT monRolurma dapyrobebma realurad
axali suli Cabera stagnaciaSi myof axlo aRmosavleTis civilizacias. ise,
rogorc pirvelma arabma dampyroblebma pirvelad gaaerTianes aRmosavleT
xmelTaSua zRvispireTis civilizaciebi da irani da
amiT dasabami daudes axal nayofier socialur da
kulturul kontaqtebs, axla ukve monRolebma gaaer-
Tianes erTi dinastiiT saTaveSi axlo aRmosavleTi-
sa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi swrafi
da momgebiani SedegebiT rogorc vaWrobisaTvis, ise
kulturisaTvis. imavdroulad maT kari gaxsnes axa-
li da orive mxarisaTvis momgebiani kontaqtebisaT-
vis evropasTan da mravalma evropelma gamoiyena Se-
saZlebloba, raTa gaekvala gzebi CineTisaken.
monRoli meomrebi
329
 es sainteresoa III

Cingiz yaenisa da monRolebis

Tanamedrove Sefasebebi:

dadebiTi

Tanamedrove TurqeTSi Cingiz yaeni

miCneulia did samxedro meTaurad da
metad popularulia bavSvebisaTvis
Cingiz yaenis gamosaxuleba Tanamedrove
Cingizis darqmeva.
monRolur kupiuraze
monRoleTis saxalxo respublikaSi
komunisturi reJimis mier Cingiz yaenis saxels tabu hqonda dadebuli. oficialuri
SefasebiT, is iyo tirani, magram komunisturi reJimis damxobis Semdeg Cingiz yaeni
uecrad gadaiqca legendarul gmirad da monRolTaTvis siamayis wyaro gaxda. swo-
red mis damsaxurebad miiCneva monRoleTis Seqmna da monRolTa erovnuli idento-
bis Camoyalibeba. mas dRes uwodeben `monRolTa mamas~, xolo monRolebi sakuTar
Tavs moixsenieben `Cingiz yaenis Svilebad~. mis saxels atarebs mravali quCa da mo-
edani, dedaqalaq ulan-batoris saerTaSoriso aeroporti. is gamosaxulia monRo-
luri fulis, tugrikis kupiurebze.

CineTSi Cingiz yaeni iTvleba erovnul gmirad. mas xotbas asxamen xelovnebisa da
Tavi meoTxe

literaturis nimuSebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cingiz yaeni ar iyo Cinuri warmo-
mavlobis, misi STamomavlebi CineTis istoriis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenen.
iuanis monRoluri dinastia sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze marTavda qveyanas.
Cineli istorikosebis da sazogadoebis mier miiCneva, rom Cingiz yaenma da misma
STamomavlebma mniSvnelovani da dadebiTi kvali datoves CineTis istoriaSi.

uaryofiTi

iransa da eraySi Cingiz yaeni da misi memkvidreebi miCneulni arian erT-erT yvela-
ze sastik da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis genocidis momwyob dampyroblebad. asevea
avRaneTsa da pakistanSi. Cigniz yaenisa da monRolebis roli zogadad uaryofiTa-
daa Sefasebuli islamuri samyaros araTurqul nawilSi. iranSi Cingiz yaens da mis
STamomavlebs adareben qveynisaTvis yvelaze didi zianis momtan da dampyroblebs _
aleqsandre makedonelsa da Temur lengs. aseve ZiriTadad uaryofiTadaa Sefasebuli
monRolTa dapyrobebi ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, poloneTSi, ungreTsa da saqarTveloSi.
Tumca, zogierTi rusi istorikosi miiCnevs, rom monRolTa dapyrobebma da maTTan
brZolisaTvis gaerTianebis aucileblobam xeli Seuwyo rusi xalxis erovnul konso-
lidacias da daqsaqsuli rusuli samTavroebis erTian saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas.

am nayofieri kontaqtebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia sparseli istorikosis

raSid ad-dinis (1247-1318) `jami aT-Tavarixi~ – `istoriaTa krebuli~. ebrau-
li warmoSobis gamuslimebuli raSid ad-dini iyo eqimi, swavluli, monRolTa
vaziri, romelmac iranis monRoli yaenebis, yazanisa da oljeiTusagan miiRo
davaleba, Seedgina msoflio istoria. man Sekriba TanamSromelTa jgufi, ro-
330
melSic Sediodnen ori Cineli swavluli, budisti beri qaSmiridan, tomobrivi
tradiciebis mcodne monRoli da savaraudod, frangi beri, aseve ramdenime
sparseli swavluli. maTi daxmarebiT raSid ad-dinma Seadgina vrceli msoflio
istoria inglisidan dawyebuli CineTamde. msoflio istoriis Seqmnis mcdelo-
biT, romelic scildeboda mis sakuTar civilizacias, raSid ad-dinma da misma
damkveTebma naxevari aTaswleuliT daaswres evropas.

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

amasTan erTad, arsebobda erTi regioni, romelsac gamousworebeli zarali
miayena monRolTa Semosevam: es iyo erayi da misi dedaqalaqi baRdadi, romel-
mac veRarasodes SeZlo islamur samyaroSi adrindeli centraluri poziciis
dabruneba. Semosevis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo samoqalaqo administraciuli sis-
temis ganadgureba da ganviTarebuli sairigacio sistemis moSla, romelzec
damyarebuli iyo qveynis keTildReoba, arsebobac ki. maSin roca iranSi wesrigi
aRdga da qveyana welSi gaimarTa mas Semdeg, rac axalma reJimma srulad daamya-
ra sakuTari kontroli, erayis daknineba Seuqcevadi procesi gamodga. iranis
monRolma yaenebma sakuTar sataxto qalaqad gaixades Tavrizi azerbaijanSi,
romelic did da ayvavebul qalaqad iqca. erayi ki darCa mitovebul sasazRv-
ro provinciad, xalifaTa erT dros brwyinvale sataxto qalaqi ganwiruli
aRmoCnda saukunovani stagnaciisa da daviwyebisaTvis.

Cingiz yaenis gamosaxuleba mTaze, ulan-batoris maxloblad

331
 klasSi samuSao

1. `es sainteresoa I~-is mixedviT gansazRvreT, ratom SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo

evropasa da saqarTveloSi cru Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom monRolTa
dapyrobebis samizne mxolod islamuri samyaro unda yofiliyo.
2. damatebiTi cnobebis, wyarosa da teqstis mixedviT moawyveT diskusia
monRolTa samxedro warmatebebis mizezebze.
3. imsjeleT abasianTa saxalifos ganadgurebis mniSvnelobaze islamuri
samyarosaTvis.
4. imsjeleT Cingiz yaenisa da monRolebis sxvadasxvagvarad Sefasebis
ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.

saSinao davaleba

1. Sesabamis wyaroebsa da teqstze dayrdnobiT werilobiT daaxasiaTeT

monRolTa imperiis mmarTvelobis sistema.
Tavi meoTxe

italieli mogzauri
marko polo
yubilai yaenTan
miRebaze

ZiriTadi TariRebi
1260
ain jaluTis brZola
1215 – pekinis aReba

1256
1206-1227 – Cingiz alamuTis cixesimagris aReba da asasinTa
yaenis zeoba saxelmwifos ganadgureba

1160 1200 1220 1240 1260

1258
baRdadis aReba da abasianTa saxalifos aRsasruli
332
53. saqarTvelo XIII saukuneSi. monRolebi
saqarTveloSi

jalal ad-dini da saqarTvelo

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

Tamaris mefobis xanaSi miRweuli saxelmwi-
foebrivi Zlierebisa da stabilurobis Senar-
Cuneba misi memkvidreebis dros ver moxerxda. es
ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc sagareo-politikuri
faqtorebiT, aseve saxelmwifosa da samefo karze
arsebuli problemebiT.
Tamaris danatovari saxelmwifo TiTqosda
uZleveli Canda. misi memkvidre laSa-giorgi
(giorgi IV) (gard.1223) ukve gegmavda Soreul FfitareTis taZari
palestinaSi laSqrobasa da muslimTagan ieru-
salimis gamoxsnas. swored am xanebSi miiRo man werili romis pap honoriusi-
sagan, romelSic is sTxovda SeerTeboda dasavleT evropis suverenTa mier
momzadebul, momaval jvarosnul laSqrobas. giorgimac mzadeba daiwyo. magram
movlenebi sul sxvagvarad warimarTa. monRolebs ukve daewyoT Zlevamosili
svla dasavleTisaken. 1220 wels isini saqarTvelos sazRvrebTanac gamoCndnen
da Setakeba mouxdaT qarTul laSqarTan. Tumca, monRolebis am laSqrobas
ufro sadazvervo xasiaTi hqonda, vidre dapyrobiTi da isini male gaecalnen
kavkasias.
laSas gardacvalebis Semdeg isev dadga taxtis memkvidris sakiTxi. misi
vaJi, jer kidev mcirewlovani daviTi, ukanono qorwinebidan iyo naSobi. dide-
bulebma taxtze Tamaris asuli rusudani (1223-1245) aiyvanes. didebulebisve
gadawyvetilebiT, is daaqorwines erzurumis gamgeblis vaJze, muRis ad-dinze.
am qorwinebidan rusudans qal-vaJi – Tamari da daviTi SeeZina.
1225 wels qarTvelebs axal mterTan, xorezmSah jalal ad-dinTan mouwiaT
dapirispireba. centraluri aziidan monRolebis mier gamodevnilma xorezmSahma
droebiT SeZlo iranis didi nawilis damorCileba. man damamcirebeli werilic
gamougzavna rusudans damorCilebis moTxovniT. imavdroulad sxva muslim
gamgeblebsac mimarTa mowodebiT, erTad moeRoT bolo regionSi qristianuli
saqarTvelos dominirebisaTvis.
qarTuli samefos mesveurni seriozulad ar moekidnen xorezmSahis muqaras
da sapasuxo werilSi Seaxsenes, Tu rogori marcxi awvnies monRolebma mamamissa
da mas sakuTar samefoSi. yovelive es adasturebda, rom saqarTveloSi ar hqon-
daT mkafio warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Zalas warmoadgenda jalal ad-dini.
1225 wlis Semodgomaze jalal ad-dini SemoiWra qarTuli samefos sazRv-
rebSi. gadamwyveti brZola somxeTSi, garnisTan Sedga. qarTvelTa laSqris
meTaurobis uniaTobis gamo, qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. male jalal ad-dinma
aiRo Tbilisic da sastikad gausworda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. Tbiliseli
muslimebic ki, romlebmac uRalates qarTvelebs da Tavdapirvelad gverdSi
333
 amoudgnen dampyrobels, Semdeg nanobdnen sakuTar saqciels, vinaidan jalal
ad-dinma arc Tanamorwmuneebi daindo. samefo kari dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
quTaisSi gaixizna.
jalal ad-dinma dalaSqra qarTuli samefos sxva provinciebic. Semdgom
xorezmSahma kidev erTxel ilaSqra saqarTveloSi da sastikad daarbia qveyana.
jalal ad-dinma, gauazrebeli politikis gamo, rodesac is erTnairad
uswordeboda qristianebsac da muslimebsac, male dakarga mokavSireebi da
praqtikulad marto aRmoCnda regionSi isev gamoCenili monRolebis winaSe.
sabolood, is iZulebuli gaxda gaqceviT eSvela TavisaTvis da 1231 wels yve-
lasgan mitovebuli xorezmSahi gaZarcvis mizniT mokles.

monRolTa mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba

jalal ad-dinis marcxma qarTul samefo kars saSualeba misca ezruna qvey-
nis aRdgenaze. magram male, 1235 wels kavkasiaSi gacilebiT ufro Zlieri Zala –
monRolebi gamoCndnen. qarTvelebis winaaRmdegoba amao gamodga da aqac kidev
erTxel gamoikveTa qarTvelTa mxedarTmTavrebis aragamWriaxoba, feodalTa
centridanuli miswrafebebi.
monRolebma daarbies aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, magram ar gadasulan da-
savleTSi. quTaisSi gaxiznuli rusudan mefe amaod cdilobda gamosavlis
moZebnas. man romis pap grigol IX-sac ki mimarTa weriliT daxmarebisaTvis,
Tavi meoTxe

magram amaod.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaxizvniT samefo karma praqtikulad uari Tqva mon-
RolTa winaaRmdeg brZolis organizebaze. Sesabamisad, pasiuroba gamoiCines
didebulebmac. maTi umravlesoba sakuTar cixeebSi Caiketa da iqidan adevneb-
da Tvals situaciis ganviTarebas. amgvar viTarebaSi monRolebmac Sesaferisi
taqtika airCies, jari calkeul razmebad dayves da sxvadasxva mxares Seusies.
am pirobebSi feodalebis umravlesobam amjobina nebayoflobiT danebeboda
monRolebs. mxolod ivane-yvaryvare jayYel-cixisjvarelma gaagrZela brZola,
magram male isic damorCilda dampyroblebs.
rusudani iZulebuli gaxda xelSekruleba daedo monRolebTan maTi moT-
xovnebis safuZvelze. am xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo aRiarebda
monRoli yaenis uzenaes xelisuflebas. qarTuli xelisufleba iarsebebda
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, anu monRolebis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze,
magram aqve dabanakdebodnen monRoli molaSqreebi. darbevas gadarCenili da-
savleT saqarTvelo inarCunebda damoukideblobas. saqarTvelos yaenisaTvis
unda gadaexada yovelwliuri xarki 50 aTasi perperas (oqros fulis) odenobiT.
monRolebi aRiarebdnen daviT VI-s, rusudanis vaJs, mTeli saqarTvelos
mefed. magram samefo karis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, aq
dabanakebulma monRolma samxedro meTaurebma ar moindomes xelSekrulebis am
bolo punqtis Sesruleba. daviT VI iZulebuli gaxda oqros urdos gamgebels,
baTu yaens xleboda, am ukanasknelma ki is didi yaenis karze gaagzavna, sadac
saqarTvelos taxtis maZiebels ori weli mouwia yofna. swored am xanebSi, 1245
wels mZimed daavadebuli rusudan mefe gardaicvala. saqarTvelos samefo
taxti isev carieli aRmoCnda.

334
 wyaro 1

rusudan mefis da romis papebis mimoweridan.

rusudan mefis werilidan romis papis, honorius III-isadmi:

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

`Cvens qveyanas biwier TaTarTa tomi Semoesia da man didi zarali miayena Cvens
xalxs. eqvsi aTasi kaci amogviwyvita. Cven maTgan safrTxes ar velodiT, radgan isini
qristianebi gvegona. magram rogorc ki mivxvdiT, rom isini keTili qristianebi ar
iyvnen, maSinve SeerTebuli ZalebiT SevutieT maT, ocdaxuTi aTasi kaci davuxoceT,
bevri xelT vigdeT, danarCeni gavdevneT Cveni miwebidan...

didad gavixareT, rodesac SevityveT, rom Seni brZanebiT imperators (igulisxmeba

siciliis mefe da germaniis imperatori fridrix II) marTebs, wminda adgilebis da-
saxsnelad axla siriaSi gadavides. mogvwereT Cven, Tu rodis unda wavides impera-
tori da Cvenc gavagzavniT Cvens mxedarTmTavars ivanes mTeli Cveni jariT qristia-
nebis dasaxmareblad, wminda saflavis gasaTavisufleblad~.

pap honorius III-is sapasuxo werilidan rusudan mefisadmi (1224 wlis 12 maisi):

`mivuTiTebT Sens ubrwyinvalesobas da movuwodebT mas uflis mier, raTa Tanaxmad

Seni saqebari danapirebisa, ecado da ise moamzado Seni laSqari, rom SesZlo Seni
didebisaTvis Rirseuli samsaxuri gauwio ufal ieso qristes~.

pap grigol IX-is werilidan rusudan mefisa da misi Svilis, daviT mefisadmi,
1240 wlis 13 ianvari:

`Cveno Svilno, nu gagikvirdebaT, rom Tu romis eklesiis mxedroba ar mova xsenebu-

li TaTrebis winaaRmdeg Tqvens dasaxmareblad, vinaidan amis saSualeba ar mogvces
biwierma sarkinozebma, romlebic Cvens da Tqvens Soris imyofebian da romelTa
gandevnasac vcdilobT xsenebuli siriidan. amasTanave, teritoriuli sivrce, ro-
melic Cvens Sorisaa, romelmac Cvenamde Zlivs gamoatara Tqveni ambebi, saSualebas
ar gvaZlevs, Tqvens dasaxmareblad movideT, ramdenadac mTeli ZalebiT vcdilobT
davicvaT qristianuli sarwmunoeba italiasa da xsenebul qveynebSi – siriasa da
espaneTSi.

dampyroblebis mier damyarebuli reJimi dasawyisidanve metad mZime iyo da

damangreveli Sedegebi mohqonda qveynisaTvis. amas Tan erTvoda centraluri
xelisuflebis ararseboba umefobis gamo. qarTvelma didebulebma Seqmnili
mdgomareobis gamosworeba scades koxtasTavis cnobili SeTqmulebis gziT,
romelic warumateblad dasrulda.

saqarTvelo monRolTa gamgeblobis xanaSi

monRoluri saxelmwifo samxedro organizacias emyareboda. misi struqtura
da weswyobileba mTlianad samxedro xelisufalTa mier kontroldeboda. sa-
qarTveloSi, sapirispirod, samxedro xelisufleba emorCileboda samoqalaqo
mmarTvelobas, romlis saTaveSic mwignobarTuxucesi idga.
335
 samxedro mmarTvelobis pirobebSi
mwignobarTuxucesis postis mniSvnelo-
ba TandaTanobiT dakninda. male egars-
lan bakurcixelma, monRolTa samsaxurSi
Camdgarma SedarebiT dabali warmomavlo-
bis samxedro pirma, pretenzia ganacxada
qveynis erTpirovnul gamgeblobaze.
saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis Semdeg
monRolebma daiwyes qveynis administra-
ciuli reorganizacia. qveyana daiyo rva
samxedro regionad, anu dumnad, romelTa
saTaveSic qarTveli feodalebi daayenes.
Tumca dumnebad qveynis dayofa didxans
ar SenarCunebula.
es axlad SemoRebuli mmarTvelobis
sistema adgilobriv samxedro xelisu-
falTa (erismTavarTa) batonobas amya-
rebda, rac mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeboda
qarTul saxelmwifoebriv tradiciebs.
mefis aryofna qveyanaSi da dumnebad
dayofa miuRebeli reJimi iyo qarTvele-
Tavi meoTxe
bisaTvis. dumnebad danawilebiT, rogorc
JamTaaRmwereli SeniSnavs, monRoleb-
ma saqarTvelo `ganiyves erTmaneTSi~ da
TiToeul qarTvel mTavarTan calke ur-
TierToba daamyares. am viTarebaSi qveynis
saerTo interess aRaravin gamoxatavda.
swored amitomac, pirvel rigSi, saWiro
iyo saqarTvelos taxtis legitimuri memk-
vidris moZebna. radganac araferi ar ismo-
da didi yaenis karze wasul rusudanis vaJ
daviT VI-isagan, didebulTa arCevani laSa-
giorgis ukanono vaJze, daviTze SeCerda,
romelic ukve karga xania, rusudan mefis
brZanebiT, ikoniaSi, rumis sasulTnoSi
iyo gasaxlebuli.
daviT laSas Zes amaliT aseve mouwia
didi yaenis karze Casvla. iq ki mas rusu-
danis vaJi daviT VI daxvda. amdenad, sa-
qarTvelos samefo taxtze ori memkvidre
acxadebda pretenzias. laSa giorgis vaJis
momxreebma did yaens sTxoves sakiTxi ga-
daewyvita monRoluri samarTlis mixed-
viT; yaenmac upiratesoba ufross, laSa
giorgis vaJs mianiWa, romelic aRiares sa-
336
wyaro 2
JamTaaRmwereli laSa giorgis
anderZis Sesaxeb:
`dasa Cemsa, rusudans, vamcneb
winaSe RmrTisa da sasmenlad
Tquenda yovelTa, raTa aRzar-
dos Svili Cemi daviT, raJams
eZlos mefoba da mxedroba, ro-
mel daviT mefe-yos, da igi daad-
gineT mefed da memkvidred mefo-
bisa Cemisa~.
JamTaaRmwereli rusudan mefis
moqmedebis Sesaxeb:
`[ rusudan mefem] daiviwya SiSi
RmrTisa da siyuaruli Zmisa,
rameTu zemoxsenebuli Zmiswuli
Tvisi, daviT, romeli Zmisa mi-
sisgan, giorgisgan, anderZobiT
Sevedrebuli iyo da aRezarda,
waruvlina farulad asulsa mis-
sa da siZesa yiasdins Tana saberZ-
neTsa, raTa warwymidon, da iyos
uSfoTvelad Zisa misisa daviTi-
saTvis ara ganyofad mefobisasa~.
wyaro 3
JamTaaRmwereli monRolTa
mier dawesebuli samxedro
begaris Sesaxeb:
`cxrasa glexsa srulsa miwisa
mqonebelsa erTi laSqars
warmavali kaci Seagdian. da
gamoxda samefosagan daviTisa
cxra dumani mxedari, TaTarTa
Tana warmavali, romel ars cxra
bevri (aTiaTasi)~.
qarTvelos mefed, magram amasTanave mefis tituli uboZes rusudanis vaJsac.
laSa-giorgis vaJi, daviT VII-is saxeliT, cnes mTavar mefed, xolod rusudanis
vaJi, daviT VI, umcros suverenad. es waagavda monRoleTis imperiaSi arsebul
situacias, sadac Zmebs, oTx yaens Soris mxolod erTi iyo didi yaeni. SemdDgom da-
viT VII-s daviT ulu (ufrosi) uwodes, xolo daviT VI-s – daviT narini (umcrosi).
imisaTvis, rom gaerkviaT ramdeni meomris gamoyvana SeeZlo dapyrobil qve-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

yanas, aseve, ra raodenobiT gadasaxadebis amoReba iyo SesaZlebeli, 1254 wels
monRolur saxelmwifoSi Catarda sayovelTao aRwera. aRweres ara mxolod
adamianebi, aramed saqonelic, sarwyavi miwebi, baR-venaxebi da a.S.
aRweriT ganisazRvra, rom Tu cxra saglexo keridan saqarTvelo gamoiyvanda
erT meomars (igulisxmeba ara marto qarTveli , aramed ufro adre qarTul sa-
mefoSi Semavali araqarTveli mosaxleobac), maTi ricxvi 90 aTasi iqneboda. es
aCvenebs, rom qveynis mosaxleoba, jalal ad-dinisa da monRolebis Semosevebis
miuxedavad, kvlavac sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo.
monRolTa mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi warmoudgenlad mZime tvirTad
daawva mosaxleobas. gadasaxadebis akrefis procesi ufro darbevas waagavda,
vidre administraciuli xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul RonisZiebas.
nawilobriv amiT aixsneba gauTavebeli ajanyebebi monRolTa batonobis wi-
naaRmdeg.
monRolebi iranSi atarebdnen glexebis miwaze mimagrebis politikas. gaq-
ceulebs ZaliT abrunebdnen miwebze. saqarTveloSi glexTa zogierTi katego-
ria ukve mimagrebuli iyo miwaze. monRolTa xanaSi, qveynisaTvis Tavsmoxveuli
monRoluri kanonebidan gamomdinare, maTi raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeboda.
gansakuTrebiT mZime gamodga es procesi mTaSi, sadac mTielTa Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis mcdelobas araerTi ajanyeba mohyva.
monRolTa xarkis simZimes zrdida misi akrefis mouwesrigeblobac. Tavda-
pirvelad gadasaxadebs adgilobrivi feodalebi krefdnen, magram Semdeg es
saqme monRol moxeleebs – baskakebs daevalaT, romlebic borotad iyenebdnen
sakuTar uflebamosilebas da sagadasaxado wesebisa da akrefis vadebis daud-
genlobis gamo, cdilobdnen ramdenjerme aekrifaT erTi da igive gadasaxadi.
glexebisagan gaukacrielebuli miwebis movla-patronoba feodalisaTvis
wamgebiani iyo. Semosavlis miRebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, xarkis gadaxdisaTvis
is iZulebuli iyo isev daesaxlebina miwebze glexebi, rac metad rTul process
warmoadgenda. amitomac feodalebi amjobinebdnen miwebis gayidvas. Sesabami-
sad, miwis fasi mkveTrad daeca. amasTan
erTad qveyanaSi Semcirda fulis masa
(xarkis saxiT, yovelwliurad qveynidan
didZali raodenobis fuli gadioda da
saxelmwifo xazinac icleboda), ramac
fulis Rirebuleba didad gazarda. im
drois erT-erT dokumentSi aRniSnu-
lia: `mas Jamsa dia qveyanani daisyidnes
xarkobisagan, oqro Zvirad iyvis da so-
feli (miwa) iafad~.
monRolTa mier TbilisSi moWrili moneta
337
 monRolebma ar dabegres saeklesio miwe-
bi. amis gamo, qarTuli samefo kari cdi-
lobda adre eklesiisaTvis naboZebi miwebi
daebrunebina da gadaeca erTguli feoda-
lebisaTvis. es ki iwvevda dapirispirebas
eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris.
monRolTa batonobis periodSi gan-
sakuTrebiT mZime dartyma miiRo qalaqebma,
romlebic qveynis ekonomikuri erTianobis
da savaWro kavSirebisaTvis umniSvnelovanes
rols asrulebdnen.
omi monRolTaTvis yvelaze momgebian saq-
mianobad iTvleboda. axali qveynis dapyroba
maT uzarmazar nadavls aZlevda. yoveli axa-
li kampania ki sul ufro did winaaRmdegobas
awydeboda. jaris gaZlierebis mizniT, mon-
Rolebi sakuTar laSqarSi ZaliT rTavdnen
dapyrobili qveynebis mSvidobian da Sromi-
xareba, miniatura largvisis
sunarian mcxovrebT. mravali maTgani ukan
oTxTavidan (XIII s.)
aRar brundeboda. amdenad, monRolebisad-
mi damorCilebuli qveynebi Sromisunariani mosaxleobisagan swrafad iclebo-
Tavi meoTxe

da, ekonomika knindeboda; ferxdeboda kulturuli ganviTareba.

saqarTvelo, rogorc sxva dapyrobili qveynebi, iZulebuli iyo samxedro
ZaliT daxmareboda monRolebs. ase iyo 1249 wlidan iranSi dawyebul Svidwlian
omSi (aq monRolTa gamarjvebis da hulaguianTa (ilxanTa) saxelmwifos Seqmnis
Semdeg, saqarTvelo mas daeqvemdebara), baRdadis xalifas winaaRmdeg omSi,
egviptesTan brZolebSi. am omebSi mravali qarTveli daiRupa.
monRolTa mier qveyanaSi Seqmnil gausaZlis pirobebs mohyva jer daviT na-
rinis ajanyeba, 1259 wels, xolo Semdeg 1260 wels daviT ulus ajanyebac (am uka-
nasknelma uari ganacxada xleboda qarTuli laSqriT yaens egviptis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad). monRolebma kidev erTxel daarbies qveyana. am xanebSi orive
qarTveli mefe iZulebuli iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaxiznuliyo.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi monRolebma dasves maTTvis sando piri, warmo-
SobiT somexi Sadini. misTvis qveynis gamgeblis wodebis miniWebasac ki apirebd-
nen, rac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ukanaskneli narCenebis
mospobis tolfasi iyo. daviT ulum am pirobebSi amjobina molaparakebebze
wasuliyo yaenTan da eaxla mas iranSi. ajanyebis patiebis sanacvlod, iranis
imdroindelma gamgebelma hulagu yaenma daviT ulus moTxova oqros urdos
winaaRmdeg monRolTa jarSi qarTvelebTan erTad gaerTianeba.
monRolTa laSqrobebSi monawileobis valdebulebis gamo qarTveli mefeebi
xangrZlivi drois manZilze ar imyofebodnen qveyanaSi, rac aseve xels uwyobda
samefo xelisuflebis dasustebas.
brZola oqros urdosa da ilxanTa Soris, faqtobrivad, azerbaijanis dapa-
tronebisaTvis daiwyo, magram male mis orbitaSi saqarTveloc moeqca.

338
 oqros urdos Tavdasxmebis Tavidan
asacileblad hulagu yaenma gadawyvita
safortifikacio nagebobebiT gaemagre-
bina mdinare CaRan-usunis sanapiro zoli
SarvanSi, sadac mudmivad idgeboda jari.
am gamagrebul xazs monRolurad siba ewo-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

deboda. qarTvelebi valdebulni iyvnen
Semodgomidan zafxulis dasawyisamde aq
emsaxuraT. Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
didi nawili kvlavac mowvetili iyo sa-
meurneo saqmianobas.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo SemdgomSic
iyo oqros urdosa da ilxanTa saxelmwi-
foebis dapirispirebis asparezi. oqros
urdos mTavarsardlis, berqe-yaenis Se-
mosevam, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Tbi-
lisi ar auRia, gamousworebeli zarali
moutana qveyanas. gapartaxda erT dros
ayvavebuli mtkvris xeoba, ivrisa da
alaznis velebi. oqros urdosagan dev-
metexis taZari
nili Crdilokavkasieli tomebi, upirve-
lesad osebi, ilxanTa xelSewyobiT Tan-
daTanobiT mkvidrdebodnen qarTul miwebze.
amave xanebSi samcxis mmarTvels sargis jayels urTierToba gaurTulda da-
viT ulusTan. Sedegad, man miaRwia mefisgan srul damoukideblobas da uSualod
damorCilda yaens. aravis, yaenis garda, ufleba aRar hqonda Careuliyo samcxis
saSinao saqmeebSi. am periodSi saqarTvelo praqtikulad ukve gayofili iyo
aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilebad. samcxis gamgeblis amgvari qceva kidev erT
nabijs warmoadgenda saqarTvelos daSlis gzaze. XIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis
ki aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTbaSad sami mefe iyo.
mTavrebi monRolTa politikis Sedegad, praqtikulad sakuTari provincie-
bis damoukidebel gamgeblebad iqcnen. samefo dinastiis monaTesave mTavrebi
mefeebsac ki uwodebdnen sakuTar Tavs.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, lixTimereTSi gadasuli daviT narini gacilebiT
ufro frTxil da windaxedul politikas axorcielebda, vidre misi biZaSvili.
sakuTari poziciebis gasamtkiceblad, daviT narini ilxanTa mowinaaRmdege
saxelmwifoebTan qmnida aliansebs. amis dasturia orjer, 1364/65 da 1368 wleb-
Si, elCobebis gagzavna ilxanTa mowinaaRmdege egviptis gamgebelTan.
daviT VI aseve iyenebda Sina winaaRmdegobebs monRolTa saxelmwifoSi. ilxa-
nebTan dapirispirebuli samefo sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi, didebulebi
da mxedarTmTavrebi xSirad poulobdnen TavSesafars imereTSi. daviT narini
aseve aqtiurad monawileobda trapizonis imperiaSi mimdinare politikur
procesebSi.

339
 demetre II Tavdadebuli
daviT ulu 1270 wels gardaicvala da taxtze misi mcirewlovani vaJi, de-
metre II (1270-1289) aiyvanes. mefis mcirewlovanebis gamo regenti gaxda sadun
mankaberteli.
am periodisaTvis qarTuli samefos teritoria mniSvnelovnad iyo Semcirebu-
li. misi aRmosavleTi sazRvari gadioda CaRan-usunis mdinareze Semaxas region-
Si (Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritoriaze). anisi da yarsi isev saqarTvelos
ekuTvnoda, magram xlaTi da manaskerti aRar iTvleboda saqarTvelos vasalur
provinciebad. imereTi, ukve sakmao xania, rac aRar emorCileboda aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos. marTalia, qveyana formalurad gayofili ar iyo, magram poli-
tikuri pirobebis gamo darRveuli iyo misi erTianoba. samcxec, rogorc aRi-
niSna, aRar eqvemdebareboda demetre II-is kontrols.
demetre II-is mmarTvelobis xanaSi ilxanTa irani gaafTrebul brZolas awar-
moebda mamluqTa egviptis winaaRmdeg, rac misTvis warumatebeli gamodga.
egviptelebma ain jaluTis brZolis Semdeg kidev orjer, 1277 da 1281 wels,
sastiki marcxi awvnies ilxanTa laSqars, romlis SemadgenlobaSi qarTvelebic
ibrZodnen.

demetre II-is arCevani

ilxanTa karze am periodSi gauTavebeli qiSpi iyo yaenis taxtis dakavebisaTvis.

Tavi meoTxe

arRun yaenma moaxerxa amboxebulTa ganadgureba, romelTac saTaveSi monRoli

didebuli buRa edga. am ukanasknelTan axlo urTierToba hqonda demetres. yaenma
demetres mosTxova, xleboda mas. naTeli iyo, rom demetres, rogorc amboxebulTa
mokavSires, sikvdiliT dasjidnen. samefo darbazma mefes urCia mTianeTSi gaxizvna,
magram demetrem mainc gadawyvita wasuliyo yaenTan. is 1289 wels yaenis karze
sikvdiliT dasajes.

wyaro 4

demetre II Tavdadebulis mimarTva samefo darbazisadmi

(JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebidan):

`aw ganrisxebul ars yaeni, da yoveli mTYavari misi mouwyuedian, da aw me

miwods winaSe missa... Tu ara warvide urdosa da warvide mTiuleTs, simag-
reTa Sina, da davicva Tavi Cemi. da, aha, yoveli samefo Cemi winaSe maTsa
Zevs. ixileT, ravdeni suli qristiane sikudilsa miecemis da tyue iqmnebis,
da eklesiani Seiginebian da mooxrdebian, xatni da juarni daimusvrian. da
ukeTu warvide yaensa winaSe, dasturobiT uwyi, momklavs...

... me davsdeb sulsa Cemsa erisaTvis Cemisa da ara daviSli urdosa wasvlas~.

340
 XIII s-is 80-iani wlebis bolos monRolebma kidev erTxel Caatares mosaxle-
obis aRwera. Sedegma cxadyo, rom ilxanTa samflobeloebis didi nawili, sa-
qarTvelos CaTvliT, gapartaxebuli iyo. gansakuTrebulad mZime viTareba iyo
kaxeTsa da hereTSi, romlebic oqros urdosa da ilxanTa saxelmwifoebs Soris
brZolebis asparezad iyo qceuli.

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

samcxe am periodSi uSualod eqvemdebareboda ilxan yaens, magram, amasTan erTad,
misi gamgebeli, sargis jayeli samcxis spasalarad iTvleboda, xolo misi memkvid-
re beqa jayeli mandaturTuxucesis tituls atarebda. es miuTiTebs, rom kavSiri
saqarTvelosa da mesxeTs Soris mTlianad ar yofila gawyvetili da garkveuli
saxis damokidebuleba, Tundac formaluri, kvlavac arsebobda.

beqa jayelis mmarTvelobis dros regionSi daiwyo TurqTa Semosevebi. mtris wi-
naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad beqam Sekriba laSqari da qarTvel mTavrebsac mouwoda,
daxmarebodnen.

wyaro 5

beqa jayelis mimarTva TurqebTan brZolis win qarTveli mTavrebisadmi

(JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebidan):

`…mefe Semcirebul ars mZlavrebisagan TaTarTasa da kualad pirni da Tavad-

ni saqarTvelosanni gandgomil arian da aravin ars winaaRmdgom TurqTa...~

`…...ismineT, mTavarno saqarTvelosano, Zmano da da TanamonaTesaveno Cem-

no... SevkrbeT yovliTa ZaliTa CueniTa da mivmarToT TurqTa, da ar mivs-
ceT Tavni da Svilni Cuenni, da ara ganguwirnes RmerTman mosavni misni da
aRmsarebelni misni, da moguces Zleva maT zeda, viTar misca mamaTa CuenTa
Zleva maT Tvis da ZmaTa CuenTaTvis…...~

beqa jayelis mimarTvis Sefaseba iv. javaxiSvilis mier:

`am saucxoo politikur mimarTvaSi Tavidan bolomdis yvelaferi marTa-

li iyo, magram TviT ase brZnulad damrigebelsaca da yvela mis msmeneleb-
sac kargad moexsenebodaT, rom saqarTvelos mTavarTagan gankerZoebis
pirveli magaliTi swored mis mamas hqonda micemuli da TviTonac piradad
Tavisi mamis Secdomis gamosasworeblad araferi gaukeTebia. exla, rode-
sac mtris Semosevisagan gansacdeli mis samflobelosac daadga, saqarTve-
los mTlianobis uaRresi mniSvneloba misTvis cxadi gamxdara, magram da-
gvianebiT…. TviT es Segnebac misi nebisyofis mxolod droebiTi mflobeli
iyo da amitomac saqarTvelos maSindeli savalalo politikuri mdgoma-
reobisaTvis amas arc hqonda mniSvneloba. beqa mandaturTuxucess Tavisi
sityvis zemomoyvanili politikuri sabuTianoba, etyoba, ufro mWevrmety-
velebisaTvis gamoyenebul saSualebad hqonda momarjvebuli, vidre misi
marTlac Rrma da gulwrfeli erovnuli Segneba iyo~.

341
 demetre II Seecada dangreuli qveynis aRdgenas, daclili soflebis xelaxla
dasaxlebas. is eweoda farTo aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobasac. TbilisSi, samefo
sasaxlis gverdiT man aagebina metexis taZari, romelic ar Camouvardeboda
oqros xanis xuroTmoZRvrebis brwyinvale nimuSebs da dRemde amSvenebs Tbiliss.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstze da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT gamoikvlieT da daadgineT qarTuli

saxelmwifos mimarT romis wminda saydris damokidebulebis cvlilebis mi-
zezebi. Tqveni azriT, ra ganapirobebda pap honorius III-is werilis pativis-
cemiT aRsavse tons, qarTuli saxelmwifos awmyo mdgomareoba Tu warsuli
avtoriteti da ra mizeziT Seicvala papebis werilebSi mokrZaleba TiTqmis
daufaravi gulgrilobiT?
2. wyaroze da teqstze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT saqarTvelos samefo karis
intrigebsa da maT politikur Sedegebze damoukidebeli qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis.
Tavi meoTxe

3. JamTaaRmwerlis am cnobis safuZvelze gamoiTvaleT am periodis

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiTi raodenoba.
4. SeafaseT demetres politikuri arCevani.
5. teqstze da wyaro 5-ze dayrdnobiT, samcxis samTavros kerZo SemTxvevis
ganxilvis safuZvelze, SeafaseT ramdenad realuri iyo am periodSi
saqarTvelos erTianobis SenarCunebis Sansi.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1207/1210/1213 -1223 – laSa-giorgi

1223-1245 – rusudani

1225 – garnisis brZola 1270-1289 – demetre II Tav-

dadebuli

1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300

1259 1260 – daviT ulus ajanyeba

daviT narinis ajanyeba

342
54. qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla

giorgi V brwyinvales mefoba

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

1318 wlidan erTpirovnulad mefobs demetre II-is vaJi, giorgi V (jer kidev
mcirewlovani giorgi 1299 wels monRolebma dasves erT-erT mefed). qveynis
aRorZinebisa da erTianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi gaweuli RvawlisaTvis, mas brwyi-
nvale uwodes.
am xanebSi ilxanTa saxelmwifos realuri gamgebeli pirveli vaziri Cobani
iyo. Cobans axlo urTierToba akavSirebda giorgisTan. xSirad mimarTavda mas
rCevebisaTvis. garda amisa, ilxanTa saxelmwifos Zliereba ukve Seryeuli iyo
da maTi armia aRar warmoadgenda im Zalas, romelic SiSis zars scemda yvelas.
am viTarebaSi qarTuli armia ilxanTa mniSvnelovan sayrdenad iqca.
CobanTan axlo urTierTobebi giorgi V-m saqarTvelos interesebisaTvis
gamoiyena. is praqtikulad sruli damoukideblobiT sargeblobda qveyanaSi.
Semcirda monRoli molaSqreebis ricxvic – mxolod 10 aTasiani jari icavda
sazRvrispira regionebs.
giorgim, pirvel rigSi, wesrigi aRadgina qarTlSi, saidanac gandevna gorSi
damkvidrebuli osebi. man mtkiced mohkida xeli qveynis erTianobis aRdgenas da

wyaro 1

arabi istorikosi al-kalkaSandi giorgi V-is droindeli saqarTvelos Se-

saxeb:

`qarTvelTa laSqari mtkiced dgas jvris sarwmunoebaze, guladi da mamaci xal-

xia, isini hulaguianTa (ilxanTa) laSqris saimedo Zalas da simdidres warmoad-
genen. xolo [hulaguianebi] endobian maT da eyrdnobian~.
b

al-kalkaSandi giorgi V brwyinvales Sesaxeb:

[giorgi V] yvelaze didebulia qristian mefeTa Soris. man daiwyo mimowera

[egviptis] sulTnis maRal karTan, jvris monastris gamo, raTa aeRoT masze
dampyrobluri xeli, (ris Sedegadac) gamoica mbrZaneblis firmanebi [qarTve-
lebisaTvis] misi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. [adre] es monasteri, romelic mdebareobs
didebuli ierusalimis farglebs gareT, waarTves qarTvelebs da gadaakeTes igi
meCeTYad. monastris qristianebisaTvis dabruneba mZime iyo ulemebisa (sasuliero
pirebi) da RvTismoSiSi xalxisaTvis (muslimebisaTvis), Tumca [monastris dabru-
neba] umiznod ar momxdara. iTqva, rom igi (qarTvelTa mefe) aqezebda jubans
(ilxanTa vaziri Cobani) (am) qveynis winaaRmdeg da ar iSurebda misTvis (Cobani-
saTvis) mis (sulTnis) winaaRmdeg Zvelsa da axal qonebas.

343
 centralizaciis politikis gatarebas; bolo mouRo adgilobrivi feodalebis
miswrafebas damoukideblobisaken.
gonieri diplomatiuri politikis wyalobiT, giorgim SeZlo dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos SemoerTebac. 1334 wels giorgim TviTonve daadgina gardacvlili
mTavris sargisis Svili yvaryvare samcxis mTavrad. es ki niSnavda samefo xeli-
suflebis uzenaesobis aRdgenas samcxeSi.
am RonisZiebebis Sedegad, qarTuli samefos erTianoba isev aRdga.
giorgi V-is mefoba aseve sayuradReboa farTo sakanonmdeblo moRvaweobis
TvalsazrisiT. mefem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia mTielTa Temebs. misi
brZanebiT, specialurma komisiam mTiani regionebisaTvis SeimuSava kanonTa
krebuli `Zeglisdebis~ saxelwodebiT. misi epoqis umniSvnelovanesi samarTle-
brivi dokumentia `xelmwifis karis garigeba~, romelic aCvenebs politikuri
reJimis organizaciis maRal dones da aseve qveyanaSi ekonomikis mdgomareobis
gamosworebas.
giorgis drosve moiWra qarTuli fuli `giorgaulis~ saxelwodebiT.
ekonomikuri situaciis gaumjobeseba aisaxa qveynis dedaqalaqzec. giorgis

wyaro 2

romis papi saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebisa da TbilisSi saepiskopo-

sos daarsebis Sesaxeb:
Tavi meoTxe

pap ioane XXII-is werilidan giorgi V brwyinvalesadmi, 1322 weli:

`(morwmuneebma) ueWvelad yoveli sakiTxis gasarkvevad unda mimarTon petres

taxts, romelic ara Cveni damsaxurebiT, aramed RvTaebrivi madliT Cven gvikavia da
ar SegviZlia sinanulis gareSe SevxedoT, Tu rogor xdeba aseTi sxeulidan zogier-
Ti nawilis Camocileba; e.i. Tqveni qveynis eklesiebi Tu ar daemorCilebian erTians,
amis gamo ganSorebuli iqnebian Tavisi sulieri Tavisagan da ar miiReben monawile-
obas sxeulis cxovrebaSi, ar eqnebaT masTan erTianoba~.

pap ioane XXII-is weril-instruqciidan aRmosavleTSi moRvawe misione-

rebisadmi:

`Tqven, visac mosvenebas ar aZlevs gulmodgineba sulisadmi, im sarwmunoebis guli-

saTvis, romelsac Tqven aRsarebas eubnebiT... Cven gavagzavniT im xalxebTan, romle-
bic ufal ieso qristes ar cnoben da aseve urC SvilebTan, romlebic wminda romis
eklesias Tavs arideben~.

pap ioane XXII-is werilidan TbilisSi kaTolikeTa saepiskoposos Seqmnis

Sesaxeb:

`amieridan qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis, RvTaebrivi kultis sazRvre-

bis gafarToebisa da aseve sxva gonivruli mosazrebiT, Cveni morCili Zmebis rCeviT
da Cveni samociqulo uflebamosilebiT, saqarTvelos samefos didebul adgils –
Tbiliss Cven avamaRlebT saepiskoposo qalaqis rangamde, aRvniSnavT mas sityvebiT:
`saepiskoposo qalaqi~ da vusurvebT, raTa momavalSi igi samudamod `saepiskoposo
qalaq Tbilisad~ iwodebodes; zemoaRniSnuli rCeviTa da uflebamosilebiT~.

344
 saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si
gergetis sameba (XIV s.)

Tanamedrove evropelebi Tbiliss uwodeben `TvalsaCino, mWidrod dasaxle-

bul, yovelnairi dovlaTiT savse~ qalaqs.
giorgim aseve aRadgina saqarTvelos poziciebi trapizonis imperiaSi.
gaizarda saqarTvelos prestiJi muslimur qveynebSi. giorgis TxovniT, eg-
viptis sulTanma daubruna qarTvelebs ierusalimis jvris monasteri. qarTve-
lebma aseve miiRes sxvadasxva saxis privilegiebi wminda miwaze.
ilxanTa saxelmwifo XIV saukunis dasawyisisaTvis dakninebis gzas adga da
1335 wlisaTvis sabolood daiSala. 30-ian wlebSi ki saqarTvelom Seuwyvita
xarkis gadaxda monRolebs da amiT dasrulda monRolTa TiTqmis saukunovani
batonoba.
wminda saydris gadawyvetilebiT, TbilisSi smirnidan gadmoitanes kaTo-
likuri eklesiis aRmosavleTis samisionero centri, rac miuTiTebs rogorc
qarTuli samefos siZliereze, aseve mSvidobaze, qveyanaSi vaWrobis ganviTa-
rebis sargebelsa da kaTolicizmis propagandisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebze.

Temur lengis Semosevebi

miRweuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, qarTuli samefos Zlierebis srulad
aRdgena mainc ver moxerxda da XIV saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qveyana ver Sexvda
saTanadod momzadebuli axal gansacdels. am periodidan iwyeba Temur lengis
laSqrobebi saqarTveloSi.
Temur lengi gaTurqebuli monRoluri tomis warmomadgeneli iyo.
centralur aziaSi Temur lengma SeZlo Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmna da aseve
daeufla ilxanTa samflobeloebis umetes nawils.
Tavdapirvelad Temur lengi oqros urdos yaen ToxTamiSTan dapirispire-
bis gamo SemoiWra kavkasiaSi. 1386 wels, qalaqis damcvelTa winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad, Temur lengma Tbilisi aiRo. Temurma kidev mravaljer ilaSqra
saqarTveloSi. Temur lengis laSqrobebi, SesaZloa, manamde ganxorcielebul-
Ta Soris yvelaze damangreveli iyo qveynisaTvis.
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 Temur lengis erT-erT mTavar mizans saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis gamuslimeba warmoadgenda. winaaRmdego-
bis gamo, is umowyalod xocavda qristianebs, angrevda
eklesia-monastrebs da, amasTan erTad, aCanagebda baR-
venaxebs gadarCenili mosaxleobisaTvis arsebobis wya-
ros mosaspobad.
Temur lengis Semosevebis Sedegad dacarielda sof-
lebi da qalaqebi. swored am periodidan Cndeba qarTul
enaSi terminebi `naqalaqari~, `nasoflari~, `nasaxlari~,
`nafuZari~, `navenaxari~. ukanaskneli, merve laSqrobisas,
Temuri dasavleT saqarTveloSic gadavida da, sparseli
istorikosis cnobiT, `daaxloebiT Svidasi daba, yana da
monasteri daangria da gaZarcva~.
1386 wlidan moyolebuli 1403 wlamde saqarTve-
los mxolod ramdenime wlis manZilze hqonda mSvidad
amosunTqvis saSualeba. amasTan, Temur lengis mier da-
trialebuli ubedureba mxolod saqarTvelos ar Sexebia. Temur lengi

kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis didi nawili misi Semosevebis Sedegad gave-

randa, mravali dasaxlebuli adgili gaukacrielda. stiqiur ubedurebasac ki
ar SeeZlo moetana iseTi ziani, rogoric mis laSqrobebs axlda Tan.
1403 wels giorgi VII-m Temur lengTan zavi dado. qarTuli mxare kisrulobda
Tavi meoTxe

xarkis gadaxdas da damxmare jaris gamoyvanis valdebulebas, Temuri ki cnob-

da saqarTvelos, rogorc qristianuli saxelmwifos, arsebobas. es arsebul
viTarebaSi qarTuli mxaris gamarjveba iyo, magram is ziani, romelic Temuris
Semosevebma qveyanas miayena, gamousworebeli aRmoCnda.
Temuri niWieri da gabeduli mxedarTmTavari iyo. brZolis dros iyenebda
gonebamaxvilur xerxebs, nergavda axal samxedro taqtikas. amasTan, misi si-
sastike yovelgvar zRvars aWarbebda. is tyveebis moWrili Tavebisagan koS-
kebs agebda da maT cocxlad marxavda. Temur lengis Semosevebi upirvele-
sad mZarcvelur xasiaTs atarebda. mosaxleobis nawili – ostat-xelosnebi,
mxatvrebi, mwignobrebi da a. S. mas tyved mihyavda centralur aziaSi da Tavisi
samefos interesebisaTvis iyenebda. aseve Tavisi saxelmwifos centrSi ezide-
boda naZarcv qonebas. dapyrobili qveynebis miwebs is urigebda sakuTari sa-
gvareulos warmomadgenlebsa da erTgul qveSevrdomebs. miwebis mflobelebi
sargeblobdnen administraciuli, sagadasaxado da sasamarTlo SeuvalobiT,
samagierod, sakuTari razmebiT unda xlebodnen Temurs laSqrobebSi.
Temuris mier nawil-nawil darigebuli teritoriebi ar warmoadgenda erTian
saxelmwifo organizms. amitomac es uzarmazari, Sekowiwebuli saxelmwifo misi
Semqmnelis sikvdilisTanave (1405 w.) daiSala.

saqarTvelo XV saukuneSi. qveynis daSla samefo-samTavroebad

Temur lengis Semdeg qarTvelebs mouxdaT brZola iranis teritoriaze ar-
sebul e.w. Savbatknian da TeTrbatknian Turqmanul saxelmwifoebTan. Savbatk-
nian TurqmanebTan brZolas Seewirnen giorgi VII da misi vaJi, mefe konstantine.

346
 mdgomareoba SedarebiT gamosworda aleqsandre I didis (1412-1442) mefo-
bis xanaSi. is energiulad Seudga qveynis aRmSeneblobas. Semosevebis Sedegad
dacarielebul adgilebSi daiwyo mezobeli qveynebidan mosaxleobis gadmo-
saxleba, dangreuli eklesia-monastrebis aRdgena. miuxedavad mdgomareobis
nawilobrivi gamosworebisa, xangrZlivi mSvidobiani periodis ararsebobis
pirobebSi, problemebis sruli gadawyveta ver moxerxda. TandaTanobiT sul

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

ufro met damoukideblobas aRwevdnen calkeuli provinciis gamgebeli mTav-
rebi da Tavadebi. gamoikveTa qveynis daSlis tendencia. aleqsandre didis
vaJi giorgi VIII (1446-1466) erTiani saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefe aRmoCnda.
is jer imereTis erisTavma, bagratma daamarcxa CixorTan brZolaSi (1463 w.),
xolo Semdeg samcxis mTavarma yvaryvarem faravnis tbasTan brZolaSi (1465 w.).
am brZolis Sedegad, samcxe sabolood gamoeyo saqarTvelos.
qveynis danarCen nawilebSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda qarTlis, kaxeTisa da
imereTis samefoebi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli samegrelo-afxazeTisa
da guriis samTavroebi ki faqtobrivad aRar emorCilebodnen imereTis mefes.
osmaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnisa da osmalebis mier 1453 wels konstantinopo-
lis aRebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo mTlianad muslimur rkalSi moeqca. osmaleTis
gabatonebam Sav zRvasa da mcire aziaSi aiZula dasavleT evropa, intensiurad
daewyo indoeTisaken mimavali axali gzebis Zieba, romelic gverds auvlida mci-
re aziasa da kavkasias. am faqtma mkveTrad dasca saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
mniSvneloba da gadaulaxavi kedeli aRmarTa qristianul evropasTan.

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saqarTvelo XV s.-is bolos

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 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis 1 a da 1 b safuZvelze CamoayalibeT, ra politikiT

SeZlo giorgi V-m ierusalimis jvris monastris dabruneba da SeafaseT
qarTveli mefis politikuri unari.
2. wyaroze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT wminda saydris politikis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos mimarT. imsjeleT, ra motivebiT xelmZRvanelobda papi ioane
XXII TbilisSi kaTolikuri saepiskoposos daarsebis gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas.
3. Tqveni azriT, monRolebis TiTqmis saukunovani batonobis pirobebSi mow-
yda Tu ara saqarTvelo dasavleT da aRmosavleT qristianul samyaros?
Sesabamis wyaroebze dayrdnobiT daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
4. imsjeleT evropasTan saqarTvelos kavSiris xelis SemSlel faqtorebze. sa-
Tanado argumentebisa da magaliTebis moSveliebiT gansazRvreT dasavleT
evropis interesebi saqarTveloSi da is, Tu ramdenad realuri iyo am intere-
sebis ganxorcieleba.
Tavi meoTxe

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT, SeiZleba Tu ara saqarTvelos politikuri isto-

riis samsaukunovani (XIII-XV ss.) monakveTi Sefasdes, rogorc `dasavleTSi
dasayrdenis Ziebisa da aRmosavlel dampyroblebTan brZolis periodi~. daa-
sabuTeT Tqveni mosazrebebi.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1299/1318-1346 – giorgi V
brwyinvale 1386-1403 – Temur lengis
laSqrobebi saqarTveloSi

1300 1330 1360 1390 1420 1450

1412-1442
aleqsandre I didi

348
55. konstantinopolis dacema

osmalTa saxelmwifos warmoSoba da leqsikoni

pirveli dapyrobebi

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

r brwyinvale porta – did-
Turquli modgmis xalxebi selCukTa
veziris kancelariis Sesasv-
dapyrobebis Semdeg myarad damkvidrdnen
leli, stambolSi. gadataniTi
mcire aziaSi. selCukTa imperiis daSlis
mniSvnelobiT – mTavroba.
Sedegad aq da mTlianad axlo aRmosavleTis momdinareobs didveziris
regionSi mravali mcire urTierTmoqiSpe sasaxlis ezoSi Sesasvleli
saxelmwifo SDeiqmna, romlebsac ZiriTadad mTavari karibWis saxelidan
Turquli warmomavlobis dinastiebi edgnen (frang. porte, it. porta, Turq.
saTaveSi. mcire aziis teritoriis udidesi bab-i ali)
nawili bizantias ukve dakarguli hqonda. aq
r tiara – papis Tavsaburavi
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda rumis sasulTno,
magram is 1300 wels daiSala. amis Semdeg am
regionSi aTamde damoukidebeli, mcire Turquli saxelmwifo (beiliqebi) Seiqm-
na. am saxelmwifoebs Soris dawinaurda osmanis (1258-1326) mier Seqmnili samTa-
vro, romelmac male daimorCila sxva Turquli beiliqebi. es axali saxelmwifo
uSualod esazRvreboda erT dros Zlevamosil qristianul imperias. osmani
gaxda dinastiis fuZemdebeli, romelmac Semdgom uzarmazari imperia Seqmna.
am imperias qarTulad osmaleTs vuwodebT. evropaSi mas otomanebis imperiad,

osmaleTis imperia

bizantiis imperia

osmaluri balkaneTi

adrianopoli

konstantinopoli

Tesaloniki nikea

osmaluri mcire azia

bizantiisa da osmaleTis imperiebi 1430 wlisaTvis

349
 mis mTavrobas ki brwyinvale portad, an ubralod, portad moixseniebdnen. os-
maleTis saxelmwifos daarsebis TariRad iTvleba 1299 weli. misma arsebobam
didxans, 1923 wlamde gastana.
ukve osman I-is zeobis xanaSi Turqebma kidev ufro Seaviwroes isedac dasus-
tebuli bizantiis imperia. 1301 wels osmalebma pirveli gamarjveba moipoves
bizantiis armiaze. muslimi osmalebi sakuTar Tavs Raziebs – `wminda omis~
mebrZolebs uwodebdnen da maTi mizani gaxda `urwmunoTa~ miwebis islamuri
teritoriebisaTvis SemoerTeba. mogvianebiT, osmalo sulTnebi Tavs `rome-
elTa imperatorebadac~ (qaizer-e rumi) moixseniebdnen da amiT xazs usvamdnen,
rom maTi saxelmwifo ara marto islamuri saxalifos, aramed romis imperiis
memkvidrec iyo.
osmanis memkvidreebma farTomasStabiani dapyrobiTi omebi wamoiwyes. jer
kidev osmanis dros axali saxelmwifos sataxto qalaqi gaxda bursa – anato-
liis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi marmarilos zRvasTan axlos, romelic osmalebma
1326 wels daipyres. bursa sakmaod axlos iyo konstantinopolTan, romelic
male osmalebis ZiriTadad samizned iqca. 1338 wels osmalebma ukve miaRwies
bosforis srutes da male gadalaxes kidec is Tavad bizantielTa TxovniT,
romlebic cdilobdnen mokavSireTa moZiebas qveyanaSi mimdinare samoqala-
qo omis pirobebSi. 1352-54 ww. Turqebma daikaves galipolis naxevarkunZuli.
amgvarad daiwyo osmalebis evropuli dapyrobebis periodi.
Tavdapirvelad osmalebma mzera samxreT evropas – balkaneTis naxevarkun-
Tavi meoTxe

Zuls miapyres. 1387 wels isini daeuflnen mniSvnelovan berZnul qalaqs Tesa-
loniks, romelic manamde venecielebis sakuTreba iyo. 1389 wels ki osmaleb-
ma daamarcxes serbebi kosovos brZolaSi. amis Sedegad osmalebs gza gaexnaT
evropaSi Semdgomi eqspansiisaTvis. SeSfoTebulma evropulma saxelmwifoebma
jarebis koalicia Seqmnes. gadamwyveti brZola 1396 wels nikopolisis cixe-
simagresTan (Tanamedrove bulgareTSi) gaimarTa da osmalebis gamarjvebiT das-
rulda. am brZolas zogjer ukanasknel jvarosnul laSqrobadac moixsenieben.
balkaneTis dapyrobasTan erTad, osmalebis mizani iyo anatoliis sruli

konstantinopolis kedlebi

350
damorCilebac. 1397 wels osmalebma sabolood daamarcxes maTi metoqe yaraxa-
nidebi da mTlianad gabatondnen anatoliaSi.
nikopolisTan gamarjvebis Semdeg osmalebma faqtobrivad alyaSi moaqcies
konstantinopoli da Canda, rom qalaqis dReebi daTvlili iyo, magram am dros
osmalebs aRmosavleTSi axali mteri gamouCndaT. Temur lengma centralur
aziaSi Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmna da wamoiwyo laSqrobebi dasavleTSi. 1402

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

wels ankarasTan Sedga brZola osmalebsa da Temuris jarebs Soris. brZola
Temuris gamajvebiT dasrulda, osmalo sulTani baiazid II ki tyved Cavarda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Temur lengs ar usargeblia gamarjvebiT da ar Semouer-
Tebia osmalebis teritoriebi, osmalebma mainc umZimesi dartyma miiRes. maTi
droebiTi dasustebiT isargebles balkaneTis xalxebma da aRidgines damou-
kidebloba.
10 welze metxans gagrZelda taxtisaTvis brZola baiazidis vaJebs Soris.
Tumca, XV s-is 20-iani wlebidan osmalebma TandaTanobiT daiwyes dakarguli
poziciebis aRdgena. sulTanma murad II-m (zeobda 1421-1451) daibruna dakar-
guli teritoriebi. amgvar viTarebaSi naTeli gaxda, rom bizantiis imperiis
dReebi daTvlili iyo.

kaTolikuri evropa da bizantia

kaTolikur samyarosTan bizantiis rTul urTierTobebs xangrZlivi isto-
ria hqonda. qristianul eklesiaSi didi ganxeTqilebis Semdeg mxareebi sul
ufro metad upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs. Tumca, savaWro kavSirebi kvlavac
intensiur xasiaTs atarebda da am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen venecie-
lebi.
1204 wels, meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros evropelma jvarosnebma
Seicvales gezi da wminda miwis gaTavisuflebis nacvlad, jari bizantiisaken
mimarTes. 1204 wels jvarosnebma aiRes konstantinopoli da Seqmnes e.w. `la-
TinTa imperia~. bizantiis imperiis `gadarCenili~ nawilis centri ki qalaqi
nikea gaxda mcire aziaSi. 1261 wels nikeas imperatorma, mixail III paleologosma
moaxerxa konstantinopolis dabruneba da bizantiis aRdgena. Tumca, adrinde-
li siZlieris dabruneba bizantiisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo.
TurqTa moZalebis pirobebSi bizantieli imperatorebi iZulebulni
gaxdnen saSvelad mainc dasavluri qristianuli samyarosaTvis miemarTaT.
imperatorebma, ioane IV-m (1369 wels) da manuil II-m (1417 wels), politikuri mo-
sazrebebidan gamomdinare, ganaaxles molaparakebebi romTan. gamouval mdgo-
mareobaSi Cavardnili imperatori ioane VIII ki Tavad ewvia roms da florenciis
saeklesio krebaze pap evgenius VI-sTan erTad xeli moawera unias (gaerTiane-
bas), romlis mizanic iyo aRmosavluri da dasavluri eklesiebis erTianobis
aRdgena. am SeTanxmebas realuri Sedegi ar gamouRia, vinaidan bizantielebi
uaryofiTad afasebdnen romTan daaxloebis perspeqtivas. konstantinopolSic
didi iyo antipaTia kaTolikeebis mimarT. im xanebSi bizantiis flotis mTavar-
sardalsa da imperatoris karze yvelaze gavlenian pirs, lukas notaras miawe-
ren sityvebs: `mirCevnia, qalaqSi vixilo sulTnis Calma, vidre papis tiara~.

351
 bizantiis dacema da misi mniSvneloba evropisa da saqarTvelosTvis
konstantinopolis aRebisa da bizantiis imperiis saboloo ganadgurebis
misia ikisra axalma sulTanma mehmed II-m (zeobda1451-1481), romelsac dampyro-
belic uwodes.
Tavdapirvelad sulTanma bosforis sruteze aago rumeliis cixesimagre
da mouWra konstantinopols Sav zRvasTan komunikaciis saSualeba. sulTnis
laSqarSi daaxl. 160 aTasi meomari iyo, maT winaaRmdeg ki bizantiis imperator
konstantine XI paleologoss (zeobda 1449-1453) mxolod 7500 jariskacis ga-
moyvana SeeZlo, maT Sorisac bevri daqiravebuli iyo.
xangrZlivi alyis Semdeg, 1453 wlis 29 maiss osmalebma gatexes qalaqis da-
mcvelTa winaaRmdegoba da mehmed II konstantinopolSi Sevida. imperatori
konstantine XI brZolaSi daiRupa. osmalebma qalaqSi sastiki xocva-Jleta
moawyves. qristianuli imperiis simbolo – aia sofias taZari muslimur meCe-

wyaro 1

sulTan mehmed II-is politika qristianebis mimarT:

a

`sulTani mehmedi Tavisi berZeni qveSevrdomebis mimarT ar iyo imdenad sastiki

da daundobeli, rogorc amas aRwerdnen dasavleT evropaSi. mas mtkiced hqonda
Tavi meoTxe

gadawyvetili Seeqmna erTiani, Zlieri da mdidari saxelmwifo. 1454 wels man

tyveobidan gaaTavisufla giorgios genadios sqolariosi, romelic konstanti-
nopolis patriarqi gaxda. mas regularulad hqonda disputebi Teologiur saki-
Txebze patriarqTan... man aRudgina marTlmadideblur eklesias Zala da is pri-
vilegiebi, romliTac sargeblobda bizantiuri mmarTvelobis dros da daubruna
qonebis mniSvnelovani nawilic~.
enToni pagdeni, samyaroebi omSi

`[konstantinopolis aRebidan] sami dRis Semdeg sulTanma gadarCenil mosaxle-

obas uboZa patieba da mouwoda ltolvilT, dabrunebuliyvnen qalaqSi: hpir-
deboda maT uSiSroebas da urCevda ganegrZoT TavianTi saqmianoba. sulTnis es
gadawyvetileba nakarnaxevi iyo ara humanuri motiviT, aramed mas surda aRedgina
qalaqSi normaluri cxovreba, daebrunebina axali dedaqalaqisaTvis warsuli
sidiade. dacarielebul qalaqSi mosaxleobis gazrdis mizniT, man Caasaxla berZ-
nebi egeosis kunZulebidan, moreasa da SavizRvispireTidan, somxebi – bursadan
da Turqebi – akradan.

mehmed II-isTvis naTeli iyo, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda qalaqis ganviTare-

bisaTvis vaWrobas da am saqmeSi ra wvlili miuZRoda berZen xelosnebsa da vaW-
rebs. amitom man ucvlelad datova bizantiis imperiaSi moqmedi yvela kanoni
vaWroba-xelosnobis Sesaxeb.

mixeil svaniZe, TurqeTis istoria

352
Tad gadakeTda. amgvarad dasrulda aRmosavleT romis – bizantiis imperiis
aTaswlovani istoria.
konstantinolis dacemas udidesi msoflio-istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda.
XV saukunisaTvis konstantinopols Zveli didebis TiTqmis aRaraferi SerCe-
noda. naxevrad dangreul qalaqSi 50 aTasze naklebi mcxovrebi iyo. Tumca is
kvlavac rCeboda Zveli imperiuli didebis simbolod, bizantiuri saxelmwi-

saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si

foebriobis centrad.
osmaluri dapyrobebis Sedegad daemxo aRmosavluri qristianuli imperia da
misi adgili islamurma imperiam daikava. es iyo umZimesi fsiqologiuri dartyma
qristianuli samyarosaTvis. romis papma pius II-m (1405-1464) saeklesio krebac
ki moiwvia italiis qalaq mantuaSi, osmalTa winaaRmdeg konstantinopolis
gasaTavisufleblad jvarosnuli laSqrobis organizebis mizniT. Tumca, papis
am mowodebas gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia evropeli monarqebis mxridan.
konstantinopolis dacema niSnavda dasavleTisTvis aRmosavluri qris-
tianuli samyaros im mxaris mowyvetas, romelic misi civilizaciisa da kultu-
ris dasabamTan idga. es evropisaTvis ZvelberZnul samyarosTan damakavSire-
beli Zafi iyo. mravalma berZenma swavlulma Tavi dasavleT evropas Seafara,
ramac xeli Seuwyo dasavlur qristianul samyaroSi mecnierebisa da kulturis
winsvlas. zogierTi istorikosi konstantinopolis dacemas Sua saukuneebisa
da axali drois wyalgamyofadac miiCnevs.
konstantinopolis TurqTa mier dapyrobam mospo bizantiis, rogorc aRmo-
savleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebuli savaWro gzis mniSvneloba. evrope-
lebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, eZebnaT axali sazRvao gzebi, rac, nawilobriv, didi
geografiuli aRmoCenebis biZgi gamodga.

wyaro 2

`romis pap pius II-isaTvis, romelic humanisti, swavluli da poeti iyo... konstanti-
nopolis dacema niSnavda ara mxolod didi qristianuli qalaqis ganadgurebas, aramed,
da albaT ufro metadac, `homerosisa da platonis meored sikvdils~. papi ara marto
ganaTlebuli adamiani iyo, is bevrs mogzaurobda kidec. mas gacilebiT ufro metad
swamda farTo qristianuli erTobis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, vidre mis winamorbedebs.
1459 wels mantuis krebaze man konstantinopolis dasabruneblad axali jvarosnuli
omis dawyeba gamoacxada, Tumca, miRebuli dadgenilebis miuxedavad, aravin iyo mzad
samoqmedod. Semdgomi oTxi weli papi TavdauRalavad eweoda TurqTa winaaRmdeg
galaSqrebis qadagebas. imedgacruebuli papi werda: `Tu Cven Sikrikebs gavagzavniT su-
verenebTan daxmarebis TxovniT, amaze maT mxolod gaecinebaT. Tu Cven [Semosavlebis]
meaTedis gadaxdas davakisrebT samRvdeloebas, isini moiTxoven krebis mowvevas... xalxs
hgonia, rom Cveni erTaderTi mizania oqros Segroveba. aravis sjera Cveni naTqvamisa~.

1463 wlis oqtomberSi papma gamoacxada, rom axali jvarosnuli laSqroba daiwyo.
laSqari italiis port ankonadan unda gasuliyo, magram rodesac papi 1464 wlis
ivnisSi iq Cavida, mas aravin daxvda. bolos ori veneciuri gemi gamoCnda, Tumca sam
dReSi papi gardaicvala da jvarosnuli omis ideac daviwyebas mieca~.

enToni pagdeni, samyaroebi omSi

353
 metad mZime iyo bizantiis imperiis ganadgurebis Sedegebi saqarTvelo-
saTvis (sul male, 1461 wels, osmalebma mcire aziaSi qristianTa ukanaskneli
saxelmwifo – trapizonis imperiac sabolood daipyres). saqarTvelo islamur
rkalSi aRmoCnda. ukiduresad Semcirda qristianul evropasTan kontaqtebis
saSualeba. es Seexeboda rogorc saxmeleTo gzas, ise Sav zRvas – male osmaleb-
ma praqtikulad mTlianad daipyres Savi zRvis mimdebare qveynebi da is `osma-
leTis tbad~ aqcies.
saqarTveloSic da evropaSic kargad esmodaT, Tu ra safrTxes warmoadgend-
nen osmalebi. pap pius II-s osmalebis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobis orga-
nizebis mcdelobisas saqarTvelos imedi hqonda. am mizniT man Tavisi legati,
ludoviko bolonieli moavlina saqarTveloSi (1456-1457). mefe giorgi VIII-m
sapasuxod elCoba gaagzavna evropaSi papTan da burgundiis hercogTan, raTa
daedasturebina saqarTvelos mzadyofna, CarTuliyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
omSi. saqarTvelos elCebs, nikoloz Tbilelsa da xardan xaCikians axldnen
aseve somxebis, sparselebis, trapizonis imperiis warmomadgenlebi. evropaSi
maT megzurobas zemoxsenebuli ludoviko bolonieli uwevda. elCebi estumr-
nen germaniis imperators, fridrix III-s (1440-1493), Semdeg isini pativiT miiRes
veneciis senatSi; 1460 wels ki gaimarTa saqarTvelos elCobis Sexvedra romis
papTan. pius II moixibla qarTveli mefis winadadebiT, romelic mzad iyo evro-
pelTa mier osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis wamowyebis SemTxvevaSi, aRmosavleTi-
dan Seetia TurqebisaTvis, Tumca, papis gegma ganucxorcielebeli darCa da,
Tavi meoTxe

Sesabamisad, qarTul-evropuli aliansi, saboloo jamSi, ver Sedga.

ieriSi konstantinopolze

354
 saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV ss.-Si
konstantinopoli XV saukuneSi

klasSi samuSao

1. moawyveT diskusia osmalTa eqspansiis etapebze.

2. ratom uwodebdnen osmaleTis sulTnebi sakuTar Tavs `romeel imperato-
rebs~?
3. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver moxerxda qristanuli samyaroebis gaerTianeba?
4. ganixileT wyaro 1. daaxasiaTeT mehmed II-is politika dapyrobili xalxebis
mimarT da axseniT amgvari politikis mizezebi.
5. imsjeleT wyaro 2-is Sesaxeb. ratom iyo pap pius II-is cdebi amao?

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1299 – osmaleTis Seqmna 1402 – ankaras brZola

1387
osmalTa mier Tesalonikis aReEba 1451-1481 – mehmed II

1300 1340 1380 1420 1460 1500

1389 1453, 23 maisi – konstanti-

1396 – niko-
kosovos brZola nopolis dacema
polisis
brZola

355
 V evropa da amerika axal droSi

56. renesansi da humanizmi. aRorZinebis evropuli

centrebi

renesansma da humanizmma, rogorc axalma mimdinareobebma evropul kul-

turaSi, dasabami misca axal epoqas evropis istoriaSi. renesansi, sxva mniS-
vnelovan procesebTan erTad, rogorebicaa Tanamedrove fulad-sakredito
sistemis Camoyalibeba, didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi, ganxeTqileba dasavlur
qristianobaSi (reformacia), swored is mijnaa, saidanac iwyeba Sua saukuneebis
epoqidan adreul axal droSi gadasvla.
renesansi italiaSi Caisaxa da SemdgomSi mTel evropaSi gavrcelda. qrono-
logiurad renesansis epoqa moicavs periods XIV saukunis Sua xanebidan XVI sa-
ukunis bolomde. franguli sityva renesansi (termini daamkvidra XIX saukunis
frangma istorikosma, Jiul miSlem) aRorZinebas niSnavs da arsebiTad, saxviT
xelovnebaSi, literaturasa da mecnierebaSi antikuri kulturuli memkvidre-
obiT did dainteresebasa da misi aRdgenisken swrafvas gamoxatavs.
humanizmi (laT. humanitas – adamianuroba) aRorZinebis kulturis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli nawili iyo da farTo, klasikuri (antikur tradiciaze dafuZne-
buli) ganaTlebis gziT adamianis Tavisufal ganviTarebas qadagebda.
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

leonardo da vinCi.
`teqnikuri~ Canaxatebi:

1. frTa;

2. javSanmanqana;

anatomiuri kvlevebi.

356
 is faqti, rom aRorZinebis xana italiaSi
daiwyo, sulac araa istoriuli SemTxvevi-
Toba. XIV saukunisaTvis CrdiloeT italiis
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi, aRmosavleTis qvey-
nebTan vaWrobis ganviTarebisa da jvarosnu-
li laSqrobebis Semdeg italiaSi, upirveles
yovlisa, bizantiuri kulturuli gavlenis
SeRwevis Sedegad, Sua saukuneebis evropis
ekonomikurad da kulturulad dawinaure-
albrext diureri. martorqa bul centrebad Camoyalibda. saSinao poli-
tikuri TvalsazrisiT, Crdiloitaliuri sa-
xelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo warCinebuli sagvareuloebis xSiri
qiSpoba, rac, rogorc wesi, erT-erTi aseTi dinastiis gabatonebiT srulde-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

boda. magaliTad, XV saukuneSi florencias vaWrobiTa da sabanko saqmianobiT
gamdidrebuli mediCebis gvaris warmomadgenlebi marTavdnen. XVI saukunis
dasawyisisaTvis zedized ori pirovneba mediCTa gvaridan papebad airCies. pa-
pebi imxanad ara mxolod kaTolikuri eklesiis meTaurebi, aramed saeklesio
saxelmwifos (e. w. papis olqi) xelisufalnic iyvnen. simdidriTa da fufunebis-
ken swrafviT isini ar Camouvardebodnen Crdilo italiis saero xelisufalT.
italiuri saxelmwifoebis saero da saeklesio mmarTvelni iyvnen xelovnebis,
mwerlobisa da mecnierebis mecenatebi (mfarvelebi da damfinanseblebi). swo-
red maTi dakveTiT Seiqmna aRorZinebis xanis araerTi arqiteqturuli Tu fer-
weruli Sedevri. maTive xelSewyobiT daiwyes humanistebma Zveli berZnuli da
romauli literaturisa da filosofiis kvleva.
aRorZinebis xanis mecniereba da xelovneba gamodis Sua saukuneebis Teolo-
giuri msoflmxedvelobis CarCoebidan da mTel Tavis yuradRebas adamians, mis
cxovrebasa da garemomcvel samyaros apyrobs. renesansis epoqaSi adamiani, misi
saqmianobis yvela sferoSi cdilobs sakuYTari ZalebiT, sakuTar gamocdile-
baze dayrdnobiT (empiriulad), sakuTari gonebiT Seimecnos samyaro. bevri xe-
lovanisa Tu mecnierisaTvis Semoqmedebis impulsi axali optimisturi ganwyoba
iyo. sicocxliT tkbobam gaaqarwyla warsulis pirquSi gamocdileba. aRorZi-
nebis xanis Tanamedroveebi `bnel Sua saukuneebze~ gamarjvebas zeimobdnen.
bunebaze dakvirvebam, proporciebisa da anatomiis Seswavlam SesaZlebeli
gaxada sinamdvilis zedmiwevniT zusti gamosaxva ferwerasa da qandakebaSi. bu-
nebrivoba mTavar moTxovnad iqca saxviT xelovnebaSi. optikisa da geometriis
kanonebis Seswavlis Sedegad perspeqtivis
aRmoCenis wyalobiT mxatvrebma sivrcis
gamosaxva SeZles. axali meTodebis gamo-
yenebis gamo italielebis, miqelanjelosa
(1475-1564) da leonardo da vinCis (1452-
1519) Tu germaneli albrext diureris
(1471-1528) nawarmoebebi samecniero miR-
wevebis rangs uTanabrdeboda.

albrext diureri. gazomvis swavleba

357
 sistematuri dakvirvebebisa da
eqsperimentebis wyalobiT garda-
texa moxda agreTve mecnierebisa da
teqnikis ganviTarebaSi. polonel-
ma astronomma, nikolai kopernikma
(1473-1543) specialur gamoTvlebze
dayrdnobiT SeimuSava heliocen-
truli samyaros Teoria (samyaros
centrSi mzea moTavsebuli da yvela
planeta mis garSemo brunavs). koper-
nikis Teorias iziarebda italieli
maTematikosi, fizikosi da astro-
nomi, galileo galilei (1564-1642). aTenis skola, rafaelis freska (1510-1511)

igi uaryofda mis epoqaSi erTaderT

utyuar WeSmaritebad aRiarebul samyaros geocentrul (samyaros centri
dedamiwaa) xedvas da amtkicebda, rom dedamiwac mzis garSemo brunavs. am war-
modgenis gamo galileis eretikosobaSi dasdes brali, gaasamarTles da aiZu-
les, uari eTqva YTavis mosazrebaze.
qristefore kolumbma (1451-1506) da fernando magelanma (1480-1521) geogra-
fiuli aRmoCenebiT daadastures, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia. maTematikis miRwe-
pirveli

vebis gamoyenebiT geografebma SeZles dedamiwis sferuli zedapiris rukebis

Tavi mexuTe

organzomilebian sibrtyeze gadatana.

universitetebSi humanisti profesorebi – is mecnierebi, vinc Teologiis
magivrad `humanisturi kvlevebiT~, anu Zveli berZeni da romaeli mwerlebis, fi-
losofosebisa da istorikosebis nawarmoebebis SeswavliT iyvnen gatacebulni,
intensiurad ikvlevdnen Zvel originalur teqstebs, pirvelwyaroebs. humanisti
mecnierebis mfarvelma da Tavad humanistma papma, nikoloz V-m (1447-1455) an-
tikuri xelnawerebis dasacavad vatikanis
biblioTeka daaarsa. Turqebis mier kon-
wyaro 1
stantinopolis aRebis Semdeg bevri ber-
Zeni mecnieri bizantiidan italiaSi gaiqca italieli humanisti poetis, pet-
da Tan antikur avtorTa wignebi Caitana. rarkas (1304-1374) samadlobeli
humanistma mecnierma, lorenco valam werili konstantinopolSi myof
(1407-1457) cnobili dokumentis, `konstan- megobars (1354):
tines naboZebis~ kritikuli Seswavlis gziT
`Sen me homerosi maCuqe, is, visac
daadgina misi siyalbe. Zveli teqstebis Ses-
ambroziusi marTebulad uwodebs
wavlis procesSi safuZveli Caeyara mecnie-
yoveli RvTaebrivi qmnilebis wya-
rebis axal dargs – enaTmecnierebas.
rosa da saTaves... [sabednierod, misi
`humanisturi kvlevebiT~ saxeli gaiT-
nawarmoebi araa Targmnili] ucxo
qves niderlandelma erazmus roterda-
enaze. wmindad da Seuryvnelad mom-
melma (1469-1536) da germanelma iohanes
dinareobs igi Tavad berZnuli enis
roixlinma (1455-1522). erazmus roter-
boboqari nakadidan...
damelma Seiswavla da gamosca saxarebis
saukeTeso, fasdaudebeli saCuqari...
Zveli berZnuli teqsti, romelsac axali
maqvs xelT...~
aRTqmis naklebad sarwmuno laTinuri
358
Targmani unda Caenacvlebina, aseve adreqristianuli xanis laTinuri eklesi-
is mamebis, maT Soris, netari avgustines (354-430) naSromebi. iohanes roixlinma
Zveli berZnulis garda, Zveli ebrauli enac Seiswavla; Seadgina ebrauli enis
gramatika, romlis daxmarebiTac Teologiis studentebs Zveli aRTqmis ebra-
uli teqstis wakiTxvac SeeZloT.
devizi – `ad fontes~ – `mimarTeT wyaroebs~, gamoxatavda evropel humanist
mecnierTa saerTo miswrafebas, moepovebinaT WeSmariti mecnieruli codna
mxolod da mxolod gauyalbebeli pirvelwyarodan.
germaneli iohanes gutenbergis (1398-1468) mier wignis beWdvis teqnologiis
gamogonebam (XV s-is Sua xanebSi) xeli Seuwyo aRorZinebis xanis axali msof-
lmxedvelobisa Tu samecniero miRwevebis gavrcelebas evropaSi.

aRorZinebis xanis qalaqebi. ekonomika da vaWroba

evropa da amerika axal droSi

aRorZinebis xanis evropaSi, upirveles yovlisa, italiis qalaqebSi, msxvili
sabanko da savaWro sagvareulo saxlebis (magaliTad, mediCebis florenciaSi,
fugerebis germaniaSi) CamoyalibebiT da maTi ganviTarebiT Zireulad Seicvala
ekonomikuri sistema.
sagvareulo biznesi moicavda rogorc finansur da komerciul, ise samrewve-
lo sferos. es pirveli mewarmeebi ZiriTadad safeiqro da samTamadno mrewve-
lobaSi saqmianobdnen. maT Seqmnes pirveli msxvili manufaqturuli sawarmoebi.
isini amaragebdnen xelosnebs nedleuliT da Tavadve uzrunvelyofdnen mza

wyaro 2

jorjo vazari (1511-1674), florencieli mxatvari, arqiteqtori da mwerali,

mediCebis ojaxis megobari da maTi proteJe, renesansis kulturis Sesaxeb:

`[siqstis kapela WeSmariti] manaTobelia Cveni xelovnebisa..., romelic saukuneebis

manZilze wyvdiadSi imyofeboda... [mxatvris ostatobis] srulyofis mizniT... [miqe-
lanjelo] uzomod bevr dros uTmobda anatomias, Tavad kveTda gvamebs. swavlobda
Zvlebis, kunTebis, sisxlZarRvebisa da nervebis struqturas, adamianis sxeulis agebu-
lebas da misi yoveli moZraobis Sesacnobad. miqelanjelos xelovnebam mas sicocxle-
Sive moupova aRiareba..., diadi papebi iulius II da leo X... gverdidan ar iSorebdnen
mas, igive SeiZleba iTqvas TurqeTis sulTnis suleimanis..., safrangeTis mefis, impera-
tor karl V-is, veneciis sinioriis, da bolos kozimo mediCis Sesaxeb, romlebic mzad
iyvnen misTvis Rirseuli gasamrjelo gadaexadaT erTaderTi mizeziT – misi Semoqme-
debis msaxurebis surviliT.

[papma iulius II-m miqelanjelos SesTavaza] moexata... vatikanis sasaxleSi aSenebuli

(1473-1481) siqstis kapelis gumbaTi... [ymawvilebs freskaze] xelSi muxis foTlebisa
da xilisgan dawnili girlandebi uEQWiravT... rac miniSnebaa imaze, rom misi (iulius
II-is) mmarTvelobis dro oqros xana iyo.

papma wamoiwyo wminda petres taZris grandiozuli mSenebloba... erTi pirobiT, rom
am taZars sididiT, mdidruli mokazmulobiT unda daeCrdila yvela nageboba, rome-
lic ki Tavis arsebobas romis saxelmwifos Zlevamosilebas unda umadlodes~.

359
 wyaro 3

papma leo X-m mediCebis gvaridan, papis mdivnebad miiwvia laTinurisa da berZnu-
lis cnobili profesorebi, daaarsa universiteti, sadac antikur kulturas ik-
vlevdnen da swavlobdnen, Seisyida antikuri mwerlebis xelnawerebi da moawyo
stamba am naSromebis gasavrceleblad.

`[leos] 683-kaciani kari arqiepiskoposebidan dawyebuli, spiloebis momvlelebiT

damTavrebuli, warmoudgenel Tanxebs moiTxovda... xSirad leo ramdenime kviris
ganmavlobaSi sanadirod iyo wasuli... nadirobaSi 2 aTasi mxedari iRebda monawi-
leobas, maT Soris kardinalebi, masxarebi, karis msaxiobebi... mis karze komediebi
idgmeboda... 1521 wlis karnavalis dros Sewyda yovelgvari oficialuri saqmeT-
warmoeba, radgan venerasa da amuris siuJetze dadgmuli baleti ufro mniSvnelo-
vani iyo. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom erT-erTma dominikelma leo mzis RmerTad
gamoacxada~.

wyaro 4
pirveli

papebis, iulius II-isa (1503-1513) da leo X-is (1513-1521) xarjebi:

Tavi mexuTe

guldenebi
jaris dasaqiraveblad Sveicaruli kantonebisTvis
gadaxdili Tanxa (papis gvardia 15 aTasi jariskacisgan Sedgeboda.
SedarebisTvis: safrangeTis mefisa – 20­30 aTasisagan) 12 000
leo X­is saomari xarjebi (qalaq urbinos winaaRmdeg,
iq misi naTesavis gasamefeblad) 800 000
leo X­is saqorwino xarjebi (misi Zmisa da savoias
princesis) 150 000
leo X­is yovelwliuri sazeimo xarjebi 96 000
wminda petres taZris mSenebloba (mxolod iulius II­is dros) 70 000
wminda petres taZris mSenebloba (1529­1543) 89 727
wminda petres taZris mSenebloba (1543­1548) 160 774
iulius II­is memorialis xarjebi 16 500
siqstis kapelis xarjebi (iulius II­is dros) 3 000
berZnul xelnawerTa biblioTekis SeZenis xarjebi (leo X) 2652
leo X­is gardacvalebis droisaTvis papisa da
kardinalebis valebi florencieli bankirebis mimarT 500 000

(SedarebisTvis: italiis yvelaze mdidari qalaqis, veneciis wliuri Semosa-

vali – milioni guldeni; saeklesio saxelmwifos – 500 000 guldeni; erTi
cxenis fasi – 18 guldeni; 217 kg xorblis – 1 guldeni).

360
produqciis gasaRebas. maT sawarmoebSi gamo-
iyeneboda Tavisufali daqiravebuli Sroma.
XIV saukunidan moyolebuli, sawarmoo pro-
cesis organizebis es forma konkurencias
uwevs Sua saukuneebis amqars.
mediCebma Tu fugerebma Seqmnes agreTve
saerTaSoriso savaWro sistema, romelsac
warmatebiT marTavdnen sakuTari filiale-
bis qselis meSveobiT (italiuri kontorebi,
germanuli faqtoriebi).
dabolos, maT Seqmnes saerTo evropuli
sabanko sistema, romlis farglebSic umniS-
vnelovanes `gamogonebaTa~ ricxvs ganekuT-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

wminda petres taZari
vneba Tanamedrove sabuRaltro aRricxva da
unaRdo angariSsworeba Cekebisa Tu Tanxis gadaricxvis meSveobiT. kreditis
(sesxis) gacema bankebis mTavar saqmed, maTi mflobelebisTvis ki mogebis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod iqca.
vaWrobasa da sabanko saqmeSi moxdar gardatexaTa erTobliobas `komerci-
ul revolucias~ uwodeben. msxvili manufaqturuli warmoebis, mrewvelobis
am winarekapitalisturi formis gaCenasTan erTad, komerciulma revoluciam
dasabami misca meurneobis axal models, romelic adreuli kapitalizmis sa-
xelwodebiTaa cnobili.
adreuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis centrebad evropis, upirveles yovlisa,
italiisa da flandriis qalaqebi iqca. ekonomikuri saqmianobisa da cxovrebis
axal wesze gadasvlis simbolod bevri miiCnevs XIV saukunis dasawyisSi teqnikis
saswaulis, girebiani saaTis SemoWras evropis qalaqebis yofaSi. man Zireulad
Secvala rogorc zogadad adamianis fsiqika da azrovnebis wesi, ise drois aR-
qma. samuSao drois uxeSad, mzis amosvlidan mzis Casvlamde gansazRvras, rac
damaxasiaTebeli iyo Sua saukuneebis meurneobisaTvis, cvlis axali ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobisaTvis Sesaferisi drois zusti, racionaluri ganawileba. es
axali damokidebuleba, mogvianebiT, industriuli revoluciis dasawyisisaT-
vis (XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebi), naTlad aisaxa amerikeli politikosisa da gamomgo-
neblis, benjamin franklinis (1706-1790) cnobil gamonaTqvamSi – `dro fulia~.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze 1 da 3 a dayrdnobiT imsjeleT humanizmze, mis adgil­

ze renesansul kulturaSi da am mimdinareobis zogadistoriul mniSvnelo­
baze evropis Sua saukuneebidan axal droSi gadasvlisaTvis.
2. wyaroebze 2, 3 , 4 dayrdnobiT imsjeleT papebis rolze aRorZinebis xanis kul­
turul cxovrebaSi, agreTve maT politikur gavlenasa da cxovrebis wesze.

361
 57. axali samimosvlo gzebisa da kontinentebis
aRmoCena

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqa

`didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis~ epoqa daiwyo XV saukunis damdegs da
gagrZelda XVII saukunis bolomde, rodesac evropelebma aRmoaCines da aRwe-
res msoflios mravali mxare da kontinenti, daamyares pirdapiri kontaqtebi
afrikasTan, amerikis orive kontinentTan, aziis did nawilTan, okeaniasTan da
rukebze daitanes mTeli dedamiwa.
stimuli am aRmoCenebisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, ekonomikuri iyo – mogebis
miReba savaWro gzebis gaxsniT im dros msoflioSi umdidresi indostanis
naxevarkunZulisaken, saidanac oqro-vercxli, Tval-margaliti da evropaSi
Zalian ZviradRirebuli saneleblebi unda SemoetanaT.
`indoeTs~ maSin mTel samxreT azias uwodebdnen, indoneziac ki `kunZulovan
indoeTs~ niSnavs, xolo kolumbis Secdoma, rodesac man dasavleT naxevarsfe-
roSi axalaRmoCenili miwebi `indoeTad~ miiCnia, dRemde ar gasworebula: iqaur
mosaxleobas isev `indielebad~ vicnobT, xolo iqidan Semoyvanili CvenTvis
pirveli

cnobili Sinauri frinveli `indauria~.

Tavi mexuTe

miiCneva, rom atlantis okeanis gavliT axali savaWro gzebis Ziebas aseve
biZgi misca osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebam 1453 wels, ramac SezRuda
an gaaZvira saxmeleTo vaWroba dasavleT evropasa da azias Soris, Tumca, es
geografiuli aRmoCenebis daCqarebis mxolod nawilobrivi mizezia. konstanti-
nopolis aRebis droisaTvis portugaliis mefeebi ukve atarebdnen politikas
axali gzebis aRmosaCenad, xolo osmalebs XVI saukunemde dapyrobili ar hqon-
daT levanti (dRevandeli siriisa da libanis sanapiro mxare), romelic aziidan
momavali `abreSumis gzisa~ da `saneleblebis gzis~ bolo saxmeleTo punqti
iyo. iqidan veneciel da genuel vaWrebs zRviT mihqondaT saqoneli evropaSi.
ubralod, am vaWrebs konkurentebi gauCndaT evropis samxreT-dasavleTiT mde-
bare samefoebSi – portugaliasa da, mogvianebiT, espaneTSi, sadac, sakuTari
interesebisaTvis xSirad swored gamocdil genuel da veneciel zRvaosnebs
qiraobdnen.
portugalia, rogorc afrikasTan yvelaze axlos mdebare sazRvao saxelmwi-
fo, geografiuli aRmoCenebis pioneri gaxda. 1418 wlidan princ enrike naviga-
toris (`zRvaosnis~) iniciativiTa da mxardaWeriT portugalielma mezRvaureb-
ma daiwyes afrikis dasavleT napiris gamokvleva da TandaTanobiT aTviseba,
magaliTad, maT monaxes oqroTi mdidari mxare. maT aRmoaCines k. madeira (1419
w.) da azoris kunZulebi (1427 w.), romlebic dRemde portugaliis nawilebia.
portugalieli mezRvaurebi (Semdeg – yvela sxvac) iyenebdnen Cinelebis
mier aRmoCenil magnitis isris Tvisebas (kompass), arabebis mier gamogonil
astrolabs da kvadrants zRvaSi adgilis dasadgenad da gzis gasakvlevad, isini
TviTon aumjobesebdnen sazRvao rukebs. XV saukunis Sua xanebSi portugaliaSi
aages karavela – oranZiani gemi, romelic kargad iyenebda zurgisa da gverdis
362
qars okeaneSi mogzaurobisas. portuga-
lielebs, iseve, rogorc sxva evropel wyaro 1
zRvaosnebs, gemebze hqondaT cecxlsas-
kolumbis IV eqspediciis mo-
roli iaraRi – qvemexebi da arkebuzebi,
nawile gonzalo ferdandes de
maSin roca arc erT qveyanaSi afrikaSi,
oviedo i valdesis DdRiuridan
aziasa da amerikaSi, sadac isini mividnen,
iamaikis kunZulze mcxovreb
aseTi iaraRi ar aRmoaCndaT. es evropele-
indielTa mtruli damokide-
bs gadamwyvet upiratesobas aZlevda.
bulebis Sesaxeb (1504 wlis 29
1488 wels bartolemeu diaSma miaRwia
Tebervali):
afrikis ukidures samxreTs, romelsac
`qariSxlebis koncxi~ uwoda. sul male `... eqspedicia [SimSils] ga-
portugaliis mefe dom Joao II-m mas saxe- daarCina admiralma (kolumbma),
li gamoucvala da `keTili imedis konc- romelmac Zvel gamocdil xerxs

evropa da amerika axal droSi

xi~ daarqva (iq axla qalaqi keiptauni mimarTa miamiti indielebis
mdebareobs). marTlac, am koncxis gar- gasabriyveblad. kalendrebis
SemovliT indoeTis okeaneSi SeiZlebo- mixedviT, man icoda, rom 1504
da Sesvla da es did imeds aCenda. magram wlis 29 ianvars mTvaris dabne-
portugalielebs kidev aTi weli dasWir- leba moxdeboda, ris Sesaxebac
daT, rom indoeTamde mieRwiaT: vasku da winaswar auwya indielebs, ro-
gamam es SeZlo 1498 wels, romelic Tavis gorc RvTis ganrisxebis niSanze
samSobloSi erovnul gmiradaa aRiarebu- maT mier espanelebis cudi moma-
li, Tumca indoeTSi umowyalo da sastiki ragebis gamo. rodesac dabneleba
dampyroblis saxeli datova. daiwyo, sasowarkveTil indie-
espaneTis monarqebma, romlebic yve- lebs Seatyobines, rom kolumbi
laferSi metoqeobdnen portugaliis loculobda maTi gadarCeni-
mefeebTan, aRWurves patara flotilia, saTvis, rac eboZebodaT, Tu sa-
romelmac kidev ufro adre, 1492 wels novagis miwodebas aRudgendnen
aRmoaCina `axali samyaro~. Tumca am eqs- espanelebs. amis SEemdeg indiele-
pediciis meTauri kolumbi amtkicebda, bi yvelaferze Tanaxma iyvnen da
rom es `indoeTia~, portugalielebma sursaTiT momaragebis problema
ukeT icodnen namdvili indoeTis gza. 1507 espanelebs aRar SeqmniaT.~
wels isini ipyroben k. hormuzs sparseTis
yuris SesasvlelTan, 1512 wlidan iwyeben
saneleblebiT mdidari molukis kunZulebis eqspluatacias. 1513 portugalie-
lebi CineTs miadgnen, 1543 wels ki fexi dadges iaponiaSi da iq kaTolicizmis
gavrcelebas Seecadnen.
1522 wels espanurma eskadram portugalieli magelanis meTaurobiT msof-
lios gars Semouara.
jer kidev 1494 wels, `tordesiliasis xelSekrulebiT~, espaneTma da por-
tugaliam `gamijnes msoflio~, rac romis papma daamtkica – bundovnad mi-
TiTebuli erT-erTi meridianis dasavleTiT yvela `araqristianuli miwebi~
espaneTs ekuTvnoda, aRmosavleTiT ki – portugalias. evropis sxva qveynebi
tordesiliasis xelSekrulebas, rasakvirvelia, ugulebelyofdnen.
male zRvisgadaRma naosnobaSi CaerTvnen ingliselebi da frangebi, mogviane-
biT – holandielebi. isini iwyeben metoqeobas adre dawinaurebul qveynebTan.
363
 inglisis qalaq bristolis vaWrebis mier dafinansebulma eqspediciam genueli
sebastian kebotis (gabotas) meTaurobiT1497 wels xelaxla aRmoaCina Crdi-
loeT amerika: vikingebis iq misvla im droisaTvis miviwyebuli iyo.
holandielebi `portugalielebis kuTvnil~ indoeTis okeaneSi Sevidnen da
gamodevnes isini molukis kunZulebidan. 1606 wels holandielma mezRvaurebma
aRmoaCines avstralia, 1642 wels – axali zelandia, 1778 wels – havais kunZu-
lebi.
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqa, romelic emTxveva renesansis epoqas,
evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis dawyebas, ganaTlebis donis
matebas, rac dakavSirebulia imave XV saukuneSi wignis beWdvis gamogonebasTan
da humanizmis ideebis gavrcelebasTan, aris erTgvari wyalgamyofi Sua sauku-
neebsa da axal dros Soris.
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

kolumbis gadasvla amerikis miwaze

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegebi

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad `axal~ da `Zvel~ samyaroebs Soris
moxda araerTi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis, cxovelebisa da avadmyofobebis
`gacvla~. XV saukunis bolomde `Zveli samyaros“ adamianebma jer ar icodnen,
Tu ra iyo simindi, kartofili, pomidori, mzesumzira, gogra, kakao, Tambaqo,
feixoa; arc indauri enaxaT – es yvelaferi XVI saukunidan amerikidan Semovida.
samxreT amerikidan Semotanili manioki da araqisi (miwis Txili) ZiriTadad
dasavleT afrikis havas moergo, xolo meqsikidan wamoRebuli vanili – indoe-
Tis okeanis kunZulebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kolumbamdel CrdiloeT da
samxreT amerikaSi jer ar icodnen Tu ra iyo TavTaviani kulturebi – xorbali,
qeri, Svria, Wvavi, brinji; ar icnobdnen bambasa da Saqris lerwams; arc Zroxa,
cxvari, Txa, cxeni, viri da aqlemi enaxaT. evropelebis mosvlamde amerikaSi
arsad gamouyenebiaT borbali, vinaidan uremsa da etlSi Sesabmelad vargisi
mosaSinaurebeli cxoveli `axal samyaroSi~ ar iyo. es yvelaferi iq evropeleb-
ma Seiyvanes an Seitanes XVI da momdevno saukuneebSi.
364
 afrikuli mcenare – yavis xe, yvelaze farTod gavrcelda samxreT da cen-
tralur amerikaSi, amerikuli mcenare – kakao axla ZiriTadad dasavleT
afrikaSi mohyavT. amerikuli kauCukis xe – samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi gavr-
celda.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi ucnobi iyo Cai, romlis Semotana CineTidan mxo-
lod XVII saukuneSi daiwyo.
XVI-XVII saukuneebSi amerika vercxlisa da oqros mTavar mimwodeblad iqca
espaneTisaTvis. realurad es simdidre espaneTSi ar rCeboda: samefo eweoda
ganuwyvetel omebs evropaSi, romlebic samefo xazinis mTel marags STanT-
qavda. garda amisa, ingliseli, holandieli da frangi zRvis mekobreebi Ria
okeaneSi Tavs esxmodnen da Zarcvavdnen oqro-vercxliT datvirTul espanur
karakebsa da galeonebs.
amis ekonomikuri Sedegi is iyo, rom amerikidan oqrosa da vercxlis didi

evropa da amerika axal droSi

raodenobiT Semodinebam dasavleT evropaSi gaaufasura es Zvirfasi liTonebi
da gamoiwvia `fasebis revolucia~ XVI saukuneSi. evropaSi mkveTrad gaZvirda
sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia da nedleuli. es xelsayreli aRmoCnda msxvili
miwamFflobelebisaTvis, romlebmac sakmaod male moaxerxes gadasvla produq-
ciis warmoebaze bazrisaTvis. moiges vaWrebma da mrewvelebma. samagierod,
gakotrdnen glexebi da wvrili aznaurebi, vinc ver moaxerxa sabazro ekono-
mikaze gadasvla. mosaxleobis socialurma struqturam dasavleT evropaSi,
gansakuTrebiT inglissa da holandiaSi, didi cvlileba ganicada. gaCndnen
msxvili vaWrebi, romelTa xelSic kapitalis dagroveba daiwyo. gaRatakebuli
glexobis sakmao nawilma ki qalaqebSi gadainacvla da momavali muSebis rigebi
Seavso.
saerTo jamSi, did geografiul aRmoCenebs mohyva evropuli koloniuri
imperiebis Seqmna, simdidris akumulacia (dagroveba) evropaSi da misi swrafi
ganviTareba momdevno oTxi-xuTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi da-
narCeni msoflios xarjze.

magelanis gemi `viqtoria~

kolumbis gemi `santa maria~

365
 wyaro 2

`magelanis 98-dRiani mogzauroba wynari okeanis gadalaxviT aRmoCenaTAAa epoqis

zRvaosnobis udidesi miRweva iyo. magram mogzaurobis mZime Sedegebma espanelebi
male daarwmuna, rom portugalielebma ukeTesi gza icodnen aRmosavleTisaken da
1529 wels maT uari Tqves nebismieri saxis vaWrobaze saneleblebis kunZulebTan
(molukis kunZulebi, dRevandeli indonezia) 350 aTasi dukatis miRebis sanacvlod.
msoflio orad daiyo da espaneTs SeeZlo mTeli Zalebi amerikisken miemarTa, romel-
sac arnaxuli simdidris wyarod qceva eloda~.
mortimer Cambersi da sxvebi, dasavleTis gamocdileba

magelanis mogzauroba

azia

evropa
CrdiloeT
amerika
at
pirveli

l
Tavi mexuTe

wynari okeane
an

1519 w

afrika
t
is

molukis k-ebi.
o
ke
an

wynari okeane
samxreT
e

15 indoeTis okeane
amerika 22
w
avstralia

magelanis srute
magelanis mogzaurobis
magelanis srute marSruti
magelanis mkvlelobis
adgili

klasSi samuSao

1. isaubreT Soreuli naosnobis dawyebis mizezebze.

2. teqtisa da wyaro 2-is mixedviT imsjeleT espaneTisa da portugaliis ur-
TierTobebze. ram ganapiroba am qveynebis Tavdapirveli upiratesoba sxva
evropul saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT?
3. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da klasSi moawyveT prezentacia Temaze:
`didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis ekonomikur Sedegebi~.
4. ganxileT wyaro 1. isaubreT im mizezebis Sesaxeb, rac xels uwyobda evrope-
lebs sakuTari batonobis damyarebaSi.

366
58. kolumbamdeli amerika

rodesac qristefore kolumbma pirvelad dadga fexi dasavleT naxevarsfe-

roSi, is darwmunebuli iyo, rom indoeTs miaRwia. sinamdvileSi es sul sxva, iqa-
mde evropelebisa da azielebisaTvis ucnobi samyaro iyo, romelic aTaswleu-
lebis manZilze damoukideblad viTardeboda.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi varaudoben, rom pirveli adamianebi amerikaSi
aziidan gadmovidnen (sxvadasxva varaudiT, 14-40 aTasi wlis win) dRevandeli
beringis srutis adgilze mdebare im dros aziisa da amerikis SemaerTebeli
erTaderTi saxmeleTo gzis gavliT: im epoqaSi, gamyinvarebis gamo, msoflio
okeanis done mkveTrad iyo daweuli.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

kolumbs da mis Semdeg mosul konkistadorebs (espanurad – `dampyroblebs~),
daxvdaT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze myofi mosaxleoba. karibis zRvis
kunZulebze, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, samxreT amerikis udides nawilSi gavrce-
lebuli iyo monadire-Semkreblebis mezoliTuri kultura; centraluri ame-
rikisa da samxreT amerikis Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi arsebobda
neoliTuri xanis primitiuli samiwaTmoqmedo kultura (mohyavdaT simindi);
wertilovani saxiT iqve iyo warmodgenili ufro ganviTarebuli samiwaTmoq-
medo sazogadoebebi, romelTac civilizaciis sakmaod maRal dones miaRwies.
`kolumbamdeli amerika~ dasavleT naxevarsferos xangrZlivi istoriis
pirobiTi terminia: es aris grZeli xana iqamde, sanam amerikis mkvidri mosaxle-
oba evropul kulturas uSualod Sexvdeboda. am istoriis Sesaxeb SegviZlia
vimsjeloT iq Casul evropelTa CanawerebiT da arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
meSveobiT, radgan damwerloba ganaviTara mxolod maias xalxma (tomma), Tanac
maTi teqstebis umetesi nawili dawves da sxva saxiT gaanadgures qristianmAa
evropelma dampyroblebma, radgan am teqstebs `eretikulad~ miiCnevdnen.
mesoamerikaSi (esaa `Sua amerika~ centraluri meqsikidan dRevandel kosta-
rikamde) da samxreT amerikis dasavleT nawilSi mkvidrma mosaxleobam ganavi-
Tara soflis meurneoba: miwas ToxiT amuSavebdnen. guTniT an Tundac kaviT
xvna iq ar icodnen, radgan mosaSinaureblad vargisi gamwevi pirutyvi amerika-
Si araa. CrdiloeT amerikaSi gavrcelebuli iyo bizoni – msxvilfexa rqiani
pirutyvi, magram misi moSinaureba SeuZlebelia.
mecxoveleoba kolumbamdel amerikaSi TiTqmis ar arsebobda. samxreT ame-
rikaSi moaSinaures mxolod lama da alpaka, romelTac iyenebdnen saxorced
da SedarebiT mcire tvirTebis gadasazidad (mozrdili adamianis wonas isini
ver uZleben). CrdiloeT amerikaSi zogan moaSinaures indauri. aris cnobebi,
rom mesoamerikaSi moaSinaures iremi – saxorced da, SesaZloa, rZis misaRebad.
Tumca iqamde, sanam evropelebi Seiyvandnen Zroxas, kameCs, cxvars da Txas ad-
gilobrivi mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas cxoveluri warmoSobis rZe
arasodes gausinjavs da arc qaTmis kvercxi uWamia. isini arc Saqars icnobdnen.
imis gamo, rom ar iyo gamwevi pirutyvi, borblis Seqmnis saWiroebac ar Seqmnila
(arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili borblebi, rogorc Cans, saTamaSoebisaTvis
iyo gamiznuli).
367
 samagierod DamerikaSi moxda mravali saxeobis mcenaris gakultureba (anu
veluri mcenaris kulturulad gadaqceva). maT Soris iqauri mosaxleobisaT-
vis umniSvnelovanesi iyo simindi: radgan amerikaSi TavTaviani marcvleuli ar
arsebobda, simindis marcvali TamaSobda ZiriTad rols mosaxleobis kvebis
racionSi. amerikaSi gaakultures tomati (pomidori), kartofili, lobio, mze-
sumzira, gogra, Cili (wiwaka), yabayi, Tambaqo, ananasi, kakao, kinua (marcvleu-
lis nairsaxeoba), batati (tkbili kartofili), vanili, araqisi, keSiu, topinam-
buri (miwis vaSli), agava, papaia, avokado, feixoa, hevea (kauCukis xe) da mravali
sxva. es yvelaferi evropelebma wamoiRes da afrikasa da aziaSic Seitanes.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi gavrcelebuli kulturuli mcenareulobis didi
nawili amerikuli warmoSobisaa.

amerikis Zveli civilizaciebi

mesoamerikaSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan Zv. w. 300 wlamde Camoyalibda kompleq-
suri kulturebi, romlebic gadaizarda kolumbamdel mesoamerikul civili-
zaciebSi (olmekTa, teotihuakanis, maias, toltekTa, meqsikas da sxv.). meqsikis
civilizacias xSirad `actekurs~ uwodeben.
am civilizaciebma miaRwies sakmao warmatebas maTematikis dargSi (ricxvi-
Ti sistema ocobiTi iyo, romelic nulsac moicavda), astronomiis, medicinis,
mSeneblobis (cnobilia ostatoba piramidebisa da taZrebis mSeneblobaSi),
pirveli

Taviseburi Teologiis dargebSi. kolumbamdel amerikaSi SeimuSaves Zalian

Tavi mexuTe

zusti kalendari. maias tomma Seqmna damwerloba. amerikis mkvidrebma icodnen

TviTnabadi spilenZis, oqros, vercxlis damuSaveba, Tumca metalurgia gvian
warmoiSva da ZiriTadad samkaulebisa da ceremoniuli nivTebis damzadebas
emsaxureboda. miuxedavad amisa, qvis iaraRiT isini axerxebdnen samSeneblo
masalis gaTlas, mSvenieri ceremoniuli centrebisa da didi qalaqebis aSenebas.
kolumbamdeli mesoamerikis qalaqebi – teotihuakani, tenoCtitlani, Colula
– xalxmravlobiT imdroindel msoflioSi udidesni iyvnen: isini asrulebdnen

maias piramida

368
 es sainteresoa

actekebis RmerTi, ketcalkoatli, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mfarvelad

iTvleboda. swored man aswavla actekebs miwaTmoqmedeba, TamaSebi, simRera da
cekva. ketcalkoatls gamosaxavdnen frTosani gvelis saxiT (mas wminda frivelis _
ketcalis mwvane bumbuliT dafaruli frTebi hqonda). ketcalkoatli adamianebs
mouwodebda, uari eTqvaT msxveplSewirvaze, ecxovraT fufunebis gareSe da
daecvaT samarTlianoba. erT-erTi legendis Tanaxmad, is zRvidan napirs ficrebze
mibmuli moadga, mas hqonda Ria feris kani da JRali Tmebi. adamianebma is sastikad
Seuracxyves. ketcalkoatlma isev zRvas miaSura, magram daibara, rom aucileblad
dabrundeboda da yvelas sazRaurs miuzRavda. meqsikaSi gamoCenili espanelebi
pirvelad swored mis wargzavnilebad miiRes.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

vaWrobis, religiuri ceremoniebisa da politikuri centrebis funqcias da
gavlenas axdendnen mimdebare did raionebze.
mesoamerikaSi Casaxul civilizaciaTa Soris uZvelesia olmekuri. is war-
moiSva Zv. w. XVII-XV saukuneebSi. misi centri Zv.w. XIII-X saukuneebSi iyo Tanamed-
rove san lorenco, verakrusis provinciaSi, meqsikis yuris axlos. rogorc
Cans, iq Caisaxa imdroindeli xelisuflebis, piramiduli taZrebis, damwer-
lobis, astronomiis, xelovnebis, religiis safuZvlebi, romlebic SemdgomSi
gadaeca momdevno civilizaciebs da yvelaze kargad gamoCnda axlomdebare
maias civilizaciaSi da ufro Sors mdebare centralur meqsikaSi.

maias, acketebisa da inkebis kulturebi

maias xalxma (tomebma) romlebic ZiriTadad iukatanis naxevarkunZulze da
mimdebare raionebSi cxovrobdnen, ax.w. III-X saukuneebSi miaRwia did warmatebas
maTematikaSi, astronomiaSi, kalendris SemuSavebaSi. maias erTiani saxelmwifo
ar Seuqmnia da isini calke qalaqebSi da maT irgvliv cxovrobdnen da mraval
dialeqtze laparakobdnen. maias xalxma, erTaderTma kolumbamdel amerikaSi,
ganaviTara damwerloba, romelic iyenebda piqtografebsa (naxatebs) da asaxav-
da sityvis marcvlebs. es damwerloba SemorCenilia warwerebis saxiT qvaze,
keramikul nawarmze, xeze da Tavisebur qaRaldze.
maias yvelaze didi qalaqi iyo tikali (dRevandeli gvatemalis terito-
riaze). farTo moednebze, romlebic gars ertya piramidis formis taZrebs,
ikribebeboda mosaxleoba, raTa qurumTa mier Sesrulebuli ritualebisaTvis
Tvalyuri edevnebina. RmerTebis gulis mosagebad, qurumebi msxveplSewirvis
rituals atarebdnen. ZiriTadad swiravdnen cxovelebs, magram zogjer ada-
mianebsac.
meqsika (actekebi) – marTavdnen centralur meqsikas ax. w. XIV-XVI saukuneebSi,
ris Semdegac isini espanelebma Zaladobrivad Caanacvles. daaxloebiT 1470-ian
wlebSi meqsikas tomma daimorCila mTeli centraluri meqsika da am tomis 300
aTasamde adamiani marTavda qveyanas, sadac 10 milionamde suli cxovrobda.
meqsika farTod mimarTavda adamianTa msxverplSewirvas (maT swamdaT, rom
369
 msxveplSewirva aucilebeli iyo kargi mosavlisa da xalxis keTildReobisaT-
vis), rasac espaneli konkistadorebi did danaSaulad uTvlidnen da es maTi
ganadgurebis sababad gamoiyenes.
meqsikas dedaqalaqi iyo tenoCtitlani dRevandeli mexikos adgilze. te-
noCtitlani gaSenebuli iyo kunZulze tba teskokus SuagulSi. tenoCtitlans
kedeli ertya garSemo da misi mosaxleoba 100 aTass aWarbebda. qalaqSi qvis taZ-
rebi da arxebis sistema iyo. am arxebSi mosaxleoba gadaadgildeboda navebiT
– kanoeebiT. tbis sanapiros ki qalaqis mcxovrebni miwayriliT Seqmnili gzebiT
ukavSirdebodnen. tbaSi aseve xelovnuri kunZulebi iyo Seqmnili, romlebzec
glexebs bostneuli mohyavdaT. am qalaqis bazris sididem gaaogna iq pirvelad
misuli espanelebi.
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

ketcalkoatli – actekebis RmerTi

wyaro 1

sakuTari mmarTvelobisaTvis sayrdenis Sesaqmnelad, inkebma gamoigones kanoni,

romelic, rogorc maT miaCndaT, xels Seuwyobda borotebisa da zianis aRmofxvras,
rac SeiZleboda warmoqmniliyo maT samefoSi. amisaTvis maT brZanes, rom samefos
did da patara dasaxlebebSi yvela mcxovrebi dayofiliyo aT kacad, dekuriebad
da erTi iniSneboda dekurionad, raTa exelmZRvanela danarCeni cxrisaTvis. xuT
dekurias uzenesi dekurioni hyavda. or ormocdaaTakacian dekurias kidev erTi
ufrosi hyavda, romelic xelmZRvanelobda aseuls. xuTi askaciani dekuria uzenes
dekurions emorCileboda, magram erT kacs saxelmZRvanelod aTas kacze mets ar
abarebdnen, radgan iTvleboda, rom erTi adamianisaTvis sakmarisi iyo aTasi kacis
Cabareba mosavlelad...

...sasjeli mkacri iyo da sjidnen ara danaSaulisaTvis, ara sxvisTvis zianis

miyenebisaTvis, aramed brZanebisa da inkas sityvis darRvevisaTvis...

...isini arasdros mimarTavdnen fulad jarimas, arc qonebis CamorTmevas, radganac,

rogorc isini ambobdnen, qonebis xarjze dasja da damnaSavisaTvis sicocxlis
SenarCuneba ar warmoadgenda cudi adamianebisagan saxelmwifos gaTavisuflebis
saSualebas, aramed qonebis CamorTmeviT damnaSaveebs meti Tavisufleba eZleodaT
imisaTvis, rom kidev ufro didi boroteba CaedinaT.

a. skromincki, inkebis kanonebi

370
 actekTa saxelmwifo Zlierebis mwvervals 1500 wlisaTvis aRwevs. magram
1519 wels actekebs Tavs espanelebi daesxnen ernan kortesis meTaurobiT. Tav-
dapirvelad actekebma CaTvales, rom kortesi RmerTi iyo da keTilganwyobiT
miiRes espanelebi, Tumca male mixvdnen TavianT Secdomas da 1520 ajanydnen
espanelTa winaaRmdeg. actekebs TavianTi SubebiT ar SeeZloT winaaRmdegoba
gaewiaT cecxlsasroli iaraRiT SeiaraRebuli espanelebisaTvis. actekTa im-
peratori, montesuma II brZolaSi daiRupa. 1521 wels ki actekTa saxelmwifom
arseboba Sewyvita.
samxreT amerikaSi yvelaze cnobilia inkebis imperia, romelic daxvdaT XVI
saukunis damdegs iq misul espanel konkistadorebs. inkebs hqondaT kargi
sagzao sistema – 25 aTasi km movlili gzebi. maT SesaniSnavad icodnen mSeneb-
loba da nagebobebis bunebriv landSaftze morgeba. terasuli miwaTmoqmedeba
andebis mTian mxareSi, sadac isini cxovrobdnen, iZleoda simindisa da zogi

evropa da amerika axal droSi

sxva kulturis karg mosavals.
inkebis imperia, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo kusko (peruSi), 1438-1533 wlebSi
moicavda dRevandeli perus, boliviis, Ciles, kolumbiis, argentinis nawilebze
da is udidesi saxelmwifo iyo kolumbamdel amerikaSi.
inkebi batonobdnen asamde enaze molaparake tomze, romlebic jamSi 9-14
milion adamians iTvlida. swored am, inkebis mier damonebul xalxebze dayrd-
nobiT SeZles Zalian mcirericxovanma espanelebma inkebis imperiis damxoba
1530-ian wlebSi da sakuTari batonobis dafuZneba.
evropuli kolonizaciis Semdeg rogorc samxreT, ise CrdiloeT amerikaSi
(sadac ganviTarebas ar miuRwevia saxelmwifoebis donemde) moxda mkveTri
demografiuli cvlilebebi. mkvidri mosaxleobis didi nawili, xolo karibis
zRvis kunZulebze – yvela, imsxverpla evropidan Semotanilma daavadebebma.
amerikaSi dasaxldnen evropelebi, romelTac monebad Semoiyvanes afrikeli
zangebi.

maCu-pikCu – inkebis
qalaqis nangrevebi

371
 miuxedavad amisa, kolumbamdeli kulturis elementebi da Zveli adgilob-
rivi enebi yvelgan ar gamqrala: keCuas enas amJamad espanurTan erTad oficia-
luri statusi aqvs peruSi, boliviaSi, kolumbiasa da ekvadorSi; boliviasa
da peruSi aseTive statusi aqvs aimaras; paragvaiSi erT-erTi saxelmwifo enaa
guarani; meqsikis mTavroba saxelwifos teritoriaze regionul enebad cnobs
68 enas, maT Soris aris maias enebi, romlebzec dRemde laparakoben.

es sainteresoa

inkebis damwerloba

inkebma Seqmnes damwerlobis metad

originaluri forma, romelsac kipus
uwodeben. is warmoadgenda e.w. `kvanZovan
damwerlobas~ – grZel bawarze Camokidebuli
iyo sxvadasxva ferisa da zomis Zafebi. maTi
ferebis, kvanZebis raodenobisa da adgiliT
xdeboda informaciis Cawera (gadasaxadebi,
istoriuli movlenebi, sakuTari saxelebi
da a.S.). zogierTi kipu ramdenime kilograms
pirveli

iwonida da `mravaltomeuls~ warmoadgenda.

Tavi mexuTe

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas. imsjeleT actekTa religiur Sexedu-

lebebze da am rwmenis Sedegebze.
2. ra saxisaa piqtogramuli damwerloba? gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas `inkebis
damwerloba~. imsjeleT, SeiZleba Tu ara CavTvaloT kipu `damwerlobad~?
3. ganixileT wyaro 1. Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, ramdenad
misaRebia inkebis damokidebuleba danaSaulisadmi?

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT aRwereT kolumbamdeli amerikis civilizaciebis ZiriTadi

miRwevebi.

372
59. koloniuri epoqis dasawyisi

didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma saboloo jamSi dedamiwis sxvadasxva mxa-

reebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas Seuwyes xeli. magram maTi organizatorebisa
da monawileebis uSualo mizani Zalian martivi iyo – nebismieri gziT rac Sei-
Zleba didi mogebis miReba.
marTalia, bevr SemTxvevaSi axali qveynebis da maTken mimavali gzebis aRmom-
Ceni qveynebis monarqebi, kompaniebis xelmZRvanelebi da admiralebi TavianT
namdvil mizans faravdnen religiuri saburveliT – `velur xalxebTan~ WeSma-
riti (anu maTi) sarwmunoebis mitanis aucileblobiT, rasac axalaRmoCenili

evropa da amerika axal droSi

qveynebis `warmarTi mosaxleobis~ sulebi unda gadaerCina. realurad ki axali
miwebis aRmoCenas Tan sdevda sastiki Zaladoba da Zarcva-gleja.
axalaRmoCenili teritoriebi evropeli monarqebis sakuTrebad cxaddebo-
da. zogierT SemTxvevaSi zRvisgadaRma teritorias romelime qveynis kompania
marTavda, magram mis ukan saxelmwifo idga.
ase magaliTad, indostanis naxevarkunZulze mdebare uamravi samefo-samTav-
roebi (maT flobda 500-ze meti sxvadasxva maharaja, raja, navabi, sulTani)
XVII-XIX saukuneebSi imarTeboda ara inglisis/didi britaneTis mTavrobis mier,
aramed londonSi 1600 wels daarsebuli `ist-india kompanis~ (aRmosavleT
indoeTis kompaniis) mier, romelic damoukideblad eweoda dapyrobiT omebs,
da ebrZoda evropel konkurentebsac: `Svidwliani omis~ dros (1756-1763) `ist-
india kompanis~ armiam daamarcxa safrangeTis mokavSire ramdenime maharaja
da navabi da frangebis samflobeloebi sul xuT sanapiro qalaqamde Seamcira.
analogiurad moqmedebda `holandiis aRmosavleT indoeTSi~ (dRevandel indo-
neziaSi) 1602 wels daarsebuli `holandiuri aRmosavleT indoeTis kompania~.
evropis gareT mdebare teritoriebze iqmneboda evropelTa koloniebi. XVI
saukunidan samxreT da centralur amerikaSi da CrdiloeT amerikis sagrZnob
nawilze, meqsikidan (is dRevandel kaliforniis, texasis, arizonis da sxva
Statebsac moicavda) samxreTiT – patagoniamde, Seiqmna espaneTis koloniebi.
espaneTis monarqs emorCileboda filipinebis kunZulebi wynar okeaneSi (maT
saxelic ki espaneTis mefis, felipe II-is pativsacemad daerqvaT).
portugalia daepatrona brazilias. is agreTve flobda did teritoriebs
afrikaSi (mozambiki, angola da sxv.).
safrangeTi XVII saukunidan CrdiloeT amerikaSi flobda kvebeksa (dRevan-
deli kanadis aRmosavleTi nawili) da md. misisipis auzs, romelsac luiziana
daerqva. mogvianebiT is daeufla did teritorias afrikaSi, kunZul madagas-
kars, indoCineTs.
ingliselebma CrdiloeT amerikis aRmosavleT napirze da mimdebare teri-
toriaze XVI-XVII saukuneebSi 13 kolonia daaarses (romlebic 1776 wels Tavs
gamoacxadeben amerikis SeerTebul Statebad). maT daikaves avstraliis mTeli
kontinenti, mravali kunZuli da sayrdeni punqti okeaneebis sanapiroebze. 1857
wlidan britaneTis mTavrobam CamoarTva indoeTis marTvis ufleba `ist-india

373
 kompanis~ da pirdapir daeufla samxreT aziis did nawils, romelsac `indoe-
Tis imperia~ uwoda: es iyo dRevandeli indoeTi, pakistani, bangladeSi, mianma
(birma), xolo mis imperatorad gamocxadda londonSi myofi didi britaneTis
monarqi.
ruseTis mefeebis saxeliT XVI-XIX saukuneebSi ruseTis regularulma armiam
da kazakebma (Tavisufali glexebisagan Sedgenilma gasamxedroebulma Senaer-
Tebma) daipyres cimbiri, Soreuli aRmosavleTi, kavkasia da centraluri azia.

amerikis kolonizacia
1750 wlisaTvis

espaneTis teritoriebi

teritoriebi, romelTa mflobelobazec

espaneTs pretenzia hqonda

portugaliis teritoriebi
pirveli

safrangeTis teritoriebi
Tavi mexuTe

safrangeTis teritoriebi, romelTa

mflobelobazec britaneTs pretenzia
hqonda

britaneTis teritoriebi

ruseTis teritoriebi

kolonializmis saxeebi
`kolonializms~ uwodeben XVI-XX saukuneebSi evropuli saxelmwifoebis
politikur batonobas sxva qveynebze, upiratesad – evropis gareT: socialur-
ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da samxedro TvalsazrisiT gaZlierebuli evro-
puli saxelmwifoebi imorCilebdnen sxva, nakleb ganviTarebul an sust qveynebs
(teritoriebs) maTi dasaxlebis an eqspluataciis mizniT.
saaxalSeno kolonializmi gulisxmobda farTomasStabian emigracias dampy-
robi qveynidan dapyrobil teritoriaze da iq dasaxlebas. amis magaliTebia
samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikis, avstraliis, samxreT da CrdiloeT afrikis
nawilebis, cimbiris, Crdilo kavkasiis kolonizacia, rac xorcieldeboda didi

374
britaneTis, safrangeTis, espaneTis, por-
tugaliis, holandiis, ruseTis mosaxle-
obis – kolonistebis – mier.
eqspluataciuri kolonializmi nakleb
kolonists moiTxovda: ZiriTadi yurad-
Reba eTmoboda resursebis gamozidvas me-
tropoliaSi. amis magaliTebia indostanis
naxevarkunZulis, dRevandeli indoneziis,
indoCineTis, afrikis didi nawilis kolo-
nizacia.
plantaciuri kolonializmi eqsplua-
taciuri kolonializmis nairsaxeoba iyo,
rodesac kolonizatorebi dapyrobil te-
wyaro 1
1495 wlis samefo brZanebu-
leba axal miwebze dasaxlebis
Sesaxeb:
`yvelas, vinc moisurvebs saxelm-
wifos daxmarebis gareSe kunZul-
ze (ispaniola) gamgzavrebasa da
iq damkvidrebas, SeuZlia es yo-
velgvari dabrkolebis (saxel-
mwifos mxridan) gareSe gaake-
Tos... maT SeuZliaT dasaxld-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

ritoriebze qmnidnen plantaciebs, sadac nen iq, rogorc Tavisufali
mohyavdaT metropoliis an sxva evropuli adamianebi; maT ar daekisrebaT
saxelmwifoebis bazrebisaTvis gamiznu- gadasaxadebi da eZlevaT neba
li sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi (bamba, hqondeT Tavisufal mflobelo-
Tambaqo, Cai, yava, kakao, Saqris lerwami, baSi saxlebi, romlebsac aageben;
saneleblebis momcemi mcenareebi da sxv.). mindvrebi, romlebsac daamu-
plantacia wminda kapitalisturi wamowye- Saveben da naTesebi, romlebsac
ba iyo. aseT koloniebSi xSirad iqmneboda momkian da gadascen SeZenili
monokulturuli ekonomika, anu sasof- qoneba memkvidreobiT~.
lo-sameurneo farTobis didi nawili mxo-
lod erT kulturas eTmoboda. planta-
ciebSi muSaZalad iyenebdnen an adgilobriv daqvemdebarebul mosaxleobas an,
sakmaod xSirad, Semoyvanil monebs: amis magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba ceilo-
nis, dasavleT afrikis zogierTi qveynis, braziliis, karibis zRvis kunZulebis
istoriaSi. bevr aseT yofil koloniaSi, gansakuTrebiT, karibis zRvis auzSi
da braziliaSi iq adre Seyvanili afrikeli monebis STamomavlebi amJamad war-
moadgenen mosaxleobis umetesobas an sagrZnob nawils. zogierT plantaciur
koloniaSi, ZiriTadad XIX saukuneSi, Seiyvanes CineTSi an indoeTsa da filipi-
nebze daqiravebuli muSebi (maT uwodebdnen kulis), romlebic – formalurad
monebi ar iyvnen, magram umZimes eqspluatacias ganicdidnen.
kolonializmi iyo urTierToba adgilobriv (an iZulebiT Semoyvanil) umrav-
lesobasa da ucxoeli dampyroblebis umciresobas Soris.
kolonizebuli xalxebi, miT umetes, monebi da kuli, Cveulebriv, uufle-
boni iyvnen, koloniebis ucxoeli mmarTvelebi maT nacvlad Rebulobdnen
yvelanair, maT Soris, politikur gadawyvetilebebs. koloniebis aTviseba da
eqspluatacia xdeboda Soreuli metropoliis ekonomikuri da/an politiku-
ri interesebisaTvis.

kolonializmis Sedegebi
kolonializmis Sedegia evropuli enebisa da religiebis gavrceleba. kolo-
nizatorebi xSirad Tavs axvevdnen TavianT kulturas (xandaxan – reli-giasac)

375
 da enas koloniebis mosaxleobas, ramdena-
dac darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT kul-
turul upiratesobaSi. amitomac mraval
yofil koloniaSi dRemde gamoiyeneba
evropuli enebi.
laTinur amerikaSi – meqsikidan argen-
tinamde da Cilemde saxelmwifo ena qvey-
nebis umravlesobaSi aris espanuri da
yvelaze gavrcelebuli religia – kaTo-
licizmi; mxolod braziliaSia saxelwi-
fo ena portugaliuri, xolo ramdenime
momcro qveyanaSi – inglisuri, frangu-
li an holandiuri. CrdiloeT amerikaSi
upiratesad inglisuria gavrcelebuli,
kvebekSi – franguli.
afrikis yofil britanul koloniebSi
inglisuria saxelmwifo da iqaur, mra-
val gansxvavebul enaze molaparake toms
Soris saurTierTo ena, xolo religia –
ZiriTadad anglikanizmi an sxva protes-
pirveli
tantuli mimarTulebebi; safrangeTisa da
Tavi mexuTe
belgiis yofil koloniebSi imave funqcias
asrulebs franguli ena; afrikis yofil
portugaliur koloniebSi portugaliur
enas iyeneben da iq ZiriTadad kaToliciz-
mi batonobs.
mravalerovan indoeTis respublikaSi
saurTierTod dRemde iyeneben inglisurs
da masve iyenebs saxelmwifo aparati, bevr
SemTxvevaSi – oficialuri hindis parale-
lurad.
franguli kolonia kvebeki
(kanada) 1700 wels
376
wyaro 2
ernan kortesis moxsenebiTi
baraTidan imperator karl V-
isadmi (1524 w.):
`uwinaresad mogaxsenebdiT...
am miwaze nebismieri saxeobis
mcenareTa moSenebis saWiroebis
Sesaxeb. aseve am miwis vargisia-
nobaze miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis...
meurneoba saWiroa am miwebze
dasasaxleblad. imisaTvis, rom
espaneli axalmosaxleebi da am
miwebis mkvidrni ar aiyaron,
aramed imravlon... me gamoveci
ramdenime brZanebuleba... espa-
nel axalmosaxleTa umravle-
sobas hgonia, rom aqac ise unda
moiqcnen, rogorc amas adre
dapyrobil kunZulebze akeTebd-
nen... kerZod, bolomde amowuron
adgilobrivi miwebis simdidre,
gamofiton da Semdeg miatovon.
vfiqrob, aseTi qmedeba yvelasi
erTad didi brali iqneboda –
yvelasi, visTvisac cnobilia
warsulis gamocdileba... da
radgan mkvidri meurneoba ase
amravlebs samefos Semosavals...
Tavidan isini miiReben jama-
girs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi...
agreTve Cven moviTxovT, im SemT-
xvevaSi, Tu isini oqros moipove-
ben... mesamedi TavisTvis daito-
von... darCenili ori mesamedi ki
uklebliv Cven gadmogvcen~.
 evropa da amerika axal droSi
dasavleT afrika, XVI s-is portugaliuri ruka

klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1. imsjeleT, ra rols TamaSobs saxelmwifo amerikis ko-

lonizaciis procesSi?
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. gamokveTeT cvlilebebi kolonizaciis mimarT evrope-
lebis damokidebulebaSi.

377
 60. reformacia da kontrreformacia

XV saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, pa-

pebi faqtobrivad saero mmarTvelebad iqcnen.
maTi vercxlismoyvareoba da, zogadad, kaTo-
likur eklesiaSi am droisaTvis gavrcelebu-
li mankierebani bevri qristianis aRSfoTebas
iwvevda.
maT Soris iyo vitenbergeli beri da Teolo-
giis profesori, martin luTeri (1483-1546),
kaTolikuri eklesiisa da papobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli im mZlavri moZraobis mamamTavari,
romelic dasavleTis qristianobis saboloo
ganxeTqilebiT dasrulda. es moZraoba isto- martin luTeri (1483-1546)
riaSi protestantuli reformaciis saxeliT
Sevida.
protestantuli moZraobis dawyebis uSualo
sababi gaxda indulgenciebiT vaWroba. garkveu-
pirveli

li Tanxis safasurad nebismiers SeeZlo mieRo

Tavi mexuTe

eklesiisgan indulgencia anu codvebis mite-

vebis sigeli.
1515 wels papma leo X-m, wm. petres taZris
mSeneblobisaTvis damatebiTi saxsrebis moZi-
ebis mizniT, gamosca bula (dadgenileba, gan- luTeris mier germanulad
karguleba) indulgenciebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. Targmnili nabeWdi bibliis
Crdilo germaniaSi indulgenciebis gayidva Tavfurceli (1535)

dominikel bers, iohanes tetcels daevala. man

vitenbergis maxloblad moawyo savaWro adgili.
sapasuxod, 1517 wlis oqtomberSi luTerma, eklesiaSi damkvidrebuli ums-
gavsoebisaTvis sajaro yuradRebis misapyrobad, vitenbergis eklesiis karze
miaWeda Tavisi `95 Tezisi~, sadac amtkicebda, rom nebismieri qristiani ara
papis indulgenciiT, aramed mtkice rwmeniTa da WeSmariti sinanuliT moipo-
vebs xsnas. luTerma eklesia mniSvnelovan Teologiur sakiTxebze disputSi
gamoiwvia, magram uSedegod. 1518 wels romSi daiwyo sasamarTlo procesi lu-
Teris winaaRmdeg. 1520 wels papma leo X-m luTeri eretikosad gamoacxada da
eklesiidan gankveTa, magram ver SeaCera. luTerma ugulebelyo papis ganaCeni.
is darwmunebuli iyo, rom TviTon ki ar ganudga eklesias, aramed eklesia ga-
nudga mas.
luTerma ganagrZo Tavis naSromebSi papis biwierebis gakicxva da sakuTari
mrwamsis Camoyalibeba. man uaryo papis, rogorc amqveynad `qristes nacvlis~,
aseve saeklesio moZRvris, rogorc morwmunesa da RmerTs Soris Suamavlis
avtoriteti, mouwodebda qristianebs, Tavad epovaT gza RmerTisaken mxolod
378
wminda werilze dayrdnobiT. naSromSi `qristianobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~,
is aTavisuflebda morwmuneebs saeklesio valdebulebebisagan, rogorebicaa
marxva, momlocveloba, aRsareba, wmindanTa Tayvaniscema. mas zedmetad miaCnda
berobis aRTqma da sasuliero ordenebSi gaerTianeba. Svidi saidumloebidan
is mxolod ors – naTlobasa da ziarebas aRiarebda.
leo X-m luTeris winaaRmdeg daxmarebisaTvis germaneli eris romis saRvTo
imperiis imperators, karl V-s (1500-1558) mimarTa. karl V-m 1521 wels vorms-
Si moiwvia germaneli mTavrebis kreba, romlis winaSec, papisa da imperatoris
moTxovniT, luTers unda uareyo Tavisi moZRvreba. luTerma amjeradac mtkice
uari ganacxada. maSin imperatorma gamosca ediqti, romelic luTers kanon-
gareSed acxadebda. luTers koconze dawva emuqreboda, magram germanelma
Tavadma, fridrix brZenma igi garTburgis cixeSi Seifara. swored aq Targmna
luTerma biblia germanulad, radgan miaCnda, rom laTinuri – mecnierTa, ger-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

wyaro 1

indulgenciebiT vaWroba da luTeris Tezisebi

a

zogierTi amonaweri, Tu ra saxis codva ra Tanxis indulgenciis SeZeniT gamoisyi-

deboda:

• Zarcva, qurdoba da gadawva – 13 livri da 7 su (livri vercxlis moneta iyo da

20 sus Seicavda. im dros xis boZi, romelzec akravdnen sikvdilmisjil pirs da-
sawvavad, Rirda 2,5 su);
• Zmis, dedis an mamis mkvlelobisaTvis unda iqnes gadaxdili 17 livri da 15 su;
• sakuTari bavSvis damxrCobma unda gadaixados 17 livri da 15 su;
• qmris mier colis cema – 3 livri da 14 su.

`indulgenciis myidveli xdeba misgan [indulgenci-

isgan] ufro umanko, vidre... adami iyo samoTxeSi cod-
vasTan ziarebamde. indulgenciebis gamyidveli ada-
mianebs petre mociqulze did wmindanebad aqcevs. ar
arsebobs codva, indulgenciiT rom ar gamoisyidebo-
des. iyideT indulgencia da migetevebaT momakvdine-
beli codva... moitaT! moitaT! gadmoalageT fulebi!
isargebleT SemTxveviT! ixseniT Tqveni naTesavebi da
axloblebi jojoxeTSi tanjvisgan~.

beri iohanes tetceli

tetcelis mier indulgenciebiT vaWrobis dawyebis mauwyebeli prok-

lamacia (1517). wignis beWdvis teqnologiis danergvis Semdeg axali
ambebi amgvari nabeWdi furclebis meSveobiT vrceldeboda.

379
 g
martin luTeris `95 Tezisidan~:

`21. cdebian indulgenciis mqadagebelni,

romlebic irwmunebian, rom adamiani pa-
pis indulgenciis wyalobiT yovelgvari
sasjelisgan Tavisufldeba da moipovebs
xsnas.

22. diax, papi verc erT sasjels ver miute-

vebs sulebs salxinebelSi, romelnic maT
amqveyniur cxovrebaSi unda moenaniebinaT
kanonisamebr.
luTeris `95 Tezisi~
28. ueWvelia, rogorc ki fuli aCxrialde-
ba yuTSi, maSinve izrdeba angareba da sixarbe, eklesiis Suamdgomloba ki mxolod
RvTis nebiTaa.

32. samudamod SeCvenebul iqnebian TavianT moZRvrebTan erTad isini, vinc dar-
wmunebulia, rom indulgenciis meSveobiT moipovebs xsnas.

36. yovel qristians, romelic gulwrfelad inaniebs, sasjelisa da danaSaulis

pirveli

sruli miteveba indulgenciis gareSec ekuTvnis.

Tavi mexuTe

43. qristianebs unda vaswavloT: indulgenciebis myidvelebze ukeTesad iqceva is,

vinc exmareba gaWirvebulebs.

95. da amgvarad swamdeT maT (qristianebs), rom Sevlen caTa sasufevelSi ufro
mravali tanjvis gziT, vidre yalbi sulieri simSvidis imediT~.

manuli ki xalxis ena iyo. am droisaTvis luTers ukve bevri momxre hyavda ro-
gorc xalxSi, ise germanel TavadTa Soris.
1531 wels luTerani germaneli Tavadebi gaerTiandnen imperator karl V-is
winaaRmdeg (Smalkaldenis kavSiri). imperatorma moaxerxa maTi damarcxeba
(1546-47) da 1548 wels augsburgis TavadTa krebaze kaTolikuri rwmenis mTel
imperiaSi aRdgena gamoacxada. magram rogorc lUuTeranma, aseve kaTolike ger-
manelma Tavadebma, eSinodaT ra damoukideblobis dakargvis, moZebnes mokav-
Sire karl V-is winaaRmdeg safrangeTis mefis saxiT.
`TavadTa SeTqmuleba~ (1552) da Semdgomi omi safrangeTsa da karl V-s Soris
namdvili xsna iyo luTeris reformaciisaTvis. 1555 wels augsburgSi daido
religiuri zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac yovel Tavads sakuTar samflobeloSi
misi qveSevrdomebisaTvis aRmsareblobis arCevis ufleba eniWeboda (`Cuius
regio, eius religio~ – `visicaa qveyana, sjulic misia~). luTeris moZRvreba swra-
fad vrceldeboda evropaSi (mniSvnelovanwilad, gutenbergis gamogonebis
wyalobiT).
380
 wyaro 2

luTeris damokidebuleba papobis mimarT (1517-1520):

`mTeli guliT ganudeqiT papis tiranobas. sxvagvarad ver amaRldebiT sulie-
rad. papis mmarTveloba imdenad Sors dgas qristianuli wesisgan, rom udabnoSi
cxovreba ajobebda antiqristes am samefoSi cxovrebas~.

kalvinizmi
SveicariaSi eklesiis reformireba JenevaSi moR-
vawe frangma, Jan kalvinma (1509-1564) ufro radika-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

luri, mkacri formiT ganaxorciela, vidre germani-
aSi. qalaqis sabWosTan erTad man 1541 wels SeimuSava
eklesiis mowyobis wesi. kalvinistur eklesiaSi arc
sakurTxeveli iyo, arc wmindanTa gamosaxuleba, arc
sanTlebi da arc orRani. kalvinis moZRvrebiT aik-
rZala cekva, Teatralur warmodgenebze daswreba,
Zvirfasi samosis tareba, TamaSebi, duqanSi Sesvla da
a.S. kalvins mimdevrebi mTel evropaSi gamouCndnen.
safrangeTSi isini Tavs hugenotebs, inglisSi puri-
tanebs, SotlandiaSi ki presbiterianebs uwodebdnen.

Jan kalvini (1509-1564)

reformacia inglisSi
inglisis mefe, henri VIII (1509-1547) Tavda-
pirvelad protestantebis mowinaaRmdege iyo.
jer kidev 1521 wels mefes papma leo X-m anti-
luTeranuli pamfletisaTvis sapatio wodeba
– `rwmenis damcveli~ mianiWa. magram mas Semdeg,
rac papma henri VIII-s meuRlesTan ganqorwine-
baze uari uTxra (1525), mefem Tavi inglisis ek-
lesiis meTaurad gamoacxada da ganudga roms.
trientis kreba (1545-1563)
ase Seiqmna `anglikanuri eklesia~, romelmac
sakuTriv reformireba ukve henri VIII-is memkvidris, eduard VI-is (1546-1553)
dros ganicada. locva laTinuris nacvlad inglisur enaze aRevlineboda,
RvTismsaxurebis wesi ki TiTqmis ucvleli rCeboda. eduard VI-is gardac-
valebis Semdeg dedofali meri (`kaToliked~ wodebuli, 1553-1558) isev ka-
Tolicizms daubrunda, dedofalma elizabeT I-ma (1558-1603) ki 1559 wels
aRadgina anglikanuri eklesiis damoukidebloba. mas Semdeg anglikanuri
eklesiis meTauri mefea. is niSnavs arqiepiskoposebs da episkoposebs, rom-
lebic Tanadroulad lordTa palatis wevrebic arian. saeklesio kanonebs
parlamenti iRebs. kultmsaxureba nawilobriv kaTolikuria, 39 muxlisgan
Semdgari mrwamsi ki – ZiriTadad, kalvinisturi.

381
 kaTolikuri eklesiis TviTreformireba.
kontrreformacia
reformaciuli moZraobis warmatebam evro-
paSi da ukiduresad Selaxuli avtoritetisa da
dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenis survilma kaTo-
likur eklesias TviTreformirebisken ubiZga.
es procesi, romelsac kontrreformacias
uwodeben, daiwyo pap pavle III-is (1534-1549) Ta-
osnobiT. 1545 wels man moiwvia saeklesio kreba
trientSi. kreba TiTqmis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi
ikribeboda (1545-1563) da ZiriTadad saeklesio
dogmatikis sakiTxebze da eklesiaSi mankiere-
baTa aRmofxvris gzebze bWobda.
am xangrZlivi saeklesio disputebis proces-
Si krebam daadgina, rom mxolod eklesias aqvs
ignasio loiola (1491-1556)
bibliis interpretaciisa da mrwamsis gansazR-
vris ufleba. Tuki luTerisaTvis erTaderTi
avtoriteti wminda werili iyo, krebam bibliasTan erTad saeklesio tradiciac
aRiara avtoritetad. krebam ar uaryo, rom rwmena aucilebelia sulis xsnisaT-
vis, magram daadgina, rom codvebis gamosyidva keTili saqmeebiTac SeiZleba.
pirveli

uryevi iyo agreTve azri Svidi saidumlos Sesaxeb. krebam akrZala indulgen-
Tavi mexuTe

ciebiT vaWroba. 1542 wels papma pavle II-m daaarsa romis inkvizicia, saeklesio
dawesebuleba, romelic eretikosebs sdevnida. inkviziciis ganaCeni sajarod
aResruleboda (autodafe).
kontrreformaciis radikaluri gamovleneba iyo baski didgvarovnis, igna-
sio loiolas (1491-1556) mier 1534 wels Seqmnili `iesos sazogadoeba~, Semd-
gomSi cnobili iezuitTa ordenis saxelwodebiT.
yofilma oficerma, loiolam ordeni samxedro yaidaze moawyo. ordenis
wevrebs, rogorc iesos jariskacebs, saRvTo saqmis erTguleba da ordenis
meTauris usityvo morCileba evalebodaT. mas Semdeg, rac papma ordeni aRi-
ara (1540), mis wevrebs damatebiT papis sruli erTgulebis aRTqmis micema da-
ekisraT. ordenSi gawevrianebis aucilebeli piroba iyo agreTve safuZvliani
Teologiuri ganaTleba (7 weli mainc). es iyo iezuitTa ordenis mier sasuli-
ero da kulturuli gavlenis mopovebis mizezi. ordens misiebi hqonda mTel
msoflioSi – afrikaSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi, iaponiasa da amerikaSi. loiolam
gaxsna ramdenime aTeuli skola, romlebmac saxeli gaiTqva swavlebis maRali
xarisxiT. iezuitebi marTavdnen universitetsac. evropis aristokratiuli
elita siamovnebiT andobda iezuitebs Svilebis aRzrdas. mkacri moraluri da
religiuri aRzrda iezuitTa skolebis mTavari mizani iyo. meore mxriv, iezui-
tebis pedagogiuri meTodebi savsebiT Tanamedrove iyo: ikrZaleboda moswav-
leTa fizikuri dasja, maTTvis ukeT swavlis stimulis misacemad, tardeboda
sxvadasxva konkursi.
kontrreformaciis procesSi kaTolikurma eklesiam, marTalia, ver miaRwia
trientis krebis Tavdapirvel mizans – daebrunebina yvela qristiani kaTo-
likuri eklesiis wiaRSi, magram SeZlo keTili saxelisa da gavlenis aRdgena.
382
 wyaro 3
iezuitebi
a

ignasio loiola `sulieri varjiSis~ Sesaxeb:

`rogorc marSireba da sirbilia sxeulis varjiSi, ise sulieri varjiSi hqvia su-
lis momzadebas yoveli biwieri zraxvebis gansadevnad, ganwmendis Semdeg sakuTa-
ri cxovrebis wesSi RvTis nebis Ziebas da povnas sulis sacxoneblad~.

`...dReSi ramdenime saaTi unda daeTmos [sulier] varjiSebs. sami dRe yovel di-
liT, TiTo saaTi unda daeTmos pirvel sam codvaze [ampartavnobis codva ange-
lozebisa RmerTis mimarT, codva adamisa da evasi, erTi momakvdinebeli codva],
Semdegi sami dRe, imave dros... sakuTar codvebze, Semdegi sami dRe, imave dros

evropa da amerika axal droSi

codvebisaTvis sasjelze fiqrs~.
b
iezuitTa ordenis wesdebidan:

`Cven gadavwyviteT da sagangebo aRTqma davdeT, rom rasac romis amJamindeli da

yvela Semdgomi episkoposi brZanebs..., ra provinciaSic ar gagvagzavnis, dauyov-
nebliv aRvasruloT, gind TurqebTan gagvamwesos da gind sxva vinme urjulosTan,
gind indoeTs migvavlinos an nebismier sxva mwvalebelTan...~

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstze da wyaroebze 1 a, 1 b, 1 g da 2 dayrdnobiT imsjeleT reformaciis mi­

zezebze. argumentaciisaTvis moiSvelieT agreTve paragrafSi – `aRorZinebis
xana~ mocemuli wyaroebi.
2. teqstsa da wyaroebze 3 a da 3 b dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT iezuitTa ordeni.
ra niSan­Tvisebebs gamoyofdiT?
3. daasaxeleT TqvenTvis cnobili qveynebi, sadac gavrcelebulia protestan­
tizmi da kaTolicizmi. rogoria dRes saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTier­
TmimarTeba? SeadareT Sua saukuneebis evropaSi arsebul mdgomareobas. Sea­
faseT reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis roli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
urTierTgamijvnis (sekularizaciis) procesSi.

leqsikoni

r pamfleti – sarkazmiT gamsWvaluli publicisturi

nawarmoebi, romelic mimarTulia ama Tu im piris,
politikuri movlenisa da sxv. winaaRmdeg
383
 61. religiuri omebi

leqsikoni

r `augsburgis aRsareba~ – protestantebis yvelaze adreuli oficialuri rwme-

nis simbolo, romelic dRemde luTeranebisTvis RvTismetyvelebis normad
iTvleba. igi martin luTeris mxardaWeriT SeimuSava germanelma humanistma,
Teologma, misma Tanamoazrem filip melanxtonma (1497-1560), rogorc luTe-
ranuli eklesiis rwmenis aRmsarebloba.
r augsburgis interimi - augsburgis droebiTi dadgenileba (laT. Augsburg Inte-
rim) – saRvTo romis imperiis imperatoris karl V-is brZaneba iyo, gamocemuli
1548 wlis 15 maiss raixstagze augsburgSi, 1546-1547 wlebis Smalkaldenis omSi
protestantebis winaaRmdeg imperatoris gamarjvebis Semdeg. dadgenilebis
proeqti SeimuSaves Teologebma. augsburgis droebiTi dadgenileba asaxavda
karl V-is mcdelobas mieRwia imperiaSi sarwmunoebrivi erTianobisTvis. mar-
Talia is moiTxovda protestantebisgan tradiciuli kaTolikuri wes-Cveule-
bebis Sesrulebas, magram amasTanave protestant mRvdelmsaxurebs qorwinebis
nebas rTavda, aseve nebadarTuli iyo saero pirTa ziareba. augsburgis droebi-
Ti dadgenilebis kompromisulma xasiaTma ver daakmayofila verc kaTolikuri,
pirveli

verc protestantuli partia, Tumca uzrunvelyo droebiTi status-kvo impe-

Tavi mexuTe

riaSi. droebiTma dadgenilebam sabolood 1555 wlis augsburgis religiuri

zavis xelmoweriT Sewyvita moqmedeba.
r hugenotebi – hugenotebi XVI s-dan frangi protestantebis (kalvinistebis)
saxelwodeba iyo. Tavidan sityva hugenots protestantTa mowinaaRmdegeebi
iyenebdnen, rogorc maT damcinav saxels; magram SemdgomSi, roca reformaciam
safrangeTSi gavrceleba daiwyo, es termini frangma protestantebma gaiTa-
vises. reformaciis momxreebi safrangeTSi sakmaod adre gaCndnen, iqmneboda
saidumlo luTeranuli Temebi, magram yvelaze meti mimdevari gauCnda Jan kal-
vinis swavlebas, gansakuTrebiT TavadaznaurTa da saSualo fenebSi. 1535 wels
safrangeTis mefem (fransua I-ma) gamosca brZaneba `eretikuli infeqciis~ aR-
mofxvris Sesaxeb: axalisebdnen damsmenebs da sastikad isjeboda, vinc protes-
tantebs Seifarebda. mxolod ianvris devnisas 35 `eretikosi~ koconze dawves
da samasamde sapyrobileSi gagzavnes. 1535 wels devnis Sedegad reformacia
safrangeTSi iatakqveSeTSi gadavida, xolo misma liderebma, maT Soris, kal-
vinma datoves qveyana.

religiuri omebi germanul saxelmwifoebSi

martin luTeris mier dawyebulma reformaciulma moZraobam papobis
winaaRmdeg, evropa or banakad – kaTolikeebad da protestantebad gayo. Tum-
ca, miuxedavad usasrulo areulobebisa germaniaSi, namdvili religiuri omi
1546 wels daiwyo, roca saRvTo romis imperiis imperatorma karl V-m (1500-
1558) warumatebelad scada protestantuli eresis amoZirkva. sarwmunoeba,
ra Tqma unda, Zlieri, magram ara erTaderTi mizezi iyo, romelic aiZulebda
384
mowinaaRmdegeebs iaraRis xelSi aRebas. leqsikoni
politikuri interesebi xSirad gada-
jaWvuli iyo religiurTan. magaliTis- r eresi (berZn.) – religiuri
Tvis, germaneli mTavrebi – kaTolikee- moZRvreba, romelic ewinaaR-
bica da protestantebic – cdilobdnen mdegeba gabatonebuli reli-
SeezRudaT habsburgTa xelisufleba. sul giis saeklesio dogmatebs;
ufro sustdeboda mTavrebis damokidebu- mwvalebloba.
leba imperatorze. germanias jer kidev ar
moeSuSebina glexTa omis Wrilobebi, rom
axal SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaeSva. mTavrebi da didebulebi kvlav or
banakad daiyvnen. qalaq SpeerSi germanul saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelebi Seikrib-
nen. imperatorma karl V-m kvlav mouwoda amoeZirkvaT luTeris swavleba, mas
mxari dauWires kaTolike mTavrebma. `vilocoT da davelodoT, rom RmerTi

evropa da amerika axal droSi

moulbobs guls imperators da gaunaTebs gonebas~, – qadagebda martin lu-
Teri, magram mas ar mousmines. 1526 wels luTeris momxre Tavadebis Speeris
raixstagma SeaCera luTeris sawinaaRmdego vormsis ediqtis moqmedeba. Tumca
1529 wels meore raixstagma gaauqma es dadgenileba, razec xuTma saimperio
mTavarma da ToTxmetma qalaqma ukompromisod ganacxada: `Cven ... vacxadebT,
rom zemoTaRniSnul gadawyvetilebasTan ar gvqonda araferi saerTo da mas
ver da ar daveTanxmebiT~. mTavrebi protests acxadebdnen luTeranobis ga-
vrcelebis SezRudvis mcdelobis winaaRmdeg. am protestma warmoSva termini

karl V iRebs `augsburgis aRsarebas~ 1530 wlis 25 ivnisis yrilobaze

385
 `protestanti~, reformaciis momxreTa leqsikoni
aRsaniSnavad. uSualod germaniaSi mas re-
ligiuri omi mohyva. 1530 wels (25 ivniss) r anabaptizmi – (berZn. `xe-

augsburgSi axal raixstagze Sekrebilma laxla~ da `vnaTlav~) XVI s-s

protestantebma karl V-s warudgines lu- germaniasa da sxva qveynebSi:
religiur-seqtanturi mimdi-
Teranobis safuZvlis 28 muxli – `augs-
nareoba, romelic uaryofda
burgis aRsareba~.
saeklesio ierarqias, moiTxo-
kaTolikeebma da imperatorma uaryves
vda, rom adamiani monaTlu-
`augsburgis aRsareba~. protestanti mTa- liyo mowifulobis asakSi;
vrebi gaerTiandnen da mowinaaRmdeges gamoxatavda qalaqis Raribi
brZola gamoucxades. 1532 wels, dapiris- mosaxleobisa da xelosnobis
pirebuli mxareebi droebiT Serigdnen interesebs.
niurnbergSi, raTa erTianad win aRdgo-
r poligamia [berZn. poly – be-
modnen Turqul jars, romelic venas ute-
vri da gamos – qorwineba] –
vda. osmaleTis sulTani suleiman I (1520- qorwinebis forma, rodesac
1566) 1529 wels venas miadga, magram agvis- TiToeuls SeuZlia erT-
tos wvimebis dawyebasTan erTad osmalTa droulad ramdenime meuRle
armia iZulebuli Seiqna ukan daexia da hyavdes.
vena TurqTa aoxrebas gadaurCa. momdevno
r gizi (fr.: Guise) – frang her-
wels dapirispirebam ifeTqa viurtember- cogTa dinastia, romelTaA
pirveli

gis sahercogos dauflebisTvis, romel- warmomadgenlebma XVI s-Si

Tavi mexuTe

Sic imperatoris Zmis mxares gamovidnen safrangeTis istoriaSi mniS-

avstriuli jarebi, xolo luTeraneli vnelovani roli Seasrules.
mTavrebis mxares – Sveicarieli daqira- gizebi hugenotebis mTavari
vebulni. SemdgomSi samxedro moqmedebe- mowinaaRmdegeebi da kaTo-
bi dakavSirebuli iyo qalaq miunsteris likuri ligis meTaurebi
komunasTan. iyvnen safrangeTis religiu-
miunsteris komuna iyo Teokratiuli ri omebis dros. 1675 wels di-
reJimi, romelic adgilobrivma protes- nastiam arseboba Sewyvita.
tantebma (anabaptistebma) daaarses miuns- r mesa – kaTolikuri RvTis-
terSi (vestfaliaSi) 1534-1535 wlebSi, ni- msaxureba, liturgia, wirva
derlandeli mefunTuSis ian matisis me- eklesiaSi
TaurobiT, xolo misi daRupvis Semdgom
(1534 w-is 5 aprili), komunis meTauroba xelSi aiRo niderlandelma mkeravma
ioan leidenselma. alyaSemortymul qalaqSi miunsteris komunam saeklesio-
samonastro qonebis konfiskacia ganaxorciela, gaauqma valebi da fuladi
mimoqceva. miunsterSi hqondaT mcdeloba Tanabrad gadaenawilebinaT moqa-
laqeTa qoneba. SemoiRes poligamia (mravalcolianoba). moigeries gandevnili
episkoposis da misi mokavSireebis Tavdasxma. iohan leidenskim Tavi axal `mefe
daviTad~ (winaswarmetyveli, ebraelTa mefe), xolo miunsteri israelis axal
samefod gamoacxada. amasTanave warmoebda anabaptistTa mowinaaRmdegeebis
sikvdiliT dasja. am movlenebma imdenad daafrTxo rainispira feodalebi, rom
maT Sekribes laSqari da qalaqi ieriSiT aiRes. komunam 14 Tve iarseba. `mefe
daviTi~ da misi `kariskacebi~ sikvdiliT dasajes.
Semdgomma wlebma germaniaSi mowinaaRmdege mTavarTa Serigebis uSedego
386
mcdelobaSi Caiara. yvelasaTvis misaRebi religiuri formulis ZiebaSi, lu-
Teri moiTxovda `augsburgis aRsarebis~ Sesrulebas. imperatorma kvlav moiw-
via mTavarTa yriloba 1541 wels regensburgSi, romelzedac molaparakeba
warmoebda italiel kardinal gasparo kontarinisa (1483-1542) da luTeris
erTgul Tanamoazre filip melanxtons Soris. kardinali kontarini miiswra-
foda protestantebis kaTolikur eklesiasTan Serigebisken, midioda maTTan
mniSvnelovan daTmobebze, magram kardinalsa da melanxtons Soris miRweuli
kompromisi ar cno romis papma. imavdroulad germaniaSi kvlav vrceldeboda
luTeris swavleba, misi momxreebi gaCndnen brandenburgSi, saqsoniasa da sxva
olqebSi.
1546 wels martin luTeri gardaicvala. protestantebis xelmZRvanelobis
SesustebiT isargebla imperatorma karl V-m, romelmac mxardaWerisaTvis
italiasa da espaneTs mimarTa da Tavisi SeiaraRebuli razmebi tirolidan

evropa da amerika axal droSi

meamboxe mmarTvelTaA winaaRmdeg, germaniis samxreTisaken daZra. romis papi,
protestantebis winaaRmdeg brZolisas imperators exmareboda rogorc fi-
nansurad, ise samxedro ZaliTac. 1547 wels saimperatoro jarma, romelsac
saTaveSi hercogi fernando alba (1507-1582) edga, niderlandebis momavali
revoluciis jalaTi, daamarcxa saqsonelebi. protestantebi am brZolaSi
izolirebulni aRmoCndnen yovelgvari daxmarebisagan. karl V-m brZolis win
ganacxada, rom is oms awarmoebs ara rwmenisTvis, aramed meamboxe vasalebis
dasamorCileblad. protestantuli qalaqebi iZulebulebi xdebodnen, patieba
eTxovaT da damorCilebodnen karl V-is gaerTianebul italiur, germanul da
espanur razmebs. saqsoniis kurfiursts imperatoris nebiT samudamo patimroba
miusajes. 1547 wlis seqtemberSi augsburgSi raixstagi gaixsna. karlma masze
gaitana Tavisi cnobili interimi, magram miuxedavad protestantebze gamar-
jvebisa, imperatorma ver SeZlo interimis praqtikaSi gatareba: protestantebi
mas medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen.
gausworda ra Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs, karl V Seecada nawilobriv refor-
mirebul eklesias Casdgomoda saTaveSi, magram es gadawyvetileba ar cno arc
papma da arc feodalTa umralesobam. imavdroulad karl V-m gamosca brZaneba,
romelsac `sisxliani~ uwodes.
qveyanas Tavs daatyda inkvizicia. germaniis CrdiloeTi kvlav ganudga karl
V-s. 1552 wels saqsonelTa laSqars kinaRam xelT Cauvarda avadmyofi impera-
tori. imperatoris ganzraxva – gadaeca imperia Tavisi vaJisTvis, filipesTvis,
uxeSi mopyroba germanelebTan, qveyanaSi espaneli jariskacebis yofna – yove-
live es germaniaSi Zlier gaRizianebas iwvevda. amitom maT ganaaxles brZola

wyaro 1

karl V-is `sisxliani~ brZaneba:

`ikrZaleba martin luTeris nebismieri nabeWdi an xelnaweri Txzulebis ... dabeWd-

va, gadawera, sakuTrebaSi qona, Senaxva, gayidva, yidva ... nebismieri, vinc aRmoaCens
mwvaleblobiT daavadebul pirs, valdebulia daasminos igi ...~

387
 imperatoris winaaRmdeg. karl V iZulebu-
li gaxda dazaveboda protestant mTavre- wyaro 2
bs, romlebsac, daxmarebis xeli gauwoda
nawyveti augsburgis religiu-
safrangeTis mefe anri II-m. 1555 wels augs-
ri zavidan:
burgSi karl V-m dado religiuri zavi. im-
peratorma ver SeZlo germaniaSi Zlieri `dae _ naTqvami iyo xelSekru-
saimperatoro xelisuflebis Seqmna da igi lebaSi, _ arc misma saimpera-
taxtidan gadadga. toro udidebulesobam, arc
marTalia, augsburgis zaviT germaniaSi kurfiurstebma, mTavrebma da
yovel mTavars ufleba misca Tavad aerCia a.S. ar miayenon aranairi ziani
religia, magram es ufleba exeboda kaTo- imperias, aranairi Zaladoba an
likobasa da luTeranobas da ara ufro ra- boroteba augsburgis rwmenis
dikalur mimdinareobas – kalvinizms. ger- gamo, vTavazobT maT Tavisi re-
maniis samxreTi da nawilobriv dasavleTi, ligiuri rwmena mSvidobianad
sadac bevri saeklesio samflobelo iyo, aRasrulon...~
kaTolikuri darCa. CrdiloeTi – saqsonia,
holSteini, brandenburgi, braunSvaigi,
aseve pfalci da viurtembergi – protestantuli gaxda. es religiuri sazR-
vrebi germaniaSi SemdgomSiac arsebiTad ucvleli darCa. zavi droebiTi iyo,
daqucmacebul qveyanaSi mTavrebi mzad iyvnen kvlav dapirispirebodnen erT-
pirveli

maneTs da moexmoT Zlieri mokavSireebisaTvis.

Tavi mexuTe

religiuri omebi safrangeTSi

safrangeTis samxreTi, romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi damouki-
deblad viTardeboda, kaTolikuri centraluri samefo xelisuflebis mowi-
naaRmdegeTa centrad Camoyalibda. samxreT safrangeTis mosaxleobisa da
aristokratiis nawili kalvinis mimdevari (protestantebi) gaxda. maT ieriSi
miitanes saeklesio samflobeloebze. safrangeTSi protestantebs hugenotebi
uwodes. maTi mravalricxovani Temi didgvarovanTa da vaWarTa Soris mniS-
vnelovani gavleniT sargeblobda. devnis miuxedavad, maTi ricxvi sul ufro
izrdeboda. qveynis CrdiloeTi da samefo kari kaTolikuri darCa. religiurma
sakiTxma safrangeTSi gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi XVI s-is 50-ian wlebSi mii-
Ro. safrangeTis mefe anri II valuas (zeobda 1547-1559) mmarTvelobis bolo
wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda samefo gadasaxadebi. igi mkacrad sdevnida huge-
notebs, 1559 wels gamosca ediqti, romelic eretikosebis sikvdiliT dasjas
iTvaliswinebda. anri II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi ymawvili da avadmyofi
vaJis fransua II-is (1559-1560) dros qveyanaSi daiwyo gamosvlebi gadasaxadebis
Semcirebis moTxovniT. am gamosvlebs hugenotebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. anri II-
is umweo memkvidreebi Zlivs umklavdebodnen dapirispirebas kaTolikeebsa da
hugenotebs Soris da sxva winaaRmdegobebs qveyanaSi – adgilobriv didebulTa
daumorCileblobas mefisadmi, moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebas samefo moxeleTa
mimarT mZime dabegvris gamo, glexTa gamosvlebs gadasaxadebis da saeklesio
miwaTmflobelobis winaaRmdeg. imavdroulad gamZafrda brZola xelisufle-
bisaTvis da qveyanaSi gavlenisaTvis, kapetingTa Zveli dinastiis or gverdiT
388
ganStoebas – gizebsa (kaTolikeebi)
da burbonebs (hugenotebs) Soris.
saqme is iyo, rom anri II-is vaJebs mem-
kvidre ar hyavdaT, maTi gardacva-
lebis Semdeg ki valuebis samefo di-
nastia arsebobas wyvetda. 1560 wels
gamoaaSkaraves SeTqmuleba gizebis
winaaRmdeg, romelsac meTaurobda
burbonTaA momxre princi konde (1530-
1569), da daiwyo protestantebis
dasja, romelsac sasaxleSi warmod-
genasaviT marTavdnen. aman gamoiwvia
Setakeba, erTi mxriv, burbonebs da,

evropa da amerika axal droSi

meore mxriv, mmarTvel dinastiasa da
gizebs Soris. generalurma Stateb-
ma, romelic moiwvies mefis uecari
gardacvalebis Semdeg, ver SeZlo
mxareebis Serigeba. fransua II-is mci-
rewlovani Zmis Sarl IX-is (1560-1574)
dros xelisufleba faqtobrivad
Tavis xelSi aiRo dedamisma Eekate-
rine mediCim. igi jer kidev meuRlis anri IV
anri II-is mefobisas aqtiurad ereoda
saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. deda-dedoflisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo cbiereba,
angareba, ltolva erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobisaken. mis dros daiwyo aSkara
dapirispireba kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris. 1562 wels erT-erTma
yvelaze gavlenianma pirma safrangeTis samfo karze, fransua gizma (1519-1563)
RvTismsaxurebis dros aTeulobiT hugenoti daxoca. sapasuxod protestan-
tebma SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs mimarTes. daqiravebuli mkvleli gausworda
gizs. daiwyo religiuri omebi hugenot da kaTolike Tavadaznaurobis or banaks
Soris (ocdaaTi wlis manZilze – aTi omi). maTSi CaTreulni aRmoCndnen ingli-
selebi, romlebic hugenotebs exmarebodnen, xolo espanelebi – kaTolikeebis
mokavSireTa saxiT.
religiuri da samoqalaqo dapirispirebis kulminacia gaxda `barTlomes
Rame~. 1572 wlis agvistoSi parizSi mravali didgvarovani hugenoti Cavida,
romlebic maT winamZRols anri navarels (burbons) (1553-1610) axldnen mis
qorwilSi mefis dasTan, margarita valuasTan. es qorwili dapirispirebuli
mxareebis Serigebis mcdeloba iyo. protestantebi cdilobdnen daerwmune-
binaT safrangeTis mefe Sarl IX dazavebaze. garda amisa, surdaT daeTanxmebi-
naT mefe daxmareboda niderlandebs espaneTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, radgan
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es safrangeTisTvis momgebiani iqneboda. am dros
ki parizSi protestantebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba mzaddeboda anri gizis
(1550-1588), fransua gizis vaJis, meTaurobiT. mamis mkvlelobis Semdeg igi
protestantebis dauZinebeli mteri iyo. anri gizma daarwmuna deda-dedofali
hugenotebTan angariSsworebisTvis momentiT esargebla. wminda barTlomes
389
 dResaswaulis (24 agvisto) wina Rames kaTolikebma moniSnes protestantTa
saxlebi da daTqmul niSanze maTi sastiki xocva-Jleta daiwyes. mkvlelebs
Soris umetesoba ucxoeli daqiravebulebi iyvnen. xocva-Jleta sami dRe gagr-
Zelda. mkvlelobebis talRa sxva qalaqebsac moedo. xocva-Jleta Zireul
gardatexad iqca safrangeTis religiur omebSi. hugenotebs gamanadgurebe-
li dartyma miayenes, romlis Sedegadac maT TavianT gamoCenil winamZRolTa
umravlesoba dakarges.
orive mxridan uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira religiurma omma, misi
msxverpli gaxda anri gizi da ukanaskneli mefe valuaTa dinastiidan – ekate-
rine mediCis mesame, ukanaskneli vaJi, uSvilo anri III. 1589 wels safrangeTis
taxtze anri navareli avida. mas anri IV ewoda. safrangeTSi burbonTa mmarTve-
lobis xana daiwyo. anri IV windaxeduli, gamWriaxi, frTxili da energiuli po-
litikosi iyo. mowinaaRmdege mxareTa Sesarigeblad, mas kaTolikobis miReba
mouwia. mxolod amis Semdeg gaiRo misTvis parizi. `parizi mesad Rirs~ uTqvams
dedaqalaqisaken mimaval mefes. anri IV burbonma SeZlo daesrulebina religiu-
ri dapirispireba safrangeTSi: 1598 wels anri IV-m qalaq nantSi gamosca ediqti
– kanoni rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb. `nantis ediqtiT~ safrangeTSi saxelm-
wifo religiad kaTolicizmi darCa, magram hugenotebma miiRes aRmsareblobis
Tavisufleba da Tanabari uflebebi kaTolikeebTan. es iyo evropaSi pirveli
mkafiod Camoyalibebuli kanoni rwmenis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. hugenotebma
pirveli

samxreT safrangeTSi cxovrebis ufleba miiRes, Tumca maTi gavlena safran-

Tavi mexuTe

geTSi religiuri omebis Semdeg mkveTrad Semcirda. germaniisa da safrange-

Tis movlenebis garda XVI s-is religiur omebs niderlandebis revoluciasac
miakuTvneben.

xocva-Jleta barTlomes Rames

390
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT klasSi gamarTeT diskusia Temaze: `re-

ligia da politika~. gaeciT pasuxi Semdeg SekiTxvebs: a) Tqveni azriT, re-
formacia mxolod religiur sakiTxebs moicavda? b) ramdenad SesaZlebelia
religia gaemijnos politikas (germaniis magaliTze)? daasabuTeT; g) ratom
iyo romis papisTvis protestantebTan sabrZolo dapirispireba ufro metad
misaRebi vidre maTTan molaparakeba? d) ratom iyo miuRebeli augsburgis
interimi rogorc kaTolikuri, aseve protestantuli partiisTvis?
2. teqstze da wyaroze dayrdnobiT: a) SeadareT erTmaneTs da gansazRvreT, ra
miznebs isaxavda karl V-is da anri IV-is religiuri politika? b) SeadareT

evropa da amerika axal droSi

erTmaneTs `augsburgis interimi~ da `nantis ediqti~. ra hqondaT saerTo da
ra ganasxvavebda maT? daasabuTeT.

`dila barTlomes Ramis Semdeg~,

eduard deba-ponsanis naxati

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT CamoayalibeT: ra iyo imis

mizezi, rom didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, protestantoba mainc ikidebda
fexs evropaSi?

391
 62. holandiis revolucia da misi mniSvneloba

XVI saukuneSi mTeli niderlandebi

(dRevandeli holandia, belgia, luqsem-
burgi da safrangeTis mcire nawili), sul
17 provincia, sadac ZiriTadad erT enaze
– holandiurad, laparakobdnen, espaneTis
habsburgTa dinastiis mefeebs emorCile-
boda. niderlandebi (`dabali miwebi~) am
provinciebs ewoda imitom, rom maTi zRis-
pira nawilebi zRvis doneze dabla iyo (da
aris) ganlagebuli. saukuneebis manZilze
adgilobrivi Sromismoyvare da TviTor-
ganizebuli mosaxleoba koleqtiurad
aSenebda jebirebs CrdiloeTis zRvis sa-
napiros gaswvriv da TandaTan iTvisebda
zRvis fskers (ase aTvisebul miwas pol-
deri ewodeba).
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe
leqsikoni
r niderlandebi da
niderlandi – im mizniT, rom
ganasxvavon Sua saukuneebis,
farTobiT ufro didi, `da-
bali qveynebisagan~ – nider-
landebisagan (den Nederlan-
den) – TavianTi dRevandeli
qveyana, holandielebi am
ukanasknels uwodeben nider-
lands (Nederland), anu iyene-
ben mxolobiT ricxvs.

ukve gvian Sua saukuneebSi flandriis (dRevandeli belgiis nawili) savaWro

qalaqebma, gansakuTrebiT gentma, briugem da iprma, es provincia aqcia evropis
erT-erT umdidres da yvelaze urbanizebul nawilad. inglisidan Semotanili
cxvris matylidan flandrieli feiqrebi awarmoebdnen mauds sxva qveynebSi
gasatanad. iqauri vaWrebi saSuamavlo vaWrobaSic iyvnen Cabmulni. XVI saukunis
Sua xanebSi antverpeni msoflios udidesi navsadguri iyo, sadac dReSi 250-ze
meti gemi icleboda da itvirTeboda. gamoTvlilia, rom antverpeni, rogorc
evropis umdidresi qalaqi, 1560-ian wlebSi Svidjer met Semosavals aZlevda
espaneTis mefes, vidre amerikis koloniebis eqspluatacia.
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi evropaSi warmoqmnilma eklesiis reformaciis talRam
niderlandebsac miaRwia. saukunis dawyebulma protestantizmis kalvinistu-
ri mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda iqaur mdidar vaWrebsa da qalaqis
mosaxleobas Soris. maTTvis `papizmi~ (kaTolicizmi) asocirebuli iyo samRv-
deloebis sixarbesTan, indulgenciebis (codvaTa Sendobis) gayidvasTan, romis
papisaTvis Semosavlis meaTedis gadaxdasTan. protestantuli eTika mkacri
iyo, is momxveWelobis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, magram, amave dros, moiTxovda
adamianebisagan muxlCauxrel Sromas drois fuWad dakargvis gareSe. SromaSi
igulisxmeboda fizikuri, gonebrivi Sroma, vaWrobaca da warmoebis organiza-
ciac. aseT Sromas ki Sesabamisi anazRaureba da, zogjer, didi mogebac mohqonda.
Tavgadakluli kaTolike da kontrreformaciis TviTgamocxadebuli me-
Tauri, espaneTis mefe, felipe II mkacrad ebrZoda kalvinizms flandriaSi,
holandiaSi, brabantSi (es niderlandebis Semadgeneli nawilebi iyo), magram
amiT ufro metad aimxedra iqauri mosaxleoba.
1568 wels ajanyda CrdiloeT niderlandebis Svidi provincia romelTac 1581
392
wels gadayenebulad gamoacxades mefe felipe II
da Seqmnes niderlandis SeerTebuli provincie-
bis respublika, SemoklebiT holandia (Tumca
holandia Svididan mxolod erTi, yvelaze xa-
lxmravali da ganviTarebuli provincia iyo). da-
narCeni provinciebi iyvnen zeelandi, utrexti,
geldersi, overiseli, frislandi da groningeni.
yvela provincias marTavda provinciuli State-
bi (adgilobrivi parlamenti) da Stathalteri
(mmarTveli). Teoriulad yvela Stathalteri
unda aerCiT da is respublikis gGeneralur Sta-
tebs (federalur parlaments) eqvemdebareboda,
magram realurad oran-nasaus dinastiis prince-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

bi, moyolebuli vilem I oranelidan (1533-1584),
gadaiqcnen holandiisa da zeelandis memkvidre-
obiT Stathalterebad.
vilem I oraneli
vilem I ajanyebis meTauri gaxda. ajanyeba da
omi, SesvenebebiT, oTxmoci weli gagrZelda. mxo-
lod 1648 wels cno espaneTis mefem holandiis respublikis damoukidebloba.
1576 wels espanelebis mier antverpenis aRebam da iq mowyobilma rbevam da
xocva-Jletam (mokles rva aTasamde moqalaqe) gamoiwvia am qalaqis dak-nineba.
misi mosaxleoba 100 aTasidan 42 aTasamde Semcirda. bevri iqauri mcxovrebi
gadasaxlda amsterdamSi (holandiaA), riTac xeli Seuwyo am qalaqis ayvavebas
da niderlandebis mTavar ekonomikur centrad gadaqcevas. male amsterdami
evropuli da msoflio mniSvnelobis sazRvao navsadgurad iqca.
`oTxmocwliani omis~ dros samxreT niderlandebis (daaxloebiT dRe-van-
deli belgia) qalaqebma briugem, antverpenma, gentma, briuselma dakarges
Zveli mniSvneloba, samagierod, aRzevdnen CrdiloeT niderlandebis qalaqebi
amsterdami, haaga, roterdami. omis dros maTi mosaxleobis umetesoba protes-
tantizmze gadavida.
omis dros espanelebs Zalian uWirdaT holandielebis kargad gamagrebuli
qalaqebis aReba, miT umetes, rom espaneTis samefo Cabmuli iyo sxva omebSic
da misi Zalebi daiqsaqsa.
swored am periodSi, XVI saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi da XVII saukuneSi idga
`holandiis oqros xana~, rodesac man Seqmna sakuTari sazRvao imperia, xSir
SemTxvevaSi espaneTis, da 1640 wlamde espaneYTTan SeerTebuli portugaliis
koloniebis xarjze da msoflios umdidresi qveyana gaxda.
`oTxmocwliani omis~ dros `zRvis giozebi~ (sityva giozi modioda frangu-
li `gueux~-idan, rac `maTxovrebs~ aRniSnavda, magram am metsaxels `holandie-
li partizanebi~ ar Takilobdnen) efeqtianad ebrZodnen espanur flots ara
marto Tavisi qveynis sanapiroebTan, aramed okeaneSic ki. 1639 wels holandiis
respublikam sabolood mouRo bolo espaneTis sazRvao hegemonias. E
vaWrobaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba da religiuri Semwy-
narebloba Zalian fasobda. amitom ikribebodnen holandiaSi religiuri devni-
lebi evropis bevri qveynidan, maT Soris, ebraelebi. yvela es adamiani xels
393
 uwyobda holandiis respublikis ekonomikur warmatebas da mis did kulturul
aRmavlobas.
holandiaSi praqtikulad moxda pirveli burJuaziuli revolucia, rodesac
vaWrebma, finansistebma, mrewvelebma, zRvaosnebma xelSi aiRes Zalaufleba.
amave dros, respublikis marTvaSi, rogor vnaxeT, aristokratiac monawile-
obda.
holandiurma revoluciam Seqmna iseTi precedenti, rom `xalxma SeiZleba
gadaayenos suvereni, Tuki naTlad dainaxavs, rom is ar asrulebs im valdebu-
lebas, romelic mas RmerTma daakisra~. aseTi midgoma samefo xelisuflebis
mimarT upirispirdeboda Sua saukuneebidan arsebul `mefeTa RvTiuri ufle-
bis~ doqtrinas.
1648 wels evropuli monarqiebis mier respublikuri mmarTvelobis mqone
qveynis – holandiis respublikis – aRiarebam mTel evropaSi daTesa azri, rom
mefeebi yovelTvis ar arian kanonieri uflebis matarebelni. am azrs XVIII sauku-
nis bolo aTwleulebSi gamoiyeneben sxva qveynebSic, maT Soris, CrdiloeT
amerikaSi, safrangeTSi, sadac aseve Camoyalibdeba respublikebi.

wyaro 1
pirveli

nawyveti holandiis Stathalteris, vilem oranelis mimarTvidan niderlandis

Tavi mexuTe

mosaxleobisadmi (1568):

`niderlandis yvela mcxovrebma icis, rom didi xania espanelebi qveyanas TviTne-
burad marTaven. maT eretikosobaSi braldeba sababad gamoiyenes da imdenad cudad
warmoaCines qveSevrdomebi mefis winaSe, rom maT niderlandSi inkviziciis dawese-
bis neba darTo... da radgan Cven davinaxeT, rom mefes simarTles umalavdnen... Cven
misi udidebulesobis erTguli qveSevrdomebis TxovniT avisxiT iaraRi RmerTis
sadideblad, misi sityvis gasavrceleblad, morwmuneTa dasacavad da qveynis Tavi-
suflebisa da uflebebis dasacavad~.

klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1. imsjeleT Semdeg sakiTxebze: ras edaveba niderlandi

espaneTs? risTvis iaraRdeba niderlandis mosaxleoba? ra aris Tqveni
azriT espaneTis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg niderlandis SeiaraRebuli
brZolis mTavari mizezi?

394
63. XVII saukunis inglisis revolucia

inglisis dawinaurebis safuZveli XVI-XVII saukuneebSi

XVI saukuneSi inglisSi mefobda tiudorebis dinastia, romlis drosac same-
foSi Camoyalibda absolutizmi. mkveTrad dasustda feodalTa klasi, rome-
lic isedac TiTqmis gawyda 1455-1485 wlebis samoqalaqo omSi (`vardebis omi~).
Sua saukuneebis msxvili feodalebi, romelTa saqme omi da rbeva iyo, Secvala
jentrim – wvrilma da saSualo `axalma Tavadaznaurobam~, romlis saqme gaxda
sakuTari mamulidan mogebis miReba. `axali Tavadaznauroba~ garegnulad iyo

evropa da amerika axal droSi

aristokratiuli, xolo SinaarsiTa da miswrafebiT – burJuaziuli. inglisis
burJuazia Taviseburi iyo da gansxvavdeboda kontinenturisagan. inglisSi
moxda burJuaziisa da aristokratiis garkveuli Serwyma. Zveli feodaluri
titulebi – h H ercogi, grafi, baroni, raindi – savsebiT SeiZleboda kapitalist-
mewarmes hqonoda, rac kontinentur evropaSi (holandiis garda) XIX saukunemde
did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda
inglisis sasoflo raionebSi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda Sua saukuneeb-
Si dawyebuli `SemoRobvebis~ procesi, romlis drosac adre arsebuli Ria
mindvrebi, damaxasiaTebeli saerTo sargeblobis miwis mqone glexuri Temis
meurneobisaTvis, adgils uTmobda individualur fermerul meurneobas. amJa-
mindeli inglisis sasoflo landSaftisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qvis yoreebiT
SemoRobili miwis nakveTebi ZiriTadad XIV-XVI saukuneSi Seiqmna. es nakveTebi
ukve kerZo mesakuTres ekuTvnoda da ara glexur Tems. miwaTmflobels TviTon,
an mis moijaradres, am nakveTze raime kultura mohyavda qalaqSi gasayidad da
amisaTvis mojamagireebs qiraobda, an, ufro xSirad, aSenebda cxvars, romlis
matylsac sazRvargareT sarfianad yidda. mecxvareobas naklebi muSaxeli
sWirdeboda, vidre miwis xvna-Tesvas.
soflis fardobiTad Warbi mosaxleoba qalaqebSi midioda, upirvelesad
londonSi, sadac XVI saukuneSi 300 aTasze meti mcxovrebi iyo. es mosaxleoba
saqalaqo profesiebSi iyo Cabmuli – vaWrobaSi, xelosnobaSi, mrewvelobaSi.
viTardeboda momsaxurebis sxva formebic: magaliTad, cnobilia, rom XVI sauku-
nis londonSi ocamde TGeatri moqmedebda da maT mayurebeli mravlad hyavda.
qalaqis mosaxleoba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis didi momxmarebe-
lic gaxda. amitom sofeli qalaqis sursaTiT momaragebas emsaxureboda. es
moaswavebda soflis meurneobis specializacias da Sida satransporto kavSi-
rebis gafarToebas. sagareo vaWrobis mizniT XVI saukuneSi Seiqmna `levantis
kompania~ – axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebTan savaWrod, `afrikis kompania~ – mone-
biT vaWrobis mizniT, `aRmosavleTis kompania~ – baltiis qveynebTan savaWrod.
1600 wels londonSi daarsda msoflioSi pirveli saaqcionero kompania
`ist-india kompani~ – indostanis naxevarkunZulis qveynebTan (indoeTTan)
savaWro urTierTobisaTvis. Tu yvela adrindeli kompania gildiuri wesiT
iyo Seqmnili, anu yvela gemTmflobeli kompaniaSi monawileobda sakuTari ris-
395
 kiT, `ist-india kompani~ wminda kapitalisturi
wamowyeba iyo: misi mewileebi mogebas iyofdnen
TavianTi Senatanis proporciulad. am kompaniis
mier indoeTSi moxveWilma zRaprulma mogebam
yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. mogeba ki in-
glisSi grovdeboda da axali warmoebis Seqmnas
uwyobda xels.
aRsaniSnavia ekonomikuri winsvlis geogra-
fiuli faqtoric: imis gamo, rom inglisi kun-
Zulze mdebareobs, mas sagareo agresiisagan
dacvis ukeTesi saSualeba hqonda. XVI sauku-
neSi, rodesac omebSi Cabmuli evropis qveynebi
aoxrebdnen erTimeoris teritoriebs, inglisi
aseT problemas ascda. espaneTis mefis mier ing-
lisis winaaRmdeg gamogzavnil flots (`uZle-
vel armadas~, 1588 w.) inglisi gadaurCa Tavisi
mezRvaurebis simamacisa da kunZulovani mde-
bareobis gamo. stabiluri, usafrTxo garemo
Carlz I-is gasamarTleba mewarmeobisaTvis didi stimulia. inglisSi Tavs
afarebdnen ltolvilebi niderlandebidan da
pirveli

safrangeTidan: eseni iyvnen protestantebi, romelTac samSobloSi sdevnid-

Tavi mexuTe

wyaro 1

`habeas korpus aqti~ (1679)

kanoni miiRo inglisis parlamentma mefis mxridan marTlmsajulebis saqmeSi uxeSi

Carevisa an misi uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad.
kanoni gansazRvravda patimris sasamarTloSi wardgenis wess.

(Ha­be­as­Cor­pus: laT. sityvasityviT: `unda gqondes sxeuli (sasamarTlos winaSe)~. da-

patimrebis brZanebis sawyisi fraza).

`... sisxlis samarTlis an masTan gaTanabrebuli qmedebisaTvis dapatimrebuli yvela

pirovneba ufro swrafad rom gavaTavisufloT, misi udidebulesoba mefe am parla-
mentis sasuliero da saero lordebisa da Temebis TanxmobiT da maTi ZalauflebiT,
adgens Semdegs: Tu romelime piri an pirebi warmoadgenen brZanebas Ha­be­as­Cor­pus-s mi-
marTuls romelime Serifis... an sxva romelime pirisadmi da romelic exeba misi an maTi
dacvis qveS myof romelime pirs da xsenebuli brZaneba waredgineba dasaxelebul Tanam-
debobis pirs an datovebuli iqneba sapyrobileSi an sapatimro saxlSi... dasaxelebul-
ma Tanamdebobebis pirma an pirebma, misma an maTma TanaSemweebma... aRniSnuli brZanebis
wardgenidan sami dRis manZilze... unda (im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, roca zemoT dasa-
xelebuli dapatimreba moxda saxelmwifo Ralatis an mZime sisxlis samarTlis danaSa-
ulisaTvis) Seasrulon aseTi brZaneba da dapatimrebuli an datusaRebuli pirovneba
miiyvanon mosamarTleebTan, an im sasamarTloSi, saidanac iqneba gacemuli aRniSnuli
brZaneba...~

396
nen. inglisi ki maT TavSesafars aZlevda da axalisebda maTi saqmis (biznesis)
gadmotanasac: kontinentidan gamoqceul protestantebs Soris mravlad iyvnen
kargi xelosnebi da sakmaod mdidari finansistebi.
saerTo jamSi, es yvelaferi qmnida safuZvels inglisis kapitalisturi gziT
ganviTarebisaTvis. inglisSi praqtikulad Camoyalibda mdidari burJuazia
(maT Soris bevri – aristokratiuli titulis mqone), romelic adre Tu gvian
moiTxovda monawileobas qveynis politikur marTvaSi.

inglisis revoluciis winapirobebi. mefisa da parlamentis

dapirispireba
asec moxda. 1603 wels tiudorTa dinastiis ukanaskneli monarqi elizabeT
I gardaicvala da memkvidred datova Tavisi naTesavi, Sotlandiis mefe jeimz

evropa da amerika axal droSi

VI stiuarti, romelic inglisis taxtze avida jeimz I-is saxeliT (1603-1625).
jeimz I-isa da misi vaJis Carlz I-is (1625-1649) zeobis dros inglisSi arsebobda
winaaRmdegoba mefeebis survils – emarTaT, tiudorebiviT, rogorc absolu-
tur monarqebs, da burJuaziis survils Soris – monawileoba mieRo qveynis
marTvaSi. samefo xazinas esaWiroeboda fuli, romelic gadasaxadebis saxiT
unda SeegrovebinaT rogorc rigiT qveSevrdomebs, ise mdidar burJuazias
Soris. am ukanasknelebs ki ainteresebdaT – risTvis ixarjeboda maTi fuli.
inglisSi XIII saukunidan ikribeboda parlamenti, romlis funqcia iyo ga-
dasaxadebis dawesebaze mefisaTvis Tanxmobis micema. Sesustebuli parlamenti
tiudorebis absoluturi monarqiis drosac arsebobda. stiuartebis dros ki
man Tavisi funqciis aRdgenaze da mis gafarToebaze ganacxada pretenzia. amiT
gaRizianebulma Carlz I-ma 1629 wels daiTxova parlamenti da 11 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi misi sanqciis gareSe awesebda da krefda gadasaxadebs.
stiuartTa dinastiis monarqebi, rogorc inglisis (anglikanuri) ekle-
siis meTaurebi, religiur sakiTxebSic ereodnen. ukmayofileba, romelic
qveyanaSi sufevda, xSirad Rebulobda religiur saxes. inglisSi farTod
gavrceldnen damoukidebeli protestantuli seqtebi, romelTa mimdevrebs
erTad `puritanebs~ uwodebdnen (sityvidan `purifikacia~, rac kaTolikuri
eklesiis gadmonaSTebisagan sarwmunoebis ganwmendas niSnavda). puritanebi
Zalian xSirad warmoadgendnen SeZlebul klasebs. maT Soris umravleso-
bam icoda wera-kiTxva da damoukideblad SeeZlo bibliis wakiTxva da misi
interpretacia. episkoposebis avtoritets puritanebi ar cnobdnen da maT
`papistebad~ miiCnevdnen, rac inglisel protestantebs Soris yvelaze did
braldebad iTvleboda. puritanebi anglikanur eklesiaSi ar dadiodnen.
amitom samefoSi SemoiRes jarima eklesiaSi miusvlelobisaTvis. vinaidan
oficialuri xelisufleba puritanebs sdevnida, 60 aTasamde maTgani 1620-
iani wlebidan gadasaxlda CrdiloeT amerikaSi da iq niu inglendis (axali
inglisis) koloniebi daaarsa.
1637 wels kenterberis arqiepiskopos uiliam lodis iniciativiT Sotlan-
diaSi (stiuartebi Sotlandiis mefeebadac rCebodnen, Tumca formalurad
samefoebi gaerTianebuli ar iyo), gaigzavna anglikanuri locvebis wignis mTe-
li tiraJi da iq daiwyo episkoposebis daniSvna. SotlandiaSi ki am droisaTvis

397
 fexi myarad hqonda mokidebuli presbiterianobas, romelic aseve ar cnobs
episkoposebis Zalauflebas.
SotlandiaSi anglikanizmis gavrcelebis mcdeloba Carlz I-s Zvirad dauj-
da. Sotlandia ajanyda. mis winaaRmdeg armiis dasaqiraveblad mefes sWirdebo-
da didi Tanxis Segroveba da amis gamo is iZulebuli gaxda moewvia parlamenti.
1640 wels 3 noembers mowveuli meore parlamentis (im wlis pirveli par-
lamenti mefem sam kviraSi daiTxova) arCeviTi TemTa palata ZiriTadad da-
kompleqtebuli aRmoCnda `axali Tavadaznaurobisa~ da puritanebis warmomad-
genlebiT. parlamentma gadasaxadebis asakrefad sanqciis micemamde mefes
sakuTari Secdomebis gamosworeba mosTxova, Sotlandiis mimarT Cadenilis
CaTvliT. parlamentis kanonproeqtebiT (mefes maTze xeli unda moewera, rom
is kanonad qceuliyo) qveyanaSi gauqmda cenzura; sapyrobilidan gamouSves
yvela puritani – represiebis msxverpli; aikrZala ukanono gadasaxadebi da
dadginda, rom parlamentis sanqciis gareSe araviTari gadasaxadis akrefa me-
fes ar SeuZlia; qveyanaSi gauqmda monopoliebisa da privilegiebis patentebi,
romlebic konkurencias zRudavdnen da uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi agdebdnen
mewarmeebs; gauqmda represiuli sasamarTloebi. 1641 wlis maisSi parlamentma
daadgina, rom misi daTxovna aRar aris mefis prerogativa da parlamenti maSin
daiSleba, rodesac TviTon daadgens amas. mefe amazec daTanxmda.
1640 wels Sekrebil parlaments `xangrZlivi~ daerqva, radgan is 1653 wlamde
pirveli

ijda uestminsterSi, sadac misi sxdomebi tardeboda.

Tavi mexuTe

1641 wlis manZilze parlamentis moTxovnebze daTanxmebam mefes ar moutana

sasurveli kompromisi; piriqiT, parlamenti moiTxovda mefis Zalauflebis
Semdgom SezRudvas. 1642 wlis 4 ianvars mefem uxeSad daarRvia TemTa palatis
privilegia, rodesac 400 jariskacis TanxlebiT piradad Sevida sxdomaTa
darbazSi xuTi opozicioneri deputatis dasapatimreblad: TemTa palataSi
mefis Sesvla, tradiciiT, dauSveblad iTvleboda. opozicionerebis dapati-
mreba ver moxerxda. viTareba londonSi ise
daiZaba, rom 10 ianvars mefem datova deda-
qalaqi, wavida CrdiloeT inglisSi, sadac
mas wahyva parlamentis lordTa palatis
TiTqmis ori mesamedi da TemTa palatis we-
vrTa mcire nawili. danarCeni parlamenti,
romelSic qveda (TemTa) palata gaxda do-
minanti, londonSi darCa.

samoqalaqo omi. kromvelis

diqtatura
1642 wels daiwyo samoqalaqo omi mefesa
da parlaments Soris. omi cvalebadi war-
matebiT mimdinareobda iqamde, sanam TemTa
palatis wevri aRmosavleT inglisidan, sa-
Sualo SeZlebis aznauri oliver kromveli
Seqmnida iseT razms (`rkinisgverdianebi~),
oliver kromveli
398
romelic daefuZneboda puritanul ideo-
logias da daemorCileboda mkacr samxe-
dro disciplinas. mogvianebiT parlamen-
tis mTeli armia (`axali modelis armia~),
romelsac sabolood kromveli Caudga
saTaveSi, imave principiT Seiqmna. 1644 AD d
AD a
1645 wlebSi parlamentis armiam daamarcxa
roialistebis (mefis momxreebis) samxe-
dro Zalebi. 1646 wels Carlz I-ma im dros
parlamentis momxre Sotlandiur armias
Seafara Tavi, romelmac is garkveul safa-
surad inglisis parlaments gadasca.
Carlzi sapatio tyveobaSi iyo im dros,

evropa da amerika axal droSi

rodesac parlamentis fraqciebi daobd-
nen inglisis momavlis Sesaxeb, magram 1648
wels Carlzi gaiqca da xelaxla wamoiwyo
samoqalaqi omi, romelSic swrafad da-
marcxda. 1649 wels sagangebod Seqmnilma
marTlmsajulebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom
oliver kormveli Slis
Carlzs warudgina impiCmenti – daadana-
xangrZliv parlaments
Saula saxelwifo RalatSi – da sikvdili
miusaja. 1649 wlis 30 ianvars mefes Tavi
mohkveTes.

wyaro 2

`bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ (1689) (igive `uflebaTa bili~)

kanoni miiRo inglisis parlamentma 1688-89 wlebis e. w. `saxelovani revolu-
ciis~ Semdeg
`Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ (1215), `habeas korpus aqti~ (1679) da `bili ufle-
baTa Sesaxeb~ (1689) Tanamedrove didi britaneTis konstituciis Semadgeneli
dokumentebia.
`1... mefis brZaneba, SeaCeron kanonebi an kanonebis Sesruleba parlamentis Tan-
xmobis gareSe, ukanonoa.
4.... gadasaxadebis akrefa mefis sasargeblod da misi gankargulebiT, im motiviT,
TiTqos es xorcieldeba misi prerogativis ZaliT parlamentis Tanxmobis gare-
Se... ukanonoa.
6.... mSvidobian periodSi samefos farglebSi mudmivi jaris Sekreba da Senaxva
parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe, kanons ewinaaRmdegeba.
8.... parlamentis wevrebis arCevnebi Tavisufali unda iyos.
9.... sityvis, kamaTisa da aqtebis Tavisufleba parlamentSi ar unda iyos SezRudu-
li da daqvemdebarebuli sxva romelime [organos] kontrols, parlamentis garda.
13.... yovelgvari borotmoqmedebis aRkveTisaTvis, kanonebis gaumjobesebis, gan-
mtkicebisa da dacvisaTvis parlamenti xSirad unda moiwvion~.

399
 imave wlis 19 maiss inglisi respublikad gamocxadda. mas TiTqos marTa-
vda `xangrZlivi parlamentis kudi~ – asze naklebi darCenili wevri, magram
realuri Zalaufleba sakmaod male gadavida oliver kromvelis xelSi. 1653
wels man gareka `parlamentis kudi~, romelic fuW kamaTsa da kinklaobas
undeboda da realurad gaxda qveynis mmarTveli `inglisis, Sotlandiisa
da irlandiis lord-proteqtoris~ tituliT. 1657 wels man uari ganacxada
misTvis SeTavazebul mefis gvirgvinze, Tumca is realurad flobda mefeze
met Zalauflebas.
kromveli ingliss aZlierebda. 1649 wels man daamarcxa irlandieli ka-
Tolikeebi da sastikad gausworda damarcxebulebs. 1651 wels man daamarcxa
Sotlandielebi da ingliss SeuerTa es saxelmwifo. inglisis respublikam gai-
marjva sazRvao omebSi holandiasTan da espaneTTan, ramac aamaRla inglisis
prestiJi saerTaSoriso asparezze.
kromvelma gaiTvaliswina is wvlili, romelic ebraulma Temma Seitana ingli-
sis metoqe holandiis ekonomikur warmatebaSi. im imediT, rom ebraelebi xels
Seuwyobdnen qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobas samoqalaqo omebis droindeli Ca-
vardnis Semdeg, 1657 wels kromvelma faqtobrivad neba darTo ebraelebs dabru-
nebuliyvnen inglisSi, saidanac isini gandevnes1290 wels mefe eduard I-is dros.
1658 wels kromveli gardaicvala. sul ori wlis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom
misi realuri Semcvleli aravinaa da 1660 wels inglisis taxtze moiwvies Carlz
pirveli

II stiuarti – Carlz I-is vaJi.

Tavi mexuTe

1640 wels dawyebul `inglisis revolucias~ ingliseli istorikosebi XX

saukunemde `did amboxebad~ moixseniebdnen. magram es marTlac iyo revolucia,
rodesac ingliseli xalxis didi nawili aRar iyo Tanaxma, rom is emarTaT moZ-
velebuli, feodaluri, wesebiT; mefis mowinaaRmdegeebma, imave parlamentis
momxreebma, sabolood SeimuSaves progresuli programa inglisis momavali
ganviTarebisaTvis (Tundac is im dros bolomde ver ganxorcielebuliyo);
Zveli xelisuflebis dasamxobad gamoyenebuli iqna samxedro Zala. es yvela
revoluciis niSania.

1688 wlis `saxelovani revolucia~

1688 wlamde inglisSi `restavraciis xana~ idga, romelic sabolood dam-
Tavrda `saxelovani revoluciiT~, rodesac faruli kaTolike mefe jeimz II
iZulebuli gaxades qveyana daetovebina. taxtze avida jeimzis protestanti
qaliSvili meri II Tavis meuRle, holandiis Stathalter uiliam oranelTan
(vilem III-sTan) erTad, romelic erTdroulad iyo misi mamidaSvili da inglisis
taxtis meoTxe rigis memkvidrec.
1689 wlis 16 dekembers inglisis parlamentma miiRo `uflebaTa bili~, ro-
melmac SezRuda monarqis uflebebi da gaafarTova parlamentis uflebebi.
ramdenime sxva sabaziso dokumentTan erTad `uflebaTa bili~ inglisis
dauwereli konstituciis Semadgeneli nawilia. man gavlena moaxdina erTi
saukunis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi Setanil `ufle-
baTa bilze~.
inglisis revoluciis dasasrulad xandaxan miiCneven 1660 wels, rodesac

400
stiuartebis dinastiis restavracia moxda. sinamdvileSi inglisis burJuaziu-
li revolucia dasrulda 1689 wels, rodesac qveyanaSi sabolood Camoyalibda
konstituciuri monarqia, xolo mmarTveli klasi gaxda burJuazia, Tundac
aristokratiuli titulebis mqone.

wyaro 3

inglisis mefe jeimz I stiuarti (1603-1625) mefis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb:

`...mefeebi arsebobdnen wodebebis, an am wodebaTa SigniT adamianTa Soris uTanaswo-

robis, aseve parlamentebisa da kanonmdeblobis gaCenamde...

naTelia, rom mefea mTeli qveynis umaRlesi mbrZanebeli da qveyanaSi mcxovrebi yvela

evropa da amerika axal droSi

piris batoni. mas aqvs ufleba ganagos TiToeuli adamianis sicocxle da sikvdili. sa-
marTliani mmarTveli ar waarTmevs Tavis qveSevrdomebs sicocxles Tu amas kanoni ar
moiTxovs, Tumca kanonebi, romelTa ZaliTac es sicocxle wairTmeva, Tavad mefis an mi-
si winamorbedebis mieraa gamocemuli. amgvarad, Zalaufleba yovelTvis mefisgan mom-
dinareobs...

sajarod parlamentSi SemuSavebuli kanonebi, mefis nebiT, misi Zalauflebidan gamom-

dinare, SesaZlebelia Serbildes an SeCerdes mxolod mefisTvis cnobili mizezebis
gamo...

amgvarad, rogorc ukve vTqviT, kargi mefe, Tumca is kanonze maRla dgas, Tavis qmede-
bebs dauqvemdebarebs da SeaTanxmebs masTan [kanonTan] Tavisi qveSevrdomebisaTvis
magaliTis misacemad da misi Tavisufali nebidan gamomdinare, magram ara imis gamo,
rom emorCileba kanons da SezRudulia kanoniT~.

klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1. yuradReEba gaamaxvileT kanonis uzenaesobis mniSvnelo-

basa da mefis uflebebis SezRudvaze. SeafaseT `habeas korpus aqtis~
mniSvneloba Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
istoriaSi.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. moawyveT diskusia demokratiisa da parlamentarizmis
ganviTarebis inglisuri modelis Sesaxeb.
3. SeadareT wyaroebi 2 da 3. axseniT inglisSi mefisa da parlamentis
dapirispirebisa da, Sesabamisad, inglisis revoluciis mizezebi.

401
 64. absolutizmi

Sua saukuneebSi evropis mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi arsebobda wodebriv-

warmomadgenlobiTi institutebi, romlebic nawilobriv zRudavda monarqis
Zalauflebas. safrangeTSi aseTi instituti iyo generaluri Statebi, inglisSi
ki – parlamenti.
XVII saukuneSi inglisSi parlamentisa da gvirgvinis dapirispireba revolu-
ciebSi gadaizarda (1640-60 da 1688-89) da saparlamento monarqiis damyarebiT
dasrulda. safrangeTSi ki monarqiam imZlavra da absoluturi monarqia dam-
yarda.
monarqis SeuzRudavi mmarTvelobis sistemas absolutizmi ewodeba. abso-
luturi monarqiis yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSia frangi monarqis lui XIV-is
erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba (1661-1715).
lui XIV-is cnobili devizi – `saxelmwifo me var!~ safuZvlad daedo mTel
mis 54-wlian damoukidebel mmarTvelobas. saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi
sistemis centrad monarqis Zalauflebis qcevis simbolizacia iyo lui XIV-is
`mefe-mzed~ gamocxadeba. monarqis absolutur Zalauflebas ganasaxierebda
pirveli

agreTve, versalSi, parizidan 18 km-is daSorebiT agebuli grandiozuli same-

Tavi mexuTe

fo rezidencia da iq gadasuli samefo kari.

centralizebuli da absoluturi monarqiuli mmarTvelobis franguli mo-
deli misabaZ nimuSad iqca evropis saxelmwifoebisaTvis.

centralizebuli da absoluturi mmarTveloba

lui XIV-m absoluturad daimorCila warCinebuli wodebebi – Tavadazna-
uroba da klerusi (sasuliero wodeba), magram SeunarCuna maT privilegiebi,
upirveles yovlisa, gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufleba.
mefe aiZulebda Tavadaznaurobis did nawils (sisxliT aznaurebs Zveli
aristokratiuli sagvareuloebidan, e. w. `daSnis aznaurebs~), mudmivad ecxov-
raT versalSi. iZulebis am xerxiT, lui XIV uSualod da, Sesabamisad, ukeT akon-
trolebda Tavadaznaurobas. amasTan erTad, uxvad gacemuli `pensiebiT~ mefem
moisyida es wodeba da uzrunvelyo gvirgvinisadmi misi sruli erTguleba da
morCileba. am politikiT Tavadaznaurobam dakarga socialuri funqcia da
sazogadoebrivad umaqnis, parazitul fenad iqca. amdenad, lui XIV-m sakuTari
xeliT gamoacala monarqias socialuri dasayrdeni da moamzada niadagi Semd-
gomSi, safrangeTis revoluciis procesSi, Tavadaznaurobis, rogorc socia-
luri fenisa da monarqiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis sistemis aRsasrulisTvis.
lui XIV-m bolo mouRo agreTve parizis parlamentis (uzenaesi sasamarTlos)
da masTan erTad misi wevri `mantiis aznaurebis~ (saTavadaznauro wodebis qve-
da fena, samoxeleo Tavadaznauroba) politikur gavlenasac.
manamde safrangeTis mefis Zalauflebis aRdgena scada lui XIII-is (1610-
1643) pirvelma ministrma, kardinalma riSeliem (1624-42). riSelies mcdeloba
402
 evropa da amerika axal droSi
lui XIV, rigos tilo versalis sarkeebiani darbazi

mimarTuli iyo urCi aristokratiis winaaRmdeg da centraluri xelisuflebis

gaZlierebas isaxavda miznad. monarqis tradiciuli xelisufleba Seryeuli
iyo religiuri omebiT frang kaTolikeebsa da frang protestantebs Soris
(1562-1598).
safrangeTis yvela provinciaze mefis Zalauflebis gasavrceleblad, riSe-
liem sagangebo samsaxuri Seqmna. riSelies ministrobis dros SeizRuda pro-
vinciul wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis (sasuliero wodebis,
Tavadaznaurobis, e. w. `mesame wodebis~ warmomadgenlobiTi sakrebuloebis)
uflebebi (magaliTad, gadasaxadebis dawesebaSi maTi Tanamonawileobis ufle-
ba). sruliad safrangeTis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi sakrebulo – genera-
luri Statebi ki aRar mouwveviaT 1614 wlidan moyolebuli safrangeTis 1789
wlis revoluciamde.
jer kidev 1648 wels, lui XIV-is pirveli ministris, kardinal mazarinis
faqtobrivi mmarTvelobis dros (1643-1661) parizis parlamentis oTxive sa-
samarTlo palata aujanyda (e. w. `fronda~. fr. fronde – Surduli. am iaraRis
gamoyeneba parizSi ikrZaleboda da patimrobiT isjeboda. gadataniTi mniSvne-
lobiT `fronda~ – wesrigis darRveva) mcirewlovan mefes. maSin lui XIV-s sami
wliT parizis datoveba mouxda.
1678 wels ki ukve absoluturma monarqma, lui XIV-m CamoarTva parlaments
samefo kanonebis SeCerebis ufleba, anu mTavari ufleba, romlis wyalobiTac
es instituti politikur Zalas warmoadgenda.

403
 lui XIV, inglisuri karikatura
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

kardinal mazarinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelic 18 weliwadi SeuzRuda-

vad marTavda qveyanas, axalgazrda, 22 wlis mefem ganacxada: `TviTon viqnebi Cemi
ministri~. mas Semdeg lui XIV yvela gadawyvetilebas erTpirovnulad iRebda.
sakvanZo saxelmwifoebrivi uwyebebis – sagareo saqmeTa, samxedro, flotis, ius-
ticiisa da finansTa ministrebis uflebamosilebani mkacrad SeizRuda mxolod
saTaTbiro da aRmasrulebeli funqciebiT. 30 intendanti – mefis rwmunebuli
regionebSi, aRasrulebda centraluri xelisuflebis – mefis gadawyvetilebebs
provinciebSi. intendantebi adgilze uwevdnen zedamxedvelobas gadasaxadebis
akrefas, mmarTvelobas, sasamarTlos, policiur da samxedro Zalebs, gzebis
mSeneblobasa Tu sursaTiT momaragebas, religiur Temebs.
mefe iyo agreTve uzenaesi msajuli, ufro sworad, Tavad marTlmsajuleba.
adamianebi sapyrobileebSi, maT Soris mTavar, yvelaze pirquS da SemaZrwune-
bel bastiliis cixeSi, xvdebodnen yovelgvari gasamarTlebis gareSe, maTi

wyaro 1

finansTa ministris werili provansis intendants (1671):

`me movaxsene mefes provansis warmomadgenlobiTi krebis umsgavso saqcielis Sesaxeb

da vinaidan mis udidebulesobas ar surs amis moTmena, man gasca saTanado brZanebebi
[warmomadgenlebis] daTxovnis Sesaxeb da Tan daurTo maT 10 daluquli werili, 10
avismzraxveli deputatis [normandiasa da bretanSi] gadasaxlebis moTxovniT~.

404
dapatimrebis Sesaxeb mefis piradi gankargulebis, e. w. daluquli werilebis
safuZvelze.
erTmmarTvelobis gasamtkiceblad, lui XIV-m qveyanaSi religiuri erTiano-
bis aRdgena gadawyvita (principiT – `erTi mefe, erTi kanoni, erTi sarwmuno-
eba~). am mizniT daiwyo hugenotebis devna-Seviwroeba. 1685 wels gauqmda 1598
wels miRebuli nantis ediqti, romliTac Tavis droze hugenotebs aRmsareb-
lobis Tavisufleba mieniWaT.
absolutisturi reJimis mTavari sagareo politikuri miznebi iyo evropaSi
hegemonoba da safrangeTis teritoriuli gafarToeba `bunebriv sazRvrebam-
de~ – rainamde. am miznis misaRwevad lui XIV-m araerTi omi awarmoa evropel
mezoblebTan.
samxedro warmatebis sawindari efeqturi armia da savse saxelmwifo xazina
iyo. amdenad, aucilebeli gaxda samxedro da ekonomikuri reformebis gata-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

reba. am reformebis Sedegad jarica da meurneobac uSualod saxelmwifos,
anu mefes daeqvemdebara.

samxedro reforma
lui XIV-is Tanamedrove evropaSi zogadad miRebuli iyo jaris daqiraveba
omisTvis. evropis mefeebi Tu mTavrebi qiraobdnen mxedarTmTavars, romelic
maRali anazRaurebis sanacvlod jaris gamoyvanis valdebulebas iRebda. sam-
xedro moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg armia iSleboda. marTalia, lui XIV-is
armiac daqiravebuli iyo, magram mis mier ganxorcielebuli reformis Sedegad,
ukve uSualod mefe qiraobda jariskacebs. ZalaSi rCeboda oficris Tanamde-

banqos manufaqtura
405
 bobis yidvis wesi, magram maRali rangis oficrebs Tavad mefe asaxelebda, maT
Soris, umaRles samxedro pirebs (generali, marSali) mxolod da mxolod Ta-
vadaznaurobis wodebidan. lui XIV-is samxedro reformiT pirvelad dawesda
agreTve jaris erTiani aRWurva rogorc iaraRiT, ise samxedro formiT. magram
mTavari siaxle iyo is, rom Seiqmna regularuli jari, romelic mSvidobian dros
uwindeburad aRar iSleboda, aramed Semdegac mudmiv wvrTnas gadioda.

absolutizmis ekonomikuri politika. merkantilizmi

absolutisturi reGGJimis ekonomikuri politika, romelic merkantilizmis
saxeliTaa cnobili, mTlianad ukavSirdeba lui XIV-is finansTa ministrs (fi-
nansebis generalur kontroliors), Jan batist kolbers (1619-1683) da amdenad
mas kolbertizmsac uwodeben.
kolberis mTavari amocana arsebuli sagadasaxado wesis Seucvlelad saxel-
mwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis gazrda iyo. yvelaze mdidari ori wodeba
– Tavadaznauroba da klerusi gadasaxadebisgan Tavisuflebis privilegiiT
sargeblobda. rCeboda saxelmwifo xazinis Sevsebis erTaderTi wyaro – mesa-
me wodebis1 SeZlebuli, samewarmeo da komerciuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli
zedafenis Semosavlebis dabegvris gazrda. magram saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
gasazrdelad aucilebeli iyo Tavad mewarmeTa Semosavlebis gazrda. am amo-
canis gadaWris erTaderT gzas kolberi samewarmeo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos
pirveli

CarevaSi xedavda. adgilobrivi warmoebis gafarToebis mizniT daiwyo saxel-

Tavi mexuTe

mwifo, e. w. `samefo manufaqturebis~ Seqmna, romlebic Tavdapirvelad nakleb

efeqtiani iyo da saxelmwifosgan damatebiT subsidirebas saWiroebda.
produqtiulobis amaRlebis mizniT, kolberma Tavisi ekonomikuri politika
`aqtiuri savaWro balansis~ merkantilistur Teoriaze aago. `aqtiuri savaW-
ro balansis~ principebi martivia: eqsportis gazrda da importis Semcireba.
merkantilistebis varaudze dayrdnobiT, swored am gziT fiqrobda kolberi
qveyanaSi fuladi saxsrebis modinebis waxalisebas da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo
xazinis Sevsebas. amas garda, kolberis CanafiqriT, unda ganmtkicebuliyo saSi-
nao bazari, imisaTvis, rom safrangeTis mdidar elitas fuli sakuTar qveyanaSi,
adgilobriv bazarze daexarja da ara mis gareT. amitom `samefo manufaqtu-
rebi~ pirvel rigSi, fufunebis sagnebis sawarmoeblad iqmneboda, romelTac
konkurencia unda gaewiaT calkeul dargebSi bazarze ukve liderad qceuli
ucxoeli mwarmoeblebisTvis. amdenad, kolberis xelSewyobiT, safrangeTSi
manufaqturebi ZiriTadad mowinave ucxouri nimuSis mixedviT iqmneboda (ma-
galiTad, maqmanebisa da sarkeebis mwarmoebeli manufaqturebi – veneciuri,
windebis – inglisuri, maudisa – holandiuri da sxv.).
kolberis merkantilisturi politika damatebiT gamtkicebuli iyo sxvada-
sxva RonisZiebiT. kerZod, savaWro flotis mSeneblobiT, savaWro kompaniebis
daarsebiT, sazRvao mimosvlis gasaadvileblad arxebis mSeneblobiT (magali-
Tad, langedokis arxi, rogorc umoklesi gza atlantis okeanidan xmelTaSua
zRvamde), koloniebis mopovebiT (magaliTad, teritoriebi indoeTSi, kanadaSi,
luiziana amerikaSi), maTi franguli mrewvelobis nedleulis wyarod da gasa-
Rebis bazrad qcevis mizniT.

1
imdroindeli franguli saxelmwifos wodebriv sistemaSi sul sami wodeba iyo: mesameSi erTian-
deboda mosaxleobis yvela fena, pirvel or wodebaSi Semavali privilegirebulebis garda.
406
 samefo kari versalSi
versalis sasaxle mefe-mzis brwyinvalebisa da absoluturi Zalauflebis
simbolo iyo. evropis sxva qveynebis mmarTvelebi mTeli ZaliT cdilobdnen
versalis karis cxovrebis imitirebas.
versalSi SemoRebuli wesebi srulad asaxavda absolutizmis arss. mxolod
mefe iRebda gadawyvetilebas, kari usityvod morCilebda mas. politikur fun-
qcias moklebuli Tavadaznaurobis erTaderTi sazrunavi etiketi, Cacmuloba,
karze poziciisa Tu mefis keTilganwyobis mopoveba iyo. samefo kari mTlianad
mefis pirovnebis gandidebas emsaxureboda. versalis samefo-yofiTi ritua-
lebi (mefis gaRviZeba, dilis tualeti, sauzme, Zilad misvla da a.S.) saeklesio
ceremoniebs iyo mimsgavsebuli xelisuflis RvTaebriobis xazgasasmelad.
`apoTeozi~ (gaRmerTeba) karis mxatvrobis umTavresi motivi iyo.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

samefo kari, uamrav gasarTobTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT Teatralur warmod-
genebs swyalobda. samefo TeatrisTvis werdnen komediebsa Tu tragediebs
frang mweral-dramaturgTa SesaniSnavi Taobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi
– molieri (1622-1673), korneli (1606-1684) Tu rasini (1639-1699). absolutizmma
xelovnebac daimorCila.

wyaro 2

kolberis ekonomikuri programa (merkantilizmi)

kolberis samaxsovro baraTidan (1664):

`holandielebs... Cven qveyanaSi samrewvelo nawarmi SemoaqvT, sanacvlod ki maTi war-

moebisa da vaWrobisaTvis saWiro nedleuli gaaqvT.

CvenSi manufaqturebis danergviT aRar movixmardiT maT nawarms... aramed, piriqiT,

sakuTari produqciis namats gavitandiT, riTac fuls SemovitandiT... vfiqrob, mxo-
lod da mxolod fuladi simdidre ganapirobebs gansxvavebas saxelmwifoTa Soris
maTi sidiadisa da Zalauflebis mixedviT.

manufaqturebis danergviT erTi milioni dReisaTvis umuSevari adamiani [namdvi-

lad] moipovebs saarsebo saxsrebs. aseve sagrZnoblad meti adamiani dasaqmdeba zRva-
osnobasa da navsadgurebSi... xomaldebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeba sa-
xelmwifos sidiade da Zlevamosileba.

Cemi winadadebaa... gamoiyos yovelwliurad mniSvnelovani Tanxebi manufaqturebisa

da vaWrobis xelSewyobisTvis... agreTve kompensaciebi maTTvis, vinc xomaldis yidvas,
aSenebas an savaWro mogzaurobas ganizraxavs... unda gaumjobesdes gzebi, gauqmdes sa-
baJoebi samdinaro gzebze... mTeli gulisyuriT unda ganixilos arxebis mSeneblobis,
aRmosavleT da dasavleT indoeTis [savaWro] kompaniebis xelSewyobis sakiTxebi~.

407
 wyaro 3

lui XIV-is privilegia, boZebuli holandieli van robesTvis (1665)

(van robe safrangeTSi im dros yvelaze msxvili manufaqturis mflobeli iyo):

`Cven nebas vrTavT xsenebul van robes, dasaxldes qalaq abevilSi Tavis 50 holandi-
el muSasTan erTad da daarsos iq Zvirfasi qsovilebis sawarmoebeli manufaqtura,
swored iseTi qsovilebis, rogoric espaneTsa da holandiaSi iwarmoeba. amisaTvis
mas gadaeces 30 saqsovi dazga...

Cven gvsurs, rom mas da mis... ucxoel kompanionebsa da muSebs moepyran, rogorc WeSma-
rit frangebs... isini unda gaTavisufldnen... gadasaxadebisgan.

Cven vaniWebT maT religiuri [protestantuli] aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas... Cven

vbrZanebT, mieces mewarmes 12 aTasi livri... da amiT damkveTs mogebis moxmarebis Ta-
visufleba...

Cven vkrZalavT [sxvebis mier] msgavsi qsovilebis damzadebas 20 wlis ganmavloba-

Si...~

wyaro 4
pirveli

absolutizmis ideologi, mefis karis moZRvari da taxtis memkvidris aRmzrdeli

Tavi mexuTe

episkoposi, Jak bosiue mefis SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb:

`…...saxelmwifos monarqiul forma upirvelesia amqveynad da Seqmnilia mamiseuli av-

toritetis nimuSis mixedviT, anu Tavad bunebis mier.

adamianebi morCilebad ibadebian, mamebis avtoriteti aCvevs maT morCilebas, Tanac

erTi meTauris morCilebas... saxelmwifos monarqiuli forma yvelaze xangrZlivi
da, Sesabamisad, mdgradia. arasdros ise araa daculi erTianoba, rogorc erTi mmar-
Tvelis xelSi. mmarTveli Tavisi maRali gadmosaxedidan... gacilebiT SorsmWvre-
telia Cvenze, amitom usityvod unda vmorCilebdeT mas...

mmarTveli RvTismsaxuri da rwmunebulia amqveynad. igi RvTis nebiT marTavs. me-

fis Zalaufleba absoluturia. mefe Tavisufalia angariSgebisgan vinmes winaSe. am
absoluturi Zalauflebis gareSe, is ver SeZlebs verc avi da verc kargi saqmeebis
keTebas. qveSevrdomTa erTaderTi dacva saxelmwifo Zalauflebis winaSe misi uda-
naSaulobaa...

aqedan gamomdinare, vinc mmarTvels ar daemorCileba, is sikvdiliT daisjeba, ro-

gorc damnaSave adamianTa sazogadoebis winaSe.

mTeli saxelmwifo da xalxis neba mmarTvelis pirovnebaSia gansaxierebuli.

...mefis avtoriteti gonebas emorCileba. mefeebma Zalaufleba mxolod sayovelTao

keTildReobisTvis unda gamoiyenon~.

408
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaro 1­is mixedviT imsjeleT lui XIV­is `daluqul werileb­

ze~. SeadareT isini `habeas korpus aqts~. moawyveT diskusia absoluturi
monarqiis frangul da saparlamento monarqiis inglisur modelebs Soris
gansxvavebebze marTlmsajulebis sferoSi. yuradReba gaamaxvileT monar­
qis SeuzRudav nebasa da kanonis uzenaesobaze, Sesabamisad, pirvel da meo­
re SemTxvevebSi.
2. wyaroebze 2 da 3 dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeTY merkantilisturi ekonomikuri
politika. gamoyaviT misi umTavresi principebi. imsjeleT am politikis
miznebze.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

3. ganixileT wyaro 4. imsjeleT, ra argumentebi mohyavs bosiues monarqis ab­
soluturi Zalauflebis sasargeblod? ganixileT es argumentebi. ra uf­
lebebi aqvT qveSevrdomebs? vin akontrolebs mefes? ra safrTxes Seicavs
amgvari mmarTveloba qveSevrdomebisTvis? ratom ewodeba amgvar mmarTve­
lobas absoluturi?

mefe-mzis dakrZalvis
procesia (1715)

saSinao davaleba

1. dawereT mcire naSromi `absolutizmi~. teqstis analizze da saTanado wyaro­

ebze dayrdnobiT daasabuTeT, ratom ewoda mmarTvelobis am formas `absolu­
tizmi~.

409
 65. Svidwliani omi evropaSi

Svidwliani omi axali drois erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi konfliqti iyo.

masSi CarTuli iyo im drois did saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba. uinston Cer-
Cilma, XX s-is britanelma politikurma moRvawem am oms `pirveli msoflio
omic~ ki uwoda. Svidwliani omi, evropaSi hegemonobisTvis mimdinareobda
or koalicias Soris dapirispirebis saxiT. amasTanave, es iyo dapirispireba
inglis-safrangeTis koloniuri samflobeloebisTvis CrdiloeT amerikasa
da indoeTSi. erTi mxriv, koaliciaSi Sedioda inglisi da prusia, meore mxriv
– safrangeTi, avstria da ruseTi. 1756 wlis ianvarSi Seiqmna inglis-prusiis
kavSiri. inglis-prusiis xelSekrulebam ubiZga avstrias daaxloeboda Tavis
Zvel mters – safrangeTs. safrangeTsa da avstrias Soris versalSi xeli moewe-
ra TavdacviT kavSirs, romelsac 1756 wlis bolos ruseTi SeuerTda.

es sainteresoa

meomar mxareTa miznebi

avstrielebi varaudobdnen daebrunebinaT silezia, maSin, roca prusielebi saqso-

pirveli

niis dapyrobas lamobdnen. prusia, xelisuflebis saTaveSi fridrix II-is mosvlis

Tavi mexuTe

(1740 wels) Semdeg, pretenzias acxadebda evropul politikaSi wamyvan rolze. avs-
tria-safrangeTis TavdacviT kavSirs SvedeTi SeuerTda, romelsac prusiisgan Ste-
tinis da sxva teritoriebis dabruneba surda, romlebic man ruseTidan CrdiloeTis
didi omis dros dakarga. avstria-safrangeTis koalicias SeuerTda ruseTi, rome-
lic aRmosavleT prusiis dapyrobas imedovnebda, raTa mogvianebiT is poloneTisT-
vis gadaeca kurlandiisa da zemgaliis sanacvlod. prusias mxari dauWira hanoverma
da ramdenime patara Crdilogermanulma saxelmwifom.

prusiis mefe fridrix II-s (1712-1786), avstriasTan omi garduvlad miaCnda

da ZiriTad imeds inglisis mokavSireobaze amyarebda. is varaudobda, rom
inglisis gavleniT ruseTi Tavs Seikavebda mosalodnel omSi monawileobis-
gan, riTac prusia Tavidan aicilebda or frontze brZolas. ruseTSi prusiis
gaZlierebas realur safrTxed aRiqvamdnen dasavleTis sazRvrebisTvis da
baltiispireTsa da evropis CrdiloeTSi maTi interesebisTvis. fridrixma
gadaWarbebulad Seafasa inglisis gavlena ruseTze, imavdroulad ver gaTvala
is SeSfoTeba safrangeTis mxridan, rac inglisTan misma kavSirma gamoiwvia.
yovelive amis Sedegad fridrixs sami uZlieresi kontinenturi saxelmwifos
koaliciasTan mouwia brZola, romelsac man `sami dedakacis kavSiri~ (maria-
terezas (avstriis imperatoris), elizavetas (ruseTis imperatoris) da madam
pompaduris (safrangeTis mefis, lui XV-is sayvarlis)) uwoda. Svidwlian omSi
srulad gamovlinda fridrix II-is samxedro niWi.
meomar saxelmwifoTa Zalebi araTanabari iyo. omis dros inglisi, romelsac

410
ar hyavda Zlieri qveiTi jari, subsidie-
bis garda verafriT exmareboda prusias.
marTalia, koaliciaSi Semavali arc erTi
qveyana ar iyo dainteresebuli prusiis
sruli ganadgurebiT, imedovnebdnen, rom
omis Semdeg mas Tavisi interesebisTvis
gamoiyenebdnen, Tumca yvela prusiis da-
sustebisken miiswrafoda. 1757 wlis za-
fxulSi brZolaSi Caeba ruseTi, samxed-
ro moqmedebebi misTvis warmatebulad
viTardeboda. magram agvistoSi samxedro
sabWoze gadawyvites, aRmosavleT pru-
siidan ukan daexiaT. ruseTis mTavarsar-
es sainteresoa
prusiis warmatebis mizezebi
omis Semdeg fridrixma daajama
mizezebi, romlebmac saSualeba ar
misca mis mowinaaRmdegeebs gaenad-
gurebinaT prusia, Tumca maT sav-
sebiT SeeZloT amis gakeTeba maTi
Zalebis aSkara upiratesobis fonze.
misi azriT, prusiis warmatebis
sami mizezi arsebobda: uTanxmoeba
mokavSireebs Soris, interesTa sx-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

dals eSinoda, rom im droisaTvis avad- vaoba, romelmac maT saSualeba ar
myofi dedofali elizaveta I (1714-1762) misca SeTanxmebuliyvnen erTobliv
SeiZleba taxtze petre III-s Seecvala, ro- samxedro moqmedebebze; venis samefo
melic cnobili iyo prusiisadmi gansaku- karis mzakvruli politika, rome-
Trebuli siyvaruliT, magram dedofali lic amjobinebda brZolas sxvisi
moulodnelad gamojanmrTelda da rusTa sisxliT; elizaveta I-is sikvdili,
jarebis mTavarsardali gadaayenes. rusebis gasvla koaliciidan da pe-
1759 wlis 12 agvistos moxda Svidwlia- tre III-is mier prusiasTan dadebu-
ni omis cnobili brZola kunersdorfTan, li kavSiri.
sadac prusiis jarma ruseT-avstriis ja-
rebTan sruli marcxi ganicada, mokavSi-
reebs berlinisken gza xsnili qondaT. prusia katastrofis zRvarze aRmoCnda,
is mowinaaRmdegeebTan SedarebiT patara saxelmwifo iyo da uTanasworo brZo-
laSi misi Zalebi male amoiwura. `marTali giTxra, – swerda Tavis ministrs
panikiT moculi fridrixi brZolis Semdeg, – me mgoni, yvelaferi dakargu-

elizaveta I fridrix II
411
 lia. me ver gadavitan Cemi qveynis daRu-
pvas. mSvidobiT samudamod ... yvelaferi
dakargulia, gadaarCineT samefo kari da
arqivebi!~ mokavSireebs isRa darCeno-
daT, ukanaskneli dartyma mieyenebinaT,
aeRoT berlini da amiT mieyvanaT prusia
kapitulaciamde. prusia mxolod mokavSi-
reTa Soris uTanxmoebam gadaarCina. aman
saSualeba misca fridrixs, Seekriba jari
da momzadebuliyo berlinis dacvisTvis.
marTalia, man Zalebis Semokreba SeZlo,
magram misi mdgomareoba mainc kritikuli
iyo. rusebma aRmosavleT prusia, avstrie-
lebma ki silezia daikaves. aravis evro-
paSi, Tavad fridrixsac ar sjeroda, rom
prusias raime ixsnida marcxisgan. patara
qveynis resursebi Seudareblad mcire iyo
misi mowinaaRmdegeebis ZalasTan, da rac
ufro xangrZlivdeboda omi, miT ufro
mniSvnelovani xdeboda es faqtori. pru-
pirveli
wyaro 1
fridrix II-is anderZidan
`me vcxovrobdi, viTarca filoso-
fosi da msurs damkrZalon rogorc
aseTi, yovelgvar brwyinvalebis,
gandidebisa da pompis gareSe ... me
arasodes ar vyofilvar arc Zunwi
da arc mdidari, me ar mqonia didi
Tanxebi, saxelmwifos Semosavals
me vuyurebdi, rogorc wmidaTawmi-
das, romlis xelyofas ver gabeda-
vda verc erTi mavne Zala. sazoga-
doebrivi Semosavali Cemi piradi
sargeblobis sagani arasodes ar
yofila ... Cems mmarTvelobas ara-
sodes ar Seulaxavs Cemi sindisi, me
ar SevuSindebi mis Sesaxeb saqvey-
nod angariSgebas. gardacvalebis

sia katastrofisagan 1762 wels ruseTis Jams, Cemi ukanaskneli survilebi

Tavi mexuTe

imperatoris, elizaveta I-is gardacvale- saxelmwifos sakeTildReod iqneba

bam ixsna. prusiis dauZinebelma mterma, warmarTuli. dae marTon igi mudam
elizavetam, erTxel ganacxada kidec, rom samarTlianobis, gonierebisa da
brZolas saboloo gamarjvebamde gaagr- simtkicis pirobebSi, dae iyos igi
Zelebda, Tundac amisTvis Tavisi kabebis saxelmwifoTa Soris ubednieresi
umetesobis gayidvac dasWirveboda. Tavisi zomieri kanonebiT, yvelaze
1762 wlis 5 ianvars (Zv. stiliT 1761 ufro mowesrigebuli finansebiT,
wlis 25 dekembers) ruseTSi petre III game- yvelaze ufro mamacurad daculi
fda. fridrix II misi kerpi iyo, amitom pe- Tavisi jariskacebis mier, romelTa
tre III peterburgSi dauzavda prusias da erTaderTi miswrafeba iqneba Rir-
misi miwebidan gaiyvana Tavisi jari. amis seba da samxedro dideba ...~
Semdeg ruseTma nebayoflobiT Tqva uari
yvela monapovarze omSi (aRmosavleT pru-
siaze koenigsbergiTurT, romlis mcxovreblebmac ukve ruseTis gvirgvinis
erTgulebis ficic ki dades). amasTanave, petre III-m fridrix II-s rusTa korpusi
SesTavaza Tavisi yofili mokavSiris – avstrielebis winaaRmdeg. petre III-is
politikam rusuli sazogadoebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da misi popularobis
dacemas Seuwyo xeli. ruseTis erovnuli interesebis ugulebelyofis gamo
petre III gamefebidan sul raRac 6 TveSi taxtidan Camoagdes. saqme sulac ar
iyo petres mier fridrixis TayvaniscemaSi, fridrixiT aRfrTovanebas bevri
gamoxatavda. mTavari iyo is, rom Tavis pirad grZnobas man msxverplad saku-
Tari qveynis interesebi Seswira. petres mier gaformebuli zavi omSi gaweuli
msxverplis Seuracxyofa iyo. xelisuflebas Camocilebuli petre mokle xanSi
`gaurkvevel~ viTarebaSi gardaicvala. misma meuRlem, ekaterina II-m, gaauqma
412
sazavo xelSekruleba prusiasTan da rusTa korpusi samSobloSi gaiwvia, Tumca
prusias omi aRar gamoucxada.
prusiis uzomod dasusteba ar iyo ruseTis interesebSi, radgan amas SeeZlo
gamoewvia avstriis hegemonoba centralur evropaSi. ruseTis mxardaWeras
moklebuli avstriac iZulebuli Seiqna zavi daedo prusiasTan (1763 wlis 15
Tebervals). zavis Sedegad prusiam avstriisagan silezia daibruna, Tumca
fridrixi iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva saqsoniaze. omi inglis-prusiis koa-
liciis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. omis Sedegad prusia sabolood Sevida wamyvani
evropuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvSi. am dros daiwyo procesi, romelic XIX s-is
bolos germanuli miwebis prusiis irgvliv gaerTianebiT dasrulda. fridrix
II-m Cauyara safuZveli, `saxelmwifo interesebidan~ gamomdinare, ruseTTan
urTierTobis politikas. Svidwliani omis damTavrebisTanave (1764) prusiis
mefem aRniSna: `CvenTvis xelsayrelia am barbarosebTan megobroba~.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

inglissa da safrangeTs Soris saomari moqmedebebi ZiriTadad koloniebSi
– amerikasa da indoeTSi gaiSala. amerikaSi inglisma did warmatebas miaRwia.
safrangeTze gamarjveba aq mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba CrdiloeT amerikis
inglisis koloniebis mxardaWeram. safrangeTis samflobelo kvebeki (kanada)
kolonistTa SeiaraRebulma Zalebma da inglisis jarma daikava. Zalze mniSv-
nelovani iyo is warmatebebic, romlebic ingliselebma indoeTSi moipoves.
energiuli moqmedebiT maT xelT igdes bombei, madrasi da kalkuta. 1763 wlis
parizis zaviT safrangeTma daTmo kanada da misisipis aRmosavleTi sanapiroebi.
indoeTSi safrangeTma mTeli samflobeloebi dakarga, zogierTi savaWro
daniSnulebis umniSvnelo punqtis garda. inglisisa da safrangeTis brZola
koloniebisaTvis safrangeTis sruli marcxiT damTavrda.

wyaro 2

prusiis armia rusi Tanamedrovis, Tevdore rostopCinis (1763-1826) cnobiT:

`generlebi, rogorc wesi, arian moxucni, dauZlurebulni, cocxal-mkvdarni, magram

cxenze amxedrebulni, mxneni da sicocxliT savseni Canan. yvelani ibrZodnen Svid-
wlian omSi, romelsac yoveldRiurad ixseneben. isini aRmerTeben TavianT xelmwifes
(fridrix II-s) _ gmirsa da belads. maTi survilebis are SezRudulia; TiToeulis
Tavmoyvareoba dakmayofilebulia CiniT da pirvelobiT im teritoriaze, sadac igi
polkiTurT imyofeba. arc erTi maTgani ar nebivrobs da ar fiqrobs gadadgomas; mxo-
lod sikvdili gamoricxavs maT samxedroTa siidan~.

413
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstze dayrdnobiT SeafaseT petre III-is politika. eTanxmebiT Tu ara im

azrs, rom es ruseTis erovnuli interesebis ugulebelyofas warmoadgen-
da? daasabuTeT.
2. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ramdenad srulad asaxavda
realobas fridrix II-is mier Camoyalibebuli prusiis warmatebis mizezebi?
daasabuTeT.
3. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT meomar mxareTa miznebi
Svidwlian omSi. Tqveni azriT, ratom uwoda am oms uinston CerCilma `pir-
veli msoflio omi~?
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

kunersdorfis brZola

saSinao davaleba

1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT SeafaseT Svidwliani omis

xasiaTi da Sedegebi.

414
66. ganmanaTlebloba

1784 wels gamoqveynda germaneli filosofosis,

imanuel kantis wigni `ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?~, ro-
melSic am saerToevropuli movlenis erT-erTi yve-
laze zusti da yovlismomcveli ganmartebaa mocemu-
li: `ganmanaTlebloba adamianis arasrulwlovnebidan
gamosvlaa. adamiani sakuTar umwifrobaSi TviTonvea
damnaSave. arasrulwlovaneba niASnavs uunarobas, imo-
qmedo sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT, sxvisi miTiTebebis

evropa da amerika axal droSi

gareSe. sakuTar umwifrobaSi adamianis braleulobis deni didro (1713-1784)
mizezi gonierebis nakleboba ki ara, sxvisgan damou-
kideblad moqmedebis gambedaobis arqonaa... moikribe
sakuTari gonebiT moqmedebis gambedaoba! – esaa gan-
manaTleblobis devizi~.
racionalizms ganmanaTleblobis azrovnebis wesSi
dasabami misca frangi maTematikosisa da filosofo-
sis, rene dekartis (1596-1650) cnobilma formulam:
`vazrovneb, maSasadame, varsebob~. am formuliT de-
karti sagnebis gonebiT (racionalurad) Semecnebas
moiTxovda, riTac gaemijna samyaros Suasaukuneobriv
Teologiur axsnas. dekartis racionalizmi ingli-
selma mecnierma, frensis bekonma (1561-1626) empiriz-
miT ganavrco – bekoni darwmunebuli iyo, rom bunebis
Semecneba mxolod cdiseulad (empiriulad) iyo Se- Sarl lui monteskie
saZlebeli. mecnierebis mizans bekoni swored am gziT (1689-1755)
bunebis SemecnebaSi da mopovebuli codnis adamianis
sakeTildReod gamoyenebaSi xedavda.
racionalizmi da empirizmi, rasac zogjer materia-
lizms uwodeben, gaemijna religiuri azrovnebis wess
da safuZveli Cauyara uamrav samecniero aRmoCenasa
da teqnikur gamogonebas.
ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc inteleqtualuri moZ-
raoba, mimarTuli iyo saeklesio dogmatikis, saxelm-
wifosa Tu eklesiis avtoritaruli wnexis winaaRm-
deg. misi mTavari iaraRi kritika iyo. Sua saukuneebis
religiur-dogmatur warmodgenebs ganmanaTlebloba
upirispirebda racionalizmis, emansipaciis (dro-
moWmuli dogmebisa da warmodgenebis morCilebidan
gaTavisufleba), tolerantobis (Semwynareblobis)
ideebs. amas garda, ganmanaTleblobis umniSvnelova-
Jan-Jak ruso
nesi Temebi iyo adamianisa da sazogadoebis `bunebrivi (1712-1778)
mdgomareoba~, `bunebiTi samarTali~ da sxv.
415
 ganmanaTleblebi arsebul sazogadoebriv (feo-
dalur) wyobasa da mmarTvelobis (monarqiul-
avtoritarul) wess `bunebrivi wesrigis~ damaxin-
jebad, uxeS xelyofad ganixilavdnen. amdenad, maTi
umTavresi safiqrali sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fos `gonieri~ mowyoba iyo adamianis `bunebrivi~
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelsayofad.

ganmanaTleblobis ZiriTadi saxelmwifo

Teoriebi
bevri ganmanaTleblis mier adamianisa da sa-
zogadoebis `bunebrivi mdgomareoba~ aRqmuli
iyo, rogorc adamianis Tavdapirveli ucodve-
loba. magaliTad, deni didrosaTvis (1713-1784) deni didros
kunZul taitis mkvidrTa ubralo, bunebrivi yofa enciklopediis Tavfurceli
da `primitiuli~ sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi
idealizebis Rirsi modeli iyo. am models didro upirispirebda evropul
sazogadoebriv wyobas, romelsac, misi azriT, sruliad dakarguli hqonda bu-
nebrivoba. amgvari aRqmis Sedegad, ganmanaTleblobaSi Seiqmna `keTilSobili
veluris~ xati.
pirveli

adamianis da sazogadoebis `bunebrivi mdgomareobis~ ideidan gamomdinare,

Tavi mexuTe

aviTarebda agreTve Tavis Teorias sazogadoebis mowyobis Sesaxeb kidev erTi

TvalsaCino ganmanaTlebeli, Sveicarieli Jan-Jak ruso (1712-1778).
ruso Tavis moZRvrebas agebs rwmenaze, rom `Semoqmedis xelidan gamosuli
yvelaferi kargia, gadagvareba adamianis xeliT xdeba~ (`emili~, 1762). misi
azriT, adamianis sulis Seryvna sakuTrebis gaCeniT iwyeba, radgan sakuTreba
warmoSobs uTanasworobas adamianTa Soris da radgan sakuTrebis SesanarCuneb-
lad Zalaufleba xdeba saWiro. saxelmwifo, romelSic adamiani Tavisuflebas
SeinarCunebs, unda moewyos `sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis~ (socialuri
kontraqtis) safuZvelze, romelSic Sejerebuli da urTierTSeTanxmebuli
iqneba yvela adamianis neba.
frangma ganmanaTlebelma, monteskiem (1689-1755) Tavis naSromSi `kanonTa
gonis Sesaxeb~ (1748) srulqmna ingliseli jon lokis (1632-1704) xelisuflebis
ganawilebis principi. monteskie ganasxvavebs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da
sasamarTlo xelisuflebas. amgvari danawilebiT, monteskies azriT, SesaZlebe-
lia mTeli Zalauflebis erT xelSi koncentrirebisa (Tavmoyris) da, Sesabami-
sad, despotiis Tavidan acileba. monteskie gamoyofs saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis sam formas: respublikas (qvekategoriebi: demokratiuli da aristokratiu-
li mmarTveloba), monarqias, rodesac mmarTveli kanonis safuZvelze marTavs
da despotias, rogorc mmarTvelis SeuzRudav TviTnebobas. Tavad monteskie
monarqiis momxrea. misi es arCevani ganapiroba inglisis revoluciebis (1640-
1660 da 1688-1689) magaliTma, romelTa Sedegadac (safrangeTis absolutiz-
misgan gansxvavebiT) monarqis Zalaufleba parlamentma kanoniT SezRuda da
konstituciuri monarqia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma gaxda.

416
 `enciklopedistebi~
ganmanaTleblobis ideebi Tavisufle- wyaro 1

bis, saxelmwifosa da Tu adamianis Sesaxeb

yalibdeboda sxvadasxva sazogadoebeb-
sa Tu salonebSi gamarTuli saubrebis,
azrTa urTierTgaziarebis procesSi,
inteleqtualuri elitis viwro wreSi.
ganmanaTleblobis ideebis popula-
rizaciisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda deni didros wamowyebas, Seeqmna
`mecnierebaTa, xelovnebaTa da xelobaTa
enciklopedia~. didrom Semoikriba gan-
ra aris ganmanaTlebloba? did-
ros `enciklopediidan~:
`[WeSmariti] filosofosi [is
adamiania], vinc... tradicias,
dromoWmuls..., avtoritets...,
yvelafers, rac azrovnebas
Trgunavs, gadaagdebs da gabedavs
ifiqros damoukideblad... da
ar dauSvebs imas, rac azrsa da

evropa da amerika axal droSi

manaTleblobis TiTqmis yvela TvalsaCi-
no moazrovne Tu mecnieri. masTan da mis
enciklopediasTan TanamSromlobdnen
monteskie, ruso, saxelganTqmuli filo-
sofosi da mwerali, volteri (1694-1778),
cnobili mecnieri, dalamberi da bevri
gonierebas moklebulia~.
wyaro 2
fiziokrat tiurgos wignidan
`adamianis sulis progresis

sxva. didros enciklopediasTan dakavSi- filosofiuri aRwera~:

rebul inteleqtualTa wre `enciklope- (1774-1776 wlebSi tiurgo iyo

distebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. lui XVI-is finansTa ministri).

absolutisturi saxelmwifos mxridan `bolos da bolos yvela

umkacresi zedamxedvelobis, cenzurisa Crdili gaifanta: ra naTelia!
da araerTxel akrZalvis miuxedavad, ga- didkacTa ra Tavyrilobaa yvela
movida (1751-1772 wlebSi) `enciklopediis~ dargSi! adamianis gonebis ra
28 tomi (17 tomi Seicavda teqsts, 11 ki srulyofilebaa!~
ilustraciebsa da graviurebs). didros
`enciklopedia~ erTdroulad sacnoba-
ro, samecniero da polemikuri xasiaTis
gamocema iyo.

ekonomikuri Teoriebi. fiziokratebi

ganmanaTleblobis saerTo suliskveTebidan gamomdinare, `bunebrivi kano-
nebis~ Ziebas Seudgnen ekonomikaSic. safrangeTSi Camoyalibda `enciklope-
diasTan~ mWidrod daaxloebul ekonomistTa wre (maT Soris iyvnen frangi ab-
soluturi monarqebis finansTa ministrebic, magaliTad, tiurgo), romlebsac
`fiziokratebs~ uwodebdnen (fiziokratia bunebis mmarTvelobas anu bunebis
kanonebis mmarTvelobas niSnavs).
kerZo sakuTrebis, qonebrivi uTanasworobisa da Tavisufali konkurenciis
arseboba fiziokratebisaTvis ekonomikis bunebrivi kanonebia.
saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomikaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva arRvevs am buneb-
riv mdgomareobas da, amdenad, sruliad miuRebelia. `mieci moqmedebis Tavi-
sufleba!~ (frangulad: `laissez-faire~) – iyo fiziokratebis mTavari principi.

417
 wyaro 3

Jan-Jak rusos `sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan~ (1762):

`adamiani Tavisufali ibadeba, magram sruliad daborkilia...

rogor movZebnoT sazogadoebis forma, romelic erToblivi ZaliT daicavs

pirovnebas da sazogadoebis yoveli wevris sakuTrebas da [romelSic] TiToeuli
[adamiani] …... Tavisuflebas SeinarCunebs? esaa mTavari sakiTxi, romlis gadawyvetis
saSualebas sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba iZleva. [sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba]
Semdegnairad SeiZleba ganimartos: sazogadoebrivad yoveli Cvengani sakuTar
pirovnebasa da Zalas saerTo nebas umorCilebs da sazogadoebis yovel wevrs
mTlianis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqvams.

sazogadoebis wevrebi, rogorc erToba, xalxis saxeliT gamodian, xolo TiToeuli

maTgani, rogorc uzenaesi Zalauflebis [suverenitetis] Tanamflobeli, Tavs
saxelmwifos moqalaqes uwodebs.

Tuki mravali adamianis gaerTianeba Tavs erTian sxeulad aRiqvams, mas saerTo neba
eqneba... [maSin] saxelmwifos... aRar eqneba urTierTdapirispirebuli interesebi.
saerTo neba yvelgan naTlad gamoixateba da [maSin] mxolod saRi azriRa iqneba saWiro
mis gasagebad... aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom saerTo neba mudmivad sworia da yovelTvis
pirveli

saerTo sikeTes isaxavs miznad. magram es ar niSnavs, rom xalxis gadawyvetileba

Tavi mexuTe

yovelTvis erTnairad sworia. yvelas mudam saukeTeso surs, magram yovelTvis rodi
xvdeba, ra aris saukeTeso... xSirad yvelas neba didad gansxvavdeba saerTo nebisagan.
ukanaskneli mxolod saerTo sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli, pirveli ki kerZo interesebidan
gamomdinareobs da mxolod calkeul nebaTa gamovlinebis jamia... unda gvesmodes, rom
saerTo nebas xmaTa jami ki ara, ufro metad saerTo interesi qmnis.

[raSia] uzenaesi keTildReoba, romelic kanonmdeblobis safuZveli unda iyos? [is]

Tavisuflebasa da TanasworobaSia... Tanasworoba... ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos
yvelas Tanabari Zala da simdidre hqondes, aramed rogorc Zalauflebis mxolod
kanonis mier [aRsruleba] saxelmwifoSi...

maS, raRaa mTavroba? [is] mxolod movaleobaa, samsaxuria, romelSic saxelmwifo

meTauris ubralo moxeleebi [sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT gaerTianebuli
moqalaqeebis nebiT], maTi saxeliT aRasruleben Zalauflebas, romelic maT
gadasces da Tu moisurveben, SeuZliaT SezRudon, Secvalon an sulac CamoarTvan
[Zalaufleba].

sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba... gulisxmobs Semdeg movaleobebs... rom Tu vinme

saerTo nebas ar daemorCileba, sazogadoeba, rogorc mTliani sxeuli, aiZulebs mas...

Cven davinaxeT, rom sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba xalxs ekuTvnis da mxolod mas SeiZle-
ba ekuTvnodes. aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes mTlianad sazo-
gadoebas, rogorc kanonmdebelsa da sazogadoebriv erTobas da arc suverens... aras-
woria mTavrobis suverenTan gaigiveba, romlis martooden iaraRsac is warmoadgens.

... xalxisgan dawunebul kanons Zala ar aqvs, is kanoni araa~.

418
 fiziokratebis msgavsad, Sotalandiel politekonomist adam smitisTvisac
(1723-1790) konkurenciis Tavisufleba bunebis maradiuli, ucvleli kanonia. swored
Tavisufali konkurencia, Sromis danawilebis principTan erTad, bunebrivad qmnis
erebis simdidris safuZvels. amdenad, smiti sameurneo sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos
Carevis azrs ver xedavs.
ganmanaTleblobis ekonomikurma ideebma Teoriulad gaamagra industria-
lizaciis procesi da meurneobis axali wesi – kapitalizmi.
ganmanaTleblobam gardatexa moaxdina saxelmwifoebriv-politikur azrov-
nebaSic, riTac gza gaukvala axali drois did socialur revoluciebs. rusos

wyaro 4

evropa da amerika axal droSi

nawyveti monteskies wignidan `kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb~ (1748):

`...saxelmwifoSi sami saxis xelisuflebaa: sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba, aRmasrule-

beli Zalaufleba... da sasamarTlo Zalaufleba... Zalauflebis borotad gamoyene-
bis Tavidan asacileblad, erTma xelisuflebam meore unda moTokos. roca sakanon-
mdeblo da aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba erTi pirovnebis an mmarTvelobis organos
xelSia gaerTianebuli, maSin ar arsebobs Tavisufleba, radgan Cndeba safrTxe, rom
mmarTveli an senati tiranul kanonebs miiRebs da maT tiranulad aRasrulebs. ar
arsebobs Tavisufleba, roca sasamarTlo Zalaufleba araa gamijnuli sakanondeblo
da aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebisgan. sasamarTlo Zalauflebis sakanonmdeblosTan
gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeTa sicocxles da Tavisuflebas Zalauflebis
TviTneboba daemuqreboda, radgan mosamarTle kanonmdebeli iqneboda. sasamarTlo
Zalauflebis aRmasrulebelTan gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles damTrgunve-
li Zalaufleba eqneboda... damRupveli iqneba, Tuki samive Zalaufleba erTi pirovne-
bis an erTi organos xelSi aRmoCndeba~.

vinaidan did saxelmwifoebSi SeuZlebelia mTlianad xalxis [gamosvla], man [xalxma]

sakuTari warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT unda ganaxorcielos is, ris gakeTebac uSua-
lod TviTon ar SeuZlia... yvela moqalaqes, sxvadasxva olqSi unda hqondes ufleba
xma misces Tavis warmomadgenels...~

wyaro 5

jon lokis naSromidan `ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ (1690):

`kanonebs ara aqvs sxva mizani, garda xalxis keTildReobis... xalxis sakuTreba ar un-
da daibegros uSualod xalxis an misi warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis gareSe... vinc saka-
nonmdeblo xelisuflebas mis saqmianobaSi xels SeuSlis an mis Tavisuflebas SezR-
udavs, is amiT praqtikulad auqmebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas... Tu kanonmdebeli
adamianebs sakuTrebas CamoarTmevs, an xelyofs mas, an maT TviTneburi mmarTvelobis
qveS monur morCilebaSi moaqcevs, is TviTon iyenebs Tavs xalxTan omis mdgomareoba-
Si, riTac xalxi upirobod Tavisufldeba misadmi morCilebis valdebulebisagan...~

`goneba karnaxobs adamianebs, rom yvela Tanaswori da damoukidebelia. aravis aqvs

ufleba, xelyos sxvisi sicocxle, janmrTeloba, Tavisufleba an qoneba~.

419
 sityvebi misi cnobili romanidan `emili~ – `Cven krizisis mdgomareobasa da
revoluciebis saukunes vuaxlovdebiT~, winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda.

ganmanaTleblobis xanis ideebis gavlena saqarTveloze

XVIII saukunis II naxevari saqarTveloSi kulturuli aRmSeneblobis xanaa,
rasac didad uwyobda xels erekle II. qveyanaSi iwyeba evropuli ganmanaTleblo-
bis ideebis gavrceleba. am periodSi moRvaweobda anton kaTolikosi, romelic
araerTi mniSvnelovani naSromisa Tu saxelmZRvanelos avtori da mTargmnelia.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi enciklopediuri xasiaTis Txzuleba `speka-
li~, romelic warmoadgens XVIII saukunis samecniero codnis sistematizebuli
gadmocemis erT-erT pirvel cdas. naSromSi aRwerilia aristoteles, plato-
nis da antikuri xanis sxva moazrovneTa filosofiuri sistemebi, ganxilulia
ioane petriwisa da somexi filosofosis simeon julfelis naazrevi. es Txzu-
leba gaxda winamorbedi pirveli qarTuli enciklopediuri naSromis, ioane
bagrationis `kalmasobisa~. anton kaTolikoss ekuTvnis agreTve `saqarTvelos
istoriis~ pirveli saskolo saxelmZRvanelo.
metad sayuradRebo naSroms warmoadgens aleqsandre amilaxvris `brZeni aR-
mosavleTisa~, romelSic frangi moazrovnis monteskies ideebi misadagebulia
Tanadrouli qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis interesebTan. avtoris Sexe-
dulebiT, saxelmwifo unda imarTebodes iseTi kanonebiT, romlebic Seesabameba
pirveli

xalxis Cveulebebsa da wesebs. glexebi da didebulebi harmoniulad unda Tanaar-

Tavi mexuTe

sebobdnen. mefis Zalaufleba ar unda iyos SeuzRudavi, vinaidan Zalaufleba

mas mianiWa xalxma da ara RmerTma. amdenad, xalxma unda gadaayenos uRirsi mefe
da mefoba andos Rirseul pirovnebas.
franguli ganmanaTleblobis dros saqarTveloSi arsebul moZraobas `qar-
Tul volterianobadac~ moixsenieben. daviT batoniSvilma Targmna monteskies
`kanonTa goni~ saTauriT `gulisxmisyofisaTvis sjulisa~. qarTvelebi gaecn-
nen volters, rusos. besiki icnobda frangi enciklopedistebisa da ganmanaT-
leblebis nawarmoebebs.
XVIII saukunis damlevisaTvis saqarTveloSi ukve kargad aris cnobili evro-
puli Teatri da musikac. ucxoeli msaxiobebi qarTvel mefeTa karze jer kidev

420
XVII saukuneSi Camodiodnen, XVIII saukuneSi ki amgvari `gastrolebi~ gacilebiT
ufro xSiri gaxda, gansakuTrebiT mefe erekle II-is dros. Tbiliseli aSuRi
(poeti da momRerali) saiaTnova leqsSi `Se sawyalo Tao Cemo~ ambobs: `ager
miRma urmebica amarTes, safrangeTis turfa xazi gamarTes~. frangebis garda,
erekles dros TbilisSi venis msaxiobTa jgufic Camosula.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaroebze 1, 2 da teqstze dayrdnobiT SeimUuSaveT ganmanaTleblobis

sakuTari gansazRvreba. gaacaniT es gansazRvrebebi erTmaneTs. klasSi
ganixileT TiToeuli maTgani da gamoavlineT saukeTeso. daasabuTeT
Tqveni gadawyvetileba.
2. gaaanalizeT wyaro 3 da gaeciT pasuxi Semdeg SekiTxvebs:
1. rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo?
2. vis xelSia uzenaesi Zalaufleba – suvereniteti?
3. ra aris mTavroba da ra funqcia ekisreba mas?
4. ra aris `saerTo neba~ da rogor ganasxvavebs mas ruso `yvelas nebisagan~?
5. raSi xedavs ruso `uzenaes keTildReobas~?
6. ra mniSvneloba eniWeba kanons?
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis Semdeg werilobiT CamoayalibeT, rogor
imarTeba rusos mier warmodgenili saxelmwifo. amasTanave gansazRvreT
sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis roli da urTierToba.
3. wyaro 3­is analizis Sedegebi SeadareT wyaro 5­s. ganmarteT cnebebi
`saxalxo suvereniteti~ da `demokratiuli mmarTveloba~.
4. ganixileT wyaro 4. gamoyaviT monteskies ZiriTadi debulebebi. klasSi
ganixileT TiToeuli maTgani.

saSinao davaleba

1. SeajereT wyaroebis 3 da 4 analizis Sedegebi da Tezisebis saxiT Camoaya­

libeT rusosa da monteskies ra principebia dRemde ZalaSi demokratiul
saxelmwifoebSi.
2. moiZieT masalebi evropul ganmanaTlebelTa naSromebis pirveli qarTuli
Targmanebis Sesaxeb. dawereT naSromi Temaze: `ganmanaTleblobis ideebis
gavlena XVIII saukunis qarTul sazogadoebaze~.

421
 67. amerikis kolonizacia da aSS-is Seqmna

amerikis kolonizacia
XVI saukunis Sua xanebamde axal kontinentze espaneTis samefo dominireb-
da. magram evropaSi inglisma da safrangeTma TandaTanobiT daiwyes espaneTis
Seviwroeba. 1588 wels ingliselebma moaxerxes espaneTis sazRvao flotis
– `uZleveli armadas~ damarcxeba. evropaSi ZalTa balansis Secvla ki aisaxa
amerikazec. XVII saukunis dasawyisidan ingliselebma aqtiurad daiwyes Crdi-
loeT amerikis kolonizacia.
1607 wels 129 adamianma sami xomaldiT gadalaxa atlantis okeane da amerikis
kontinentze pirveli inglisuri mudmivi kolonia – jeimzTauni daaarsa. lon-
donis savaWro kompaniam, romelmac mefe jeimz I-is TanxmobiT es mogzauroba
uzrunvelyo, male kolonistebis sxva xomaldebic gagzavna amerikis napire-
bisken. 1620 wels erT-erTi maTgani, `meiflaueri~, romlis gembanzec 41 ingli-
seli puritani imyofeboda, kurss ascda da masaCusetsis CrdiloeTiT miadga
napirs. am adamianebma, romelTac SemdgomSi `piligrimi mamebi~ uwodes, daaar-
ses sakuTari dasaxleba da mas plimuti uwodes. 1732 wlamde atlantis okeanis
Crdiloamerikul sanapiroze 13 aseTi inglisuri kolonia Seiqmna (virjinia,
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

masaCusetsi, merilendi, rod ailendi, konektikuti, delaveri, niu hemfSiri,

Crdilo da samxreT karolina, niu iorki, niu jersi, pensilvania da jorjia).
koloniebs gubernatorebi marTavdnen, romlebsac mefe, aznauri an savaWro
kompania niSnavda imisda mixedviT, Tu vis hqonda sakuTrebis ufleba ama Tu
im koloniaze. daniSnuli gubernatorebis garda, koloniebis mmarTvelobaSi
monawileobda adgilobriv miwismflobelTagan arCeuli saxalxo warmomadgen-
lobis organo. es organo monawileobas iRebda sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi da
amtkicebda sagadasaxado kanonebs. calkeul qalaqebsa da sagrafoebs TviTm-
marTveloba hqondaT.
1750 wlamde CrdiloeT amerikaSi inglisel da frang kolonistebs Soris
xSiri iyo Setakebebi. maT an savaWro uTanxmoebebi an evropaSi mimdinare ome-
bi edo safuZvlad. dapirispireba
Sewyda Svidwliani omis (1756-1763)
Semdeg. parizSi xelmowerili
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, kanada
didi britaneTis mflobelobaSi
gadadioda. amerikaSi inglisel
kolonistebs ukve aRar sWirde-
bodaT didi britaneTis dacva,
magram britaneTs esaWiroeboda
gadasaxadebis miReba, romelsac
ixdidnen amerikis moaxalSeneebi.
am droisaTvis amerikis 13 kolo-
niis mosaxleobam 2 milions gada- `bostonis Cais sma~
422
aWarba. isini aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebiT ZiriTadad TviTonve uzrun-
velyofdnen sakuTar Tavs. Semotanil saqonels ki, magaliTad Cais, didi baJi
edo. britanuli mTavroba sul ufro zrdida gadasaxadebs. amas, erTi mxriv,
ganapirobebda amerikaSi ganlagebuli britanuli jarebisaTvis xelfasis ga-
daxdisa da momaragebis aucilebloba.

damoukideblobisaTvis omis dasawyisi

1770 wlisaTvis ukmayofilebam britanuli mTavrobis mimarT kolonistebs
Soris zeda zRvars miaRwia. marTlac, isini valdebulni iyvnen gadasaxadebi
exadaT mTavrobisaTvis, romlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen da arc
araferi hqondaT masTan saerTo. kolonistebi acxadebdnen, rom `gadasaxadebis
dakisreba yovelgvari angariSvaldebulebis gareSe, Tavisi arsiT, tiranias

evropa da amerika axal droSi

warmoadgenda~. kolonistebi xom araviTar monawileobas ar iRebdnen britanul
mmarTvelobaSi da arc TavianTi warmomadgeneli hyavdaT didi britaneTis
parlamentSi.
1773 wels britanelTa mier amerikaSi gazrdili gadasaxadebis winaaRmdeg
ganxorcielda simboluri saprotesto aqti, romelsac `bostonis Cais sma~ ewo-
da. port bostonSi, kolonistTa razmi, romelic indielebad iyo gadacmuli,
avida sam britanul gemze da zRvaSi gadayara CaiT savse yuTebi. britanelebma
gadawyvites daesajaT urCi kolonistebi da daexuraT navsadguri, sanam sru-
lad ar miiRebdnen gadayrili Cais safasurs. magram sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs
sasurveli Sedegi ar mohyolia. koloniebSi farTod gaiSala ingliselTa ba-
tonobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraoba.
inglisis parlamentma masaCusetsis winaaRmdeg sadamsjelo kanonebi miiRo,
sapasuxod ki cametive koloniis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen qalaq filadel-
fiaSi pirvel kontinentur kongresze (1774) da britanuli saqonlis boikoti-
reba gadawyvites. masaCusetsis samxedro gubernatorma kolonistebis ramde-
nime lideris dapatimreba daapira. maSin kolonistebma mefis jars sakuTari
SeiaraRebuli razmebi daupirispires da brZola gaumarTes leqsingtonsa da
konkordTan (1775). amave wlis wlis 17 ivniss britanelebma gamarjveba moipoves
bostonTan banker hilis brZolaSi, magram es gamarjveba maT Zvirad daujdaT.
am brZolaSi 1000-mde britaneli jariskaci daiRupa, maSin roca kolonistebis
danakargi 400-s ar aRemateboda.

damoukideblobis deklaracia
1775 maisSi muSaoba daiwyo meore kontinenturma kongresma. kongresis mowve-
va da misi muSaobis dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiTad amerikuli
koloniebis erToblivi, SeTanxmebuli da organizebuli moqmedebis pirveli
gamoxatuleba gaxda. gamyarda azri metropoliidan sruli damoukideblobis
mopovebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. 1776 wlis maisSi kongresma, jon adamsis
(Semdgom aSS-is meore prezidenti – 1797-1801) winadadebiT oficialurad
gamoxata britaneTisagan Tavisufali Statebis Seqmnis neba. Statebis axali
konstituciiT farTovdeboda mosaxleobis demokratiuli uflebebi (sityvis
sindisis, Sekrebebis Tavisufleba, pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba da sxv.).
423
 damoukideblobis deklaraciis miREeba
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

kongresis umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetileba ki gaxda 1776 wlis 4 ivliss

miRebuli damoukideblobis deklaracia. deklaraciis Sedgenaze xuTkacia-
ni komisia muSaobda. misi saboloo testi ki Tomas jefersonma (aSS-is mesame
prezidenti – 1801-1809) moamzada. amgvarad, am dRes koloniebma arseboba Sewy-
vites da maT adgilze Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.
es dReE amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo dResaswaulad iqca.

omis dasasruli da aSS-is Camoyalibeba

amerikeli kolonistebis jaris mTavarsardlad II kontinenturma kongresma
jorj vaSingtoni (1732-1799, Semdgom aSS-is pirveli prezidenti, 1789-1799)
daniSna. britanulma mTavrobam uari ganacxada eRiarebina axladSeqmnili
saxelmwifos damoukidebloba. amasobaSi ki kolonistebis armia kidev ufro
gaizarda, ufro organizebuli da brZolisunariani gaxda, gaumjobesda Seiara-
Rebac. 1776 wlis Sobis Rames jorj vaSingtoni win wauZRva kolonistebis jars,
maT gadalaxes gayinuli mdinare delaveri da trentonis brZolaSi daamarcxes
ingliselebi. es iyo amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi erT-erTi mTa-
vari da gadamwyveti Setakeba. kolonistebs mxarSi amoudgnen holandielebi,
frangebi da espanelebi. britanelTa mdgomareoba sul ufro mZimdeboda da
sul ufro rTuli xdeboda jarebis momaragebis problema. kolonistebis sabo-
loo gamarjvebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda safrangeTis daxmarebas
(1778). frang aristokrat markiz de lafaietTan erTad vaSingtonma 1781 wels
iorkTaunTan SeZlo britaneTis armiis mTavari nawilebis damarcxeba. brita-
neTma 1783 wels parizis zaviT aRiara 13 koloniis damoukidebloba.
424
 wyaro 1

aSS-is 1787 wlis konstituciidan:

preambula: `Cven, SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi, vadgenT da vamtkicebT am konstitu-

cias amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, qveyanaSi erTianobis, samarTlianobis,
simSvidis, saerTo usafrTxoebis, sayovelTao keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad da
Tavisuflebis madlis Cveni da Cveni STamomavlebisaTvis SesanarCuneblad~.

muxli I, 6. `arc erT saxelmwifo moxeles ar aqvs ufleba misi samsaxureobrivi mova-
leobis aRsrulebis ganmavlobaSi iyos kongresis romelime palatis wevri~.

muxli I, 7. `nebismieri brZanebuleba, gadawyvetileba an SeTanxmeba, romelic senatisa

evropa da amerika axal droSi

da warmomadgenlobiTi palatis Tanxmobas saWiroebs... SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidents waredgineba da damtkicebuli unda iqnes mis mier. ZalaSi Sesvlamde,
Tu prezidenti uaryofs mas, senatma da warmomadgenlobiTma palatam xmebis 2/3-
iT Tavidan unda miiRos is...~

muxli II, 2-3. `... prezidents aqvs SeerTebuli Statebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebis-
Tvis sasjelis gadavadebis an Sewyalebis moTxovnis ufleba... mas aqvs xelSek-
rulebis dadebis ufleba damswre senatorTa 2/3-is Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi...
igi periodulad unda wardges kongresis winaSe moxsenebiT SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. mas SeuZlia sagangebo viTarebaSi moiw-
vios erTi an orive palata...~

damatebiTi muxli: `aravis ar unda waerTvas sicocxle, Tavisufleba an sakuTreba

kanoniT gansazRvruli sasamarTlo proceduris gareSe~.

damatebiTi muxli: `kongress ar aqvs iseTi kanonis miRebis ufleba, romelic iTva-
liswinebs erTi religiis SemoRebas an zRudavs aRmsareblobis Tavisufle-
bas~.

cameti kolonia gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan teritoriisa da mosaxle-

obis sididiT, ekonomikuri struqturiT. mxolod xangrZlivi molaparakebebis
Sedegad moxerxda koloniebis ubralo kavSiris erTianad marTul saxelmwi-
fod qceva. Semdgom konstituciis miRebiT Seiqmna respublikuri federaluri
saxelmwifo, romelSic calkeul Statebs mniSvnelovani uflebebi eniWebodaT
da senatSi (sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palata) Tanabari warmomadgenloba
hyavdaT (ori senatori yoveli Statidan). kongresis meore palataSi – warmo-
madgenelTa palataSi, deputatTa raodenoba TiToeuli Statidan gansazR-
vruli iyo maTi mosaxleobis raodenobis Sesabamisad. saxelmwifosa da aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri iyo 4 wlis vadiT arCeuli prezidenti.
sasamarTlo xelisuflebas uzenaesi sasamarTlo warmoadgenda.

425
 wyaro 2

1776 wlis 4 ivlisis damoukideblobis

deklaraciidan:

`Cven sayovelTao WeSmaritebad miviCnevT,

rom adamianebi RmerTma Tanasworad Seqmna,
rom Semoqmedma maT ganuyofeli uflebebi
mianiWa. aseTia sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa
an bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi, rom
am uflebebis dasacavad adamianebi qmnian
mTavrobebs, romelTa kanonieri ufleba-
mosilebac marTulTa Tanxmobidan mom-
dinareobs, rom Tuki mTavrobis romelime
forma am miznebisaTvis saziano Tvisebebs
gamoavlens, xalxis uflebaa, Secvalos an
gaauqmos aseTi mTavroba~.

jorj vaSingtoni
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

klasSi samuSao

1. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. gamoyaviT muxlebi, romlebSic saubaria

Zalauflebis ganawilebaze xelisuflebis sam Stos Soris. imsjeleT, ro-
gor abalansebs da akontrolebs erTmaneTs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebe-
li da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. imsjeleT am sistemaze ganmanaTlebelTa
ideebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
2. ganixileT wyaro 2. imsjeleT ganmanaTleblobis ideebis gavlenaze ameri-
kuli koloniebis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis zogad suliskveTebasa da
konkretulad damoukideblobis deklaraciaze.

ZiriTadi TariRebi
1783
britaneTis mier Crd. amerikis ko-
1607 – pirveli inglisuri ko- loniebis damoukideblobis cnoba
loniis – jeimzTaunis
1773
daarseba
`bostonis Cais sma~

1600 1650 1700 1750 1800

1776, 4 ivlisi
aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaracia
426
68. safrangeTis didi revolucia.
`Zveli reJimis~ krizisi da agonia

lui XIV-is mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistema misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gan-
viTarebuli sxvadasxva procesis zemoqmedebiT, TandaTanobiT knindeboda. XVIII
s-is 80-iani wlebis miwuruls SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda misi SenarCuneba. 1789 wels
dawyebulma `didma revoluciam~ bolo mouRo absolutistur saxelmwifo sis-
temas, romelsac Tavis droze revolucionerebma `Zveli reJimi~ uwodes. `Zveli
reJimis~ aRsasruli da, Sesabamisad, safrangeTis revolucia, sxva mniSvnelovan

evropa da amerika axal droSi

faqtorebTan erTad, daaCqara politikuri azrovnebis wesze ganmanaTleblobisa
da amerikuli revoluciis zemoqmedebam.
termini `revolucia~ nasesxebia astronomiidan. am terminiT ciuri sxeulebis
cikluri brunva aRiniSneba (laT.: revolutio – Semobruneba, ukuqceva). politikur
movlenebTan mimarTebaSi es termini pirvelad inglisSi gamoiyenes, rodesac
1688 wlis movlenebs `saxelovani revolucia~ uwodes. magram mis damkvidrebaSi
gansakuTrebuli wvlili mainc XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
safrangeTSi ganviTarebul movlenebs miuZRvis. swored am movlenebis TviT-
mxilvelebma pirvelad gamijnes erTmaneTisagan Cveulebrivi amboxi da revo-
lucia (rodesac mefe lui XVI-m 1789 wlis 14 ivliss parizSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebi amboxebad aRiqva, hercogma roSfuko-liankurma mis udidebulesobas
aseTi Sesworeba Sehkadra: `es amboxeba araa, es revoluciaa~). mas Semdeg termi-
ni `revolucia~ aRniSnavs sazogadoebis politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis
Tvisobriv ganaxlebas, Zalismieri xerxebiTa da sazogadoebis farTo fenebis
masobrivi monawileobiT ganxorcielebul gardatexas.
safrangeTis revoluciis Sefasebebi araerTgvarovania. viwro gagebiT, revo-
luciaSi igulisxmeba 1789-1799 wlebis movlenebi, farTo gagebiT mas napoleon
bonapartis mmarTvelobis periodsac miakuTvneben (1799-1815).
araerTmniSvnelovania aseve sakuTriv revoluciuri procesis Sefasebebi.
xSirad aRniSnaven, rom revoluciam moitana rogorc Tavisufleba, ise tero-
ric, dasabami misca ara mxolod demokratiul erovnul saxelmwifos, aramed
warmoSva saxelmwifos totalitaruli formac iakobinelTa mmarTvelobis fa-
zaSi (1793-1794). davis sagania isic, Tu rogor unda mivudgeT safrangeTis did
revolucias – rogorc erTian revoluciur process, erT revolucias, Tu saqme
gvaqvs ramdenime revoluciasTan.

socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba revoluciis win

Zveli reJimi sazogadoebrivi wyobiT wodebrivi saxelmwifo iyo, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba dayofili iyo sam araTanasworuflebian wodebad.
pirveli (sasuliero wodeba – klerusi, daaxloebiT 130 aTasi adamiani, Sead-
genda mosaxleobis 0.5%-s) da meore (Tavadaznauroba, daaxloebiT 350 aTasi
adamiani, Seadgenda mosaxleobis 1%-ze odnav mets) privilegirebuli wodebebi
427
 iyo, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 98% ki (27 milionze
meti adamiani) qmnida TiTqmis sruliad uuflebo
mesame wodebas. es wodeba TavisTavad ar iyo erT-
gvarovani da aerTianebda qalaqis msxvili, saSua-
lo Tu mcire Semosavlis mqone burJuazias (sityva
`burJuazia~ warmodgeba evropul enebSi qalaqis
aRmniSvneli sityvisagan – `burg~. Sua saukuneebSi
franguli `burJua~ an germanuli `biurgeri~ qa-
laqis sruluflebian moqalaqes niSnavda), glexo-
bas, qalaqis Rarib fenebs da aseve socialuri sta-
tusis armqone jgufebs, magaliTad, mawanwalebsa
da maTxovrebs. swored es ukanaskneli kategoria
ra aris mesame wodeba? Seadgenda mesame wodebis 40%-s.
XVIII saukunis miwuruls safrangeTi agraruli qveyana iyo. mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 85% soflad cxovrobda. glexebi, mesame wodebis ZiriTadi masa,
upiratesad wvrili arendatorebi (moijareebi) iyvnen. miwis 40% privilegi-
rebuli pirveli da meore wodebebis mflobelobaSi iyo, danarCeni qalaqis
burJuazias ekuTvnoda. glexobas ekisreboda uamravi sxvadasxva saxis gada-
saxadi (SromiTi begara, naturaluri gadasaxadi, miwis renta da sxv.) miwaTmf-
lobelTa (eklesia, Tavadaznauroba) sasargeblod da saxelmwifo gadasaxadis
pirveli

ZiriTadi nawili. amdenad, glexobas moweuli mosavlis mxolod mcire nawili

Tavi mexuTe

(daaxloebiT mesamedi) rCeboda, rac yovelTvis ar iyo sakmarisi (magaliTad,

mousavlian wlebSi) saarsebod.
burJuazia mesame wodebis yvelaze mcirericxovan, magram, amave dros, yvelaze
gavlenian nawils Seadgenda. burJuazias ganekuTvneboda mesame wodebis umaRlesi
rangis warmomadgenlebi – bankirebi, e. w. gamomsyidvelebi, msxvili vaWrebi, manu-
faqturis mflobelebi, advokatebi, eqimebi, Jurnalistebi da maRali moxeleebi.
finansurad gansakuTrebiT mZlavri da, Sesabamisad, gavleniani iyo bankire-
bisa da gamomsyidvelebis jgufi. maT xelSi iyo gavlenis mopovebis efeqturi
iaraRi – krediti. qveynis mTavari kreditorebis finansur tyveobaSi moeqcnen
aramxolod kerZo pirebi, aramed TviT saxelmwifoc, romelic swored maTgan
iRebda sesxs biujetis deficitis amosavsebad.
qalaqis mosaxleobis qonebriv da socialur ierarqiaSi msxvili da saSualo
Semosavlis mqone burJuaziis Semdeg modioda mcireSemosavliani xelosnebisa
da movaWreebis masa, romelic qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenda.
bolo adgili am ierarqiaSi ekava dabal fenebs – manufaqturis muSebs, msaxu-
rebs, SeSisa Tu wylis damtareblebs da a.S.
mesame wodebis msgavsad, arc pirveli ori privilegirebuli wodeba iyo
erTgvarovani. maRali sasuliero pirebis Semosavali mniSvnelovnad aWar-
bebda saeklesio ierarqiaSi saSualo da dabal safexurze mdgomi sasuliero
pirebisas (SedarebisTvis, strasburgis arqiepiskoposis wliuri Semosavali
Seadgenda 1 milion livrze mets, ubralo abatisa – saSualod 1000 livramde).
klerusi ZiriTad Semosavals miwaTmflobelobidan iRebda, magram rogorc ga-
dasaxadebisagan Tavisufal wodebas, mxolod nebayoflobiTi `Sesawiris~ saxiT
Tu Sehqonda umniSvnelo Tanxebi saxelmwifo xazinaSi. sasuliero wodebis
428
Semosavlebi, amave dros, damatebiTi simdidris wyaro iyo meore wodebisTvis
imdenad, ramdenadac klerusis umravlesobas Tavadaznaurebi Seadgendnen
(magaliTad, 1783 wels safrangeTis 135 episkoposidan uklebliv yvela Tava-
di iyo). meore wodebaSic arsebobda Zveli Tavadaznauruli sagvareuloebis
warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgari, titulebis matarebeli zedafena, e. w. `daSnis
aznaurebi~, romlebic sagadasaxado privilegiis garda, maTi Rirsebis Sesaba-
misi uamravi tradiciuli feodaluri privilegiiTac sargeblobdnen. meore
wodebis qveda fenas Seadgendnen e.w. `mantiis aznaurebi~ – mdidari burJuazii-
dan gamosuli samoxeleo Tavadaznauroba. Zveli reJimis uzarmazar biurokra-
tiul aparatSi TiTqmis yvela Tanamdeboba iyideboda. mesame wodebis mdidari
warmomadgenlebi yidulobdnen maRal Tanamdebobebs (magaliTad, parlamentis
prezidentis) da amasTan erTad, iRebdnen saTavadaznauro privilegias – gada-
saxadebisgan gaTavisuflebasa da Tavadis titulsac ki. XVIII saukuneSi am gziT

evropa da amerika axal droSi

safrangeTSi 50 aTasamde burJua gaaznaurda.

wyaro 1

advokati dantoni (Semdgom revoluciis erT-erTi lideri) `Zveli reJimis~ Se-

saxeb:

`Zvelma reJimma didi Secdoma dauSva. man me koleJ diu plesis studentur saerTo
sacxovrebelSi aRmzarda. me iq didi batonebis gverdiT viyavi, isini Cemi megobrebi
iyvnen, Cven megobrulad vcxovrobdiT. swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg me araferi mebada.
SeWirvebuli, samsaxurs veZebdi. parizis sasamarTloSi moxvedra SeuZlebeli iyo.
amisaTvis didi Zalisxmeva iyo saWiro. samxedro karieris gza CemTvis moWrili iyo,
radgan arc Tavadi var dabadebiT da arc gavleniani mfarveli myolia. eklesiac ver
gaxdeboda Cemi TavSesafari. Tanamdebobas ver viyiddi, radgan erTi suc (fulis wvri-
li erTeuli) ar gamaCnda. kolejis Zvelma megobrebma zurgi maqcies... mxolod didi
xnis Semdeg SevZeli advokatis Tanamdebobis yidva. amasobaSi revoluciac daiwyo. me
iseve, rogor yvela sxva Cem bedQqveS myofi, TavgamodebiT gadaveSvi revoluciis morev-
Si. Zvelma reJimma gvaiZula Cven es, radgan ganaTleba ise mogvca, rom ar gauxsnia Cveni
niWis gamovlenis sarbieli~.

Zveli reJimis finansuri kraxi

1788 wels mefe lui XVI-is (1774-1793) finansebis generalurma kontroliorma
(finansTa ministrma), nekerma gamoaqveyna finansuri angariSi, riTac pirvelad
absolutizmis istoriaSi sajaro gaxda saxelmwifo biujeti da amasTan erTad
gamoaSkaravda, rom saxelmwifo gakotrebis zRvarze idga.
`Zveli reJimis~ finansuri katastrofa sxvadasxva mizezebis erToblio-
bam ganapiroba. maT Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi samxedro xarjebi iyo:
uamravma omma, romelSic lui XIV-is droidan moyolebuli, Cabmuli aRmoCnda
evropis hegemonobis surviliT Sepyrobili safrangeTi (omi espanuri memkvi-
dreobisaTvis (1701-1714), omi avstriuli memkvidreobisaTvis (1740-1748), Svid-

429
 wliani omi (1756-1763)), aseve amerikuli
koloniebis damoukideblobisTvis brZo-
lis samxedro mxardaWeram daacariela
saxelmwifo xazina.
gaumarTleblad didi Tanxebi ixar-
jeboda agreTve samefo karisa da same-
fo ojaxis zRvars gadasuli fufune-
bisa da siamovnebis uzrunvelsayofad,
gansakuTrebiT mefe-mzis memkvidris, lui
XV-is dros, rac aisaxa kidec mis cnobil
gamonaTqvamSi – `Cven Semdeg yvelaferi
wyalsac wauRia~.
magram absolutisturi saxelmwifos
finansuri kraxis umTavresi mizezi Ta-
vad absolutizmis sistema iyo, misi wode-
brivi mowyobiTa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
usamarTlo, Tanac sruliad araefeqturi
sagadasaxado politikiT.
yvelaze maRali Semosavlis mqone pir-
veli da meore wodebebi TiTqmis mTlianad
pirveli
iyvnen gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxadebi-
Tavi mexuTe
sagan. Zveli reJimis sagadasaxado sis-
temis mTeli simZime mesame wodebas awva.
arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosworebisa
da sagadasaxado tvirTis samive wodeba-
ze met-naklebad Tanabrad gadanawilebis
yvela mcdeloba (maT Soris pirvelic,
mefe lui XVI-is finansTa ministris, fi-
ziokrat tiurgos sagadasaxado reforma),
saxelmwifo valis SemaSfoTebeli zrdis
pirobebSic ki, rogorc wesi, uSedegod
sruldeboda.
saxelmwifo valis Semcirebis didi sur-
vilis miuxedavad, mefe lui XVI ar apireb-
da misi reJimis dasayrdenis, ori warCine-
buli wodebis privilegiebis xelyofas.
Tavis mxriv, arc pirveli da meore wode-
bebi apirebdnen sakuTari privilegiebis
daTmobas. mxolod reformator finansTa
ministrebs uxdebodaT Tanamdebobis da-
toveba. privilegirebul wodebaTa zewo-
liT mefe maT samsaxuridan iTxovda.
ukiduresad mwvave krizisul viTare-
baSi sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili,
romelsac mesame wodebasTan erTad pir-
430
wyaro 2
ra aris mesame wodeba?
nawyveti generaluri Statebis
deputatis (mesame wodebidan)
abat sieiesis saxelganTqmuli
werilidan:
`am werilis mizani savsebiT naTe-
lia. Cven sami kiTxva gvaqvs dasas-
meli:
1. ra aris mesame wodeba? – yvela-
feri.
2. ras warmoadgenda is aqamde po-
litikur wyobaSi? – arafers.
3. ras moiTxovs igi? – bolos da
bolos, iqces ramed.
ra sWirdeba ers arsebobisa da
ayvavebisaTvis? – kerZo saqmianoba
da sajaro samsaxurebi. kerZo saq-
mianobis yvela saxeoba oTx klasad
SeiZleba dajgufdes: 1. xelosnoba;
2. mrewveloba, romlis daniSnule-
bac bunebiT boZebulis srulqmnaa;
3. warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris
dgas uamravi Suamavali, movaWre
Tu vaWari; 4. amas garda, arsebobs
samecniero da Tavisufali profe-
siebi, aseve msaxurebi.
es samsaxurebi sazogadoebas akav-
Sireben. vin eweva am samsaxurs? –
mesame wodeba. nuTu kidev SeiZleba
arsebobdes eWvi imis Taobaze, rom
mesame wodebas uklebliv yvelafe-
ri aqvs imisaTvis, rom srulyofi-
li eri Seqmnas? magram is Zlieri
kacia, romelic cali mklaviT jer
kidev daborkilia.
privilegirebuli wodebis gauqme-
ba ers arafers daaklebs, piriqiT
– gaamdidrebs.
 evropa da amerika axal droSi
generaluri Statebis sxdoma 1789 w.

veli ori wodebis warmomadgenlebic Seadgendnen, krizisidan gamosvlisa da

zogadad saxelmwifo saqmeebis gadawyvetis gzas 170-wliani pauzis Semdeg
generaluri Statebis (wodebrivi warmomadgenlobiTi saTaTbiros) amoqmede-
baSi xedavdnen. am Zveli, Sua saukuneebis epoqis saTaTbiro institutze did
imeds amyarebda samive wodeba, oRond gansxvavebuli mosazrebiT: pirveli ori
moeloda mefis Zalauflebis SezRudvas da sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebas,
burJuazia – politikuri uflebebis mopovebas, glexoba – feodaluri wnexis-
gan gaTavisuflebas.
Zveli reJimis agonia viTardeboda bunebrivi katastrofebiT (mousavlia-
ni 1787 da 1788 wlebi, 1787 wlis Zlieri wvimebi da wyaldidobebi, 1788 wlis
zamTarSi uCveulod Zlieri yinva) damZimebuli sameurneo krizisis fonze.
xorblis fasi 100-200%-iT gaizarda. parizSi manufaqturis muSas erTi puris
sayidlad dRiuri xelfasis 80%-is gaReba uxdeboda. qveyanaSi gaxSirda mSier-
Ta amboxebebi. lui XVI dahyva sazogadoebis nebas da daTanxmda generaluri
Statebis mowvevas 1789 wlis maisSi.

431
 wyaro 3

safrangeTis finansTa ministris finansuri angariSidan (1788):

Semosavali (pirdapiri da arapirdapiri
gadasaxadebis gziT Semosuli) 503 mln livri
xarjebi 629 mln livri
samoqalaqo xarjebi 146 mln livri
aqedan:
ganaTleba da sxvadasxva saxis
socialuri daxmareba 12 mln livri
samefo karis Senaxva 36 mln livri
TavadaznaurTa pensiebi 28 mln livri
samxedro xarjebi 165 mln livri
aqedan:
12 000 oficris xelfasi 46 mln livri
saxelmwifo valebis momsaxureba 318 mln livri

wyaro 4
pirveli

glexebis `saCivris wignebidan~:

Tavi mexuTe

mefis brZanebiT generaluri Statebis mowvevamde unda Sedgeniliyo amgvari

dokumentebi deputatebisaTvis gadasacemad. Seiqmna daaxloebiT 60 aTasi aseTi
werili.

`sofel giankuris glexebi moiTxoven:

1. rom yvela gadasaxadi samive wodebam gamonaklisis gareSe gadaixados,

TiToeulma sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mixedviT.

2. mTel samefoSi erTian kanonebsa da samarTals.

3. naturaluri gadasaxadis – `meaTedis~ srul gauqmebas.

4. rom sakuTrebis ufleba wminda da xelSeuxebeli iyos.

5. ufro swraf da miukerZoebel samarTalwarmoebas.

6. rom yvela saxis SromiTi begara gauqmdes.

7. rom samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva mxolod ukiduresi saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi moxdes da rom am SemTxvevaSi yvela wodeba raime saxis gamonaklisis an
gaTavisuflebis pirobis gareSe Caebas saqmeSi~.

432
 klasSi samuSao

1. SeajereT wyaroebis 1 da 2 cnobebi mesame wodebis mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb Zveli reJimis pirobebSi. axseniT, ram ganapiroba mesame wodebis
politikuri gaaqtiureba. CamoayalibeT mesame wodebis brZolis miznebi.
2. ras geubnebaT wyaro 3 socialuri uTanasworobis Sesaxeb Zveli reJimis
dros? Tqveni daskvnebis dasasabuTeblad moiSvelieT konkretuli
cifrebi. amisaTvis winaswar daiangariSeT procentulad biujetis ra wili
ixarjeboda privilegirebul fenebze (oficrobis CaTvliT). Zveli reJimis
aRsasrulis ra mizezebi ikiTxeba am cifrebis miRma. daasabuTeT Tqveni
pasuxi (magaliTad, pirveli ori maCveneblis Sedarebis gziT).

evropa da amerika axal droSi

saSinao davaleba

1. gadaixazeT cxrili. qveTavis `socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba re­

voluciis win~ monacemebi SeajameT cxrilSi, mocemuli nimuSis mixedviT.
Sejamebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT Zveli reJimis dros arsebul so­
cialur uTanasworobaze.
procentuli
Semadgen- Sefardeba qonebrivi movaleo- uflebebi,
wodeba
loba mosaxleobis saerTo mdgomareoba bebi privilegiebi
raodenobasTan
I. klerusi 0.5% miwebis 40%-is gadasaxade-
mflobeloba bisgan Tavisu-
(pirvel or fali
wodebas erTad)
II. Tavad- 1. `daSnis
aznauroba aznaurebi~
2.

1. msxvili
III. mesame burJuazia
wodeba *
*
*
*
2.
*
*
*
3....

2. ras geubnebaT wyaro 4 Zveli reJimis dros glexebis mdgomareobisa da maTi

politikuri TviTSegnebis Sesaxeb. wyaros gacnobis Semdeg ra damatebiT mo­
valeobebs SeitandiT cxrilSi.
3. teqstze da wyaroebze 1, 2, 3, 4 dayrdnobiT werilobiT CamoayalibeT (Tezi­
sebis saxiT) Zveli reJimis aRsasrulis mizezebi.

433
 69. safrangeTis didi revolucia.
revoluciis dasawyisi

generaluri Statebi
generaluri Statebis Sekreba versalSi daviT daiwyo. sadavo kenWisyrisa
da sxdomaTa Catarebis wesi gaxda. Zveli tradiciiT wodebebi cal-calke TaT-
birobdnen, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ki TiToeul wodebas mxolod erTi xmis
ufleba hqonda. mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebma am tradiciuli wesis nacvlad
samive wodebis saerTo sxdomis gamarTva da gadawyvetilebis xmaTa umravle-
sobiT miReba moiTxoves. aSkara gaxda, rom mefe mesame wodebisaTvis daTmobas
ar apirebda da Zveli wesis dacvas dabejiTebiT moiTxovda, amitom deputatma
sieiesma am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad generaluri Statebis yvela wevri, ganurCev-
lad wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa, saerTo sxdomaze miiwvia. am sxdomaze, romelic
1789 wlis17 ivniss gaimarTa, mesame wodebas pirveli ori wodebis zogierTi
warmomadgenelic SeuerTda. krebam daadgina, rom is mosaxleobis, sul mcire,
96%-s mainc warmoadgenda da, Sesabamisad, uflebamosili iyo, elaparaka eris
saxeliT. amdenad, Sekrebilebma Tavi `erovnul krebad~ gamoacxades. es iyo gada-
pirveli

mwyveti revoluciuri aqti, riTac wodebaTa warmomadgenlebi gaemijnnen Zvel

Tavi mexuTe

saxelmwifoebriv wyobas da pirveli nabiji gadadges `xalxis suverenitetisa~

da `saerTo nebis~ principebis dasamkvidreblad. sul male `erovnul krebas~

fici `saburTao darbazSi~

434
pirveli wodebis umravlesoba da liberalurad ganwyobili Tavadaznaurobis
nawili SeuerTda.
Zveli reJimi sruliad ususuri xrikebiT cdilobda revoluciuri procese-
bis SeCerebas. 20 ivniss deputatebs sxdomaTa darbazi daketili daxvdaT. maT
axlomdebare `saburTao darbazSi~ gadainacvles da fici dades, ar daSliliyv-
nen manam, sanam ers axal konstitucias ar miscemdnen. 9 ivliss warmomadgen-
lebma erTxmad gamoacxades Tavi `damfuZnebel (sakonstitucio) krebad~. mefe
iZulebuli gaxda, eRiarebina axladSeqmnili sakanonmdeblo organo.
Zveli reJimis ukandaxeva mxolod moCvenebiTi iyo. mefe `damfuZnebeli
krebis~ SeqmnisTanave fiqrobda generaluri Statebis ZaliT daSlas, magram
maSin Tavi Seikava. 11 ivliss ki damatebiTi, ZiriTadad daqiravebuli ucxoeli
jariskacebisagan Semdgari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi aamoqmeda parizsa da versal-
Si. garda amisa, daiTxova (meored) liberalurad ganwyobili ministri nekeri.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

bastiliis aReba
Zveli reJimis am nabijebSi parizelebma samefo karis kontrrevoluciuri
SeTqmulebis safrTxe dainaxes da iaraRs mohkides xeli. Seiqmna aseve samoqalaqo
milicia, romelic SemdgomSi nacionalur gvardiad Camoyalibda. 14 ivliss Seia-
raRebuli xalxis masam ieriSi miitana bastiliis cixeze da aiRo absolutizmis

bastiliis aReba
435
 parizeli qalebis marSi versalisaken 1789 w., oqtomberi

simbolod qceuli saxelmwifos es mTavari sapyrobile. Tumca, lui XVI-is dros

pirveli

bastilias cudi saxeliRa hqonda SemorCenili. es iyo sakmaod sustad daculi

Tavi mexuTe

cixe, patimrobis Serbilebuli pirobebiT da ara uwindeburad pirquSi, SiSis-

momgvreli da auRebeli cixesimagre.
17 ivliss mefe lui XVI iZulebuli gaxda, parizSi Casuliyo da xalxis revo-
lucia eRiarebina. parizis axalma qalaqis Tavma (ivlisis movlenebis dros pa-
rizSi revolucionerebma Seqmnes TviTmmarTvelobis axali organo, romelsac
komuna ewoda) `erisa da gvirgvinis erTobis~ niSnad mas samferovani kokarda
gadasca (lurji da wiTeli, parizisa da TeTri – samefo gvaris (burbonebis)
feri iyo. lurji, TeTri da wiTeli SemdgomSi safrangeTis samferovani ero-
vnuli droSis ferebad airCies).

`didi SiSi~
ivlisSi parizSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis zegavleniT masobrivi mRel-
vareba daiwyo provinciebSic. glexebi arbevdnen, wvavdnen da Zarcvavdnen
adgilobrivi batonebis mamulebsa da sasaxleebs, inawilebdnen maT miwebsa da
tyeebs. yofili ymebis mrisxane SurisZiebam `didi SiSi~ aRZra Tavadaznauro-
baSi. didgvarovnebi masobrivad garbodnen qveynidan.
sayovelTao panikam moicva soflis mosaxleobis dabali fenebic. xalxs
qveynis garedan (avstriis, prusiisa Tu inglisis) SeiaraRebuli intervenciis
eSinoda. amitom yvelgan iqmneboda moxaliseTa SeiaraRebuli razmebi.
parizelebis revoluciuri magaliTi misabaZ nimuSad iqca aseve safrange-
Tis sxva qalaqebis mosaxleobisTvisac (strasburgi, trua, amieni, ruani da
sxv.). aqac SeiaraRebuli moqalaqeebi arbevdnen cixeebsa da qalaqis gamgeobis
Senobebs. qmnidnen municipaluri mmarTvelobis axal arCeviT organoebs. amde-
436
nad, es ukanaskneli movlenebi `municipaluri revoluciis~ saxeliTaa cnobili
(laTinuridan municipium – Temis TviTmmarTveloba).

erovnuli kreba 1789-1791

parizsa da provinciebSi 1789 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi ganviTarebul movlene-
bze myisieri reagireba moaxdina erovnulma krebam. `didi SiSis~ dros sakuT-
rebis masobrivma xelyofam uSualod Selaxa erovnul krebaSi warmodgenili
samive wodebis msxvil mesakuTreTa interesebi. soflad Seqmnili mdgomareobis
normalur kalapotSi dabrunebis mizniT erovnulma krebam 4-5 agvistos Ramis
sxdomaze feodaluri privilegiebi gauqmebulad gamoacxada. am istoriuli
gadawyvetilebiT safrangeTSi bolo moeRo feodalur sistemas da safuZveli
Caeyara yvela frangis Tanasworuflebianobas kanonis winaSe. amieridan kanoni

evropa da amerika axal droSi

yvelasTvis iTvaliswinebda Tanabar uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, sxvadasxva
Tanamdebobis dakavebis Tanabar SesaZleblobas, yvelas Tanabrad akisrebda
gadasaxadebis gadaxdas. magram erovnuli krebis 4-5 agvistos gadawyvetileba
ar iyo srulyofili da ar aZlevda glexobas damSvidebisa da kmayofilebis
safuZvels, radgan glexs feodaluri valdebulebebisagan mxolod garkveuli
gamosasyidis fasad aTavisuflebda. feodaluri wnexisagan glexobis sruli
da usasyidlo gaTavisufleba mxolod mogvianebiT, 1793 wlis ivlisSi, rigiT
mesame revoluciuri parlamentis – konventis dadgenilebiT moxda.
1789 wlis 26 agvistos damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo umniSvnelovanesi doku-
menti `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia~, romelic SemdgomSi
safuZvlad daedo safrangeTis pirvel konstitucias. deklaracia gaJRenTili
iyo ganmanaTleblobis suliskveTebiT da, Sesabamisad, amkvidrebda adamianis
bunebrivi uflebebis pativiscemis, Zalauflebis dayofis, `saerTo nebisa~
da `saxalxo suverenitetis~, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis principebs.
safrangeTis revoluciis dros SemuSavebuli es deklaracia Tanamedrove
demokratiisaTvis fuZemdebluri dokumentia. `adamianisa da moqalaqis ufle-
bebis deklaraciis~ ZiriTadi ideebi mokled da yvelasTvis gasagebi formiT
gamoixata revoluciis mTavar lozungSi – `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~.
damfuZnebeli krebis 1789 wlis agvistos dadgenilebebma lui XVI-is didi
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. arlis episkoposisadmi miweril werilSi mefe irw-
muneboda, rom ar dauSvebda `misi samRvdeloebisa~ da `misi Tavadaznaurobis~
amgvar Seviwroebas. miuxedavad amisa, damfuZnebelma krebam 1789 wlis seqtem-
berSi mefes suspensiuri (SeCerebis Zalis mqone) vetos ufleba mianiWa. marTa-
lia, amieridan mefe verafers veRar akrZalavda, magram SeZlebda nebismieri
sakanonmdeblo procesis Seferxebas.
parizis mosaxleoba ukmayofilo iyo movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebiT. pari-
zelTa ukmayofileba qalaqis sursaTiT momaragebis gauaresebasTan erTad izr-
deboda. ubralo xalxisaTvis maTi ukiduresi gaWirvebis TavidaTavi saZulveli
samefo kari iyo. 1789 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi saxeldaxelod SeiaraRebuli
(joxebiT, culebiT da a.S) 6 aTasi parizeli qali, ZiriTadad bazris movaWree-
bi, versalisaken daiZrnen. parizeli qalebi mefisgan purs iTxovdnen. samefo
gvardiam ver SeZlo maTi SeCereba. xalxma mefe iZulebiT gadmoiyvana parizSi,

437
 tiuilris sasaxleSi. xalxis masebis zewoliT mefem cno damfuZnebeli krebis
mier im droisaTvis miRebuli yvela gadawyvetileba.
parizSi gadavida damfuZnebeli krebac da iq ganagrZo sakanonmdeblo saqmia-
noba. mosagvarebeli iyo uamravi problema. finansuri krizisi qveyanaSi jerac
ar iyo daZleuli. viTarebis gamosworebis mizniT, pirvel rigSi ki saxelmwifo
valis dasafaravad, krebam jer (1789 wlis 2 noembers) saeklesio miwebi ga-
moacxada nacionalizebulad anu saxelmwifo sakuTrebad, mogvianebiT ki (imave
wlis dekemberSi) yofili saeklesio qonebis savaraudo gasayidi Rirebulebis
(400 mln livri) Sesabamisi odenobiT saxelmwifo obligaciebis (saxelmwifo
valdebulebis fasiani qaRaldebi), e.w. asignatebis gamoSveba daadgina. asigna-
tebi male erTgvar qaRaldis fulad iqca da aseve swrafad gaufasurda.
saeklesio qonebis nacionalizacias saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris ur-
TierTobis ganmsazRvreli dekretebi mohyva (ivlisi-noemberi 1790 w.). am dek-
retebiT damfuZnebelma krebam daawesa `samRvdeloebis samoqalaqo mowyoba~.
kaTolicizmi rCeboda saxelmwifo religiad, magram amieridan safrangeTis
kaTolikuri eklesia eqvemdebareboda ara vatikans, aramed frangul saxelm-
wifos. skola swydeboda eklesias da samoqalaqo gamgeblobaSi gadadioda.
sasuliero pirebs amomrCevlebi irCevdnen (eklesiis ubralo moZRvars – mre-
vli, episkoposs ki Sesabamisi regionis mosaxleoba), xelfass ki maT saxelmwi-
fo uxdida. samRvdeloebas konstituciaze unda daedo fici. dadgenileba
pirveli

`samRvdeloebis samoqalaqo mowyobis~ Sesaxeb RvTismsaxurT faqtobrivad

Tavi mexuTe

uTanabrebda arCeviT Tanamdebobebze myof saxelmwifo moxeleebs.

1791 wlis konstitucia

`saburTao darbazSi~ dadebuli ficis erTguli damfuZnebeli krebis saka-
nonmdeblo saqmianobis mTavari mizani konstituciis SemuSaveba iyo. damfuZne-
beli krebis deputatTa umravlesoba saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis konstituciuri
monarqiis formas emxroboda. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac konstituciis miRebamde
ramdenime TviT adre (1791 wlis ivnisSi) mefem da dedofalma qveynidan gaqceva
scades, xalxSi da radikalurad ganwyobil politikur wreebSi sul ufro xma-
maRla gaismoda monarqiis damxobisa da respublikis damyarebis momxreTa xmebi.
damfuZnebeli krebis konstituciuri monarqiis momxre umravlesobam e.w.
`varenis krizisis~ (msaxuris samosSi gadacmuli mefe da dedofali qalaq va-
renTan amoicnes da daakaves) gansamuxtavad mefis ojaxis samarcxvino gaqceva
`mefis motacebis~ cru versiiT SeniRba da daaCqara konstituciis miReba. 1791
wlis 13 seqtembers mefis mier xelmowerili da damfuZnebel krebaze damtki-
cebuli konstitucia ZalaSi Sevida.
1791 wlis konstituciiT ganisazRvra axali saarCevno wesic.

438
 wyaro 1

adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia. 1789 wlis 26 agvisto:

deklaracia Seadgenda axali konstituciis pirvel nawils

`imis Rrma rwmeniT, rom adamianis uflebebis arcodna, daviwyeba an ugulebelyofa

sazogadoebrivi umsgavsoebisa da mTavrobebis gaxrwnilobis TavidaTavia, frangi
eris warmomadgenlebma erovnul krebaze gadawyvites, sazeimo deklaraciaSi Camoaya-
libon adamianis bunebrivi, xelSeuxebeli da wmindaTawminda uflebebi.

1. adamianebi dabadebiT Tavisuflebi da Tanasworuflebianebi arian da rCebian ase-

Tebad. sazogadoebrivi gansxvavebebi mxolod da mxolod saerTo sargebels SeiZleba
efuZnebodes.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

2. nebismieri saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebis daniSnuleba adamianis bunebrivi da
maradiuli uflebebis dacvaa. es uflebebia: Tavisufleba, sakuTreba, usafrTxoeba da
winaaRmdegobis gaweva CagvrisaTvis.
3. nebismieri xelisuflebis pirvelwyaro, misi arsidan gamomdinare, xalxia. arc
erTi organo, ver cerTi pirovneba ver aRasrulebs Zalauflebas, Tuki amis naTlad
gamoxatuli neba xalxisgan ar momdinareobs.
4. Tavisufleba niSnavs, SegeZlos akeTo yvelaferi, rac sxvas ar avnebs... es zRvari
mxolod da mxolod kanonma unda daadginos.
6. kanoni saerTo nebis gamoxatulebaa. yvela moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, piradad an misi war-
momadgenlebis meSveobiT, monawileoba miiRos kanonebis SeqmnaSi. kanoni yvela moqala-
qisaTvis saerTo unda iyos, man unda daicvas an dasajos. vinaidan yoveli moqalaqe kano-
nis winaSe Tanasworia, amdenad yvelasaTvis Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos sapatio
Tanamdebobebi, sajaro samsaxuri, TiToeulis unaris mixedviT da erTaderTi ganmasxva-
vebeli niSnis – misi SesaZleblobebisa da niWis gaTvaliswinebiT.
7. dauSvebelia vinmes dapatimreba an patimroba kanoniT dadgenili SemTxvevebis gar-
da da am SemTxvevaSic mxolod kanoniT gansazRvruli formiT.
10. aravin unda idevnebodes misi Sexedulebebis, arc religiuri warmodgenebis gamo,
erTi winapirobiT, rom maTi gamoxatva ar unda arRvevdes kanoniT dadgenil sazoga-
doebriv wesrigs.
11. azrisa da Sexedulebebis Tavisuflad gamoxatva erT-erTi uZvirfasesia adamianis
uflebaTa Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, yovel moqalaqes SeuZlia sakuTari azris Ta-
visuflad gamoxatva, dawera, dabeWdva, erTi pirobiT, rom is pasuxs agebs am Tavisuf-
lebis borotad gamoyenebisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi.
13. sajaro xelisuflebis Senaxva da mTavrobis xarjebi saxsrebis sayovelTaod gaRe-
bas moiTxovs; gadasaxadebi Tanabrad unda gadanawildes TiToeuli moqalaqis qoneb-
rivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.
16. sazogadoebas, romelSic araa uzrunvelyofili uflebebis dacva da araa damkvid-
rebuli Zalauflebis ganawileba, ara aqvs konstitucia.
17. vinaidan sakuTrebis ufleba xelSeuxebelia, aravis aqvs misi CamorTmevis ufleba,
Tuki ar arsebobs amis kanoniT gansazRvruli aSkara sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba da am
SemTxvevaSic sakuTrebis CamorTmeva unda moxdes mxolod da mxolod samarTliani da
winaswari kompensaciis pirobiT.

439
 wyaro 2

1791 wlis seqtembris konstitucia

muxlebi 1-3. xmis uflebis mqone e.w. `aqtiur moqalaqeebad~ cxaddebodnen mxo-
lod mamakacebi da maTac uwesdebodaT asakobrivi (25 weli) da qonebrivi (muSis
dRiuri xelfasis sammagi odenobis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli) cenzi. arCevnebi
pirdapiri ki ara, orsafexuriani iyo. `aqtiuri moqalaqeebi~ irCevdnen amomrCev-
lebs, amomrCevlebi ki deputatebs. qonebrivi cenzi dawesebuli iyo amomrCevle-
bisTvisac (muSis dRiuri xelfasis aTmagi odenobis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli).
konstitucia frangebis udides nawils (TiTqmis 80%) ar aZlevda politikur
procesebSi legalurad monawileobis SesaZleblobas. 25 wlis asaks gadacile-
bul mamakacTa 70%-s eniWeboda xmis ufleba da daaxloebiT 50%-s SeeZlo amomrCe-
veli yofiliyo.

muxli 4. mefis suspensiuri vetos ufleba ar vrceldeboda konstituciur da saga-

dasaxado kanonmdeblobaze. erovnul krebas SeeZlo gaebaTilebina mefis es ufle-
ba kanonebis uSualod xalxis samsjavroze gamotanisa da mis mier damtkicebis
wesiT (plebisciti).

muxli 6. mosamarTleebs iuristTa wridan irCevdnen. nafici msajulebi ar unda

yofiliyvnen iuristebi, magram aucileblad unda yofiliyvnen aqtiuri moqala-
pirveli
Tavi mexuTe

qeebi. msjavrdebuli 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda warmdgariyo sasamarTlos wi-

naSe. yvelas eniWeboda dacvis ufleba.
b

frangebis mefe RvTis wyalobiT

da konstituciis ZaliT

ministrebi erovnuli kreba

kanonmdebloba. sagareo politikasa
da erovnul gvardiaze uzenaesi zedamxedveloba

arapirdapiri arCevnebi
amomrCevelTa meSveobiT

moxeleebi, Temis, departamentis mosamarTleebi da

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba nafici msajulebi

arCevnebi (arapirdapiri) arCevnebi (arapirdapiri)

aqtiuri moqalaqeebi
daaxl. 4,3 mln. adamiani qonebrivi da asakobrivi cenzi

pasiuri moqalaqeebi
daaxl. 20,7 mln. adamiani xmis uflebis armqone
maT Soris: bavSvebi, qalebi, 25 wlamde asakis mamakacebi

440
 g

kamil demuleni, erT-erTi TvalsaCino revolucioneri, saarCevno kanonis

Sesaxeb:

`am dekretis mTeli absurdulobis gamosaaSkaraveblad sakmarisia aRiniSnos,

rom Jan Jak ruso... ver iqneboda arCeuli. aqtiuri moqalaqeebi isini arian, vinc
bastiliaze miitana ieriSi, vinc miwas amuSavebs...~

axali revoluciuri politikuri kultura

evropa da amerika axal droSi

safrangeTis revoluciis procesSi yalibdeboda sruliad axali poli-
tikuri kultura. axali revoluciuri faseulobebi Rrmad aRwevda frangebis
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. yofiTi nivTebic ki revoluciur suliskveTebas
gamoxatavda (magaliTad, WurWlis moxatuloba). politikuri cxovrebisa Tu
politikiT cxovrebis franguli stili swrafad vrceldeboda evropis danar-
Cen qveynebSi.
swored safrangeTis revoluciis dros Cndeba axali politikuri Zala xal-
xis farTo masebis, magaliTad, parizeli sankiulotebis saxiT, romelic aqtiu-
rad monawileobs sazogadoebrivi gardatexis procesSi da zemoqmedebas axdens
politikur gadawyvetilebebze.
masebis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad momravlda masmediis efeq-
turi saSualebebi. 1792 wlisTvis parizSi sxvadasxva politiku-
ri mimarTulebis 500-mde Jurnali da gazeTi gamodioda. bevri
erTdRiani gamoSvebisa Tu bulvaruli presis gverdiT iyo
brisos `frangi patriotisa~ da maratis radikaluri `xalxis
megobris~ msgavsi avtoritetuli da popularuli gamocemebic.
politikis quCaSi gadanacvlebis Tanmdevi siaxle iyo
agreTve sxvadasxva saxis po litikuri literaturis –
proklamaciebis, mowodebisa Tu xalxisadmi mimarTvis fur-
clebis da a.S. mozRvaveba. quCaSive gamoCndnen erT-erTi
TvalsaCino revolucioneris, axalgazrda Jurnalist kamil
demulenis msgavsi saxalxo agitatorebi, romlebic aTaso-
biT msmenelis winaSe mgznebare mowodebebiT gamodiodnen.
generaluri Statebis mowvevis dRidan moyolebuli, rodesac
sityvis Tavisuflebas mowyurebulma mesame wodebis warmo-
madgenlebma pirveli Tveebi Zveli reJimis mxardamWerebTan
sityvier paeqrobaSi gaatares, oratoruli orTabrZolebi,
Tamami Jestebi da xmamaRali, istoriaSi dasamkvidreblad ga-
miznuli frazebi axali revoluciuri politikuri kulturis
ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. Seicvala politikuri leqsikac.
axali
`eri~, `masebi~, `patrioti~ da sxv. mTavar revoluciur sity-
revoluciuri
vebad iqca. aseve Seicvala mimarTvis forma. Zveli reJimis kalendris
droindeli `batono~ aikrZala da mis nacvlad `moqalaqe~ dam- furceli
441
 kvidrda. Tanasworobis xazgasasmelad, sankiu-
lotTa Soris sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo `Se-
nobiT~ mimarTva.
politikuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes
centrebad iqca klubebi, romlebic erTgva-
ri partiebis rols TamaSobdnen. politikur
klubebs Soris Tavisi mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeo-
da iakobinelTa klubi (klubis wevrebi wminda
iakobis monastris biblioTekaSi ikribebodnen,
amitom mas iakobinelTa klubi ewoda). klubSi
gawevrianeba generaluri Statebis deputate-
bis garda, sxvebsac SeeZloT. ZiriTadad klub-
Si Sediodnen SeZlebuli iuristebi, mwerlebi,
Jurnalistebi, vaWrebi da damoukidebeli xe-
losnebi. Tavdapirvelad iakobinelTa klubi
Zalian farTo iyo da aerTianebda gansxvavebul
politikur poziciaze mdgom jgufebs konsti-
tuciuri monarqiis momxre grafi mirabodan
momaval diqtator maqsimilian robespieramde.
sankiuloti
zomieri Sexedulebebis mqone mirabom sieies-
pirveli

Tan, `Zveli da axali samyaros gmir~ markiz la- fr. sankiulot –sityvasityviT,
Tavi mexuTe

kiulotis gareSe. Raribi

faietTan da sxvebTan erTad daaarsa `1789 wlis parizelebi, romlebic sakuTari
sazogadoeba~, romelSic ZiriTadad msxvili socialuri statusisa da qonebrivi
mdgomareobis xazgasasmelad ar
burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi gaerTiandnen.
icvamdnen imdroindeli modis
ufro radikalurad ganwyobilma, socialuri standartiT dawesebul, muxlebamde
samarTlianobisTvis mebrZolma jgufma, ro- Sarvals (kiulots) da mdidrebisgan
gansxvavebiT, gansakuTrebul
melSic Sediodnen advokati da TvalsaCino samoss – grZel, zolebian Sarvals
oratori (mis xmas mexis gavardnas adarebdnen) atarebdnen.
dantoni, kamil demuleni , cnobili mecnieri da
revolucioneri, publicisti marati, Camoaya-
liba `kordelierebis klubi~ (klubis wevrebi
kordelierebis eklesiaSi ikribebodnen).
iakobinelTa klubSi Semdgomi ganxeTqileba
1791 wlis ivlisis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT
moxda. maSin, roca damfuZnebeli krebis konsti-
tuciuri monarqiis momxre deputatebi `varenis
krizisis~ ganmuxtvasa da revoluciis SeCerebas
cdilobdnen, kordelierebis klubis wevrebi sa-
gangebod Sedgenili peticiiT xalxs monarqiis
dagmobisken mouwodebdnen. ganxeTqileba iako- lui XVI-is sikvdiliT
binelTa klubSi swored am peticiis ganxilvas dasjis scena
mohyva. klubi datoves konstituciuri monar- gamosaxulia TefSze

qiis momxreebma, romelTac mogvianebiT feia-

nebi ewodaT (im monastris saxelwodebis mixed-
viT, sadac klubi sxdomebs marTavda). feianebis
442
umravlesoba `1789 wlis sazogadoebas~ SeuerTda. 1791 wlis 17 ivliss korde-
lierebis axali peticiis xelmosawerad, romelic mefisagan taxtze uaris Tqmas
moiTxovda, aTasobiT parizeli Seikriba marsis velze. nacionalurma gvardiam,
romelsac markizi lafaieti meTaurobda, uiaraRo xalxs cecxli gauxsna.

klasSi samuSao

1. jgufebSi ganixileT wyaro 1. daadgineT, ra ideebi udevs safuZvlad

deklaracias da daasaxeleT muxlebi, romlebic am ideebs yvelaze mkafiod
asaxavs. moZebneT muxlebi, sadac uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebzea saubari.
CamoayalibeT, ra saxis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebzea saubari; 2) moZebneT

evropa da amerika axal droSi

muxlebi, romlebic Tanasworobas exeba. CamoayalibeT, ra saxis Tanaswo­
robazea saubari.
2. moZebneT deklaraciasa da 1791 wlis konstituciaSi (wyaro 2) muxlebi,
romlebic winaaRmdegobaSi modian Tanasworobis principTan.
3. wyaroebze 2 a, 2 b da 2 g dayrdnobiT SeafaseT 1791 wlis konstituciis
demokratiulobis xarisxi. SeadareT konstitucia adamianisa da moqalaqeTa
uflebebis deklaracias (wyaro 1). ganmarteT, rogoraa ganawilebuli
xelisufleba. ramdenad Seesabameba amgvari ganawileba monteskies
principebs? vis xelSia realurad Zalaufleba. gansazRvreT 1791 wlis
konstituciiT dadgenili saarCevno sistemis mTavari naklovanebebi.
saarCevno proceduraSi daculi iyo Tu ara Tanasworobis principi?
daasabuTeT.
4. ganixileT erovnuli krebis 1789 wlis 4­5 agvistos Ramis gadawyvetileba
feodaluri privilegiebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da 1790 wlis ivlis­noembris
dekretebi `samRvdeloebis samoqalaqo mowyobis~ Sesaxeb. SeafaseT am
dadgenilebis mniSvneloba feodaluri sistemis ngrevisa da demokratiul
saxelmwifoebriv wyobaze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT. gamoyaviT am
gadasvlis maCvenebeli ZiriTadi principebi.
5. wyaroebis 1 da 2 damuSavebis Semdeg saklaso diskusiaSi daasabuTeT, Tu
ratom iTvleba 1789 wlis adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia
Tanamedrove demokratiis safuZvlad da SeafaseT 1791 wlis konstituciis
istoriuli mniSvneloba Tanamedrove dasavluri demokratiuli
saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT.

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT, ra aqvs saerTo safrangeTis revoluciis dros

Seqmnil politikur kulturas Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebebis
politikur kulturasTan. gamoyaviT safrangeTis revoluciis droindeli da
Tanamedrove politikuri kulturebisYTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan­Tvisebebi.

443
 70. safrangeTis didi revolucia.
monarqiis damxoba da pirveli respublika

sakanonmdeblo kreba
1791 wlis 1 oqtombers muSaobas Seudga axali kanonis safuZvelze arCeuli
erovnuli kreba, romelsac amjerad sakanonmdeblo kreba ewoda.
axal sakanonmdeblo organoSi umravlesobas konstituciuri monarqiis
momxre feianebi Seadgendnen. Tavdapirvelad isini, politikurad meryev depu-
tatTa did nawilTan erTad, upiratesobas flobdnen. maTi mTavari mowinaaRm-
dege iyo deputatTa mcire jgufi, romelTa umravlesobac brisos garSemo
erTiandeboda. mogvianebiT am jgufs Jirondistebi uwodes (es deputatebi Ziri-
Tadad departament Jirondadan iyvnen). Jirondistebi sul ufro metad ixrebod-
nen respublikuri wyobis damyarebis azrisken. ukidures memarcxene pozicias
ikavebda robespieris momxre iakobinelTa metad mcirericxovani jgufi (Tavad
robespieri sakanonmdeblo krebaSi ver moxvda Tavis droze, misive winadadebis
Sesabamisad miRebuli kanonis gamo, romelic krZalavda damfuZnebeli krebis
yofili deputatebis arCevas axal sakanonmdeblo organoSi). am deputatebs
montaniarebs (`mTielebs~, fr. montan – mTa), radgan isini, Cveulebriv, sakanon-
pirveli

mdeblo krebis darbazSi amfiTeatris bolo iarusis skamebze isxdnen.

Tavi mexuTe

revolucia da omi
safrangeTSi ganviTarebul revoluciur movlenebs SeSfoTebiT adevnebdnen
Tvals rogorc frangi emigranti Tavadaznauroba (maT Soris iyvnen lui XVI-is
Zmebi, maTi TavSeyris adgili iyo germanuli qalaqi koblenci), ise evropeli
monarqebi. maT erTad daiwyes intervenciisaTvis mzadeba.
1791 wlis agvistoSi avstriis imperatorisa da prusiis mefis erTobliv
gancxadebaSi (`pilnicis deklaracia~) ukve aSkarad gaisma frangi monarqis
uflebebis aRdgenis mizniT samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis muqara.
Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebles Jirondistebma da gaaCaRes propaganda
`msoflios wamyvan erad~ qceuli frangebis mxridan sxva erebisaTvis Tavisu-
flebis momtani revoluciuri omebis warmoebis sasargeblod. sayovelTao
saomar eiforias mxolod erTeulebi gaemijnnen. maT Soris, robespieric,
romelmac sakuTari pozicia mokle fraziT gamoxata^^: `aravis uyvars Seiara-
Rebuli misionerebi~.
1792 wlis 20 aprils lui XVI-m da sakanonmdeblo krebam omi gamoucxades
avstriis imperators, magram safrangeTis armia ar iyo mzad omisaTvis. cnobebi
safrangeTis jarebis mier zedized gancdili marcxis Sesaxeb naTels xdida
safrTxes, romelic qveyanasa da mis dedaqalaqs emuqreboda.
1792 wlis 11 ivliss sakanonmdeblo krebam mimarTa Tanamoqalaqeebs moxali-
seTa masobrivi mobilizaciis mowodebiT. `saxelmwifo safrTxeSia!~ – acxadeb-
da sakanonmdeblo krebis mier gamoSvebuli Sesabamisi dekreti.
safrangeTis yovel departamentSi (1791 wlis konstituciiT tradiciuli
444
provinciebis nacvlad qveyana 83 axal ad-
ministraciul erTeulad – departamen-
tad daiyo) iqmneboda moxaliseTa razmebi.
ruJe de lilis `rainis armiis simReras~,
romelsac frontze mimavali marseleli
moxaliseebi mRerodnen, male mTeli qve-
yana mReroda. `marseliozad~ wodebuli
es simRera, dRes safrangeTis saxelmwifo
himnia.
Tumca mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad
mxolod moxaliseTa enTuziazmi ar iyo
sakmarisi. amasobaSi qveyanaSi sursaTis
naklebobam kritikul zRvars miaRwia.
wyaro 1
Jirondisti briso omis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT (1791 w.):
`xangrZlivma fiqrma da faqtebma
damarwmuna, rom xalxs, romelmac
saukunovani monobis Semdeg Tavi-
sufleba moipova, omi sWirdeba. mas
omi sWirdeba Tavisuflebis gan-
samtkiceblad, Tavisuflebis despo-
tizmis naSTebisgan gasawmendad, im

evropa da amerika axal droSi

inflaciam (pirvel rigSi, purze fasebis
zrdam) asignatebis 40%-iani gaufasureba
gamoiwvia.
parizSi samxedro mobilizaciis pe-
riodSi gaaqtiurdnen komunis seqciebi
(parizi 48 aseT seqciad iyo dayofili). 3
agvistos parizamde miaRwia cnobam inter-
ventTa jarebis mTavarsardlis, braunS-
vaigis hercogis manifestis (1792 wlis 25
ivlisi) Sesaxeb, romelSic hercogi samefo
ojaxis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis SemTx-
vevaSi parizs `sruli ganadgurebiT~ emuq-
reboda.
pirTa Tavidan mosaSoreblad, visac
TavisuflebisTvis zianis miyeneba
SeuZlia...
Cveni Rirseba, Cveni prestiJi, revo-
luciis zneobrivi aRtkinebiT aRs-
rulebisa da amiT misi ganmtkicebis
aucilebloba... mogviwodebs Cven
[omisken]~.
`omi unda daiwyos... omi amJamad
erovnuli siqvelea~.
`dadga Jami axali jvarosnuli omi-
sa, omisa sayovelTao Tavisufle-
bisaTvis!~

xalxma am manifestis ukan mefis `Ralati~ dainaxa. parizSi seqciebis krebam

sayovelTao SeiaraReba da mefis taxtidan Camogdeba moiTxova. parizeli san-
kiulotebis moTxovnebi mniSvnelovanwilad maTi mZime yofiT iyo ganpirobe-
buli, raSic isini mefesa da erovnul krebas adanaSaulebdnen.
meore dRes (10 agvistos) parizelma sankiulotebma ieriSi miitanes tiuil-
ris sasaxleze da daatyveves mefe da misi ojaxi.
quCis zewoliT sakanonmdeblo krebam cenzisgan Tavisufali axali arCevne-
bis Catareba gadawyvita. Seiqmna axali mTavroba – `droebiTi aRmasrulebeli
sabWo~, romelic komunaze iyo damokidebuli. ZiriTadad Jirondistebisagan
Semdgar am mTavrobaSi Sevida erTaderTi montaniari – dantoni (daikava ius-
ticiis ministris Tanamdeboba). mTavrobis dekretma daadgina axali sakanonm-
deblo organos – nacionaluri konventis arCevnebis wesi, romelic xmis ufle-
bas aniWebda yvela mamakacs 21 wlis asakidan. pirvelad istoriaSi SemoiRes
sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba (mamakacebisTvis), magram saarCevno sistema
kvlavindeburad orsafexuriani iyo.
1792 wlis 21 seqtembers, franguli revoluciuri armiis mier valmisTan
mopovebuli pirveli gamarjvebis meore dRes, Seikriba axali wesiT arCeuli
nacionaluri konventi, romelmac safrangeTi respublikad gamoacxada. am
445
 movlenis istoriuli mniSvnelobis xazgasasmelad gauqmda tradiciuli wel-
TaRricxva qristes Sobidan da 1792 wlis 21 seqtemberi `axali xanis~ aTvlis
TariRad da respublikis pirvel wlad gamocxadda (Seicvala Tveebis saxelwo-
debebic).
konventSi erT dros erTian memarcxene poziciaze mdgari Jirondistebi da
iakobinelebi sapirispiro polusebze aRmoCndnen. 200 Jirondisti deputati
axal memarjvene Zalad, 120 iakobineli ki memarcxene `mTis~ partiad Camoyalib-
da. `mTasa~ da `Jirondas~ Soris aRmoCnda meryevi centri, romelic konventis
umravlesobas Seadgenda. deputatTa am jgufs `Waobi~ ewoda.
ZiriTadi samuSao komitetebs daekisraT. wamyvan rols `erovnuli xsnis
komiteti~ asrulebda. 1793 wels am komitetma aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
aiRo xelSi. amasTanave gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina usafrTxoebis ko-
mitetma, romelic policiur funqciebs asrulebda. konvents uamravi problema
hqonda gadasaWreli: respublikuri konstituciis SemuSaveba, revoluciuri
omebis warmoeba, qveynis SigniT amboxebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki kontrrevo-
luciis mTavar keraSi – vandeaSi mefisa da eklesiis momxre glexobis winaaRm-
degobis daZleva, parizis mosaxleobis sursaTiT momarageba da mefisa da misi
ojaxis bedis gadawyveta.
yvela es sakiTxi Jirondistebsa da iakobinelebs Soris dapirispirebis saga-
ni gaxda, maT Soris, lui XVI-is gasamarTlebis procesic. konventis umravles-
pirveli

oba mefes damnaSaved miiCnevda kontrrevolu-

Tavi mexuTe

ciur ZalebTan kontaqtis gamo, magram sadavo

iyo sasjelis zoma. Jirondistebs ucxoeTis
mkacri reaqciis eSinodaT da ar surdaT sasje-
lis ukiduresi zomis gamoyeneba mefis mimarT.
am sakiTxSi Jirondistebis winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad, iakobinelebma SeZles konvent-
Si sakuTari moTxovnebis gatareba: Tavisu-
flebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebasa da qveynis
usafrTxoebis xelyofaSi mxilebul lui XVI-s
sikvdiliT dasja miesaja. 1793 wlis 21 ianvars
mefes Tavi mohkveTes axlad gamogonebuli
meqanizmiT, giliotiniT, romlis Seqmnazec,
Tavis droze, Tavad lui XVI-m gasca patenti.
amoqmedda revoluciuri represiebis aRmasru-
lebeli mTavari manqana. giliotina, romelsac
iakobinelebma `Tanasworobis namgali~ Sear-
qves, kidev didxans ar gaCerebula. 1793 wlis
martSi konventma Seqmna sagangebo sasamarTlo
organo – revoluciuri tribunali, romelic
robespieri, mas Semdeg rac yve-
uwyvetad amaragebda eSafots represiebis mo- la frangi sikvdiliT dasaja,
rigi msxverpliT. Tavs hkveTs jalaTs da fexiT
Telavs 1791 da 1793 wlebis
konstituciebs.
franguli karikatura

446
 iakobinelebis mosvla
xelisuflebaSi 1793 wels wyaro 2

mas Semdeg, rac Jirondistebma mefis nawyveti robespieris mier 1794

sikvdiliT dasjas mxari ar dauWires, wlis 5 Tebervals warmoTqmuli
mniSvnelovnad Seirya maT mimarT san- sityvidan:
kiulotebis ndoba. Jirondistebis po-
ziciebi kidev ufro Sesustda 1793 wlis `Cven an unda gavanadguroT res-

gazafxulze franguli armiis warumateb- publikis Sina da gare mtrebi, an

lobebis, parizSi sursaTiT momaragebis maTTan erTad daviRupoT. arsebul

viTarebaSi Cveni politikis upir-
gauaresebisa da vandeaSi roialistebis
velesi principi xalxis – gone-
(mefis momxreebis) winaaRmdegobis gaZlie-
biT, xalxis mtrebis ki daSinebiT
rebis gamo.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

marTva unda iyos. Tuki mSvidobian
parizeli sankiulotebi konventisa-
dros siqvele xalxis mmarTvelobis
gan, pirvel rigSi, purze fasis maqsimumis
ganxorcielebaa, revoluciis xanaSi
dawesebas moiTxovdnen. Jirondistebi ki
masTan erTad teroric aseTad unda
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Ca-
iqces~.
revis winaaRmdegni iyvnen.
1793 wlis 2 ivniss 8 aTasi SeiaraRebuli
wyaro 3
moqalaqe da gvardieli (maT arsenalSi iyo
100 qvemexic) konventSi SeiWra da daapatim- moxsenebiTi baraTi erovnuli
ra 29 wamyvani Jirondisti deputati. Za- xsnis komitetis komisris, robes-
laufleba `mTis~ partiis xelSi gadavida. pieris uaxloesi TanamebrZolis,
bevrma Jirondistma provinciebs Seafara sen-Jiustis saqmianobis Sesaxeb:
Tavi da iq qmnida opoziciur moZraobas.
`man saguldagulod gaCxrika spe-
iakobinelTa axali xelisufleba san-
kulantebis (gadamyidvelebis)
kiulotebis Zlieri zewolis qveS aRmoCn-
saxlebi. 8 dReSi konfiskacia uyo 5
da. 1793 wlis 24 ivniss konventma miiRo
000 wyvil fexsacmelsa da 15 000 pe-
respublikuri konstitucia, romelic
rangs, man strasburgis qalaqis Tavs
icavda saxalxo suverenitetis princips.
ubrZana, dRis bolomde 100 000 liv-
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (`aRmasru-
ri amoeRo. erT-erTi yvelaze mdi-
lebeli sabWo~) parlaments eqvemdebare-
dari kaci, romelmac 24 saaTis gan-
boda. agvistoSi konstitucia dasamtki-
mavlobaSi ar gaiRo Tavisi wili 9
ceblad xalxs gadaeca. iakobinelebma ada-
milioniani sesxisaTvis, man 3 saaTi
mianis uflebebis deklaracia socialuri
giliotinaze amyofa. man 24 saaTis
uflebebiT, kerZod, Sromisa da ganaTle-
ganmavlobaSi konfiskacia uyo 2 000
bis uflebis miniWebiT, ganavrces. Tumca,
sawols, moiTxova yvela labadis
amave dros ZalaSi rCeboda damfuZnebeli
CamorTmeva...~
krebis mier (1791 wlis ivnisi) miRebuli
kanoni gaficvebisa da muSebis profesiul
gaerTianebaTa Seqmnis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
konstitucia ZalaSi unda Sesuliyo revo-
luciuri omis dasrulebis Semdeg. amde-
nad, safrangeTis pirveli respublikuri
konstitucia arc ki amoqmedebula.

447
 iakobinelTa sakanonmdeblo saqmia-
noba ar akmayofilebda sankiulotebs.
isini emxrobodnen ukiduresad radika-
lur jgufs e.w. `cofianebs~ da iziarebd-
nen jgufis erT-erTi lideris, yofili
mRvdlis, Jak rus ideebs; saxeldobr, yve-
la saxis saqonelze myari fasebis (fasis
maqsimumis) dawesebas, xalxis gaWirvebis
xarjze gamdidrebuli gadamyidvele-
bisa da zogadad `xalxisa da revoluciis
mtrebis~ – mdidrebis sikvdiliT dasjas,
maTi qonebis konfiskaciasa da Tanabrad
ganawilebas RaribTa Soris.
sankiulotebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen `sa-
zogadoebrivi xsnis komitetis~ saqmiano-
biTac, romelsac dantoni xelmZRvanelob-
da. iakobinelebi dahyvnen politikurad
radikalizebuli masebis moTxovnebs, dan-
toni da dantonistebi daiTxoves `sazo-
gadoebrivi xsnis komitetidan~ da Tavad
pirveli
daikaves maTi adgilebi (1793 wlis ivlisSi
Tavi mexuTe
komitets robespieri Caudga saTaveSi), mo-
gvianebiT ki (imave wlis seqtemberSi) mii-
Res `kanoni didi maqsimumis~ Sesaxeb. kanon-
ma gansazRvra rogorc maqsimaluri mtki-
ce fasi yvela sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
mqone produqtze, ise xelfasis maqsimumic.
dawesebuli maqsimumis damrRvevTaTvis pa-
timroba iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
`didi terori~
sankiulotebis uSualo zewolis Sedegi
iyo isic, rom 1793 wlis seqtemberSi iako-
binelebma `dRis wesrigSi daayenes tero-
ri~. robespieris ganmartebiT, Tavisuf-
lebis dacva mxolod Zalis meSveobiT iyo
SesaZlebeli. dadga `didi teroris~ xana.
diqtatoruli Zalmomreoba amieridan
Cveulebriv, TavisTavad movlenad iqca.
seqtemberSive iakobinelebma gamos-
ces dekreti `arakeTilsaimedo pirTa Se-
saxeb~, romelic adgenda saeWvo pirebis
kategoriebs da moiTxovda maT Semowmebas.
`sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mtrebis~ gamov-
448
wyaro 4
uSiSroebis komiteti
`uSiSroebis komitets sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis mtrebis gamov-
lena da dapatimreba evaleba. qve-
yanaSi 21 aTasi sameTvalyureo ko-
mitetia. yoveli saxlis konsierJma
(mouravma) sadarbazo karze an sxva
TvalsaCino adgilas unda gamoakras
mobinadreTa sia maTi asakisa da saq-
mianobis miTiTebiT. saxlebis Cxre-
ka RamiTac dasaSvebia~.
wyaro 5
vin aris sazogadoebis mteri? sa-
zogadoebrivi xsnis komitetis
1794 wlis 10 ivnisis dadgenile-
bis mixedviT:
`vinc veragobiT an ZaladobiT
safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebriv
Tavisuflebas, vinc mefis xeli-
suflebis aRdgenas uWers mxars,
vinc saxalxo warmomadgenlobas
Seuracxyofs..., vinc [visi sardlo-
biTac] brZola waago, vinc pari-
zis momaragebas uSlis xels, vinc
ifaravs SeTqmulebis monawileebs,
romlebic marTlmsajulebas emale-
bian, vinc cru cnobebs avrcelebs...,
vinc sazogadoebriv zneobas ryvnis,
vinc…... revoluciis wminda princi-
pebs xelyofs...
yvela moqalaqe movalea, amxilos
danaSauli da gasces damnaSaveebi,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavad iqne-
ba damnaSave~.
lena da dapatimreba `sazogadoebrivi xsnis komitetis~ qvemdebare `uSiSroebis
komitets~ daevala. dasmena `revoluciur siqveled~ gamocxadda. oqtomberSi
giliotinaze Tavi mohkveTes dedofal mari-antuanetas. sikvdiliT dasajes
aseve ivnisSi dapatimrebuli Jirondistebi. 1793 wlis seqtembridan dekem-
bramde daapatimres daaxloebiT 3 aTasi piri, 1794 wlis zafxulamde ki mTeli
qveynis masStabiT sikvdiliT daisaja, savaraudod, 35 aTasi adamiani. `didi
teroris~ msxverplTa udidesi nawili udanaSaulo iyo.
1794 wlis Teberval-martSi miRebuli kanonebi (vantozis dekretebi) `re-
voluciis mtrebis~ qonebis konfiskaciasa da mis RaribTa Soris danawilebas
moiTxovda.
1794 wlisTvis robespierisa da misi uaxloesi garemocvis diqtaturas
Seuties rogorc marcxnidan – ebertis garSemo gaerTianebulma `ultrare-
volucioner~ iakobinelTa jgufma, ise marjvnidan – dantonma da misma Ta-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

namoazre `zomierebma~. ebertistebi diqtaturisa da teroris gamkacrebas
moiTxovdnen, dantonistebi ki, piriqiT, rosbespiers politikis Serbilebisa
da zomierebisaken mouwodebdnen.
am Semotevebis pasuxad diqtaturam 1794 wlis martsa da aprilSi gilioti-
naze aiyvana jer eberti da ebertistebi, ori kviris Semdeg ki dantoni da misi
`zomierebi~. 1794 wlis ivnisSi sikvdiliT dasjis proceduris dasaCqareblad
robespierma SeimuSava da gamosca kanoni revoluciuri tribunalis reor-
ganizaciis Sesaxeb. kanoniT uqmdeboda braldebulTa winaswari dakiTxva da
damcvelis instituti.
iakobinelebis terors bolo ar uCanda.

wyaro 6

sikvdilmisjili dedoflis, mari-antuanetas

ukanaskneli werili misi meuRlis, lui XVI-is
dis – princesa elizabet burbonisadmi (werili
aRmoaCines robespieris pirad sabuTebs Soris):

cixe konsierJeri, 1793 wlis 16 oqtomberi, di-

lis xuTis naxevari.

`Cemo dao, gwerT ukanasknelad. axlaxans gamomitanes sasikvdilo ganaCeni, magram [Ce-
mTvis] es samarcxvino sikvdili ki ara (sikvdiliT dasja samarcxvinoa mxolod dam-
naSaveTaTvis), Tqvens ZmasTan SeerTebis SesaZleblobaa. masaviT udanaSaulo, vime-
dovneb, ukanasknel wuTebSi masaviT gamoviCen sulis simtkices. mSvidad var iseve, ro-
gorc sufTa sindisis adamianebi arian xolme. ukiduresad vwuxvar, rom mixdeba Cemi
sabralo bavSvebis datoveba. Tqven iciT, rom mxolod maTTvis vcocxlobdi! Tqven ki,
Zvirfaso dao, Tqven, romelmac Cvens megobrobas da CvenTan yofnas SeswireT yvela-
feri, ra dReSi gtovebT. sasamarTlos msvlelobisas Sevityve, rom Cemi qaliSvili
dagaSores Tqven... ver vbedav mivwero mas, radgan vici, rom ver miiRebs Cems werils,
imaSic eWvi mepareba, moaRwia Tu ara Tqvenamde am werilma~.

449
 konventis kuluarebSi `Waobi~ robespieris tiraniaze alaparakda da robes-
pierisa da misi jgufis mowinaaRmdegeTa im nawilTan erTad, romelic terors
gadaurCa, gadawyvita wertili daesva tiraniisaTvis. 1794 wlis 27 ivliss (9
Termidori) daapatimres robespieri da misi momxreebi. meore dRes maT gilio-
tinaze daasrules sicocxle. SurisZieba sastiki iyo. giliotinaze aitanes ro-
bespieris jgufis ori wevris, robespieris umcrosi Zmisa da lebas cxedrebic
ki (orivem dapatimrebisas moikla Tavi).
iakobinelebi daisajnen maT mierve erTi TviT adre dakanonebuli wesiT –
gamoZiebisa da gasamarTlebis gareSe.

18 briumeris gadatrialeba. napoleon bonaparti - safrangeTis

pirveli konsuli
robespieris diqtaturis aRsasrulis Semdeg Zalaufleba konventis `cent-
ris~ zomieri politikuri Zalebis xelSi gadavida. amjerad kanonmdeblobas
sakuTriv umravlesoba gansazRvravda da ara iakobinelebisa Tu Jirondistebis
calkeuli fraqciebi, romlebic sakanonmdeblo organoSi realurad umcire-
sobas warmoadgendnen.
1795 wels zomierma `centrma~ axali konstitucia SeimuSava. kanoni ubrun-
deboda saarCevno uflebis cenziT (asakobrivi, qonebrivi) SezRudvas, magram
amave dros, iTvaliswinebda xalxis politikuri nebis gamoxatvis formas, ro-
pirveli

goricaa plebisciti. konstituciis Tanaxmad, sakanondeblo organo orpala-

Tavi mexuTe

tiani iyo. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba koncentrirebuli iyo xuTkaciani

`direqtoriis~ xelSi, romelsac sakanondeblo organos zeda palata _ `uxu-
cesTa sabWo~ irCevda.
uaxloesi revoluciuri warsulis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, gansakuT-
rebiT sankiulotebis Zaladobisa da iakobinelTa teroris gaTvaliswinebiT,
konstitucia pirvelad, moqalaqeTa uflebebTan erTad, maT movaleobebsac
gansazRvravda, kanonisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis pativiscemas moiTxovda.
Termidorianuli (robespieris diqtatura axali kalendriT 9 Termidors (27

`safrangeTis bankis~
Senoba. axali fulis
niSani
450
ivlisi) daemxo, amitom axali Semadgenlobis mqone konvents Termidorianuli
ewoda) konventisa da direqtoriis mmarTvelobis dros, romlebmac uari Tqves
saxelmwifos mxridan meurneobis regulirebaze da gaauqmes robespieriseuli
`didi maqsimumi~, damZimda qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. puris fasi mkveT-
rad gaizarda, asignatebi sabolood gaufasurda. 1795 wlis zafxulamde mSier-
Ta araerTi amboxeba moxda. sankiulotebi `pursa da 1793 wlis konstitucias~
moiTxovdnen.
TermidorianelTa xelisuflebas sxvadasxva mxridan utevdnen. 1795 wlis
Semodgomaze saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdeloba hqondaT monarqistebs,
1796 wlis maisSi ki, SeTqmuleba moawyves ukiduresad memarcxene egalitarist
babefis momxreebma (fr. egalite _ Tanasworoba. babefi da misi momxreebi
`WeSmarit Tanasworobasa da sakuTrebis uaryofas~ moiTxovdnen. maTTvis
WeSmariti Tanasworoba saerTo sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis Tanabrad ganawi-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

lebas niSnavda).
1795-1796 wlebis Semotevebisagan respublikis xsna TermidorianelTa xeli-
suflebam mxolod da mxolod revoluciuri armiis daxmarebiT SeZlo.
saSinao problemebis gadaWraSi monawileobam, mis mier revoluciis gare
mtrebTan frontze mopovebul warmatebebTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli poli-
tikuri mniSvneloba SesZina armias.
samoqalaqo suliskveTebas TandaTanobiT `didi eris~ samxedro gamarjve-
bebis suliskveTeba cvlida.

direqtoriis mmarTvelobis periodSi

egviptis kampania, 1798-99 w.
gamoSvebuli asignatebi, Tanamedrove
franguli karikatura

wyaro 7

nawyveti napoleonis dRiuridan (wminda elenes kunZuli, 1816 w.):

`me amovavse anarqiis ufskruli, me Sevitane wesrigi qaosSi, me gavakeTilSobile

revolucia...~

451
 samoqalaqo xelisufleba sul ufro metad damokidebuli xdeboda samxedro
Zalaze sxvadasxva sferoebSi, maT Soris, finansuri krizisis daZlevis sakiTxeb-
Si. qaRaldis fulis sruli gaufasurebis pirobebSi, direqtorias oqrosa da
vercxlis fuli da sxva materialuri resursebi esaWiroeboda. xazinis Sevsebis
mniSvnelovani wyaro samxedro kontribuciebi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. maTi mopo-
veba mxolod armias SeeZlo.
direqtoria, misi meryevi politikiT, ver umklavdeboda qveyanaSi Seqmnil
mZime viTarebas. yofili `Waobis~ SDigniT mwifdeboda azri revoluciisaTvis
wertilis dasmisa da myari, qmediTi xelisuflebis damyarebis Sesaxeb. `saWi-
roa erTi Tavi da erTi maxvili, romelic am Tavs daemorCileba~, – ase gamoxata
`Waobis~ erT-erTma liderma da direqtoriis wevrma sieiesma TermidorianelTa
erTi nawilis axali miswrafeba.
radgan legalurad konstituciis gadasinjva mxolod Svidi wlis Semdeg
SeiZleboda, Zlieri da stabiluri mmarTvelobis sistemis Seqmnis momxreebma
daiwyes mzadeba saxelmwifo gadatrialebisTvis. SeirCa `erTi maxvilis~ rolis
Semsrulebelic. arCevani SeCerda axalgazrda korsikel artileriis general-
ze napoleon bonapartze (1769-1821). swored misi wyalobiT SeZlo Tavis droze
direqtoriam monarqistuli saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis alagmva.
gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis jildod napoleonma italiaSi moqmedi franguli
armiis mTavarsardloba miiRo.
pirveli

misma pirvelma damoukidebelma kampaniam napoleons mniSvnelovani samxedro

Tavi mexuTe

warmateba moutana da saxeli gauTqva. mcire ZalebiT (sul 38 aTasi jariska-

ci, rac ricxobrivad TiTqmis orjer naklebi iyo mowinaaRmdege avstriisa da
piemontis jarze) man SeZlo safrangeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg Sekruli
koaliciis erT-erTi mTavari monawilis _ avstriis jarebis damarcxeba da
aiZula avstriis imperatori, zavi daedo masTan (kampoformios zavi, 1799). avst-
ria kargavda teritoriebs italiaSi (veneciis garda) da aRiarebda iq Seqmnil,
franguli respublikis `Svilobil respublikebs~.
magram warumateblad dasrulda napoleonis egviptis kampania, romelic
direqtoriam wamoiwyo kidev erTi mowinaaRmdegis – inglisisaTvis dartymis
misayeneblad. egviptis dakavebiT safrangeTis mTavroba xmelTaSua zRvaze
kontrolis dawesebas, inglisisaTvis koloniebisaken mimavali gzis moWras da
sakuTari koloniuri samflobeloebis gafarToebas varaudobda.
napoleonis armiam, marTalia, gaimarjva xmeleTze (1798 wlis 21 ivliss napo-
leonis jarma gaanadgura mamluqebi piramidebTan brZolaSi da daikava kairo),
magram damarcxda ingliselebTan sazRvao brZolaSi abukirTan (1798 wlis 1 ag-
vistos inglisis sazRvao eskadram admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT gaanadgura
franguli samxedro xomaldebi).
1799 wlis oqtomberSi napoleonma moulodnelad miatova Tavisi armia egvip-
teSi da dabrunda parizSi, sadac CaerTo dagegmili saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
procesSi.
1799 wlis 9 noembers (18 briumeri) gegma ganxorcielda. Zalaufleba for-
malurad sami konsulis, faqtobrivad ki `pirveli konsulis~ – napoleon bo-
napartis xelSi gadavida.

452
 klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1­ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT frangebSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camo­

yalibebis sakiTxze. gansazRvreT, ra wvlili miuZRvis am procesSi revo­
luciur oms. sad gadis zRvari omis zegavleniT aRZrul frangebis patrio­
tizmsa da `did erad~ TviTaRqmas Soris?
2. teqstsa da wyaroebze 2, 3, 4, 5 dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT iakobinelTa diqta­
toruli reJimi. ganmarteT, ra saxis movlenaa `didi terori~. SeadareT is
TqvenTvis cnobil msgavs istoriul movlenebs uaxlesi istoriidan. isje­
leT `didi teroris~ aRmsrulebeli organoebisa da aRsrulebis formis
Taviseburebebze. wyaro 4­is ganxilvisas gansajeT, Tu ra safrTxes Seicavs
`xalxis mtrebis~ am saxis kategoriebad dayofa.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

3. gaecaniT wyaro 6­s. ra SegiZliaT amoikiTxoT am dokumentSi iakobinelTa
diqtaturisa da `didi teroris~ Sesaxeb? wyaros ra detalebs moiSvelieb­
diT Tqveni Sefasebebis gasamyareblad? Tqveni azriT, ra ganzraxviT unda
daweriliyo es werili: istoriisa da STamomavlobisTvis, Tu esaa sikvdil­
misGjilis gulwrfeli gamosaTxovari werili. daasabuTeT Tqveni azri wya­
ros saTanado monacemebiT.
4. waikiTxeT wyaro 7. imsjeleT, ris maniSnebeli unda iyos sami `me~ napo-
leonis am mokle da dausrulebel winadadebaSi.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1789, 5 maisi – generaluri Statebis pirveli sxdoma

1789, 17 ivnisi
erovnuli kre-
bis gamocxadeba 1789, 14 ivlisi _ bastiliis aReba

1792, 10 agvisto _ erovnuli konventis mowveva

1789, 4-5 agvisto
1792, 21 seqtemberi _ monarqiis gauqmeba. respubli-
feodaluri siste- 1789, 26 agvisto _ kis gamocxadeba. axali kalendari (revoluciis
misa da pri- adamianisa da mo- I weli)
vilegiebis qalaqeTa uflebe-
gauqmeba bis deklaraciis 1793, 21 ianvari – lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasja
miReba
1793-1794 – iakobinelTa diqtatura

1794, gazafxuli – `didi terori~

1787 1789 1791 1793 1795 1797 1799

1791, 14 seqtemberi
1799, 8-9 noemberi
konstitucia ZalaSi Sedis. 1794, 27-28 ivlisi
(18 briumeri)
safrangeTSi konstituciuri robespierisa da misi
saxelmwifo gadatria-
monarqia myardeba. mimdevrebis sikvdi-
leba. napoleoni – pir-
liT dasja
veli konsuli
1791, 1 oqtomberi 1795, 23 seqtemberi
damfuZnebeli kreba direqtoriis konstitucia

453
 71. industriuli revolucia

jeimz uaTis orTqlis manqana. 1788 w. meqanikuri sarTavi dazga `jeni~. 1767 w.

terminiT `industriuli revolucia~ aRiniSneba umniSvnelovanesi garda-

texa kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelmac dasabami misca sazogadoebrivi cxo-
pirveli

vrebis sruliad axal wess da, Sesabamisad, axal industriul epoqas. Tavisi
Tavi mexuTe

istoriuli mniSvnelobiT mas 10 aTasi wlis win kacobriobis momTabareobidan

binadar cxovrebisa da samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis wesze gadasvla Tu Seedre-
ba, romelic `neoliTuri revoluciis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.
Tuki `industriuli revolucia~ axali drois zogadsakacobrio mniSvne-
lobis process aRniSnavs, termini `industrializacia~ ufro ekonomikur da
teqnikur `modernizacias~ gulisxmobs.
industriuli revoluciis samSoblod inglisi, xolo misi dawyebis TariRad
XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebia miCneuli.
pirvelad inglisSi moxda industriuli revoluciis winamorbedi, e. w. `agra-
ruli revolucia~, romelmac Secvala ara mxolod warmoebis wesi, aramed sazoga-
doebis struqturac, warmoSva axali, industriuli sazogadoebisTvis Sesaferisi
socialuri jgufebi mewarmeTa da daqiravebuli muSaxelis farTo masis saxiT.
jer kidev XVI-XVII saukuneebSi gansakuTrebiT intensiurad ganviTarebulma e. w.
`SemoRobvaTa~ procesma (memamuleebis mier glexobis saTemo miwebis misakuTre-
bam), romelic XVIII saukuneSi ukve parlamentis saTanado aqtebiT, anu kanoniT iyo
ganmtkicebuli, glexobis pauperizacia (gaRaribeba, laT. pauper­– Raribi) gamoiw-
via. umiwawylod da, Sesabamisad, saarsebo wyaros gareSe darCenili glexobis es
masa iZulebuli gaxda mrewvelobaSi eZebna dasaqmeba.
feodaluri socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis transformaciis procesSi
inglisis dawinaurebas xels uwyobda isic, rom kontinenturi evropisagan
gansxvavebiT, inglisel Tavadaznaurobas komerciuli da samewarmeo saqmianoba
ar ekrZaleboda (mag., absolutistur safrangeTSi, amgvari saqmianobisaTvis
Tavadaznaurobas Rirsebis ayra da titulis CamorTmeva emuqreboda).
ingliseli lendlordebi (memamuleebi), upirveles yovlisa, jentri (sa-
454
Sualo da wvrili miwaTmflobelebi _ `axali Tavadaznauroba~), visTvisac
mogebisaken swrafva ar iyo saTakilo, Seudgnen soflis meurneobis moderni-
zacias (teqnikuri siaxleebis danergva, daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyeneba da
sxv.) meti produqtis miRebis mizniT da, amdenad, memamuleebidan mewarmeebad
gardaiqmnnen.
samrewvelo burJuaziis rigebis Sevsebas saTavadaznauro wodebis warmomad-
genlebiT ganapirobebda agreTve tradiciuli samemkvidreo primogenituris
principi (laTinuridan primogenitur _ pirvelSobili, pirmSo. memkvidreobi-
Tobis ufleba STamomavalTagan mxolod ufross eniWeboda), romelic Se-
saZlebels xdida wodebriv mobilurobas, aiZulebda ra memkvidreobis gareSe
darCenil pirebs sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis maRali safexuridan ufro dabalze
CamoqveiTebas.
inglisSi `industriuli revoluciis~ kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ganmapi-

evropa da amerika axal droSi

robebeli faqtori qveynis msoflios wamyvan sazRvao, savaWro da koloniebis
mpyrobel saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba iyo. es procesi 1651 wels `sanavigacio
aqtis~ miRebiTa da espaneTisaTvis `Saqris kunZulis~, iamaikis warTmeviT (1655
w.) daiwyo. `sanavigacio aqti~ miiRes Soreul savaWro sazRvao naosnobaSi im-
droindeli lideris _ holandiis gzidan CamosaSoreblad (am aqtiT inglisSi
ucxouri saqonlis Semotana mxolod inglisuri xomaldebiT iyo nebadarTuli.
holandia sakuTari saqonliT ar vaWrobda. fraxti _ gadazidvebi, misi savaWro
Zlierebis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo).
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi inglisma TandaTanobiT yvela Tavis
konkurents sZlia. 1652-54 wlebis omSi daamarcxa holandia da aiZula eRiare-
bina 1651 wlis `sanavigacio aqtis~ pirobebi. XVII saukunis II naxevarSi inglisma
kidev ori `savaWro omi~ (1665-67 da 1672-74) mougo holandias, riTac sabolood
daaknina Tavisi metoqe. XVIII saukunis e. w. `did omebSi~ inglisma daZlia safran-
geTis hegemonuri miswrafebebi da ganimtkica pirveloba msoflioSi, rogorc
Zlierma sazRvao, savaWro da koloniurma imperiam (1713 wlis utrextis zaviT,
romliTac dasrulda omi espanuri memkvidreobisaTvis (1701-1713) inglisma
miiRo gibraltari, monopolia monebiT vaWrobaze espanur koloniebTan (e.w.
asiento) da safrangeTis kuTvnili vrceli teritoriebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi).
`Svidwliani omis~ (1756-1763) Sedegad, man sabolood gamodevna safrangeTi
indoeTidan. swored inglisis am ukanasknel warmatebas ukavSirdeba `indust-
riuli revoluciis~ dasawyisis simbolur TariRad 1760 wlis arCeva.
inglisis, rogorc msoflios uZlieresi sazRvao da koloniuri saxelmwifos
axalma, mtkice statusma ganapiroba warmoebis industrializaciisaTvis aucile-
beli faqtoris _ kapitalis (aqedan momdinareobs meurneobis axali wesis _ `ka-
pitalizmis~ saxelwodeba) `Tavdapirveli dagroveba~. es termini XVIII saukunis
Sotlandiel ekonomist adam smits ekuTvnis da gulisxmobs industrializaciis
winamorbed process, kerZod, Tavisufali saxsrebis dagrovebas SemdgomSi war-
moebaSi maT dasabandeblad.
aseTi `zedmeti~ saxsrebis modinebis wyarod qveynis meurneobaSi (soflis
meurneoba, qvanaxSiris mopoveba) arsebul Warb produqtTan erTad, sagareo
vaWroba, koloniebi da iq monuri Sromis gamoyeneba iqca.
inglisis industrializaciisaTvis damatebiTi impulsis mimcemi iyo aseve
455
 holandiis Stathalteris (mmarTvelis) uiliam III oranelis gamefeba, rasac moh-
yva imxanad ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli holandiidan axali, ganviTarebuli
teqnologiebis danergva inglisSi, upirveles yovlisa, gemTmSeneblobisa da
arxebis mSeneblobis sferoSi. holandiasTan mWidro kavSiris wyalobiT ing-
lisSi gadmoinacvla agreTve sabanko sistemis centrma. Tavis droze veneciis
rialto-bankis nimuSis mixedviT Seqmnili amsterdamis bankis analogiiT, kerZo
saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT, dafUuZnda `inglisis banki~ (1694 w.). SemdgomSi misi
myari, 8%-iani krediti sando dasayrdeni gaxda samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis.
inglisis ekonomikur dawinaurebas niadagi moumzada qveyanaSi zusti da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis ganviTarebam. Tuki inglisSi italiuridan
bunebismetyvelTa naSromebis Targmna galileis sasamarTlo procesis (1633
w.) Semdeg jer kidev patimrobiT isjeboda, revoluciis (1640-60 ww.) Sedegad
mecniereba sabolood gaTavisuflda yovelgvari SezRudvebisagan da es pro-
cesi `mecnierebaTa samefo akademiis~ daarsebiT (1661 w.) dagvirgvinda.
inglisSi samecniero-teqnikuri progresi da ekonomikuri winsvla mWidrod
gadaejaWva erTmaneTs. soflad jentrisa da burJuaziuli warmoSobis miwaT-
mflobelebs, qalaqSi ki samrewvelo burJuazias, Sesabamisad, soflis meurne-
obisa da mrewvelobis `mecnierulad~ warmarTvis SesaZlebloba miecaT.

industrializaciis dasawyisi
pirveli

inglisSi industrializacia bambis safeiqro mrewvelobaSi daiwyo. Ta-

Tavi mexuTe

vdapirvelad indoeTidan Semosul modur bambis qsovilebze moTxovnilebis

zrdasTan erTad, gaCnda maTi warmoebis gafarToebis saWiroeba. monuri Sromis
gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli iafi nedleuli amerikuli koloniebis bambis
plantaciebidan moedineboda. am mozRvavebuli nedleulis gadamuSaveba, Ta-
vis mxriv, sawarmoo procesis meqanizacias moiTxovda. 1765 wels ingliselma
feiqarma jeimz hargrivsma Zafis sarTavi meqanizmi gamoigona – SemdgomSi mTel
msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli `sarTavi jeni~ (hargrivsma Tavis gamogonebas
qaliSvilis sapativcemulod `jeni~ daarqva). amas mohyva meqanikuri saqsovi
dazgis gamogoneba (edmund qarTraiTis saqsovi dazga). sarTavi da saqsovi meqa-
nizmebi moqmedebaSi mohyavda glazgoeli meqanikosis jeimz uaTis mier Seqmnil
orTqlis manqanas. XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis inglisSi Cndeba
orTqlis manqanaze momuSave pirveli safeiqro fabrikebi. manuFfaqturuli
(xeliT) warmoeba meqanizebuli safabriko warmoebiT icvleba. axali safeiqro
industriis centri lankaSiri gaxda (manCesteris garSemo), liverpuli ki mTa-
vari porti, romelic mis tvirTebs emsaxureboda.
manqanaTmSeneblobam gazarda moTxovnileba im droisaTvis mTavar energoma-
tarebelze _ qvanaxSirze da Sesabamisad, biZgi misca samTamadno mrewvelobis
ganviTarebas. industriuli produqciis (safeiqro, samTamadno) zrdasTan
erTad, aqtualuri gaxda misi transportirebis sakiTxi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom
pirveli orTqlmavali lokomotivi inglisSi Seiqmna da msoflioSi pirvelma
rkinigzam swored manCesteri da liverpuli daakavSira erTmaneTTan (1825).
manqanaTmSeneblobisa da rkinigzis mSeneblobis paralelurad viTardeboda
metalurgiuli mrewveloba.

456
wyaro 4

amerikeli politikosi da gamomgonebeli, puritani benjamin franklini (1706-

1790):

`dafiqrdiT, dro fulia! visac dReSi SromiT ori taleris Sovna SeuZlia da naxevar
dRes uqmad atarebs... [fuls] kargavs... muSaobisa da momWirneobis gareSe verafers
miaRwev... vinc yvelafers moixveWs, ris moxveWac patiosnad SeuZlia, da yvelafers
SeinarCunebs, rac mouxveWia, aucileblad mdidari gaxdeba... radgan Semoqmedma... ase
daadgina~.

evropa da amerika axal droSi

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 3­ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT industriuli epoqis axal eTikaze.

sarTavi saamqro

saSinao davaleba

1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT industriuli revoluciis mizezebi da ganmarteT

misi arsi.

457
 VI saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi

72. brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg evropasa

da aRmosavleTSi

osmaleTis imperiis saSinao mowyoba

osmaleTSi sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mravali xalxi cxovrobda. imperiaSi
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, bunebrivia, muslimebs ekavaT, magram sxva reli-
giebis warmomadgenlebsac garkveuli uflebebi hqondaT miniWebuli – SezRud-
vebis miuxedavad isini qmnidnen e.w. mileTebs. arsebobda berZnebis, somxebis,
ebraelebis, asirieli qristianebis mileTebi. maT hqondaT sakuTari sasamarT-
lo, romelic ganixilavda Temis SigniT arsebul saqmeebs. maT aseve hqondaT
sakulto nagebobebi, sadac mimdinareobda RvTismsaxureba. am mxriv, osmaleTi
gansxvavdeboda evropisagan, sadac Sua saukuneebsa da axali drois dasawyisSi
religiuri umciresobebis Cagvra Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.
qristianebs osmalur jarSi msaxurebis ufleba ar hqondaT, magram osmalebi
arCevdnen qristian Wabukebs, amuslimebdnen maT da safuZvlianad amzadebdnen
imperiis msaxurebisTvis. es gamuslimebuli Wabukebi xSirad iricxebodnen os-
maleTis yvelaze elitarul da brZolisunarian sajariso nawilSi – ianiCarTa
korpusSi. maT nawili ki osmaleTis samefo karze maRal Tanamdebobebs aRwevda.
Tavi meeqvse

cxenosani armia (sifahiebi) did rols asrulebdnen osmalTa pirvel dapyro-

bebSi, Tumca cecxlsasroli iaraRis gavrcelebis Semdeg maTi mniSvneloba
SedarebiT Semcirda da wina planze gamovidnen ianiCrebi, romlebic swored
cecxlsasroli iaraRis xmarebaSi iyvnen daxelovnebulebi.
sulTani SeuzRudavi monarqi iyo. saxelmwifoSi meore pirs ki warmoadgenda
didi vaziri, romelic xSirad cvlida sulTans samxedro kampaniebis an saxelm-
wifo sabWos (divanis) sxdomebis dros. XVI saukunidan Cveulebad iqca did
vazirad saTanadod aRzrdili, gamuslimebuli yofili qristianebis daniSvna.

osmalTa dapyrobebi
osmaleTis imperiis Zlierebis xanam 150 welze metxans gastana. konstantino-
polis aRebidan sul male osmalebma daipyres serbeTi. 1460 wels ukve TiTqmis
mTeli saberZneTi maT xelSi iyo. saberZneTis dapyrobam gamoiwvia osmaleTis da-
pirispireba veneciasTan (mas mxars uWerdnen romis papi da neapolis samefo). omi
Teqvsmet wels gagrZeElda da osmaleTis imperiis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1475
wels yirimis xanmac osmaleTis morCileba aRiara. am gamarjvebas osmalebisTvis
didi mniSvneloba hqonda, vinaidan yirimeli TaTrebi maT uzrunvelyofdnen
damatebiTi jarebiT (zogjer yirimel meomarTa raodenoba 100 aTass aRwevda).
yirimi momavalSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris dapirispirebis sagnad iqceva.
dapyrobebi selim I-ma (1512-1520) ganagrZo. man SeZlo muslimuri samyaros
dasavleTi nawilidan saxalifos dacemis Semdeg udidesi islamuri imperiis
Seqmna. osmalebis samizne marto evropa ar yofila. 1514 wels sulTanma selim
I-ma Caldiranis brZolaSi mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipova sefianTa iranis
axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoze. 1517 wels ki osmalebma egvipte SemoierTes. male
458
osmalebis xelSi arabuli qvynebis didi nawilic aRmoCnda, maT Soris islamis
wminda qalaqebi – meqa da medina. osmaleTis saxelmwifos simdidres ganapiro-
bebda evropasa da azias Soris arsebuli savaWro gzebis kontrolic.
osmaleTis imperiis oqros xanad iTvleba sulTan suleiman I-is mmarTveloba
(1520-1566). suleimans evropelebi brwyinvales, xolo Turqebi kanunis (kanon-
mdebels) uwodeben. man Seqmna osmaleTis axali samarTlebrivi sistema. saka-

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

nonmdeblo reformebi Seexo sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, sagasaxado sistemas,
ganaTlebas, sisxlis samarTlis sferos. misi kanonebis krebuli saukuneebis
manZilze moqmedebda osmaleTis imperiaSi.
suleimani sisastikiT cnobili mamisgan bevrad gansxvavdeboda. man kargad
gaacnobiera evropelebTan vaWrobis momgebianoba da1521 wels xelSekrulebas
moawera xeli veneciasTan. am xelSekrulebiT venecielebs eZleodaT osmaleTis
teritoriaze vaWrobis ufleba da usafrTxoebis garantiebi. or mxares Soris
regularulad icvleboda diplomatiuri misiebi.
suleiman I-ma araerTi samxedro gamarjveba moipova. 1522 wels osmalebma
daipyres kunZuli rodosi, ramac xmelTaSua zRvaze poziciebis gamyarebisa
da CrdiloeTis afrikis, tripolisa da
alJiris SemoerTebis saSualeba miscaT.
wyaro 1
1526 wels osmalebma mohaCis brZolaSi da-
amarcxes ungrelebi. amis Semdeg saukune- suleiman I-is titulebi
ze metxans, ungreTi da aseve centralu- `ori kontinentisa da ori zRvis
ri evropis ramdenime regioni osmaleTis mflobeli, meqisa da medinis
samflobeloebSi moeqca. 1529 wels os- mfarveli, stambolis, edirnes,
malebma venazec miitanes ieriSi, magram bursas, kairos, damaskos, ale-
civma zamTarma maT xeli SeuSala qalaqis pos, belgradisa da baRdadis
aRebaSi. mflobeli.~
osmaleTis floti gabatonebuli iyo
xmelTaSua zRvaze.1538 wels prevezas
brZolaSi osmalTa flotma yofili al-
Jireli mekobris, heiraddin barbarosas
meTaurobiT daamarcxa evropelTa flo-
ti, romelsac italieli andrea doria
sardlobda.
aRmosavleTiT iranTan qiSpi droebiT
dasrulda 1555 wels amasiis sazavo
xelSekrulebiT. am zaviT orma imperiam
samxreT kavkasia, maT Soris, saqarTvelo,
orad gaiyves. Tumca, saukunis bolo meo-
TxedSi, sefianTa saxelmwifos dasustebis
Semdeg, kavkasiaSi isev osmalebma iZales.
iranma mogvianebiT Zala moikriba da 1639
wels or qveyanas Soris daido axali zavi,
romelic TiTqmis imeoreboda amasiis za-
vis pirobebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dapirispirebuli suleiman brwyinvale
459
 evropuli saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen osmaleTis gamoyenebas metoqis winaaR-
mdeg. magaliTad, safrangeTma kavSiri Sekra osmaleTTan avstriis mmarTvel
habsburgebis sagvareulos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
avstria osmaleTis imperiis uSualo mezobeli iyo da masTan dapirispirebis
pirobebSi osmalebs aucileblad esaWiroebodaT mxardaWera. am mxriv safran-
geTi saukeTeso kandidaturas warmoadgenda. safrangeTsa da osmaleTs Soris
kontaqtebi 1483 wlidan daiwyo, Tumca urTierTobebs ar mohyolia realuri
Sedegi da aliansis Seqmna, magram safrangeTma SeZlo garkveuli privilegiebis
mopoveba osmaleTis imperiaSi. 1535 wels or qveyanas Soris daido `mSvidobis,
megobrobis da vaWrobis~ xelSekruleba. sulTnis qveSevrdomebs safrangeTSi
da safrangeTis qveSevrdomebs osmaleTSi miecaT ufleba Tavisuflad gadaad-
gilebuliyvnen am qveynebis teritoriaze da evaWraT. maTi dacva evalebodaT
adgilobriv xelisufalT. safrangeTs amieridan mudmivi warmomadgeneli
hyavda konstantinopolSi da konsuli –aleqsandriaSi.

wyaro 2

sulTnis Semosavlebi

`suleimanis Semosavlebi aRemateboda im drois nebismieri evropeli monarqisas.

Semosavlebis mravali wyaro arsebobda. ramdenadac osmalebi axal provinciebSi
Tavi meeqvse

ZiriTadad ucvlelad tovebdnen dapyrobamde arsebul wesebs, provinciebidan

Semosavlebis wyaroebi da raodenoba sxvadasxva iyo. arsebobda miwis, suladobrivi,
aramuslimTaTvis, vaWrobaze, saqonelze, bazrebze, sabadoebze da a.S. specialurad
dawesebuli gadasaxadebi. suleimanis yovelwliuri Semosavali 12 milion dukats
utoldeboda, magram gasavali imdenad didi iyo, rom mmarTvelobis miwuruls
suleimani iZulebuli gaxda moxeleTagan ZRveni mieRo Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis
safasurad~.

u. osenvaldi, s. fiSeri, Sua aRmosavleTi. istoria

osmaleTis imperiis dakninebis dasawyisi

suleiman brwyinvalis gardacvalebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT daiwyo osmale-
Tis imperiis daknineba. osmalebs ar hyavdaT saokeano floti da axali sazRvao
gzis aRmoCenam indoeTis okeaneSi Seamcira osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze
gamavali saxmeleTo savaWro gzebis mniSvneloba. garda amisa, amerikis aRmo-
Cenis Semdeg, evropelebma axal koloniebSi im kulturebis moyvana daiwyes,
romelTa eqsportic adre osmaleTis imperiidan xdeboda (mag., yava, Saqris
lerwami). yovelive aman mZime dartyma miayena osmaleTis ekonomikas.
1571 wels lepantos (saberZneTis napirebTan) sazRvao brZolaSi evropelebma
pirveli mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipoves osmalebze. am gamarjvebam evrope-
lebs imedi Causaxa, rom male evropidan gandevnidnen osmalebs. am brZolaSi mo-
nawileobda didi espaneli mwerali servantesi. misi TqmiT, `lepantos brZolam
gaacamtvera zRvaze osmalebis uZlevelobis miTi~. inglisis momavalma mefem
460
Carlz I-ma odac ki uZRvna evropelTa gamarjvebas. Tumca, es marcxi sulac ar
moaswavebda xmelTaSua zRvaze osmaleTis batonobis dasasruls. osmalebma
swrafad SeZles flotis aRdgena da imave wels venecias kunZuli kviprosi
waarTves. XVII saukuneSi osmaleTi kvlavac inarCunebda samxedro Zlierebas,
Tumca ukve ikveTeboda imperiis Sinagani krizisi, rasac mohyva evropaSi Tan-
daTanobiT ukandaxeva.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

vena
venecia

belgradi
nikopolisi kafa

romi Tavrizi
kosovo
sinopi
stamboli
saloniki
Caldirani
alJiri ankara

tunisi
morea

basra
tripoli

aleqsandria ierusalimi

kairo
osmaleTi 1300 wlisaTvis
dapyrobebi 1300-59
dapyrobebi 1359-1451
medina
dapyrobebi 1451-81
dapyrobebi 1512-20 meqa
dapyrobebi 1520-66
dapyrobebi 1566-1683
maqsimaluri sazRvrebi

osmaleTis imperiis ruka

1683 wels osmalebma kidev erTxel miitanes ieriSi venaze, magram evropeleb-
ma, poloneTis mefe ian sobeiskis meTaurobiT, moaxerxes maTi ukugdeba. male
evropulma saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes e.w. `saRvTo liga~ osmaleTis winaaRmdeg.
daiwyo `didi Turquli omi~, romelic osmalTaTvis arasaxarbielod warimar-
Ta. 1699 wlis karlovacis zaviT osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo evropuli
teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris, ungreTi. karlovacis zavi
osmaleTis mier dadebuli pirveli xelSekruleba iyo, romliTac imperia ar
iRebda arc raime axal teritoriebs da arc kontribucias, piriqiT – kargavda
kidec evropul samflobeloebs.
naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis armia dromoWmuli samxedro taqtikiT da
moZvelebuli SeiaraRebiT veRar umklavdeboda gacilebiT ufro kargad Seia-
raRebul da gawvrTnil evropul jarebs.

461
 XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi osmaleTma mcire warmatebebs miaRwia evropelebTan
da upirvelesad, ruseTTan omebSi, magram male daiwyo warumateblobaTa xana,
teritoriebis dakargva (osmalebs yirimis daTmobac ki mouwiaT rusebisaTvis)
da imperiis Sinagani krizisis gaRmaveba.
Tavi meeqvse

karlovacis zavis xelmowera

wyaro 3

osmalo istorikosi naima (XVII s.) saxelmwifos mowyobis Sesaxeb:

1) ar SeiZleba iarsebos mefis Zalauflebam samxedroebis gareSe.

2) samxedroebi ver iarsebeben simdidris gareSe.

3) dovlaTi unda Seiqmnas reaiebis (qveSevrdomebis) mier.

4) reaiebi unda iRebdnen samarTlianobis garantias sulTnisagan.

5) samarTlianoba moiTxovs harmonias.

6) samyaro baRia, saxelmwifo misi kedlebia.

7) saxelmwifos sayrdenia SariaTi (muslimuri samarTali).

8) SariaTi ver iarsebebs mefis Zalauflebis gareSe.

462
 saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si
lepantos brZola

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis 2 da 3 mixedviT imsjeleT osmaleTis imperiis

mmarTvelobis sistemaze.
2. teqstisa da wyaroebis 1 da 2 mixedviT daaxasiaTeTY suleiman I­is
mmarTveloba.
3. moawyveT diskusia osmaleTis imperiis dakninebis mizezebze.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1512-1520 _ selim I-is zeoba

1520-1566 _ suleiman I-is 1683

zeoba venis uSedego alya

1555 – amasiis zavi osma-

leTsa da irans Soris

1500 1550 1600 1650 1700

1526 _ mohaCis 1571 _ lepantos

brZola brZola
1699
karlovacis zavi
463
 73. sefianTa iranis saxelmwifo

sefianTa saxelmwifo XVI saukuneSi

arabTa dapyrobebis Semdeg, xangrZlivi drois manZilze iranSi erTmaneTs
enacvlebodnen sxvadasxva dinastiebi, qveyana ki ZiriTadad danawevrebuli iyo.
irani XVI saukunis dasawyisSi sefianTa dinastiam gaaerTiana, romelic yizil-
baSTa momTabare tomebis kavESirs edga saTaveSi. yizilbaSebi wiTel Tavsaburavs
atarebdnen da aqedan momdinareobs maTi saxeli: yizil – wiTeli, baS – Tavi.
sefianebma iranis saxelmwifo religiad Siizmi aqcies. amdenad, maT poli-
tikur dapirispirebas sunit osmalebTan religiuri safuZvelic Seeqmna. se-
fianebi acxadebdnen, rom isini iyvnen rogorc mociqul muhamadis, ise sasaniani
Sahebis STamomavlebi da amgvarad amarTlebdnen TavianT religiur da poli-
tikur batonobas.
pirvelma sefianma Sahma ismail I-ma (1501-1524) SeZlo iranis gaerTianeba da
dapyrobiTi omebic wamoiwyo. axali saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi gaxda Tavrizi.
warmatebuli iyo misi omebi aRmosavleTiT uzbekTa winaaRmdeg.
axalgazrda sefianTa saxelmwifosaTvis mZime dartyma gamodga 1514 wels os-
maleTTan Caldiranis brZolaSi gancdili marcxi. Tumca, am marcxs ar Seurye-
via dinastiis batonoba, romelic gacilebiT ufro gaZlierda ismailis memk-
Tavi meeqvse

vidris, Sah Tamaz I-is (1524-1576) dros. 1538 wlisaTvis Sah Tamazma moaxerxa
SirvanSahebis saxelmwifos (dREevandeli azerbaijanis nawili) ganadgureba.
gagrZelda osmaleTTan qiSpi. Sah Tamazma araerTxel ilaSqra saqarTveloSi.
osmaleT-iranis omebi droebiT Sewyda 1555 wels amasiis zaviT. metoqeebma
saqarTvelo orad gaiyves.
Sah Tamazis dros daiwyo saqarTvelodan iranSi mosaxleobis ZaldatanebiTi
gadasaxleba. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom Tamazis mefobis xanaSi zogierTi qarTveli
dawinaurda sefianTa samefo karze. male qarTvelebis roli iranis politikur
cxovrebaSi ukiduresad gaizarda.
Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg irani Sidadinastiurma brZolebma da areu-
lobam moicva. amiT isargebles osmalebma da 1578 wels SeiWrnen iranSi. maT
poziciebi gaimyares samxreT kavkasiaSic.

Sah abas I
iranisaTvis amgvar arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi taxtze avida Sah abas I (1587-
1629). Sah abasi uaRresad energiuli, gonieri da amave dros sastiki mmarTveli
iyo. man Zireuli reformebis gatareba daiwyo, upirvelesad armiaSi. yizil-
baSebs jarSi TandaTanobiT Caenacvlen kavkasielebi, maT Soris Warbobdnen
qarTvelebi. Sah abasamde irans ar hyavda regularuli jari da xelmwife da-
mokidebuli iyo provinciebis mmarTvelebis sajariso SenaerTebze, romelTa
ndobac yovelTavis ar SeiZleboda. amieridan ki safuZveli Caeyara regularul
armias. Seiqmna artileristTa korpusi da aseve `Rolamebis~ sajariso Senaer-
Ti, romelic ZiriTadad gamuslimebuli kavkasielebisagan Sedgeboda.
464
 armiis reformirebisaTvis Sah abasma moiwvia ingliseli Zmebi entoni da ro-
bert Serlebi. maTTan erTad armiis gardaqmnaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
qarTuli warmoSobis alaverdi xan undilaZem. undilaZeebi Sah abasis droinde-
li iranis erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian da mdidar sagvareulos warmoadgendnen.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

wveuleba Sah
abasis karze

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSic yizilbaSebs TandaTanobiT Caenacvlnen adgi-

lobrivi sparselebi da kavkasielebi.
Sah abasma ganaaxla omi osmalebis winaaRmdeg, romelic amjerad ukve irane-
lebis upiratesobiT warimarTa. is aseve warmatebiT upirispirdeboda uzbekebs
aRmosavleTiT.
omi osmaleTTan 1603 wels ganaxlda. xanmokle SesvenebebiT am omma 30 welze
metxans gastana da saboloo `saukuno~ zavi daido mxolod Sah abasis sikvdilis
Semdeg, 1639 wels.
Sah abasma moaxerxa portugalielebis gandevna jer sparseTis yuris kunZul
bahreinidan1602 wels, xolo Semdeg, 1622 wels, inglisis flotis daxmarebiT,
iqve mdebare kunZul hormuzidan. hormuzisaTvis brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT
gamoiCina Tavi alaverdi xanis vaJma imamyuli xan undilaZem. sparseTis yuris
kunZulebi portugalielTaTvis indoeTTan damakavSirebeli umniSvnelovanesi
punqti iyo. amdenad, maTi aqedan gandevna upirvelesad ingliselebis mizans
warmoadgenda da es faqtori SesaniSnavad gamoiyena Sah abasma. man ganavrco
iranis savaWro kontaqtebi inglisisa da holandiis aRmosavleT indoeTis
kompaniebTan.
Sah abasma iranis sataxto qalaqi CrdiloeTSi mdebare Tavrizidan iranis
centralur nawilSi – isfahanSi gadaitana. mis dros qalaqi gaizarda da gamS-
venda. Sah abasis mier agebul isfahanis centralur moedans, romelic garSe-
mortymuli iyo brwyinvale sasaxleebiT, mdidruli bazrebiTa da ulamazesi
meCeTebiT, `qveynierebis saxe~ uwodes.
Sah abasi zrunavda qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. man gaauqma da Seamcira
465
 gadasaxadebis didi nawili. iranis ekonomikuri aRorZi-
nebis garda, es xels uwyobda mosaxleobis erTgulebis
gazrdasac centraluri xelisuflebisadmi. Sah abasi imav-
droulad daundoblad uswodeboda Tavis yvela mowinaaR-
mdeges. kaxeTs misma laSqrobebma ganuzomeli ziani miayena.
Sah abasma aseve aiZula kaxeTis mosaxleobis nawili, gada-
saxlebuliyo iranSi.
Sah abasis memkvidreebidan yvelaze gamorCEuli iyo Sah
abas II (1642-1666). misi mmarTvelobis periodi iranis eko-
nomikuri aRmavlobis xana iyo, viTardeboda savaWro da
diplomatiuri kontaqtebi evropasTan. iranis sagareo
vaWrobaSi pirveli adgili holandielebs ekavaT, romleb-
mac miiRes qveynidan abreSumis ubaJod gatanis ufleba. ga-
Cnda aseve franguli savaWro saxlebi isfahansa da bandar imamyuli xan
undilaZis Zegli
abasSi. imdroindeli evropeli mogzaurebi xazs usvamen
iranis qalaqebis keTildREeobasa da gzebis usafrTxoebas.
Semdgom xanebSi sefianTa saxelmwifo TandaTanobiT dasustda da XVIII sauku-
nis I mesamedSi sabolood gaqra.

wyaro 1
Tavi meeqvse

`sefianebma pirvelad Seqmnes erTiani iranis teritoria, romelic met-naklebad

qveynis dRevandel sazRvrebs emTxveva. es iyo ara marto sxvadasxva regionebis – far-
sis, xorasnis Tu sxvebis xelovnuli kavSiri, aramed erTiani saxelmwifo erTaderTi
mmarTveliT. ase darCa dRemde, miuxedavad ukiduresi eTnikuri mravalferovnebisa,
riTac xasiaTdeba dRevandeli qveyana. Tu SevxedavT, magaliTad, periferiebs da da-
viwyebT Crdilo-dasavleTidan, aq arian Turqulad molaparake azerbaijanelebi.
maTi samxreTiT cxovroben qurTebi, kidev ufro samxreTiT Warboben Turqebi, yaSyae-
lebi, qvemoT, xuzesTanSi – arabebi, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – belujebi da Semdeg
Turqmanebi. es yvelaferi qmnis centris garSemo periferias xalxebisa, romlebic
laparakoben sxvadasxva arairanul enebze. Tumca, sparsuli enis kulturam da islamis
gansxvavebulma Siiturma versiam Seqmna im erTobis SenarCunebis saSualeba, romel-
sac safuZveli Cauyares sefianebma da romelic SeinarCunes maTma memkvidreebma~.

bernard luisi, irani istoriaSi

wyaro 2

`Sah abas I-isTvis hormuzis porti mniSvnelovani iyo iranuli abreSumis evropaSi
gatanasTan dakavSirebiT. Sahi dainteresebuli iyo imiT, rom iranuli abreSumi
evropaSi gataniliyo ara saxmeleTo gziT – TurqeTis teritoriis gavliT (Turqe-
Ti did sabaJo gadasaxads axdevinebda irans), aramed sazRvao gziT – afrikis gars-
SemovliT. am gziT abreSumis gatana ufro iafi jdeboda, vidre TurqeTis an volga-
kaspiis gziT da Sahs did Semosavals moutanda (abreSumiT vaWroba Sahis xazinis
monopolia iyo)~.
daviT kacitaZe, iranis istoria

466
 klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. imsjeleT iranis saxelmwifos gansakuTrebulobisa da

erTianobis ganmapirobebel mizezebze.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

2. ganixileT wyaro 2. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT imsjeleT kunZul
hormuzis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobaze.

isfahani

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1501-1524 _ Sah ismail I-is zeoba

1524-1576 _ Sah Tamaz I-is zeoba

1587-1629 – Sah abas I-is zeoba

1500 1540 1580 1620 1660

1639
`saukuno zavi~ iransa da osmaleTs
Soris

467
 74. ruseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da
reC-pospolita

ruseTi
aRmosavleT slavebis pirveli saxelmwifo IX saukuneSi Seiqmna da is kievis
ruseTis saxeliTaa cnobili. rusuli matianis mixedviT, slavur tomebs qveynis
samarTavad vikingebi (rus. variagebi) mouwveviaT sami Zmis – riurikis, sineusisa
da truveris meTaurobiT. swored riuriki Caudga saTaveSi kievis ruseTs da
safuZveli Cauyara riurikoviCebis dinastias.
kievis ruseTi Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals aRwevs vladimir didis (980-1015)
(swored misi mmarTvelobis periodSi, 988 wels, gaxda qristianoba saxelmwifo
religia) da iaroslav brZenis (1019-1054) dros. am ukanasknelis mmarTvelobis
periodSi kievis ruseTis samflobeloebi gadaWimuli iyo baltiis zRDidan Savi
zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroebamde, md. volgis napirebidan karpatebamde.
XII saukuneSi kievis ruseTi calkeul samTavroebad daiSala. yvelaze mniSv-
nelovani da Zlieri rusuli saxelmwifoebi iyo Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT vla-
dimir-suzdalis samTavro, Crdilo-dasavleTiT novgorodis respublika,
xolo samxreT-dasavleTiT galiC-volinis samTavro. Tavdapirvelad maT Soris
Tavi meeqvse

vladimir-suzdalis samTavro dawinaurda, romlis mTavrebic `didi mTavris~

tituls flobdnen.
daSlili rusuli saxelmwifoebi monRolebma advilad daipyres. dapyrobaTa
pirveli talRa 1237-1241 wlebSi ganxorcielda da Semdeg kidev ori aTwleuli
gagrZelda. rusuli teritoriebis didi nawili erT-erTi uZlieresi monRo-
luri saxelmwifos – oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
ruseTis CrdiloeTi nawili am xanebSi SedarebiTi damoukideblobiT sar-
geblobda. aq arsebul rusul samTavroebs dapirispireba uxdebodaT evropis
Crdiloel xalxebTan. novgorodis mTavarma aleqsandre nevelma (Semdgom man
SeZlo Tavisi Zalauflebis qveS ramdenime samTavros gaerTianeba) miaRwia
monRolebTan SeTanxmebas da maTi mxardaWeriT moaxerxa 1240 wels md. nevasTan
Svedebis, xolo 1242 wels Cudis tbaze brZolaSi (am brZolas `yinulze xocva-
Jleta~ ewoda) tevtonTa ordenis raindebis damarcxeba. aleqsandre neveli
rusulma eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa.
monRolTa batonobisas, vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSi moskovis samTavro
aRmocenda, romelic TandaTobiT Zlierdeboda. moskovis samTavro mniSvne-
lovan savaWro gzaze mdebareobda, rac moskovel mTavrebs ekonomikuri gaZ-
lierebis saSualebas aZlevda. mis gaZlierebas moskovis samTavros mTavarTa
mier oqros urdosTan warmoebuli gamWriaxi politikac ganapirobebda. XIII
s-is damlevidan Crdilo-aRmosavleT ruseTis samTavroebs Soris warmoebda
brZola didi mTavris iarliyis (sigelis) mosapoveblad, romelic maT daniSv-
nas adasturebda. am iarliys gascemda oqros urdos yaeni da mis mflobels
rusuli miwebidan monRolebze misacemi xarkis akrefa evaleboda. XIV s-is dam-
degidan am brZolaSi mniSvnelovnad gaZlierebuli moskovis mTavrebic Caeb-
468
nen. moskovis mTavarTaA gaZlierebas imanac
Seuwyo xeli, rom maT SeZles marTlmadi-
debluri eklesiis mimxroba, romelic
did simdidres flobda da imavdroulad
xalxzec mniSvnelovani zegavlena hqon-
da. XIV s-is 30-ian wlebSi mitropolitis

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

kaTedra moskovSi gadaitanes. monRolTa
dapyrobebma daaCqara da gaaZliera ru-
sul samTavroebSi centralizaciisaken
ltolva. moskovis didi mTavrebisaTvis
monRolTa mxardaWeram SeaCvia isini Tavi
qveynis umaRles mbrZaneblebad aReqvaT.
monRolebi maTTvis SeuzRudavi Zalauf-
lebis misabaZ nimuSs warmoadgendnen.
gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTs atarebda
brZola moskovisa da tveris samTavroebs
Soris, romelic moskovis samTavros ga-
marjvebiT damTavrda.
monRolTa mxridan saerTo saSiSroebam aleqsandre nevelis xati

Seqmna Zlieri kavSiri ruseTis did mTa-

varsa da xalxs Soris, rac metad mniSv-
nelovani iyo. urdoSi mimdinare daundo-
belma brZolebma Searyia misi Zliereba da
mis morCilebaSi myofi xalxebisadmi damo-
kidebulebac Sesustda. moskovis samTavro
TandaTan eurCeboda oqros urdos xarkis
gadaxdaSi, rasac mohyva monRolTa didi
laSqroba mamais xelmZRvanelobiT da ku-
likovos brZola 1380 wels, romelic mar-
Talia dimitri donelis (1359-1389) sard-
lobiT rusebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda,
magram oqros urdos uRlisagan qveynis
gaTavisuflebisaken jer kidev Sori gza
iyo gasavleli. oqros urdos axalma ya-
enma ToxTamiSma kulikovos brZolidan
ori wlis Semdeg, 1382 wels gailaSqra ru-
seTze, gadawva moskovi da ruseTi aiZula
ganeaxlebina urdosaTvis xarkis gadaxda.
miuxedavad amisa, rusuli miwebis gaerTia-
neba moskovis irgvliv grZeldeboda, rac
maTi Zlierebis sawindari iyo.
XIV-XV ss-Si ruseTSi centralizebu-
li erovnuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnis
procesi mimdinareobda. moskovis didi
ivane mrisxane
mTavris, ivane III-is (1462-1505) zeobisas
469
 qveyana monRolTa batonobisgan gaTavi-
suflda. 1480 wels md. ugrasTan pirispir
mdgari rusuli da monRoluri jarebi
ubrZolvelad daSordnen erTmaneTs (am
dapirispirebam `ugraze dgomis~ saxeli
miiRo). amis Semdeg monRolebi ruseTSi
aRar SeWrilan.
monRolTa qveynidan gandevnis miuxe-
davad, maTma batonobam metad Rrma kva-
li datova ruseTis istoriaSi. monRol-
Ta batonobis periodSi ruseTSi Seiqmna
safosto gzebis qseli, SemoiRes mosaxle-
obis aRwera, sagadasaxado sistema; rusi
mTavrebis razmebis samxedro organizacia
monRoluri jarisas eyrdnoboda. Zlie-
ri aRmosavluri gavlena XVIII saukunemde
gagrZelda, sanam ruseTis mefeebma, pir-
vel rigSi, petre I-ma, ar wamoiwyes qveynis
evropeizaciis procesi, Tumca am proce-
sis Sedegad ar momxdara mTlianad rusu-
li sazogadoebis gardaqmna.
Tavi meeqvse
wyaro 1
rusi mkvlevari s. nefiodovi
ruseTSi monRolTa batonobis
Semdgomi periodis Sesaxeb:
`es iyo socialuri sinTezis
procesi da am sinTezSi CarTu-
li iyo sxvadasxva komponentebi:
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis tra-
diciebi, TaTrebis momTabaruli
tradiciebi da dampyroblebis
mier Semotanili didi aRmo-
savluri monarqiebis – CineTisa
da sparseTis tradiciebi. momTa-
baruli tradiciebis zegavlena
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoixa-
ta samxedro sferoSi: Semoseve-
bidan sul male rusma Tavadebma
daiwyes sakuTari druJinebis
(samxedro razmebis) SeiaraRe-

moskovis samTavros SeuerTda niJni no- ba TaTruli nimuSis mixedviT.

vgorodi, tveri, novgorodi, rasac didi rusi meomrebi Seasxdnen stepe-
ekonomikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. novgo- bis swraf cxenebs da iswavles
rodi germanul qalaqTa kavSiris – hanzas monRoluri mSvildebidan isre-
vaWrobaSi iyo CarTuli, rac am qalaqis bis srola. isini monRolur ta-
did Semosavals uzrunvelyofda. nisamoss atarebdnen da ibrZod-
gaZlierebuli moskovis didi samTavro nen TaTruli moRunuli xmle-
erTiani ruseTis saxelmwifos ZiriTad biT. rusulma jarebma gadmoiRes
birTvad iqca. bizantiis imperiis damxo- TaTruli xuT razmad dayofa,
bis Semdeg marTlmadidebluri samyaros Casafrebisa da alyis TaTruli
winamZRolobaze ruseTma gamoTqva pre- taqtika~.
tenzia. XV saukunis bolosaTvis moskovis
samTavro evropis aRmosavleTSi erT-erT
udides saxelmwifod Camoyalibda.
ruseTis centralizaciis procesi dasrulda ivane IV mrisxanes (1547-1584)
gamgeblobis xana. man pirvelma miiRo `sruliad ruseTis mefis~ (caris – mom-
dinareobs keisridan) tituli. erTi mxriv, is iyo Wkviani da gamWriaxi poli-
tikosi, xolo meore mxriv, sisxliani da SeSlili tirani. misi mmarTvelobis
dasawyisi mSvidobiani reformebis periodia. man Seadgina samarTlis kodeqsi
(sudebnik), Seqmna elituri sajariso korpusi (strelci) feodalur warmomad-
genlobaze damyarebuli pirveli rusuli parlamenti (zemski sobor); mniSvne-
lovani reformebi ganaxorciela religiis sferoSi, romliTac mTel qveyanaSi
SemoiRes erTiani saeklesio wesebi da ritualebi. misi mefobis periodSi ga-
moica pirveli rusuli wigni.
470
 1552 da 1556 wlebSi ivane IV-m moaxdina yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis aneq-
sireba da volgispireTi ruseTs SemouerTa. baltiis zRvaze gasasvlelis mo-
sapoveblad ivane IV-m wamoiwyo xangrZlivi, 24-wliani omi SvedeTis, poloneTi-
sa da litvis koaliciis winaaRmdeg, romelic livoniis omis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili da romelic ruseTisaTvis uSedegod damTavrda: qveynisaTvis am oms
aranairi teritoriuli SenaZeni ar moutania da didi zarali miayena ekonomikuri

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

da samxedro TvalsazrisiT.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs ivane IV-is mier `opriCninis~ Seqmna.
es iyo ruseTis teritoriis nawili, romelic uSualod imarTeboda mefisa da
misi moxeleebis, opriCnikebis mier.
opriCnikebs araerTi sisxliani danaSauli aqvT Cadenili. mravali rusi feo-
dali (boiari) da glexi maTi represiebis msxverpli gaxda. opriCninis sistemas
istorikosTa nawili miiCnevs im rus didgvarovanTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul Ro-
nisZiebad, romlebic upirispirdebodnen mefis absolutizms. meore nawili ki
masSi mefis fsiqikuri avadmyofobis gamovlinebas xedavs.
ivane mrisxanes gardacvalebidan sul male dasrulda riurikoviCebis di-
nastiis mefobis xana. mas mohyva areulobebi qveyanaSi, cnobili e.w. `SfoTis
drois~ saxeliT, sanam 1613 wels, romanovebis axali samefo dinastiis warmo-
madgenelma ar daikava taxti.

reC pospolita
reC pospolita ewodeboda poloneTis samefosa da litvis didi sahercogos
gaerTianebul saxelmwifos, romelic 1569 wels Seiqmna poloneTsa da litvas
Soris dadebuli liublinis uniis (gaerTianebis) xelSekrulebiT. reC pospoli-
ta polonurad niSnavs saerTo sagans, saqmes. poloneTisa da litvis garkveuli
saxiT gaerTianebas jer kidev XIV saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli. reC pospolitas
Seqmnisas ki am erTobam axali, msoflio istoriaSi analogis armqone saxe miiRo.
saxelmwifos saTaveSi idga monarqi, romelsac irCevdnen (is atarebda ormag
tituls – iyo rogorc poloneTis mefe, ise litvis didi hercogi). saxelmwi-
fos marTavda saerTo seimi (wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi kreba). saxelmwifos
orive nawili atarebda erTian sagareo politikas, arsebobda erTiani samoneto
sistema, magram amasTan erTad, poloneTsac da litvasac SenarCunebuli hqon-
daT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, jari, sasamarTlo. maT Soris arsebobda
sazRvrebic da ikrifeboda sabaJo gadasaxadi.
mosaxleobis umravlesobas reC pospolitaSi polonelebi Seadgendnen. maT
mosdevdnen ukrainelebi, litvelebi, belarusebi. sataxto qalaqs warmoadgen-
da polonuri qalaqi krakovi, Tumca XVII saukunis miwuruls araoficialur
dedaqalaqad varSava iqca.
reC pospolitas arsebobis pirveli saukune am saxelmwifos `oqros xanad~
iTvleba. saxelmwifo saomari konfliqtebi hqonda TiTqmis yvela mezobelTan.
reC pospolitam XVII saukunis dasawyisSi ukiduresad Seaviwrova ruseTic.
XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan ki iwyeba reC pospolitas dakninebis xana. XVIII
saukunis meore naxevarSi evropulma saxelmwifoebma da ruseTma samjer dai-
yves reC pospolita – 1772, 1793 da 1795 wlebSi (am dayofebs xSirad poloneTis

471
 dayofebs uwodeben). saboloo jamSi, ruseTma, prusiam da avstriam gainawiles
erTmaneTSi reC pospolitas miwebi. 1795 wels gadadga mefe stanislav avgusti
da amiT dasrulda reC pospolitad arseboba.

es sainteresoa

reC pospolitas politikuri mowyobis Taviseburebani

• federacia regionebis farTo avtonomiiT.

• oligarqia – mosaxleobis mxolod 15-20%, Sliaxta (Tavadaznauroba)

sargeblobda uflebebiT da TavisuflebebiT.

• demokratia – Sliaxtis yvela warmomadgenels erTnairi uflebebi da

Tavisuflebebi hqonda. seims hqonda vetos ufleba mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze: axali
kanonebis miReba, omis gamocxadeba, gadasaxadebis daweseba an gazrda da a.S.

• arCeviTi monarqia – saxelmwifos saTaveSi idga Sliaxtis mier arCeuli mefe.

• konstituciuri monarqia – mefis xelisufleba SezRuduli iyo

kanonmdeblobiT. Sliaxtas SeeZlo ar damorCileboda mas da gadaeyenebina
kidec.
Tavi meeqvse

liublinis unia

472
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqtisa da wyaros 1-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeTY monRolTa batonobis

Sedegebi ruseTSi.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

2. gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. moawyveT klasSi diskusia reC pospolitas
politikuri mowyobis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb. SeadareT seimisa da mefis
uflebebi sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlebiTi
organoebis da monarqebis uflebebs.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

988 _ ruseTis gaerTianeba

1547-1584
ivane IV mrisxane
1019-1054 _ iaroslav brZenis zeoba
1772, 1793, 1795
reC pospolitas dayofa
1237-1241 _ mon-
RolTa mier ruse-
Tis dapyroba

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

1380 1569
kulikovis brZola liublinis unia

473
 75. petre I-is sagareo politika da reformebi

sagareo politika
ruseTis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula petre I-ma (1682-1725).
misi farTomasStabiani reformebis Sedegad, ruseTi, samxedro TvalsazrisiT,
evropis erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. petre I erTpirovnuli mmarTve-
li 1689 wlidan gaxda da energiulad Seudga reformebis gatarebas ruseTis
evropul qveynad gardaqmnis mizniT.
petre I-is sagareo politika iTvaliswinebda ruseTis teritoriul eqspan-
sias CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT. CrdiloeTSi, baltiis zRvaze evropisaken
`fanjris gasaWreladD~ petrem xangrZlivi omi (1700-1721) wamoiwyo SvedebTan,
romelsac `CrdiloeTis omi~ ewodeba.
omi daiwyo narvas cixesimagresTan brZolaSi rusebis marcxiT, magram petrem
swrafad moaxerxa jarebis reorganizacia da momdevno wlebSi ramdenime mniSv-
nelovani gamarjveba moipova. 1703 wels rusebi daeuflnen cixesimagre nien-

wyaro 1
Tavi meeqvse

petre pirvelis brZanebebi

a

wveris tarebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb:

`msurs gardavqmna... moqalaqeebi da samRvdeloeba... pirvelebi imisTvis, rom

wveris gareSe siqveliT daemsgavson evropelebs, xolo meoreni, Tundac wveriT,
eklesiebSi mrevls aswavlidnen qristianul mcnebebs, rogorc es vnaxe da movismi-
ne germaniaSi moZRvari pastorebisgan~.
b

pirveli ianvris wlis dasawyisad dawesebis Sesaxeb:

`ruseTSi sxvadasxvagvarad iwyeben axal wels. amieridan vbrZaneb, rom... axali

wlis dasawyisad CaiTvalos pirveli ianvari. keTili saqmis wamowyebisa da mxia-
rulebis niSnad yvelam unda miulocos erTmaneTs axali weli, usurvos saqmeSi
warmatebebi da ojaxSi keTildReoba. axali wlis aRsaniSnavad moirTos naZvis
xe, gaarTon bavSvebi cigebiT srialiT. ufrosebma ki Tavi Seikavon loTobisa da
muDSti-krivisagan – amisaTvis sakmarisad arsebobs sxva dReebic~.
g

samefo taxtis memkvidreobis wesis Secvlis Sesaxeb (manamde taxti mamidan

aucileblad ufros vaJze gadadioda):

`am brZanebiT mmarTveli xelmwife Tavisi survilis mixedviT niSnavs memkvidres

da Tu dainaxa, rom [memkvidre] Seuferebelia da [saxelmwifos] zians moutans, Ta-
visive gadawyvetilebiT cvlis mas~.

474
Sancs mdinare nevas SesarTavTan. swored
aq, 1703 wlidan, baltiis zRvis sanapiroze
petre I Seudga ruseTis axali sataxto qa-
laqis – sankt-peterburgis mSeneblobas.
rusebma TandaTanobiT gaimyares pozicie-
bi aRmosavleT baltiispireTSi.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

SvedeTis mefe karl XII-m sapasuxo Se-
teva wamoiwyo, romelic misTvis uSedego
gamodga.1709 wels rusulma jarebma um-
niSvnelovanesi gamarjveba moipoves Sve-
deTis armiaze poltavis brZolaSi. damar-
cxebulma karl XII-m osmaleTis imperias
Seafara Tavi.
miuxedavad marcxisa, Svedebi upirate-
sobas flobdnen zRvaze. petre I-ma am mxri-
vac gamoiCina Tavi da 1714 wels axladSeqm-
nilma rusulma flotma moaxerxa Svedebis
damarcxeba gangutis brZolaSi. petre I

1721 wels SvedeTsa da ruseTs Soris daido sazavo xelSekruleba. ruseT-

ma SemoierTa mniSvnelovani teritoriebi, moipova gasasvleli baltiis zR-
vaze da amgvarad gaWra `fanjara evropaSi~. gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad, 1721
wlis 22 oqtombers (axali stiliT 2 noembers) petre I-ma senatorTa `Txovnis~
safuZvelze miiRo `samSoblos mamis, sruliad ruseTis imperatoris, petre
didis~ tituli.
samxreTSi, Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis mosapoveblad, petres osmaleTis im-
periasTan mouxda dapirispireba. 1796 wels rusebma umniSvnelovanesi cixe-
simagre azovi daikaves. Tumca, petres ar eyo samxedro Zala or frontze
sabrZolvelad da osmalebis dasamarcxeblad. 1713 wlis adrianopolis xel-
SekrulebiT, ruseTma daTmo azovis cixesimagre da gasasvleli Sav zRvaze.
amiT petre I-s saSualeba mieca mTeEli Zalebi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg miemarTa.
am warumateblobis miuxedavad, momzadda niadagi Savi zRvisaken ruseTis mo-
mavali eqspansiisaTvis.
petre I-is kidev erTi mniSvnelovani samxedro kampania iyo kaspiis (sparse-
Tis) laSqroba. 1722 wels astraxanidan (porti kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeT sanapi-
roze) rusulma samxedro flotma laSDqroba wamoiwyo sefianTa dasustebuli
saxelmwifos teritoriebis dasaufleblad. male rusebma mTlianad daipyres
kaspiis zRvis dasavleT sanapiro da samxreT sanapiros nawili (qalaqebi der-
benti, baqo, reSTi, asatarbadi). iranma 1723 wlis xelSekrulebiT ruseTis
kuTvnilebad aRiara es teritoriebi. 1724 wels ki ruseTma osmaleTis impe-
riasTan dado xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac ori qveyana gavlenis zonebad
iyofda sefianTa daSlili saxelwifos daqvemdebarebul teritoriebs (maT
Soris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos). Tumca, petres gardacvalebis Semdeg ruseT-
ma droebiT uari Tqva samxreTiT eqspansiaze, Sesabamisad, kavkasiaSi osmaleTma
da gaZlierebulma iranma aRidgines poziciebi.

475
 reformebi
petre I-is reformebi pirobiTad or wyaro 2
etapad iyofa: 1695-1715 da 1715-1725 wlebi. rusi istorikos p. kliuCevski
pirvel etapze reformebi naCqarevad tar- petre I-is Sesaxeb:
deboda da xSirad gauazrebel, Zaladobriv
`[petres] reforma TavisTavad
xasiaTs atarebda. es pirvel rigSi ukavSir-
aRmocenda saxelmwifosa da xa-
deboda CrdiloeTis oms, vinaidan refor-
lxis sasicocxlo saWiroebebi-
mebi ZiriTadad swored omis sawarmoebeli
dan, rac instinqturad igrZno
saxsrebis Sesagroveblad tardeboda. ga-
gamWriaxi gonebisa da Zlieri
cilebiT ufro mizanmimamrTuli gaxda re-
xasiaTis mqone Zalauflebis
formebi meore etapze.
matarebelma adamianma... Ppe-
armiisa da flotis reformis garda, petre
tre I-is mier ganxorcielebul
I-ma ganaxorciela saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
reformas ar hqonda miznad am
da finansuri reforma. gatarda RonisZiebebi
saxelmwifoSi Aarsebuli arc po-
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebisaT-
litikuri, arc sazogadoebrivi
vis. petre I-ma mmarTvelobis axali sistema
da arc zneobrivi wesrigis gar-
Camoayaliba, romelic eyrdnoboda mis erT-
daqmna, amocanad ar dausaxavs
gul samRvdeloebasa da feodalebs. moskovis
rusuli cxovrebisTvis ucxo da-
sapatriaqro man wminda sinodiT Secvala, ro-
savlurevropuli safuZvlebis
melsac saTaveSi mefis mier daniSnuli piri
Tavsmoxveva... aramed Semoifar-
edga. amdenad, petrem mTlianad daimorCila
Tavi meeqvse

gleboda swrafviT, Seeiara-

eklesia. is did yuradRebas aqcevda mrewve-
Rebina ruseTis saxelmwifo da
lobis ganviTarebas. petre ar indobda mowi-
xalxi ukve mza, evropuli gone-
naaRmdegeebs da saidumlo policiis daxma-
brivi da materialuri saSua-
rebiT sastikad uswordebda maT.
lebebiT da amgvarad saxelmwi-
ruseTis imperatori did yuradRebas aq-
fosaTvis moepovebina kuTvnili
cevda TavadaznaurobaSi evropuli kultu-
adgili evropaSi...... dawyebuli
ris danergvas. samsaxurebrivi winsvla ukve
da warmarTuli umaRlesi xeli-
damokidebuli iyo ganaTlebaze. 1700 wels
suflebiT... [reformebma] gai-
moskovSi gaixsna maTematikuri da sanavi-
Tavisa Zaladobrivi gadatria-
gacio xelovnebis skola. male maT daemata
lebis, Taviseburi revoluciis
saartilerio, samedicino da sainJinro sko-
meTodebi. es revolucia iyo
lebi. petergurgSi daarsda sazRvao akade-
ara miznebidan da Sedegebidan
mia. 1705 wels ki gaixsna pirveli rusuli
gamomdinare, aramed gamoyenebu-
gimnazia. daarsda aseve pirveli rusuli ga-
li saSualebebiT da im STabeW-
zeTi da daiwyo evropuli enebidan wignebis
dilebebiT, rogoric man moax-
Targmna.
dina Tanamedroveebze~.
petre I-is ruseTi samxedro da poli-
tikuri TvalsazrisiT Zlieri saxelmwifo
iyo, magram saxelmwifo struqturebis Camouyalibeblobisa da ganuviTareblo-
bis gamo is didad CamorCeboda evropul qveynebs. evropeizacia mxolod metad
mcirericxovan mmarTvel klass Seexo. mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba
– glexoba kvlavac Sua saukuneebSi iyo CarCenili. feodaluri eqspluataciis
simZimisa da gadasaxadebis zrdis gamo xSiri iyo glexTa ajanyebebi.

476
 klasSi samuSao

1. ganixileT wyaro 1 da imsjeleT, Tu rogor marTavda petre I saxelmwifos.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

ra miznebi amoZravebda mas?
2. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT imsjeleT petre I-is
reformebis Sedegebze. SeadareT ruseTSi arsebuli situacia imdroindeli
evropuli qveynebis viTarebas.

poltavis brZola

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1682-1725 1703 _ sankt-peterburgis

petre I-is zeoba daarseba

1600 1650 1700 1750

1700-1721 1709 _ poltavis brZola

CrdiloeTis omi

477
 76. saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi

saSinao da sagareo viTareba

XVI-XVII saukuneebis saqarTvelo calkeul samefo-samTavroebad daSlili
qveyana iyo. samefoebSi bagrationTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi mefobdnen.
samTavroebs ki erTisTavTerisTavebis memkvidreebi edgnen saTaveSi: samcxe-
saaTabagoSi – jayelebi (aTabagis tituliT), samegreloSi – dadianebi, guria-
Si – gurielebi, svaneTSi – jer gelovanebi, Semdeg ki dadeSqelianebi.
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel politikur
erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. qarTlis, kaxeTis da imereTis mefeebi xSirad saku-
Tar Tavs `orisave taxtis gamaerTianebels~, `yovlisa saqarTvelosa taxtisa da
gvirgvinis mpyrobels~, `mefeT-mefes~ uwodebdnen (mogvianebiT aseve iqceoda
samegrelos mTavaric), magram es wodeba realur Sinaarss moklebuli iyo.
saqarTvelos teritoria mTeli am xnis manZilze warmoadgenda osmaleTisa
da iranis dapirispirebis asparezs. qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis mTavari sazrunavi
gaxda am or uZlieres saxelmwifos Soris winaaRmdegobis sakuTari miznebisaT-
vis gamoyeneba da damoukideblobis, Tundac SezRudulis, SenarCuneba.
Tavi meeqvse

qalaqi dedaqalaqi cixe

Ce sxva mniSvnelovani punqti
rq
ez samefo-samTavroTa sazRvrebi XVI s-is I
eT
i naxevarSi
1555 wlisaTvis osmaleTis mier dapyrobili
ya
ba teritoria
rd
o samcxe-saTabago 1555-1578 w-Si

biWvinTa mustafa-lala faSas laSqroba 1578 w.

cxumi

zugdidi da
gelaTi
Re
st
pontos zRva foTi quTaisi an
gremi i
(Savi zRva) gori
ozurgeTi
baTumi Tbilisi
axalcixe
geliyari sarTiWala
gonio Zegami (bazari)
farcxisi
rize farajani Tmogvi Saqi
dmanisi
veli
trapizoni artanuji qajiscixe lore
areSi
ispiri
ganja
olTisi
yarsi
TorTomi
biaburTi

erevani
arzrumi
irani
osmaleTi

saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi

478
 XVI-XVII saukuneebi iran-osmaleTis gamudmebuli omebis epoqa iyo da am ome-
bis erT-erT mTavar asparezs da samiznes, erayTan erTad, kavkasia, kerZod ki,
saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. es omebi wydeboda droebiTi zavebiT. maTgan um-
niSvnelovanesia amasiis 1555 wlis sazavo xelSekruleba (ix. qvemoT). Semdgomi
zavebiT am xelSekrulebis mxolod koreqtireba xdeboda da misi arsi – axlo aR-
mosavleTisa da kavkasiis teritoriuli danawileba, TiTqmis ucvleli rCeboda.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

konstantinopolis aRebisa da trapizonis imperiis ganadgurebis Semdeg os-
maleTi uSualod gaumezoblda saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTidan, xolo 1475
wlidan, rodesac yirimis saxanoc daiqvemdebara, – Crdilo-dasavleTidanac.
amis Sedegad, osmaleTi didi xnis manZilze iyo saqarTvelosaTvis evropasTan
pirdapiri kavSiris xelis SemSleli. savaWro gzebis okeaneebze gadanacvlebam
da xmelTaSua zRvis rolis dacemam saqarTvelos ganuzomeli ekonomikuri
zarali miayena.
osmaleTis saxelmwifos Semosavlis did nawils Seadgenda omSi mopovebuli
nadavli da damorCilebuli qveynebidan miRebuli xarki. amis gamo osmaleTi
permanentuli (mudmivi) omis mdgomareobaSi iyo axali teritoriebis dasamor-
Cileblad. saqarTvelo am politikis erT-erTi msxverpli gaxda.
Turqebis gansakuTrebul interess saqarTvelosadmi ganapirobebda is faq-
tic, rom maT surdaT qveynis placdarmad gamoyeneba aRmosavleTiT gansaxor-
cielebeli dapyrobebisaTvis.
Tavis mxriv, iranisaTvis kavkasiaSi gabatoneba gansakuTrebuli strate-
giuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo aRmosavleTiT, sefianTa teritoriebze
osmaleTis eqspansiis SekavebisaTvis. Sah abasi evropul saxelmwifoebTanac ki
cdilobda kavSiris Seqmnas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi samxedro moqme-
debebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. sefianTa irani, osmaleTisagan gansxvavebiT,
Siituri saxelmwifo iyo da maT Soris brZola ideologiuri safuZvliTac iyo
gamyarebuli.
amgvarad, or Zlier da agresiul saxelmwifos Soris moqceuli saqarTvelo
TiTqmis mTlianad mowyvetili iyo evropas da mis kulturas. danawevrebul
saxelmwifos ar SeeZlo saTanado winaaRmdegoba gaewia gare mtrisaTvis. amas-
Tan erTad, qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi gamudmebul brZolas awarmoebdnen
erTmaneTTan, rac kidev ufro asustebda qveyanas. qarTuli samefo-samTav-
roebi ara marto ver axerxebdnen gaerTianebas dapyrobelTa winaaRmdeg sabr-
Zolvelad, aramed xSirad maTi daxmarebiTac ki cdilobdnen erTimeoris da-
marcxebas.

socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba
XVI saukuneSi yalibdeba is ekonomikuri da socialuri garemo, romelSic
xdeba saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSla. am mxriv arsebiTi mniSvneloba
miiRo batonymobis praqtikam, ramac safuZveli Cauyara saTavadoebis sistemas.
miwaTmoqmedTa socialurma fenam sabolood dakarga Tavisufleba. batonis
uflebis gareSe maT ar SeeZloT im miwebis datoveba, romlebsac amuSavebdnen,
an batonis Secvla.
ymebi aseve valdebulebi iyvnen garkveuli samuSaoebi SeesrulebinaT mefi-

479
 saTvis, samRvdeloebisaTvis. maT evalebodaT samxedro samsaxuric da mZime
xarkis gadaxda dampyroblebisaTvis.
imavdroulad, feodalebi sul ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebodnen mefis
kontrols. es ukanasknelic iSviaTad Tu ereoda batonsa da ymas Soris ur-
TierTobebSi. miwebi, romelTa gamgeblobac adre maTTvis Cabarebuli hqonda
mefes, feodalebma memkvidreobiT sakuTrebad aqcies. isini aseve iTvisebdnen
erT dros Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedebis miwebs. amgvarad iqmneboda `saTava-
doebis~ teritoriebi.
yvelaze Zlieri feodalebi sargeblobdnen SeuvalobiT (imunitetiT),
romlis saUSualebiTac ymebisagan akrefili gadasaxadi, romelic adre mefi-
saTvis unda gadaecaT, axla maTTan rCeboda.
saTavadoebis sistema TandaTanobiT mTYel saqarTveloSi gavrcelda. es naxev-
rad suvereni Tavadebi samefo xelisuflebasTan mxolod im TvalsazrisiT iyvnen
kavSirSi, rom ekisrebodaT mefis mowodebiT samxedro kampaniebSi monawileobis
miReba da meomarTa gansazRvruli raodenobis gamoyvana. droTa ganmavlobaSi
maT es valdebulebac mZime tvirTad miiCnies. isini TandaTanobiT iketebodnen
saTavadoebSi. amgvari damoukideblobis miRwevis pirobebSi ki nakleb angariSs
uwevdnen qveynis saerTo interesebs.
mefis xelisufleba formalurad SeuzRudavi, magram faqtobrivad metad
susti iyo da is ver akontrolebda msxvil feodalebs.
daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva samefo-samTavroebi erTmaneTis-
Tavi meeqvse

gan gansxvavdebodnen ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos

danarCen nawilebTan SedarebiT, XVI saukuneSi yvelaze win wasuli kaxeTi iyo.
xelsayreli pirobebis gamo, kaxeTis ekonomika XVI saukuneSi mniSvnelovnad
gaZlierda da is iqca yvelaze mdidar qarTul samefod. saqarTvelos sxva re-
gionebisagan gansxvavebiT, aq viTardeboda saqalaqo cxovrebac.
XV saukunis bolos kaxeTis mefeebma samefo saerisTavoebze ufro mcire ad-
ministraciul erTeulebad – samouravoebad dayves. mouravebi mxolod mcire
teritoriebs marTavdnen, ar hyavdaT sakmarisi samxedro Zala da ar SeeZloT
sakuTari uflebebis gazrda erisTavebis msgavsad. amdenad, isini iZulebulni
iyvnen, mefes damorCilebodnen. ase rom, mouravebi, rogorc iuridiulad, ise
faqtobrivad, mefis feodal moxeleebs warmoadgendnen.
amave periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda samxedro sfe-
roSi. manamde TiToeul erisTavs sakuTari, damoukidebeli jari hyavda, rac
mas saSualebas aZlevda ezruna samefo xelisuflebisagan rac SeiZleba meti

wyaro 1

`kaxeTisa da qarTlis samefoebis garda, saqarTveloSi vasalebis msgavsi mravali

mcire mefe arsebobda, romelTac erisTavebs uwodebdnen da romlebic erTmaneTSi
mudmivad omobdnen. es gaxldaT mizezi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sababi mainc, ramac
qarTvelebis dacema gamoiwvia~.

frangi mogzauri Jan Sardeni

480
damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis. kaxeTis samefo oTx sadroSod, samxedro-
teritoriul erTeulad daiyo, magram mefem TiToeuli sadroSos saTaveSi
daayena ara Tavadi, rogorc qarTlSi, romelic memkvidreobiT gadascemda
Tavis STamomavals titulsa da sadroSos meTaurobas, aramed episkoposi.
episkoposis wodeba ar iyo memkvidreobiTi. is iniSneboda mefis mier da misTvis
aucilebeli iyo mefis mxardaWera.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

es RonisZiebebi aZlierebda mefis xelisuflebas da iwvevda didi feodale-
bis ukmayofilebas.
kaxeTi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda aleqsandres II-is (1574-1605) mefobis dros.
kaxeTis mefe xels uwyobda qarTuli monastrebis aRdgenas rogorc qveynis
gareT (aTonis mTaze, ierusalimSi da sxv.), ise sakuTar samefoSi.
XVI saukuneSi kaxeTis samefo, pirveli qarTul samefoTagan, amyarebs ur-
TierTobebs ruseTTan.
kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT metad mZime iyo qarTlis mdgomareoba. Tu kaxeTi,
Tavisi moqnili diplomatiis wyalobiT, iran-osmaleTis omebis msvlelobaSi
mSvidobiani cxovrebis SesaZleblobas inarCunebda, qarTlSi, romelic iran-
osmaleTis omebis erT-erTi mTavari asparezi gaxda, sruliad sawinaaRmdego
viTareba iyo.
aseve rTuli situacia iyo samxreT saqarTveloSi – samcxe-saaTabagoSi,
romelic Tavisi strategiuli mdebareobis wyalobiT osmalebisaTvis iranSi
SesaWrelad da, piruku, iranisaTvis osmaleTSi SesaWrelad xelsayrel plac-
darms warmoadgenda. swored amitom cdilobda orive dapirispirebuli mxare
mis xelSi Cagdebas.
Tavis mxriv, samcxis aTabagebic, xan osmaleTis, xanac iranis mimxrobiT,
cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT damoukidebeli politikuri arseboba da TavianT
sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT es winaaRmdegobani.

brZola osmaleTisa da iranis winaaRmdeg

saukunis dasawyisidanve qarTuli samefoebis Sinaomebs daerTo sefiani
Sahis ismailis Semosevebi. amave xanebSi Turqebmac ganaxorcieles marbieli
laSqroba.
gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo sefiani Sah Tamazis Semosevebi qarTlSi (1541-1554),
rasac, miuxedavad mefe luarsab I-is (1527-1556) winaaRmdegobisa, qveyanaze sefian-
Ta dinastiis kontrolis TandaTanobiTi gaZliereba mohyva. Tavisi kampaniebis
dros Tamazma mravali qarTveli waiyvana sparseTSi. Semdgom isini mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebdnen saqalaqo administraciasa da armiaSi, ramac arsebiTi xasia-
Tis gardaqmnebi moaxdina sefianur sazogadoebaSi. me-16 saukunis miwurulidan
qarTvelebi, rogorc samxedro aristokratia, iwyeben yizilbaSebis gamodevnas
am sferodan da TandaTanobiT enacvlebian maT.
garda amisa, Sah Tamazi soflis mosaxleobasac asaxlebda iranSi, adgilo-
brivi miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis mizniT. sparseli istorikosis isqander
munSis cnobiT, ukanaskneli laSqrobis dros, 1554 wels kavkasiidan man 30 aTa-
si kaci gadaasaxla iranSi. es praqtika SemdgomSi ufro masStaburi formiT
gamoiyena Sah abas I-ma.
isqander munSis cnobiT, iranma da osmaleTma amasiis zaviT saqarTvelo ase

481
 gainawiles: samcxis erTi nawili, qarTli da kaxeTi irans ergo. samcxis meore
nawili, imereTi, odiSi, afxazeTi, guria da lazeTi – osmaleTs. amrigad, irani
cnobda osmaleTis uflebas dasavleT saqarTveloze, osmaleTi cnobda iranis
uflebas aRmosavleT saqarTveloze, xolo mesxeTi gavlenis sferoebad iyo
ganawilebuli. amdenad, saqarTveloSi garkveuli balansi damyarda or metoqes
Soris.
amasiis 1555 wlis zavma daakanona saqarTvelos ukve faqtobrivad arsebuli
politikuri daSliloba. amasiis zavis mixedviT, dasavleT da aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianeba sruliad gamoiricxeboda. irani
ar dauSvebda osmaleTis kuTvnili mxaris – dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevas; am aqts ganixilavda osmaleTis Carevad
iranis Sinaur saqmeebSi da piruku, osmaleTi arasgziT ar dauSvebda dasavleT
saqarTvelos SeerTebas aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan.
iranisadmi vasaluri damokidebuleba SemdegSi gamoixateboda: sefianebi
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis Sinaur saqmeebSi ar ereodnen, es ukanasknelebi ki
valdebulni iyvnen exadaT garkveuli raodenobis xarki. isini movaleni iyvnen
agreTve saqarTvelos mimdebare teritoriebze omis dros Sahis mowodebisTa-
nave gamosuliyvnen TavianTi laSqriT iranelTa dasaxmareblad.
miuxedavad vasalitetis arcTu ise mZime formisa, saqarTvelos mefe-mTav-
rebi mainc cdilobdnen am vasaluri damokidebulebisagan ganTavisuflebas.
sefianTa saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebis politika gaagrZela luarsab
mefis memkvidrem simon I-ma (1556-1600). is tyvedac ki Cauvarda yizilbaSebs.
Tavi meeqvse

xangrZlivi tyveobis Semdeg qarTlis mefe gaaTavisufles da amjerad mas os-

malebTan mouxda brZola. simon I swored am brZolebs Seewira.
XVI saukuneSi gaZlierebuli TurqeTisaTvis saTanado winaaRmdegobis gawe-
vis unari arc dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebs da arc imereTis samefos ar
hqondaT. Tavis mxriv, imereTis mefe, guriisa da samegrelos mTavrebi gauTa-
vebel omebs awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan, rac XVII saukuneSic gagrZelda. swo-
red am periodidan iZens did masStabebs `tyveTa syidvis~ procesi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. tyveebiT vaWrobam socialuri katastrofis xasiaTi miiRo.
1545 wels imereTis mefe bagratis (1510-1565) da qarTlis mefis gaerTiane-
buli jari damarcxda osmalebTan soxoistasTan brZolaSi erzurumis provin-
ciaSi. es marcxi iqca samcxe-saaTabagos saqarTvelodan sabolood Camocilebis
momaswaveblad da man aseve daucveli gaxada saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari.
XVI saukunis dasawyisidan samcxis aTabagebs ukve praqtikulad sruli da-
moukidebloba hqondaT mopovebuli saqarTvelos mefeebisagan.
amasTan, samcxis regioni gansakuTrebiT daucveli iyo, vinaidan or gareSe
mterTan uxdeboda dapirispireba – samxreT-dasavleTidan mas emezobleboda
osmaleTi, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – sefianTa irani. aTabagebi yoymanobd-
nen aliansis Sekvras qarTlis an imereTis mefeebTan, radganac eSinodaT, rom
gare mterTan sabrZolvelad mowveuli mefeebi aTabagTa Zalauflebas bolos
mouRebdnen (arc qarTlisa da arc imereTis mefeebi ar aRiarebdnen samcxis
damoukideblobas da TiToeuls surda gamxdariyo aTabagis suzereni. ekle-
siac mefeebs uWerda mxars). amitomac arCevdnen morCilebis gamocxadebas da
ZRvenis mirTmevas dampyroblebisaTvis.
aseTi politika damRupveli gamodga. Zneli iyo or Zlier da agresiul me-
zobelTan erTdroulad SeTanxmebis miRweva. Turqebic da iranelebic brals
482
sdebdnen aTabagebs orgulobaSi da erTic da meorec axorcielebda Setevebs
maT samflobeloze.
1555 wlis zavis Semdeg samcxeSi TandaTanobiT osmalebma imZlavres da 1578
wlisaTvis ukve mTlianad akontrolebdnen regions.
mesxeTSi osmaleTi ar kmayofildeboda mxolod xarkiT da suzerenad aRiare-
biT da Seecada regionis mTlianad aneqsirebas. aTabagebi am viTarebaSi cdilobd-
nen yizilbaSebis mxardaWeris mopovebas. am xanebSi, rodesac irans jer kidev ar

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

hqonda gadawyvetili qarTuli samefoebis da samTavroebis, maT Soris, mesxeTis,
mTliani inkorporacia, is kmayofildeboda am ukanasknelis vasaluri damokide-
bulebiT. amdenad, aTabagebisaTvis ufro misaRebi irani xdeboda. Tumca, iranma
ver moaxerxa aq poziciebis SenarCuneba.
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi aTabagebi inarCunebdnen qristianobas, magram Semdeg
TandaTanobiT intensiuri gaxda regionis islamizaciisa da `Turqizaciis~
procesi.
samcxe-saaTabagoSi TurqTa hegemoniis damyareba udides marcxs niSnavda
qveynisaTvis. istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriis erTi mesamedi, kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi yvelaze dawinaurebuli mxare, qveyanas Camoscilda.

wyaro 2

`samegrelo dRes naklebad aris dasaxlebuli: aq oci aTasi mcxovrebi Tu iqneba.

sul raRac ocdaaTiode wlis winaT misi mosaxleoba ormoc aTass Seadgenda. mo-
saxleobis aseTi Semcirebis mizezia mezoblebTan warmoebuli omebi da agreTve
Tavadaznaurobis mier ukanasknel wlebSi orive sqesis mravali adamianis gayid-
va... yovelwliurad sami aTasi kaci mihyavT konstantinopolSi, sadac maT qsovi-
lebze, iaraRsa an sxva saqonelze cvlian~.

Jan Sardeni
b

`yvelaze didi vaWroba, rasac... qarTveli didebulebi misdeven (yvela miwis mu-
Saa, maT Soris saSualo fena ar arsebobs: an arian batonebi an ymebi) qal-vaJebis
Turqebze gayidvaa. mereda, gana cotas yidian? weliwadSi oTxi aTasi mainc mih-
yavT an xarkis saxiT agzavnian~.

kaTolike misioneri don pietro avitabile

g

`adamianTa yidva-gayidva am qveyanaSi imdenad Cveulebrivi movlenaa, rom roca

cols an qmars fuli dasWirdeba, Tavis erT-erT Svils gzavnis gasayidad, an
mewvrilmanesTan bafTebze, tilos naWersa Tu sxva amgvar nivTebze gasacvlelad~.

`[samegrelos mefis elCs osmaleTSi] Tavis amalaSi orasze meti kaci hyavda, mag-
ram radgan TiTo maTgans yoveldRe yidda Tavisi xarjebis dasafaravad, samSob-
loSi gamgzavrebisas piradi mdivnisa da ori fareSis meti aRaravin darCenia~.

frangi mogzauri Jan batist tavernie

483
 gremi
Tavi meeqvse

klasSi samuSao

1. ganvlili masalis safuZvelze SeadareT erTmaneTs osmaleTisa da iranis

saxelmwifoebi. gaixseneT Turquli tomebis gansaxlebis specifika axlo
aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi Turq­selCukTa dapyrobebis magaliTze.
2. teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT (Tezisebis saxiT)
osmaleTis imperiisa da sefianTa iranis gavlenis qveS saqarTvelos
moqcevis mizezebi.
3. wyaro 2­is safuZvelze mokled CamoayalibeT Tqveni daskvnebi XVI saukunis
saqarTvelos sameurneo, demografiuli mdgomareobisa da sazogadoebrivi
struqturis Sesaxeb. daukavSireT erTmaneTs es sami faqtori. moifiqreT
da daasabuTeT ramdenad ganapirobebdnen isini erTmaneTs.
4. teqstze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT calkeuli qarTuli samefoebis
dawinaurebisa Tu dasustebis mizezebi. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo
kaxeTis samefos dawinaurebisTvis axali administraciuli da samxedro
erTeulebis Seqmna? ratom? daasabuTeT Tqveni azri. ra faqtors
gamoyofdiT qarTlisa da samcxe­saaTabagos dakninebis mizezTa Soris.

484
77. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sah abas I-isa da misi
memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis dros

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

XVI saukunis miwurulisaTvis saqarTveloSi
osmaleTi dominirebda. osmaleTTan omis Sewyve-
tis fasad iranma dakarga ara mxolod moxarke
qveynebi, aramed metad xelsayreli ekonomikuri
poziciebic kavkasiaSi. amieridan sabaJo Semo-
savali osmaleTis saxelmwifo xazinas rCebo-
da rogorc wina aziis, ise samxreT kavkasiaze
gamaval gzebze. 1590 wlis iran-osmaleTis za-
vis Semdeg, 1604-1605 wlebamde, saqarTvelos
yvela samefo-samTavro osmalebis xelSi iyo.
XVII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis qarTlis mTavar
cixeebSi – TbilisSi, gorSi, dmanisSi, loreSi –
aseve osmalTa garnizonebi idga.
swored amgvar viTarebaSi aaxlebs oms osma-
leTis imperiis winaaRmdeg Sah abas I.
Sah abas I, d. kustos graviura
saboloo jamSi, Sah abasma ZiriTadad miaRwia
Tavis mizans osmaleTTan urTierTobaSi: osma-
leTi iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmebuliyo 1555 wlis xelSekrulebis ganaxlebas
mcireodeni koreqtivebiT, kerZod, samcxe-saaTabago mTlianad osmaleTis
gavlenis sferoSi Sevida.
iran-osmaleTis omis asparezi kvlavac saqarTvelo iyo. Sah abasma qarTlisa
da kaxeTis mimarT ganagrZo misi winamorbedebis politika sefianTa imperiaSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTliani integrirebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT mZime
gamodga Sah abasis laSqrobebi kaxeTisaTvis. Sah abasis Semosevebis Sedegad
kaxeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili ganadgurda. Sahma iranSi gadaasaxla datyve-
vebuli kaxelebi.
qarTveli tyveebi Sah abasma daasaxla xorasanSi, mazandaranSi, fereidanSi.
dRemde mxolod fereidnelebma SeinarCunes qarTuli ena da tradiciebi. qarTve-
li monebi iranis TiTqmis yvela mdidar ojaxSi iyo.
soflad mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis Semcireba xels uwyobda ganaSenianebuli
adgilebis gavelurebas. istoriul wyaroebSi xazgasmulia saqarTvelos tyis
mometebuli xilianoba, tyeebSi vazebis sixSire, rac mwarmoebelTagan sofle-
bis daclis maCvenebeli iyo. Sah abasis Semosevebis Sedegad kaxeTis TiTqmis
yvela qalaqi ganadgurda. srul ganadgurebas mxolod Telavi gadaurCa.
qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis luarsab II-isa (1606-1614) da Teimurazis winaaR-
mdegobis gamo, Sah abasma mainc ver moaxerxa miznis – aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
sruli `gaTaTrebisa~ da misi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi inkorporaciis miRweva.
Sah abasis mier dasmuli mefeebi, bagrat-xani da simon xani ver uwevdnen
konkurencias Teimurazs da luarsabs. sabolood, luarsab mefe Sah abasma
485
 sikvdiliT dasaja. aseve wamebiT mokles Teimuraz mefis deda qeTevan dedo-
fali, romelic rogorc qarTulma marTlmadideblurma, ise kaTolikurma
eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa. Sah abasis msxverpli gaxda Teimurazis ori vaJic.
mefe Teimurazma ki xangrZlivi sicocxle yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi gaatara da
sabolood 1663 wels iranSi, astarabadSi gardaicvala.
am xanebis umniSvnelovanesi politikuri da samxedro figura iyo giorgi saaka-
Ze, Tbilisis mouravi. saakaZem axalgazrdobidanve gamoiCina Tavi, rogorc niWier-
ma mxedarmTavarma. XVII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi is iZulebuli gaxda sparseTSi
gadaxvewiliyo. is aqac aqtiurad moRvaweobda samxedro asparezze da araerTi
gamarjveba moutania iranis armiisaTvis. giorgi saakaZem didi samxedro niWi da
simamace gamoavlina Sah abasis indoeTSi laqrobis dros yandaharis aRebisas. Sem-
deg giorgi saakaZem monawileoba miiRo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omebSi.
kerZod, man Tavi isaxela baRdadis aRebisas.
male Sahma sadamsjelo eqspedicia gamoagzavna saqarTveloSi da yizilbaS-
Ta jaris erT-erT ufrosad saakaZe gaamwesa. 1625 wlis 25 marts martyofis
velze Sedga gadamwyveti brZola. giorgi saakaZe qarTvelTa mxareze gadavida
da maT SeZles iranelTa laSqris damarcxeba. ajanyebulebma ramdenime dReSi
TiTqmis mTlianad gandevnes qarTlidan da kaxeTidan iranuli jari. Teimurazi
ki qarTl-kaxeTSi miiwvies da samefo taxtze dasves. yizilbaSebma imave wels
Tavi meeqvse

wyaro 1

`Raziebma [muslimma mebrZolebma] maTi sacxovreblebi daaqcies da qalaq zagem-

Si kvalic ki ar datoves mosaxleobisa. ase moxda mTel kaxeTSi, rac [kaxeTis mefe]
Teimurazis bedkruli uwesobisa da urCobisagan xocva da rbeva, Zarcva, tyvevna da
ngreva qveynisa da gaveraneba saxlebisa da sacxovreblebisa kaxeTis qristianebs
Tavs daatydaT, ar gagonila islamis gaCenis droidan aqamde, rom aseTi ram islamis
qveynebis romelime xelmwifisagan mosvlodeT maT da maTi mamuli ase aoxrebuliyo.
moklulTa ricxvi samoc-samocdaaT aTass Warbobda~.

`qarTveli mosaxleobidan im mxareSi aRaravin darCa, radganac xsenebul saqarTve-

los CrdiloeTis mxriT daRestani ekvris, daRestnis xalxi mudam Camodioda iq
sayaCaRod da tyveebi mihyavda. axla, roca is qveyana (kaxeTi) aseTi dauZlurebuli
gaxda da damcveli aRar hyavda, winandelze ufro meti Camodioda da tyveebs eZebda
[mosataceblad]~.

`kaxeTi, romelic JamTa ubedurebis Tavdasxmisagan gaveranebuliyo da epoqis xel-

mwifis gankiTxvis dRisaTvis [saSineli] risxvis gmiruli saqmeebisagan iq utyv da
metyvel arsebaTa kvalic ar arsebobda, dasaxlebiT rom Seemko, momTabare tomebis
erTi jgufi gaagzavna iq, raTa dasaxlebuliyvnen da miwaTmoqmedebasa da Senebas
Sedgomodnen. maxvils gadarCenili qarTvelebidan Tu mcire ricxvi Sefarebuliyo
im mxaris mTebSi an Tu saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi gafantuli, `ubedurebis qveyana-
Si~ daexeteboda, xalxisaTvis uvnebloba da usafrTxoeba aReTqva da morCilebaze
waexalisebina.~

XVII s-is sparseli istorikosi isqander munSi

486
 moaxerxes marabdis brZolaSi qarTvelebis
damarcxeba, magram es gamarjvebac ar gamod-
ga sakmarisi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi se-
fianTa sruli kontrolis dasamyareblad.
saakaZe da Teimuraz mefe male erTmaneTs
daupirispirdnen. Seqmnili viTareba Sah

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

abasmac gamoiyena, romelic erTmaneTis wi-
naaRmdeg aqezebda dapirispirebul mxareebs.
1626 wels bazaleTis tbasTan Teimurazsa
da giorgi saakaZes Soris gaimarTa brZola,
romelSic Teimurazma gaimarjva da saakaZe
iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi gadaxvewiliyo,
sadac is sulTnis karis intrigebis msxverp-
li gaxda da 1629 wels mokles.
giorgi saakaZe. k. kastelis naxati

wyaro 2

`mefeman luarsab Jamsa Tvissa arca hmona yaensa (iranis Sahs) da arca xonTqarsa (os-
maleTis sulTans) amisaTvis, romelica damorCileboda, sxuani yovelni monobdnen
da, Tumca eseca damorCileboda, qveyana gaTaTrdeboda da saxarkod Seiqmneboda;
amisaTvis mravaljer amoswyvita xonTqrisa da yaenis jari mefeman luarsab~.

beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba

1632 wlidan sparseTsa da qarTls Soris urTierTobis axali forma damyar-

da. am droidan dawyebuli saukuneze meti xnis manZilze qarTli imarTeboda
muslimi bagrationebis mier, romelTac Sahi niSnavda da romlebic atarebdnen
`valis~, Sahis warmomadgenlis tituls. maTgan pirveli iyo rostomi (1633-
1658), igive xosro mirza, sparseTSi gazrdili bagrationi, romelic iq moR-
vaweobis periodSi didi gavleniT sargeblobda qveyanaSi.
qarTlis mosaxleoba ixdida xarks da ZRvenis saxiT iranSi yovelwliurad
igzavnebodnen Wabukebi da qaliSvilebi, cxenebi da Rvino. qarTuli ekono-
mika aseve mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli sparseTTan da qarTuli literatura
mdidrdeboda sparsuli klasikuri literaturis TargmanebiTa da sparsuli
Janrebis adaptaciiT.
qarTulma aristokratiamac TandaTanobiT gaacnobiera sparseTTan kargi
damokidebulebis aucilebloba da sargebeli. Teimuraz mefemac ki aRiara
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis amaoeba da sparseTisaTvis damorCilebis
gardauvaloba.
iranTan kompromisuli urTierTobis politika Semdegi saxis iyo: irani
ucvlelad tovebda qarTul socialur-ekonomikur wyobas, taxti bagrationTa
dinastiis xelSi rCeboda mahmadianobis miRebis pirobiT. `gurjistanis valis~
487
 xarki da saCuqrebi unda eZlia SahisaTvis. iranis mmarTvelobis sistemis mixed-
viT, vali, sefianTa saxelmwifoSi erT-erTi provinciuli, yvelaze maRali
memkvidreobiTi Tanamdeboba iyo.
rostomis mier gamovlenilma TanamSromlobis nebam sparsel suzerenTan
qarTls farTo avtonomia moutana, gansxvavebiT kaxeTisa, romelic winaaRmde-
gobis centrs warmoadgenda da romelic uSualod sparseTis mier imarTeboda.
islamis miRebis miuxedavad, qarTlis mefe mfarvelobda qristianobas. mo-
saxleobasac SenarCulebuli hqonda qristianuli sarwmunoeba.
rostomis Semdeg qarTlis taxtze adis vaxtang V, igive Sahnavazi (1658-1675),
gamahmadianebuli bagrationi.
vaxtang V Sahnavazi yovelnairi xerxebiT cdilobda evropelebis mozidvas
TbilisSi, hpirdeboda maT baJisa da gadasaxadebisagan ganTavisuflebas, Zalas
ar iSurebda maTi darwmunebisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo indoeTisaken saukeTeso
gzas warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelo da, upirveles yovlisa, Tbilisi am xanebSic mravalerovan qa-
laqs warmoadgenda.

qalaqi dedaqalaqi cixe

ruseTi
sxva mniSvnelovani punqti
Ce
rq saqarTvelos teritoria, romelic 1639
Tavi meeqvse

ez
eT wlis zaviT osmaleTis imperiaSi Sevida
i
qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriebi,
ya
ba romelic 1605 wels Sah abas I-ma CamoaSora
lixni rd
o saqarTvelos
soxumi

xudoni

wifuria
ruxi

zugdidi da
quTaisi cxinvali Re
Sxefi st
pontos zRva an
i
(Savi zRva) gori
surami axmeta
ozurgeTi
gremi
baTumi Telavi

gonio axalcixe Tbilisi bazari

awyuri
farcxisi
aTina yaraRaji
rize
artanuji

ispiri ganja
yarsi
olTisi

TorTomi

asanyala
erevani irani
arzrumi

baiazeTi
osmaleTi

saqarTvelo XVII saukuneSi

488
 wyaro 3

`[rostom-xanisgan]... sparseTis xelmwife Zalian davalebuli iyo. moxuci Sah abasis

gardacvalebis Semdeg [rostomi] qarTuli gvardiis meTauri gaxda da mTel spar-
seTSi uZlieresi Seiqmna. es Sahi (sefi) man dasva samefo taxtze, Tumca zogierTi wi-

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

naaRmdegoba Sexvda sparselebisgan, romelTac sxva Sahis dasma undodaT~.

kaTolike misioneri don pietro avitabile

`xolo ra Sah abasi mokvda, maSin airivnen yizilbaSni da karis beglarebs swadodaT
eranis (iranis) aSla, xolo ama xosro (rostomi) yuralaRasman (jaris ufrosma) ga-
amagra kari da gamoiyvana Svili Sah abasisa Sah sefi da dasva yaenad, da moudga TviT
da gaumagra kari da darCa didad erTgulad yaenzeda. da iyo yaeni mwyalobeli misi~.

beri egnataSvili, `axali qarTlis cxovreba~

gacilebiT rTuli viTareba iyo am periodis kaxeTSi, romelic uSualod

yizilbaSebis mier daniSnuli moxeleebis mier imarTeboda. grZeldeboda da-
carielebul qveyanaSi Turqmanebis Camosaxleba. momTabare Turqmanebi Ziri-
Tadad mesaqonleobas misdevdnen da vrceli saZovrebi sWirdebodaT. kaxeTis
kulturul meurneobas, ZiriTadad mevenaxeobas, gadaSenebis safrTxe daemu-
qra. aseTi saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCnda mTianeTis mosaxleobac, romelic baris
puriTa da RviniT, baris sazamTro saZovrebiT irCenda Tavs.
amgvari safrTxis winaSe aRmoCeni-
lma kaxelebma 1659 wels didi ajanyeba
moawyves. mTielebma da kaxelebma aiRes
baxtrionis cixe, romelic umniSvne-
lovanes strategiul punqts warmoad-
genda da SeZles Turqmanebis mniSvne-
lovani nawilis gandevna. miuxedavad
saboloo marcxisa, ajanyebulebma xeli
aaRebines yizilbaSebs regionis sruli
`gaTaTrebis~ politikaze. ajanyebis me-
Taurebi, Salva da elizbar qsnis eris-
Tavebi da biZina ColoyaSvili, yizil-
baSebma sikvdiliT dasajes.

Teimuraz I meuRlesTan erTaAd,

k. kastelis naxati

489
Tavi meeqvse

Jan Sardeni, Tbilisi, 1673 w.

wyaro 4

`Tbilisi... ulamazesi qalaqia, Tumca Zalian didi ar aris... qalaqi, garda mdina-
ris mxarisa, saucxoo da magari kedliTaa SemozRuduli... romelzedac samxreTis
mxridan mTis ferdobze didi cixe dgas. masSi mecixovneebi da mcxovrebnic mxolod
wminda sparselebi arian. mis win arsebuli saasparezo moedani erTdroulad sakre-
buloc aris da bazaric. es cixe TavSesafars warmoadgens. igi usafrTxo adgilia
damnaSaveTaTvisac da imaTTvisac, visac vali aqvs gadauxdeli. saqarTvelos mTava-
ri, rodesac [sparseTis] xelmwifis werilebisa da saCuqrebis misaRebad, Cveulebi-
samebr, qalaqis karibWis gareT gadis xolme, man cixis SuagulSi unda gaiaros, rad-
ganac sparseTidan TbilisSi Semosvla mxolod da mxolod am cixis gavliT SeiZle-
ba. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTavars aq gavlis dros mudam imis SiSi aqvs,
ar Semipyrono, vai Tu cixisTavs saidumlo brZaneba aqvs miRebuli Cemi Sepyrobisao.
sparselebma metad gonivrulad daamkvidres es wesi: saqarTvelos mefisnacvali da
maT saxelmwifoSi Semavali provinciebis sxva mmarTvelebi xelmwifis gzavnileba-
Ta misaRebad qalaqgareT unda gavidnen, radganac es aris uadvilesi saSualeba maTi
Sepyrobisa, yovelgvari garTulebisa da safrTxis gareSe~.

Jan Sardeni

490
wyaro 5

`saqarTveloSi ramdenime episkoposia, erTi arqiepiskoposi da erTic patriarqi,

romelsac kaTalikoss uwodeben. mTavari (mefe), Tumca sarwmunoebiT mahmadiania,

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

saeklesio saqmeebsac ganagebs da Cveulebriv am Tanamdebobebze Tavis naTesavebs
niSnavs~.

`qarTvel didebulTa umravlesoba garegnulad mahmadianobas aRiarebs. zogi

am sarwmunoebaze gadadis imitom, rom Tanamdeboba hqondes karze da saxelmwi-
fos jamagiri miiRos... isini qristianul sarwmunoebas mxolod formalurad
ganudgnen imisaTvis, rom mefisnacvaloba mieRoT da moqmedebdnen TavianTi sur-
vilis winaaRmdeg, roca mahmadianobis gavrcelebas xels uwyobdnen. rogorc ukve
iTqva, qarTvelebi qeduxrelni, Tamamni da guladni arian. inarCuneben garkveul
Tavisuflebas... yovelive es sparselebs xels uSlis ukiduresi zomebi miiRon da
Tbilis qalaqsa da mTel saqarTvelos srul nebas aZleven, SeinarCunon TavianTi
religiis yvela garegnuli niSani. yvela eklesiis samreklos zemoT gakeTebuli
aqvs jvrebi da mravalricxovani zarebi, romlebsac rekaven. sxva xorceulTan
erTad sajarod da daufaravad yoveldRe iyideba Roris xorcic, xolo Rvinos yo-
vel gzajvaredinze SexvdebiT~1.

`am ramdenime wlis winaT sparselebs cixeSi auSenebiaT erTi patara meCeTi im
kedelTan, romelic cixes Tbilisis didi moednisagan gamoyofs. es meCeTi im ad-
gilas imitom auSenebiaT, rom xalxi SeCveoda meCeTebisa da molebis yurebas,
romlebic Senobis zemodan mouwodebdnen xalxs salocavad... magram avida Tu ara
zemoT mola sarwmunoebrivi aRsarebis Sesasruleblad da maTi Cveulebis mixed-
viT xalxis mosaxmobad, xalxi moedanze mogrovda, qvebi dauSines meCeTs da mola
iZulebuli Seiqmna saswrafod Zirs Camosuliyo. am janyis Semdeg mola aRar auS-
viaT zeviT~.

Jan Sardeni

1
islami krZalavs Roris xorcis sakvebad gamoyenebas da Rvinis smas.

`mefe... mahmadianebs ucxadebs, rom igi mahmadiania da Tavis colTan ki pirjvars

iwers~.

`[rostom-xani] mahmadiania, magram didad uwyobs xels qristianebs. am mizniT xSi-

rad Sedis patri avgustinelebis eklesiaSi wirvis mosasmenad~.

don pietro avitabile

491
 wyaro 6

`qarTvelebi Tavazianni da kacTmoyvareni, amasTanave darbaiselni da TavdaWeril-

ni arian. maTi adaT-wesebi garSemo mcxovrebi xalxebis umetesobis zne-CveulebaTa
narevs warmoadgens. vfiqrob, es unda iyos Sedegi maTi urTierTobisa sxva xalxebTan
da im Tavisuflebisa, romelic saqarTveloSi yvelas aqvs miniWebuli: aq ufleba
gaqvs icxovro Seni sarwmunoebiT da adaTebiT, imsjelo masze da daicva igi. aq Sexv-
debiT somxebs, berZnebs, ebraelebs, osmalebs, sparselebs, indoelebs, TaTrebs, mos-
kovitebs da evropelebs~.

`qalaqi Tbilisi mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli. msoflios arc erT kuTxeSi ar moiZeb-
neba imdeni sxvadasxva juris ucxoeli, rogorc aq; isini did vaWrobas ewevian~.

Jan Sardeni

nadimi vaxtang
V-is karze
Tavi meeqvse

klasSi samuSao

1. klasSi gamarTeT diskusia Temaze: ratom ar moxda aRmosavleT saqarTve­

los sruli inkorporacia sefianTa saxelmwifoSi? daiyaviT jgufebad.
TiToeulma airCieT sami SesaZlo versiidan erT­erTi: 1. qarTveli mefee­
bis winaaRmdegobis gamo; 2. Sah abasis saxelmwifosaTvis mosaxleobisagan
daclili da gaveranebuli qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebasa da iq darCenili
mosaxleobis `gaTaTrebas~ azri ar hqonda; 3. es ganpirobebuli iyo pirveli
ori mizezis erTobliobiT. argumentaciisaTvis moiSvelieT teqstsa da
wyaroebSi 1, 2 mocemuli masala.
2. teqstsa da wyaroebze 3, 4 dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT, rogor imarTeboda
qarTli Sah abasis memkvidreebis dros. gamoyaviT ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.
yuradReba miaqcieT qarTuli elitis integrirebulobis xarisxs sefianTa
saxelmwifoSi.
3. wyaro 5­is mixedviT SeafaseT qarTlSi arsebuli religiuri viTareba.
4. wyaro 6­is da aseve wyaro 4­is mixedviT gansazRvreT saqarTvelosa da
Tbilisis mniSvneloba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kontaqtebisaTvis.

492
78. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs Soris XVII saukuneSi

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo XVII saukuneSi
mTeli XVII saukune, iranis Sahebis calkeul uSedego mcdelobebs Tu ar
CavTvliT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi osmaleTi dominirebda.
saukunis dasawyisSi, osmaleTma, guriisa da samegrelos damorCilebis miz-
niT, saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroebis blokada moawyo. Sewyda marilisa
(rac umTavresad yirimidan Semodioda) da rkinis Semotana. qarTuli samTa-
vroebi, ise rogorc imereTis samefo, iZulebulni iyvnen, osmaleTis moxarkeebi
da misi vasalebi gamxdariyvnen. miuxedavad amisa, samefo-samTavroebi saSinao
politikaSi damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen. amasTan erTad isini dausrule-
bel brZolas awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan.
osmalebis dominirebas Tan erTvoda Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa Tavdasx-
mebic. swored mTielTa moZalebam da osmalebis Setevam aiZula imereTis mefe
bagrati dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centri biWvinTidan gelaTSi ga-
daetana.
rac Seexeba samcxe-saaTabagos, is osmaleTis nawilad iqca. aq dainerga os-
maluri miwismflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis wesebi. am qarTul istoriul
provinciaSi Seiqmna Cildiris (axalcixis) safaSo.
miwismflobeloba iTvaliswinebda samxedro valdebulebas. amasTan erTad,
miwismflobeli muslimi unda yofiliyo. qristianobis SenarCunebis SemTxve-
vaSi, qarTveli feodalebi kargavdnen miwas. Tuki miwis SenarCuneba surdaT,
isini unda Camdgariyvnen osmalTa samsaxurSi da mieRoT islami.
osmalebi devnidnen qarTul eklesiasac. misTvis CamorTmeul miwebs ga-
muslimebul feodalebs gadascemdnen, xolo eklesiebs meCeTebad aqcevdnen.
osmalebi aseve cdilobdnen regionSi sxva xalxebis Camosaxlebas.

wyaro 1

`roca guriis didebulebma dainaxes, rom dadiani mefe gaxda, maTac gadaigdes ime-
reTis mefis uReli da TavianT Soris erT-erTi mefed airCies. guriis mefe iseve, ro-
gorc samegrelos mefe, dRemde xelisuflebas didi senioris (osmaleTis sulTnis)
mxardaWeriT inarCunebs. misTvis metad xelsayrelia am provinciebis erTmaneTisgan
gaTiSva, vinaidan erTad, erTi xelisuflebis qveS yofnisas maTi damorCileba metad
uWirda. maSin imereTis mefe sulTans medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda, radgan am uka-
nasknels SeeZlo mcire drois ganmavlobaSi 50 aTasi meomris gamoyvana~.

Jan batist tavernie

493
 qarTvelebi iranSi
saqarTvelodan iranSi gadasaxlebulTa didi nawili miwaTmoqmedebas mis-
devda. amasTan, XVI saukunis miwurulidan qarTvelebi TandaTanobiT mowinave
poziciebs ikaveben sparseTis armiasa da samoqalaqo administraciaSi. qarTuli
elementi gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda Sah abas I-is epoqaSi.
gamuslimebuli qarTveli QWabukebi saTanado momzadebis Semdeg armiaSi an
samefo karis administraciaSi iwyebdnen moRvaweobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sah
abasis dros miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad, yularaRasi, yulis jaris (yuliebad iwo-
debodnen gamuslimebuli kavkasieli Wabukebi) meTauri aucileblad qarTveli
unda yofiliyo.
1588 wels abasma Seqmna piradi dacva, romelic Sedgeboda 12 aTasi qarTveli
meomrisagan. saerTo jamSi, XVII s-is ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva dros qarTvelTa
kavaleriis ricxvi sparseTis armiaSi 8 aTasidan 40 aTasamde aRwevda.
Sah abasis mier Seqmnili qarTvelebisa da sxva kavkasielebisagan Semdgari
axali sajariso formirebebis mTavari Rirseba iyo is, rom isini tomobriv
kavSirebs da yizilbaS amirebs ki ar eqvemdebarebodnen, aramed centralur
xelisuflebas. ufro metic, maT jamagirs uxdidnen saxelmwifo xazinidan da
ara samxedro nadavlidan, rogorc amas uwin yizilbaSebi akeTebdnen.
Sah abasis samefo karze warmatebuli karieris TvalsazrisiT, marTlac ga-
morCeuli adgili uWiravs alaverdi xan undilaZes. is iyo pirveli yularaRasi,
Tavi meeqvse

wyaro 2

qarTvelebis roli sparseTis armiaSi:

cnobili italieli mogzauri pietro dela vale Sah abasis armiis Sesaxeb wers:

`dRes sparseTis armiis Zala – es qarTveli mebrZolebia, romlebic mis saukeTeso

nawils Seadgenen~.

ingliseli Tomas herberti, romelic 1627 wels SirazSi imyofeboda, aRniSnavs:

`garegnuli SexedulebiT, nebisyofiT da erTgulebiT qarTveli jariskacebi spar-

selebSi iseTi kargi reputaciiT sargebloben, rom bevr maTgans meTauris Tanamde-
boba ukavia, gansakuTrebiT yvelaze ufro dauZinebeli mtris – Turqebis winaaRm-
deg brZolaSi~.

ufro gvian, ukve XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, rusma despanma artemi volinskim,
romelmac kargad Seiswavla iranis mdgomareoba, qarTvelTa sabrZolo Tvisebebi
da maTi roli iranis saxelmwifoSi Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa:

`mTel iranSi saukeTeso samxedro Zalad qarTvelTa jari mimaCnia... iranSi, rogorc
wesi, spasalarebad qarTveli princebi iniSnebian. aseve metwilad qarTvelebs niS-
naven iranis jarSi sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze. adre, jer kidev didi Sah abasis dros
da agreTve axlandeli Sahis sxva winaprebis drosac. iranelebs TurqebTan, indo-
elebTan da sxva xalxebTan omebSi yvela gamarjveba ZiriTadad qarTvelTa meSve-
obiT aqvT mopovebuli~.

494
 alaverdi xanis xidi isfahanSi

farsis provinciis mmarTveli da

1598 wels dainiSna mTlianad iranu-
li SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavar-
sardlad. amave dros is iyo iranis

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari ada-
miani. alaverdi xani da misi Svile-
bi flobdnen bazrebs, fundukebs,
qarvaslebs. aqtiurad monawileobdnen saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan aRmo-
savleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebeli mTavari savaWro-satranzito gzebi im
dros isfahansa da farsis provinciis qalaqebze gadioda. isini eweodnen aqtiur
samSeneblo moRvaweobasac. centralursa da samxreT iranSi agebdnen kaSxlebs,
arxebs, xidebs, qarvaslebs, medreseebs. alaverdi xanis mier isfahanSi agebuli
xidi dRemde iTvleba sefianTa arqiteqturis erT-erT brwyinvale nimuSad.

wyaro 3

`viRacam xelmwifes (iranis Sahs)

miswera saqarTvelodan, rom Tu gindaT
saqarTvelos daepatronoT, Tavidan
unda moiSoroT Sirazeli imam yuli xani,
radgan mTeli qarTveli xalxis Tvalebi
miskenaa mipyrobilio~.

don pietro avitabile

Sah-abasi da
alaverdi xani

alaverdi xanis qarTveli meuRlis saxsrebiT gaiyvanes gzebi da gadasasvle-

lebi centraluri iranis mTianeTis uReltexilebze.
misi vaJis, imamyuli xanis xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobda grandiozuli
sairigacio nagebobebis mSenebloba isfahanis maxloblad. imamyuli xani da misi
Zma, dauT xani aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur
procesebSi.

wyaro 4

germaneli mogzauris e. kempferis Tanaxmad, 1680 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 20 aTasi

qarTveli cxovrobda isfahanSi. is wers: `hasenabadi [isfahanis maxloblad] war-
moadgens gareubans gurjisas anu qarTvel qristianTa, romlebic gadayvanilni
arian saqarTvelodan. (isini) agreTve arian warCinebuli vaWrebi, romelnic Tavian-
Ti savaWro saqmeebis gamo, iseve rogorc somxebi, yvelgan mogzauroben da sxva qveyne-
bSic daiarebian~.

495
 Sah abasma qarTlidan da, kerZod, Tbili-
sidan gadaasaxla vaWrebi iranSi da isinic, wyaro 5
julfeli somexi vaWrebis msgavsad, isfaha-
`siaoS-beg qarTveli... Sahis Ro-
nis erT-erT gareubanSi daasaxla.
lami iyo. misma udidebulesobam
qarTuli samefo sagvareulos warmo-
misi niWi SeniSna da mxatvro-
madgenlebi da didebulebi iniSnebodnen
bis Sesaswavlad miabara. man
sefianTa saxelmwifos umaRles administra-
did warmatebas miaRwia, friad
ciul Tanamdebobebze. bagrationTa samefo
nazi yalami hqonda, detalebis
saxlis muslimi warmomadgenlebi as welze
didi ostati da Seudarebeli
metxans (1618-1722) asrulebdnen sefianTa
mxatvari iyo. konturul xatva-
sataxto qalaqis, isfahanis gamgeblis mo-
Si, mTebis gamosaxvasa da Tmis
valeobas.
daxatvaSi mas verc erTi ostati
qarTvelebi CarTulni iyvnen sefianTa
ver Seedreboda. ismail-mirzas
saxelmwifos kulturul cxovrebaSic. am
dros is wignsacavis gamge gaxda,
mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa qarTu-
xolo misi udidebulesobis,
li warmoSobis mxatvris siaoS begis moR-
aleqsandres sadari [xelmwifis]
vaweoba.
(xodabende) dros is da misi Zma
ferox-begi bednieri da Zlieri
saqarTvelo da evropa ufliswulis sulTan hamza-
kontaqtebis ukiduresi sirTulis miuxe- mirzas ndobiT aRWurvil pirTa
Tavi meeqvse

davad, saqarTvelos kavSiri qristianul Soris imyofebodnen~.

evropasTan am periodSi mTlianad ar gawyve- isqander munSi
tila. qarTveli mefeebi, maTi winamorbede-
bis msgavsad, imedovnebdnen erTmorwmune
marTlmadidebluri ruseTisa da qristianuli evropis daxmarebiT muslimTa
dominirebisagan Tavis daRwevas. am xanebSi araerTi misia gaigzavna evropaSi
samxedro Tu politikuri kavSiris damyarebis TxovniT.
Tavis mxriv, evropelebic mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen saqarTveloSi myari
poziciebis mopovebas.
evropa saqarTveloSi gavlenis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda kaTolicizmis propagandas. XVII saukuneSi aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi kapucinebis kaTolikuri ordenis berebi moRvaweobdnen, xolo
dasavleTSi – Teatinelebisa. maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba, kaTolicizmis propa-
gandasTan erTad, iyo mkurnaloba (erT-erTi maTgani mefe Sahnavazis eqimic
iyo). maT Soris iyo bevri ganaTlebuli adamiani: kristoforo kasteli, romlis
Canaxatebi saqarTvelos istoriis uZvirfases masalas warmoadgens; arqanje-
lo lamberti, cnobili Tavisi CanawerebiT samegrelos Sesaxeb; don juzepe
milaneli da sxvebi.
misionerebs saqarTveloSi skolebic dauarsebiaT, sadac qarTveli axal-
gazrdebi Rebulobdnen ganaTlebas. TbilisSi funqcionirebda kapucinebis
skola. am skolebSi RvTismetyvelebasTan erTad iswavleboda laTinuri da
italiuri enebi, aswavlidnen agreTve qarTulsac.
misionerebis qarTvel mowafeTagan rCeulni romSi ganagrZobdnen swavlas,
iqidan samSobloSi dabrunebulT ki evalebodaT saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis

496
 saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si
guriis mTavris sasaxle da kaTolike misionerTa sadgomi, wina planze tyveebiT
vaWrobis scena, k. kastelis naxati

propaganda. romSi misionerebis iniciativiT 1629 wels daibeWda pirveli qar-

Tuli wigni – qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni, Sedgenili stefano paolinis da
nikifore irbaxis (ColoyaSvilis) mier.
saboloo jamSi, kaTolike misionerTa moRvaweobas mniSvnelovani Sedegi ar
moutania maTTvis.

wyaro 6

pietro dela vales moxsene-

bidan saqarTveloze pap urban
VIII-sadmi:

`qarTvelebi CvenebisaTvis
Zlier sasargebloni iqnebian,
Tuki Cven raime didi saqme wamo-
viwyeT zRviT an xmeleTiT Tur-
qeTis winaaRmdeg~.

qarTul-italiuri
leqsikonis Tavfurceli
497
 wyaro 7

`[patrebs] metad uZneldebaT aq Tavisi moRvaweobisagan is nayofi gamoitanon,

romlis imedi Cveulebriv aqvT sxva urwmuno qveynebSi. amis mizezi kidev berZnebi
arian, romelnic mudam winaaRmdegobas uweven Cvens sityvebs da metad mtkiced ica-
ven Tavis mimdevarTa Soris Tavis sarwmunoebas~.

kaTolike misioneri arqanjelo lamberti

`mas (Teimurazs) bevri velaparakeT da bevri ram gavukeTeT imisaTvis... rom uwmin-
des samociqulo taxts SeerTeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogjer keTili ganwyoba
gamouCenia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas yurSi mudam berZnebi CasCurCulebdnen, ris gamoc
yoymanobda da Tavis SexedulebebSi magrdeboda~.

don pietro avitabile

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1­ze dayrdnobiT SeafaseT saSinao viTareba dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

Tavi meeqvse

2. wyaroebze 2, 3, 4, 5 dayrdnobiT SeafaseT qarTvelebis roli sefianTa

saxelmwifoSi mmarTvelobis, meurneobisa da kulturis sferoebSi.
3. teqstsa da wyaroebze 6 da 7 dayrdnobiT imsjeleT evropelTa miznebze
saqarTveloSi; agreTve kaTolicizmis gavrcelebis saqmeSi misionerTa
warumateblobis mizezebze.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1527-1556 _ luarsab I 1614-1617 _ Sah aba-

sis laSqrobebi
1541-1554 _ Sah Tamazis laSqrobebi kaxeTSi
qarTlSi
1633-1658 _ rostomi
1555 _ amasiis zavi

1556-1600 _ simon I 1658-1675 _ vax-

tang V Sahna-
vazi

1530 1560 1590 1620 1650 1680

1659 _ baxtrionis
1574-1605 1606-1614 ajanyeba
aleqsandre II luarsab II
1626 _ bazaleTis brZola

1625 _ martyofis da marabdis

brZolebi

498
79. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi

XVIII saukuneSi isev gagrZelda brZola iransa da osmaleTs Soris saqarTve-

loSi dominirebisaTvis, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom maT daemata mesame Zala –

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

ruseTi, romelmac TandaTanobiT SeZlo jer metoqeTa Seviwroeba, xolo XIX s-is
dasawyisidan saerTod gandevna isini. qarTveli mefeebi isev misdevdnen daT-
mobebis xarjze SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimaluri damoukideblobis mopovebisa
da SenarCunebisaken mimarTul politikas. amgvar politikas ki sasurveli Sede-
gebi mohqonda metoqeTa dasustebis pirobebSi. qarTveli mefeebi cdilobdnen
erTmorwmune ruseTTan daaxloebas misgan daxmarebis miRebis mizniT muslimi
mezoblebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, magram amasTan ar iviwyebdnen evropasac.

vaxtang VI-is mefoba. sulxan-saba orbelianis misia evropaSi

1711 wels sparseTis Sahis xeldasmiT qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI gaxda, magram
imis gamo, rom vaxtangma uari Tqva islamze moqceuliyo, is sakmao xnis manZilze
imyofeboda mZevlad isfahanSi.
vaxtang VI-is mefobis xanaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi mrCevlis
sulxan-saba orbelianis moRvaweoba. vaxtangma misi daxmarebiT aqtiuri diplo-
matiuri saqmianoba wamoiwyo dasavleT evropasTan kavSiris dasamyareblad.
vaxtangis davalebiT sulxan-saba evropaSi gaemarTa.
1714 wels sulxan-saba lui XIV-m miiRo versalSi. saqarTvelos elCma didi
STabeWdileba moaxdina safrangeTis samefo karze. sulxan-sabas gancxadebiT,
qarTvelebi mzad iyvnen, mieRoT kaTolikoba, Tuki evropa maT daicavda muslimi
mezoblebisagan. imave wels sulxan-saba romSi Cavida da pap klement XI-s Sexvda.
ueWvelia, rom orbeliani gamWriaxi diplomati iyo, magram mas moqmedeba
uxdeboda metad rTul politikur situaciaSi. qarTlis mefe iranSi faqtobri-
vad tyveobaSi imyofeboda. masTan kontaqti, Sesabamisad, ukiduresad rTuli
iyo. garda amisa, iranuli diplomatiac safrangeTSi sulxan-sabas winaaRmdeg
moqmedebda.
safrangeTis mTavrobas umTavresad iranisa da osmaleTis bazrebi aintere-
sebda da patara qristianuli sa-
qarTvelos mxardaWeriT, Tundac
kaTolicizmis miRebis SemTxveva-
Si, mkveTrad ar daupirispirde-
boda iransa da osmaleTs da, Se-
sabamisad, ar dauSvebda sakuTari
interesebis Selaxvas regionSi.
amdenad, sulxan-sabas misiis miza-
ni – evropis politikuri prote-
qtoratis (mfarvelobis) mopoveba,
Tavidanve warumateblobisaTvis
iyo ganwiruli.
vaxtang VI da sulxan-saba orbeliani
499
 miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, orbelianis evropuli mogzauroba mainc warma-
tebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. sulxan-sabasTan da vaxtang VI-sTan daaxloebuli
kaTolike beri Jan riSari aRWurves sarekomendacio werilebiT da am ukanask-
nels daavales konsulis movaleobis Sesruleba saqarTveloSi. qveyanaSi unda
Camosuliyo kaTolike misionerTa jgufic. saqarTveloSi maTi saqmianobisaT-
vis safrangeTis samefo karma yovelwliurad mniSvnelovani Tanxis gamoyofac
ikisra.
sulxan-saba misionerebs konstantinopolSi elodeboda, magram male gegmebi
Seicvala 1715 wels lui XIV-is gardacvalebis gamo. osmaleTis xelisuflebamac
uari ganacxada, kaTolikeTa misia qveynis teritoriaze gaetarebina. safrange-
Tma Tavi aarida urTierTobis garTulebas osmaleTTan da aRniSnuli gegmac
daviwyebas mieca.
amdenad, evropasTan kavSiris damyarebis kidev erTi cda, saboloo jamSi,
uSedego gamodga.
gulacruebuli vaxtang VI iZulebuli gaxda isfahanSi islami mieRo qarT-
lis mefed damtkicebisaTvis, magram qarTlSi dabrunebisTanave, 1719 wels, is
qristianobas daubrunda.
am xanebSi sefianTa dinastia ukve aRsasrulis piras idga. iranis Sahma vax-
tangs mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis avRanelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vaxtangma
uari ganacxada daxmarebaze da 1722 wels avRanelebma sefianTa sataxto qalaqi
isfahani aiRes. aTiode weliwadSi ki sefianTa dinastiam arseboba Sewyvita.
Tavi meeqvse

iranis kontrolis Sesustebis pirobebSi vaxtangma araerTi RonisZieba ga-

atara qveyanaSi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vani iyo e.w. `myreloba~ _ omianobis Sedegad sakuTari miwebidan gaxiznuli
glexebis dabruneba, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qveynis ekonomikuri
aRorZinebisaTvis.
evropasTan kavSiris damyarebis warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg vaxtang-
ma imedis mzera ruseTs miapyro. man uaryo rostom mefis mier SemuSavebuli
sagareo-politikuri kursi (e. w. `kompromisuli~ politika iranTan) da aq-

wyaro 1

sulxan-sabas werilidan safrangeTis mefisadmi da saxelmwifo ministr

markiz de pontSartrenisadmi:

`Tu vaxtangi, saqarTvelos mefe, darCeba isfahanSi, saqarTvelos aSkarad emuqreba

mTlianad gamahmadianeba....

Tu is dabrunda sakuTar saxelmwifoSi, qarTvelebi ara mxolod SeinarCuneben qris-

tianul religias, aramed miiReben kaTolikobasac maTi mefis magaliTze, romelic
amis gakeTebas apirebs. mefis survili ufro didicaa: mas surs aRWurvos misionerebi
efeqturi saSualebebiT saqarTvelos mezobeli Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis mosaq-
cevad...

daxmarebisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba 300 000 ekiu~.

500
centi ruseTis daxmarebis imedze gadaitana, magram es imedic amao gamodga.
cxovrebis miwuruls vaxtangi, qarTveli didebulebis mravalricxovan jguf-
Tan erTad, ruseTSi gadaixvewa. sabolood is astraxanSi damkvidrda da iqve
gardaicvala 1737 wels.

vaxtang VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

vaxtang VI-is mmarTvelobis xanaSi qarTlis inteleqtualuri cxovreba
mniSvnelovnad gamococxlda. Tavad mefe iyo swavluli, poeti, kritikosi,
mTargmneli. man `swavlul kacTa komisias~ daavala `qarTlis cxovrebis~ xel-
nawerebis Sejereba da gadamuSaveba; aseve ukanaskneli saukuneebis saqarTve-
los istoriis Sedgena.
vaxtangVI-is TaosnobiT 1709 wels TbilisSi daarsda stamba (stambis ga-
marTvaSi qarTlis mefes daxmareba gauwia rumineTSi moRvawe qarTvelma sasu-
liero pirma anTimoz iverielma) da 1712 wels gamoica `vefxistyaosani~.
sulxan-saba orbelianma Seadgina qarTuli enis pirveli ganmartebiTi leq-
sikoni `sityvis kona~. mas ekuTvnis didaqtikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba `sibrZne
sicruisa~ da sxva mniSvnelovani Txzulebebi.
mefis xelmZRvanelobiT Sedga `vaxtangis kanonebis krebuli~, romelic
saxelmwifo samarTlis kodeqsad iqca da amis gamo vaxtagma kanonmdeblis saxe-
li daimsaxura. vaxtangis TaosnobiTve, saxelmwifo cxovrebis mosawerigeblad
`dasturlamalis~ redaqtireba moxda, romelic aregulirebda samefo karis
cxovrebas da gansazRvravda saxelmwifo moxeleebis ufleba-movaleobebs.
iranSi iZulebiT yofnis dros vaxtangi eweoda farTo mTargmnelobiT saqmia-
nobasac.

es sainteresoa

gansakuTrebiT didia istorikosisa da geografis vaxuSti

bagrationis wvlili. man Tavisi naSromi `aRwera samefosa
saqarTveloisa~ (`saqarTvelos istoria~) 1745 wels ruseTSi
daasrula. vaxuSti eyrdnoboda ara mxolod qarTul dokumen-
tur wyaroebs, aramed ruseTSi mopovebul rusul da ucxour
literaturasac. TxzulebaSi is iyenebs damxmare da momijnave
istoriul disciplinebs – qronologias, genealogias, dip-
lomatikas, eTnografias, istoriul geografias.

vaxuSti bagrationi

`osmaloba~ da `yizilbaSoba~ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

vaxtang VI-is ruseTSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebis Semdeg saqarTvelos istoria-
Si Znelbedobis xana iwyeba.
1724 w. ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris daido e.w. `ganawilebis xelSekruleba~,
romliTac maT kavkasia daiyves (es upirvelesad iranis gavlenis qveS myof
teritoriebs Seexo). xelSekrulebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad, aRmo-
501
 savleT saqarTveloc osmaleTs ergo. dasustebul
irans ar Seswevda osmaleTisaTvis winaaRmdegobis
gawevis Zala. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daiwyo
Turqebis dominirebis periodi _ `osmaloba~, ro-
desac dampyroblebma gadawyvites sabolood dae-
morCilebinaT saqarTvelo da daeyoT is osmaleT-
Si miRebuli tipis provinciebad – faSalikebad.
am mizniT, maT qveyana eqvs provinciad dayves da
mosaxleobas mZime gadasaxadebi daakisres.
osmalTa waqezebiT CrdiloeTidan daRestne-
lebi mudmivad Tavs esxmodnen aRmosavleT saqar-
Tvelos.
soflis meurneoba da saqalaqo cxovreba, rac
SedarebiT gamosworebuli iyo, isev daqveiTebis
gzas daadga. sulTanma daRestnelebs uboZa kaxe-
nadir Sahi
Tis dapyrobili qarTuli soflebis nawili. axalma
mbrZaneblebma mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayenes glexo-
ba, romelTac `ingilos~ uwodebdnen. amgvarad Seiqmna qarTul miwaze axali
politikuri erTeuli, romelsac War-belaqani, an Wari ewoda.
Turqebis dominireba male dasrulda da isini 1735 wlidan isev gaZliere-
bulma iranelebma Secvales.
Tavi meeqvse

Tavdapirvelad swored maTi daxmarebiT miecaT qarTvelebs osmalebisgan

ganTavisuflebis imedi. qarTlSi givi amilaxvris meTaurobiT osmalTa wi-
naaRmdeg ajanyebam ifeTqa. marTalia, givi amilaxvari osmalTa moxele iyo
(romelsac osmalTagan sagamgeblod zemo qarTli hqonda micemuli) da maT
mokavSiredac iTvleboda, magram rodesac viTareba Seicvala, man piri ira-
nisken ibruna. iranic, romelsac saTaveSi axali energiuli mmarTveli nadir
Sahi edga, Seecada dakarguli poziciebis aRdgenas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
daiwyo `yizilbaSobis~ xana. mosaxleobas kidev ufro mZime gadasaxadebi daawva.
1741 wels yizilbaSebma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRwera Caatares. Ti-
Toeuli mamakaci, aTi wlis asakidan dawyebuli, valdebuli gaxda exada indivi-
dualuri gadasaxadi vercxliT. amgvarive wesiT dawesebuli iyo gadasaxadebi
Sinaur saqonelze, baRebze, wisqvilebze. garda amisa, 40-ian wlebSi qarTlSi
mdgar mousavlianobis Jams, rodesac mosaxleoba mxolod gamxmari balaxis
fesvebiT ikvebeboda, nadir Sahma, vercxlis gadasaxadis garda, didi raodeno-
biT xorbalic moiTxova. qarTlSi gamwevi saqoneli aRar iyo darCenili. Sahis
brZanebiT, 8 aTasi xari CamoarTves mosaxleobas. mosaxleoba iZulebuli iyo
daetovebina qalaqebi da gaxiznuliyo ufro usafrTxo, mtrisaTvis Znelad
misawvdom adgilebSi.
qarTlis mosaxleobas iranelTa sasargeblod samxedro samsaxuric dae-
kisra. laSqrobaSi igi sakuTari xarjiT unda gamosuliyo da qarTlSi myofi
iranuli jari sursaTiT unda moemaragebina. am niadagze qarTlSi amboxebac
daiwyo imave givi amilaxvaris xelmZRvanelobiT.
kaxeTSi Teimuraz II ufro frTxil politikas eweoda. 1742 wels kaxeTi iranu-
li xarkisagan gaTavisuflda. nadir Sahma 1744 wels Teimurazs uflebac darTo
502
qristianuli wesiT kurTxeuliyo qarT-
lis mefed, rac man ganaxorciela 1745 wyaro 2
wels. amgvarad dasrulda iranis Sahebis
vaxuSti bagrationi mTiel da-
erT saukuneze metxans gagrZelebuli po-
RestnelTa Tavdasxmebis Sesa-
litika, rodesac qarTlSi mefeebad mxo-
xeb:
lod gamahmadianebul bagrationebs amt-

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

kicebdnen. kaxeTSi Teimuraz II-is Svili `arca-ra daSTa msaxlobelni
erekle II gamefda. amdenad, qarTlisa da muxrans, qarTls da sacicianos
kaxeTis samefo taxtebi isev erTi ojaxis da adgil sabaraTianos..., Tvi-
xelSi aRmoCnda. nier simagreTa, rameTu muSako-
Tu yizilbaSTa batonobis periodSi, badca parviT malviT Camovidian
qarTvel feodalTa didi nawili islamze da maTi mxilvelni iltvodian
moeqca, XVIII saukunis Sua xanebidan maTi simagreTa.~
umravlesoba winaparTa sarwmunoebas
daubrunda. am periodSi farTod gavr-
celda qristianoba saqarTvelos osur
mosaxleobaSic.
XVIII saukunis Sua xanebidan saqarTve-
los mTianeTSi mkveTrad gaizarda osebis
ricxvi. isini TandaTanobiT erTvodnen
qveynis sazogadoebriv-kulturul cxov-
rebaSi. qarTuli anbanis safuZvelze Semu-
Savda osuri anbanic.
1748 wels qarTl-kaxeTma ukanasknelad
gadauxada xarki iranis Sahs, gaugzavna mas
asi qarTveli meomari da ramdenime qali.
aseTi xarki iranisadmi Teimuraz mefis
vasaluri damokidebulebis periodSi
(1740-1749) Cveulebriv, morCilebisa da `vefxistyaosnis~ 1712 wlis
pativiscemis gamomxatveli erTgvari sapa- gamocemis Tavfurceli

wyaro 3

XVIII s-is istorikosi papuna orbeliani nadir Sahis mier aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los aRwerisa da dawesebuli gadasaxadebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb:

`esreT iyo aRwera, rac Zveli nasoflari sadme iyo, yvelgan zomes miwebi sabliT,
xrevi (xarki) dasdves. agreTve am saxis Senoba Tu sadme iyo, didi xrevi dasdves. vi-
Tarca eranis (iranis) qveynebSi momcemi miwa aris da bevri gamosavali aqvs, ise am
qveyanas ganuweses... Semdgomi amisi aTs wlamdis xarji dasweres, ymawvilze, piruty-
vze yovels zeda ganaweses, bostansa, wisqvilsa, yovels fers Senobas anu oxers ad-
gils aseTi xarji dasdves, rom yovlis kacisagan didad SeuZlebeli iyo. odes urum-
Ta (osmalTa) mcireTa xanTa es qveyana eWiraT, maSin imaTac daweres da dasdves miri,
romel ars xarki... ama ambavTa Sina mravali suli aiyara, bevri adgili umetesad aox-
rda. mravali kaci venaxsa da baRebsa Tvisis xeli kafidis da aoxrebdis~.

503
 suxo ZRveni iyo iranis Sahis mier misTvis gamogzavni-
li uxvi saCuqrebisa da samxedro ZaliT daxmarebis
sanacvlod. amdenad, 1748-49 wlebidan qarTl-kaxeTi
ukve faqtobrivad damoukidebelia, Tumca icavs vasa-
litetis formalur mxares. Teimurazis iranSi yofnis
dros, ereklem droebiT, mis dabrunebamde Seasrula
Sahis Txovna da Tbilisis cixeSi iranelTa samaskaciani
razmi Caayena, magram rogorc ki Teimurazi dabrun-
da, iranelebs cixe (nariyala) daaclevines da kaxelTa
razmebs Caabares.
XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTlisa da kaxeTis same-
foebi gamudmebul brZolebs awarmoebdnen mezobel
saxanoebTan aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi do- Teimuraz II
minirebisaTvis. am brZolebSi qarTvelebma ra-
mdenime mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipoves.
erevnis, ganjisa da naxiWevanis xanebi qarTveli mefeebis moxarkeebi gaxdnen.
qarTlisa da kaxeTis dominireba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi TiTqmis upirobo
iyo.
1761 wels Teimuraz II ruseTSi gaemarTa daxmarebis saTxovnelad da iqve
gardaicvala 1762 wels. is dakrZalulia astraxanSi vaxtang VI-is gverdiT.
Tavi meeqvse

klasSi samuSao

1. imsjeleT vaxtang VI­is politikuri arCevnis Sesaxeb. gamoyaviT faqtorebi,

romlebmac aiZula vaxtang VI dakavSireboda ruseTs.
2. teqstisa da wyaroebis 2 da 3 mixedviT isaubreT `osmalobisa~ da `yizilba­
Sobis~ ekonomikur Sedegebze aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. imsjeleT, Tu ra
aiZulebda glexobas sakuTari xeliT gaenadgurebina baR­venaxi.

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da dawereT Tema saqarTveloSi stambis daarse­

bis mniSvnelobisa da pirveli gamocemuli wignebis Sesaxeb.

504
80. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi

erekle II-is mefoba

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

mamis sikvdilis Semdeg erekle II qarTl-kaxeTis mefe gaxda da amrigad ga-
aerTiana aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ori samefo. erekles emorCilebodnen
aseve ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebi. erekle II-m umniSvnelovanesi RonisZiebebi
ganaxorciela qveynis aRdgena-gaZlierebisaTvis.
qarTveli mefeebisaTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani iyo daRestnelTa
Tavdasxmebis aRkveTa. ereklem Semosevebisagan Tavdasacavad SemoiRo sazRvre-
bis mudmivi meTvalyureoba, romelSic samsaxuri unda gaevlo iaraRis tarebis
unaris mqone yvela mamakacs. 1774 wels Seiqmna e.w. `morige~ laSqari. iaraRis
tarebis unaris mqone yoveli mamakaci valdebuli iyo weliwadSi erTi Tve
sakuTari saxsrebiTa da iaraRiT emsaxura jarSi. amdenad, moxdeboda meomrebis
garkveuli raodenobis mudmivi sabrZolo mzadyofnis uzrunvelyofa. Semdgom
morige jari TandaTanobiT moiSala, magram am RonisZiebam didad Seuwyo xeli
lekTa Tavdasxmebis aRkveTas qveyanaSi.
iranis axal mmarTvelTan qerim xan zendTan urTierTobaSi erekles war-
matebas sagrZnoblad Seuwyo xeli im faqtmac, rom iranis taxtis erT-erTi
uZlieresi maZiebeli azat xani ereklesve tyveobaSi, TbilisSi imyofeboda.
1762 wels qerim xanma didZali saCuqrebiT datvirTuli elCebis piriT erekles
sTxova, rom azat xani masTan gaegzavna. qarTl-kaxeTis mefem iranis mbrZaneb-
lis es Txovna 1763 wels Seasrula, riTac qarTl-kaxeTis mTlianoba da misi
damoukidebloba kidev ufro ganamtkica.
amrigad, qerim xanma erekle qarTl-kaxeTis mefed aRiara da Seurigda
qarTveli mefis gavlenas samxreT kavkasiis saxanoebSi. Tavis mxriv, erekle
aRiarebda formalurad Tavs qerim xan zendis vasalad, romelic ar ereoda
qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi.
erekle II eweoda brZolebs Turqebis winaaRmdegac da 1770 wels umniSvnelo-
vanesi gamarjveba moipova aspinZis brZolaSi.
erekle II ar kargavda evropidan daxmarebis imedsac.

wyaro 1

erekles werilidan veneciis respublikisadmi (1782 w.):

`... Cvenis saTxovaris hazri is aris, rom erTis polkis jaris jamagiri gveboZos, rom
kaci Cven viSovoT, da im jamagiriT is jari gavawyoT evropis rigze, rom mteri am
jaris rigs sabolooT rom scnobs, veras dros Cvens mtrobas veRar gabedavs~.

505
 wyaro 2

qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebis bWEoba 1755 wels yvarlis cixisaTvis brZolis win, rome-
lic qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda:

`mere dasustebuls qarTls riTRa SevimagrebTo. amis fiqrSi da rCevaSi iyvnen

marad dRe, meti Rone veRara ipovnes-ra. ubrZanes qarTvelTa da kaxTa erTobiT:
`romelic inebebs da Tvisis gulovnobiT mindomiT warvals da Sevals cixesa yvare-
lisas da... Tavis garjasa da Tavs ar dazogavs, Cvenc... glexs kacs, kacze oTxs Tumans,
ors sakomlo mamulsa da siTarxnes (ymobidan gaTavisufleba) mivscemTo~.

papuna orbeliani

saboloo jamSi, erekles arCevani ru-

seTze SeCerda da 1783 wels or qveyanas wyaro 3
Soris gaformda cnobili georgievskis `Tbilisi marTlac warmoad-
traqtati. gens yvelaze ufro xelsayrel
mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi ganxor- adgils sparseTTan vaWrobis da-
cielda qveynis ekonomikis aRdgenisaTvis. samyareblad~.
XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi TandaTa-
nobiT aRwevs evropuli meurneobis wesis `TbilisSi xandaxan aris yovel-
Tavi meeqvse

gavlena. ekonomikaSi, tradiciuli aRmo- gvari sparsuli saqonlis SeZenis

savluri savaWro urTierTobebis gver- SesaZlebloba. es saqoneli iq

diT, Cndeba winarekapitalisturi siste- modis ganjidan, Samaxidan, Tav-

misaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirveli niSnebi. rizidan, erevnidan da arzrumi-

viTardeboda instensiuri miwaTmoq- dan~.

medeba. samefo ojaxi da feodalebi cdi- frangi mogzauri peisoneli

lobdnen dacarielebuli miwebis dasaxle-
bas. gaizarda daqiravebuli Sromis mniS-
vneloba. XVIII saukunis II naxevridan sul
ufro meti glexi ixsnida Tavs ymobisagan
da cdilobda Tavisufali miwismflobe-
li gamxdariyo. saxelmwifo Tavisi poli-
tikiTac garkveulwilad xels uwyobda
glexebis gaTavisuflebas dabrunebuli
qarTuli miwebis dasaxlebisa da gaukac-
rielebuli adgilebis Sesavsebad.
XVIII saukunis II naxevridan gamococxlda
saqalaqo cxovreba. Tbilisi aRdga da misi
mosaxleoba 60-70-ian wlebSi mkveTrad gai-
zarda. kaxeTSi mniSvnelovan qalaqad iqca
Telavi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos patara
qalaqebSi – cxinvalSi, axalgorSi da sxv.
mosaxleoba aseve swrafad matulobda.
vaxuSti bagrationi, Tbilisis gegma

506
 Tbilisi mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso savaWro centrad iqca. dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi gaizarda quTaisis savaWro-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. Camoyalibda
mdidar vaWarTa fena.
Cndeba im droisaTvis msxvili sarewebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samTa-
madno warmoebis sarewi axtalasa da alaverdSi, sadac xdeboda vercxlisa da
spilenZis mopoveba da gamodnoba.

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

Tbilisis imdroindel mniSvnelovan sawarmoebs Soris unda aRiniSnos Tof-
zarbaznis qarxana, samefo zarafxana, stamba, minis sarewi, marilsaxdeli, sapnis
qarxana, samRebro, Tofis wamlis qarxana. es sawarmoebi, romlebSic daqirave-
buli Sroma gamoiyeneboda, manufaqturebs warmoadgenda – e. i. xdeboda Sromis
danawileba, rac amaRlebda warmoebis nayofierebas.
ereklem ufleba misca emigrant somxebs dasaxlebuliyvnen mosaxleobisagan
daclil aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adgilebSi, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli qarTl-
kaxeTis mosaxleobis raodenobis gazrdas.
erekle II cdilobda qveynis modernizacias. is agzavnida axalgazrdebs evro-
pasa da ruseTSi saswavleblad. aseve cdilobda ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas
qveyanaSi. am mizniT man 70-ian wlebSi werilobiTi kavSirebi daamyara cnobil
somex vaWarTan da sazogado moRvawesTan Caxmir CaxmirianTan, romelic saTa-
veSi edga indoeTSi, madrasSi emigrirebul somex patriotTa jgufs. ereklem
mas SesTavaza saqarTveloSi dasaxleba da aq samrewvelo sawarmoebis daarseba.

wyaro 4

`ara aqvnda (mefe erekles saqarTvelos mtrebis mimarT) pirdapiri Zala, arc ja-
riTa da arc xaziniTa da Tvinier simxnisa kide ara rai aqvnda pirispiri Tanaswo-
reba. maSin friadisa RonisZiebiTa da SromiTa eZeba mamulsa Tvissa miwa oqrosi
da vercxlisa, romelmanca ipova... da moiyvana saberZneTiT berZenni mciredni,
gamomdnobelni oqrosa da vercxlisa miwisani. viTarca daiwyo madnisa mis muSakoba,
isargebla miT friad~.

oman xerxeuliZe

qarTul-somxuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis proeqti

qarTvelebTan politikuri kavSiris aRdgenis idea somexTa Soris jer kidev
XV saukuneSi Cndeba. XVII saukunis I mesamedSi, Teimuraz I-is droebiTi warma-
tebebis pirobebSi, am ideis gamomxatveli gaxda ganZasaris kaTolikosi. XVII
saukunis Sua xanebSi ki am ideas aqtiurad dauWira mxari iranSi dawinaurebulma
somex vaWarTa fenam. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze somexTa ganTavisuflebis
sakiTxi qarTvelebTan gaerTianebas daukavSires israel orim da tigran mina-
sianma. maT ideas Seadgenda qarTul-somxuri Tanasworuflebiani federaciis
Seqmna saTaveSi qarTveli mefiT. vaxtang VI gansakuTrebuli ndobiT sargeb-
lobda somxebs Soris. amasTan erTad, somxeTASi meore politikuri frTac arse-
bobda, romelsac surda ruseTis daxmarebiT saqarTvelosagan gancalkevebiT
507
 somxeT-albaneTis damoukidebeli saxel-
mwifos Seqmna, rac ar Sedioda qarTveli
mefeebis interesebSi.
XVIII s-is II naxevarSi somxuri burJuaziis
warmomadgeneli politikosebi adgendnen
somxuri saxelmwifos aRdgenis gegmebs.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa io-
seb eminis moRvaweoba, romelmac am miz-
niT imogzaura sankt-peterburgSi da 1763
wels Tbilissac ewvia. eminis proeqti gu-
lisxmobda erTiani qarTul-somxuri same-
fos Seqmnas. erekle II-m didi pativiT miiRo
is da proeqtis mxardaWera gamoxata. Tavis
mxriv, madrasSi Caxmirianis jgufic gan-
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda somexi
xalxis ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi erekle
II-sTan kavSirs. is miesalma 1783 wels ru-
seTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebul
traqtats. Caxmirianma erekle II-s saCu-
qrebTan erTad gaugzavna qarTul-somxuri
saxelmwifosaTvis erTiani gerbis eskizi.
Tavi meeqvse
es warmoadgenda Caxmirianis politikis
simbolur gamoxatulebas, romelic miz-
nad isaxavda, ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS
qarTul-somxuri saxelmwifos Seqmnas, ro-
melsac saTaveSi erekle II edgeboda. 1795
wels iranelTa axali Semosevis Sedegad,
es proeqti samudamod dasamarda.
dasavleT saqarTvelo
XVIII saukuneSi. saqarTvelos
erTianobis aRdgenis mcdeloba
XVIII s-is I naxevarSi quTaisis cixeSi
Turquli garnizoni idga. Tumca qalaqis
gamgebloba qarTuli rCeboda (Turqe-
bis kontrolqveS). zRvispira qalaqebs ki
Turqebi mTlianad akontrolebdnen.
1752 wels imereTis samefo taxtze asu-
li solomon I-is mTavari mizani Turqe-
Tis batonobisagan ganTavisufleba iyo.
is aseve cdilobda dasavleT saqarTve-
los gaerTianebas. man aqtiuri brZo-
la wamoiwyo tyveTa syidvis winaaRmdeg.
Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi solomons
508
wyaro 5
somexi istorikosi leo vaxtang
VI-is moRvaweobis Sesaxeb:
`dauaxlovda am (somexi xalxis)
moZraobis moTaveebs, imedi
Caunerga maT da fasdaudebeli
samsaxuri gauwia somxuri armiis
Camoyalibebis dros, miawoda ra
somxebs ara mxolod samxedro
mrCevlebi, aramed sardlebic.
gasagebia, rom somxebi didad
madlobdnen qristian, keTil da
energiul vaxtangs. minas varda-
pet faervaziani, axpatis winamZ-
Roli, swerda moskovel minas
moZRvars: `ufalma gamouRviZa
Cvens qristianebs keTili mwyemsi
da mZle qarTveli vali, romel-
mac Tavisi keTilgonierebiTa da
niWiT Sekriba darCenili da ga-
fantuli somexi eri, adgil-ad-
gil gaamagra, meurveoba gauwia...
somex-qarTvelTa sabrZolo kav-
Siris idea SesaniSnavi idea iyo~.
wyaro 6
`BberZenT sina-mTisa winamZRvar-
ni Zveladve eajebodnen mefesa,
miscen da STaaberon eklesia gum-
baTiani abanosa Tfiliss gzasa
zeda dafuZnebuli da somexTa-
gan TurqTa drosa 1728 wels
mitacebuli faSisgan da misTa
kariskacTa mosyidviTa. mefeman
irakli meoreman ver aRasrula
ese, raTa ar awyeninos somexTa
momavalTa Tfilisad, saWiroTa
vaWrobisaTvis~.
platon ioseliani, cxovreba
mefe giorgi mecametisa
 qalaqi dedaqalaqi cixe
sxva mniSvnelovani punqti
osmalTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi
Ce lekTa mier dakavebuli kaxeTis teritoria
rq
ez
eT erekle II-is laSqroba axalcixis safaSoSi
i
1770
omar xanis laSqroba qarTl-kaxeTSi 1785

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

lixni qarTl-kaxeTis samefos moxarke saxanoebi
barSi
soxumi

bedia leji

WyviSi
ruxi
zugdidi
ananuri
quTaisi
Savi zRva surami axalgori
duSeTi
yvareli
ozurgeTi gori
matana
baTumi axaldaba
Tbilisi xaSmi Wari
gonio Telavi
axalcixe
xofa elisu
aspinZa samSvilde siRnaRi
axalqalaqi WoeTi
rize artanuji dmanisi nuxa
artaani axtala
taoskari alaverdi
kola lore
ganja
ispiri
olTisi yarsi

TorTomi

asanyala
erevani
arzrumi
SuSa
baiazeTi

naxWevani

saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi

mxars uWerdnen samegrelos da guriis mTavrebi dadiani da gurieli, agreTve

samurzayanos afxazi mTavari SarvaSiZe. 1757 wels qarTvelebma solomon mefis
xelmZRvanelobiT mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipoves xresilis brZolaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xresilis brZolamde solomon I sakuTar Tavs osmaleTis
vasalad moixsniebda: `mona RmrTisa, yma xonTqrisa (e. i. osmaleTis sulTnisa),
mefe solomon~, xolo am brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg sulTnisadmi morCile-
bas is ukve aRar aRiarebs, misi wodeba ki icvleba: `mefe imereTisa solomon~.
amave xanebSi imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs Soris samxedro kavSiric
damyarda, romliTac erT mxareze mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, meore mxare
misi samxedro ZaliT daxmarebis valdebulebas kisrulobda.
1774 wlis ruseT-TurqeTis xelSekrulebiT ruseTi aRiarebda TurqeTis
suverenobas dasavleT saqarTveloze, magram qveyana Tavisufldeboda osmale-
bisaTvis gadasaxdeli xarkisagan. quCuk-kainarjis zaviT osmaleTis uflebebi
nominaluri iyo dasavleT saqarTveloze. osmaleTs aekrZala tyve monebiT Tu
sxva saxis xarkis aReba da qristianebis devna. marTalia, yovelive es solo-
509
 wyaro 7

imereTis mefis, aleqsandre V-is werilidan ruseTis dedofal ana ivanes asuli-
sadmi:

`Cveni qveyana maT (Turqebs) uWiravs. araTu ase daWerili ara varT, rom Cvenis qvey-
nidan an erTis momcros saxsenebels iotas fass imaT mivscemdeT, an Cven gvars rjuli
dahpatiJebodes imaTis ZaliT, an imaTgan Cvens taxtzed Tu ara Cvenis... erisTavebis
da arqierebis (umaRlesi samRvdeloeba) krebiT imaTis ZaliT dajdoma iqnebodes.
amgvari Zala ar aris ra da verc ras iqmnen. magram Cveni Temi da samefo imaTi sabrZa-
nebeli aris~.

monis TaosnobiT brZolis Sedegad ukve mopovebuli iyo, magram amieridan es

monapovari ruseTis CareviTa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT mtkicdeboda.
1784 wels, imereTis mefe solomonis gardacvalebis Semdeg, imereTis TavadTa
nawilma erekle II-s SesTavaza qveynis gaerTianeba. sabolood am gaerTianebaze
uari iTqva. Tu qarTl-kaxeTi ukve ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS iyo, imere-
Ti TurqeTis gavlenis zonad iTvleboda. gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi TurqeTi
aucileblad wamoiwyebda samxedro moqmedebebs imereTis winaaRmdeg, ruseTs
TurqeTTan dapirispirebis Tavidan asarideblad uari hqonda ukve naTqvami
Tavi meeqvse

imereTTan kavSiris damyarebaze. Tumca, ereklem xeli Seuwyo imereTis taxtze

sakuTari SviliSvilis daviTis asvlas solomon II-is saxeliT (1789-1810). miuxe-
davad samefoebis gaerTianebis mcdelobis CaSlisa, es qarTvelebis erTiano-
bisaTvis win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. saqarTvelos yvelaze SorsmWvreteli
patrioti politikosebis, upirveles yovlisa, solomon lioniZis wyalobiT 1790
wels damyarda samxedro-politikuri kavSiri erekle II-s, solomon II-s, grigol
dadiansa da simon guriels Soris. am samxedro aliansis saTaveSi erekle II idga.
XVIII saukunis miwuruls iranSi xangrZlivi Sinaomebi dasrulda yajarTa
Turqmanuli tomis warmomadgenlis aRa mohamad (mahmad) xanis gamarjvebiT,
romelmac safuZveli daudo axal, yajarTa dinastias. axalma Sahma erT-erT
mTavar samizned qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis poziciebis aRdgena gaixada. taxtisaTvis
brZolis periodSi aRa mahmad xani cdilobda, rom erekle mokavSired gaexada,
magram Semdeg mkveTrad Secvala politika da miznad daisaxa aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelosadmi sefianTa politikis aRdgena.
qarTvelebma ver gauwies saTanado winaaRmdegoba iranelTa laSqars da 1795
wels krwanisis brZolaSi damarcxdnen, rasac aRa mahmad xanis mier Tbilisis
darbeva mohyva. saqarTvelos darbevas miesalma TurqeTic, romelic imedov-
nebda regionSi gacilebiT ufro Zlieri metoqis, ruseTis poziciebis Sesuste-
bas. 1798 wlis 11 ianvars erekle II gardaicvala. taxtze avida misi vaJi giorgi
XII, qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe.

510
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis 1, 2, 3, 4­is mixedviT gamoyaviT winarekapitalisturi

sameurneo ganviTarebis niSnebi da qarTl­kaxeTis sazogadoebriv struq­

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

turaSi gaCenili siaxleebi. SeafaseT saqarTveloze evropis ekonomikuri
gavlenis xarisxi.
2. teqstisa da wyaroebis 5 da 6 gamoyenebiT isaubreT qarTul­somxuri saxel­
mwifos proeqtis Seqmnis mizezebze da am proeqtis ganxorcielebis xelis
SemSlel faqtorebze.
3. teqstisa da wyaro 7­is mixedviT daadgineT dasavleT saqarTveloze Tur­
qebis kontrolis sazRvrebi. qvemoT mocemuli CamonaTvalis yovel punqt­
ze gaeciT Sesatyvisi, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi.
• Turqebi mTlianad akontrolebdnen zRvispira qalaqebs;
• imereTis samefos miwebis nawili Turqebis mflobelobaSi iyo;
• imereTis samefo taxtze asvla mxolod Turqebis xeldasmiT SeiZleboda;
• erisTavebsa da umaRles samRvdeloebas Turqebi niSnavdnen.
4. SeajameT miRebuli Sedegebi erTi daskvniTi fraziT.

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1752-1784 _ solomon I

1757 _ xresilis brZola

1709_ pirveli stambis

daarseba TbilisSi
1798-1800
giorgi XII
1745
Teimuraz II qristianuli we-
siT ekurTxa qarTlis mefed 1795
krwanisis brZola

1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800

1762-1797
1789-1810
erekle II, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe
solomon II
1770
aspinZis brZola

511
 81. saqarTvelos urTierTobebi ruseTTan.
georgievskis traqtati

pirveli kontaqtebi ruseTTan

pirveli kontaqtebi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris jer kidev adreul Sua
saukuneebSi myardeba, magram mxolod fragmentuli saxiT.
qarTul samefoebsa da ruseTs Soris urTierTobebi politikur mniSvnelo-
bas XVI saukunis II naxevridan iZens. am xanebSi ruseTis saxelmwifom SemoierTa
md. volgis auzis TaTruli saxanoebi da daeufla am umniSvnelovanes savaWro
gzas. male ruseTis xelmwife Seecada CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilSi
gamagrebuliyo. am mizniT 1567 wels ivane IV-m md. sunjis TergTan SesarTavis
axlos cixesimagre aagebina da iq rusuli garnizoni Caayena.
ruseTis amgvari gaZliereba da samxreTisaken winsvla pirvel rigSi ewi-
naaRmdegeboda am periodSi kavkasiaSi gabatonebuli osmaleTis interesebs.
TurqeTisagan Seviwroebuli sefianTa iranic bunebrivad xdeboda ruseTis
mokavSire, Tumca iranisaTvis miuRebeli iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ru-
Tavi meeqvse

seTis Semosvla.
rusebma ki male kaxeTis samefosTan daamyares urTierToba. 1564 wels ivane
mrisxanem kaxeTis mefe levanis TxovniT kazakTa razmi gamoagzavna samefoSi.
kavkasiaSi osmalebis dominirebis pirobebSi, amgvari kavSiri kaxeTisaTvis
Svebas warmoadgenda. upirvelesad ki, rusuli jaris daxmarebiT, kaxeTi ime-
dovnebda osmaleTis mokavSire daRestnel mTielTa Tavdasxmebis aRkveTas,
rasac udidesi ziani mohqonda qveynisaTvis.
rusuli jaris Semosvlam kaxeTSi bunebrivad gamoiwvia osmaleTisa da spar-
seTis ukmayofileba. am periodSi ruseTi mZime oms awarmoebda livoniaSi da ar
SeeZlo osmaleTTan omSi Cabma. kaxeTSi rusuli samxedro razmis gagzavniT ase-
ve ukmayofilo iyo iranis Sahi Tamazi. omis muqariT osmaleTma aiZula ruseTi
gaeyvana garnizoni Tergis cixe-simagridan, Tavis mxriv, Sah Tamazma kaxeTis
mefe levans rusi meomrebis samefodan gaZeveba ubrZana.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi levani iZulebuli gaxda daeTxova rusuli jari. male
ki rusebma Tergis cixesimagre daangries. amgvarad, urTierToba ruseTsa da
qarTul samefos Soris droebiT Sewyda.
TurqeTTan dapirispirebis pirobebSi, ruseTma isev ganaaxla kavkasiaSi
mokavSireebis Zieba. yvelaze xelsayreli mokavSire ki am SemTxvevaSi kaxeTis
samefo iyo. 1585 wels ruseTis mefem Tavisi elCi danilovi gaagzavna kaxeTSi
weriliT, romelSic kaxeTis mefes sTavazobda alianss da da moskovis prote-
qtorobas.
1686 wels ruseTis mefes ukve kaxeTis mefis elCoba eaxla. kaxeTi sTxovda
ruseTis xelmwifes mtrebisagan Tavdacvas, Tergze cixesimagris aRdgenas da
iq Zlieri garnizonis Cayenebas, romelic xels SeuSlida daRestnelebs da
512
usafrTxos gaxdida sakomunikacio gzebs
kaxeTidan CrdiloeTisaken.
kaxeTi qarTul samefoTagan yvelaze
axlos iyo teritoriulad astraxanisaken
mimaval gzebTan da Saqi-Sarvanis magist-
raliT aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli abreSumiT
wyaro 1
`Cveni kazakebi, maTi Cveulebisa-
mebr, sadac SeeZloT yvelgan
Zarcvas misdevdnen. gansaku-

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. am mizeziT gax- TrebiT itacebdnen saqonelsa
da kaxeTi qarTul samefoTagan ruseTTan da cxenebs. bevri saCivari Semo-
kavSiris pirveli iniciatori. ruseTisa dioda grafTan (totlebenTan),
da kaxeTis samefos interesebis realuri magram man samarTali ar gaaCina.
TanmTxveva arsebobda. ruseTi cdilobda kazakebi ufro gaTavxeddnen.
rogorc gavlenis sferos gafarToebas, sxva kariskacebic TiTqmis igives
ise savaWro-ekonomikuri interesebis sCadiodnen. ise vcxovrobdiT
gatarebas. kaxeTs ki ruseTis daxmareba saqarTveloSi, rogorc dapyro-
upirvelesad usafrTxoebis garantire- bil qveyanaSi~.
bisaTvis da gareSe mtrebisagan Tavda- de grai de fua, general
sacavad esaWiroeboda. totlebenis adiutanti
1587 wels ruseTis elCebTan kaxeTis
mefe aleqsandrem xeli moawera `ficis
wigns~, romliTac ruseTi kaxeTis samefos
mfarvelobas kisrulobda. am droidan
dawyebuli 1605 wlamde kaxeTsa da ruseTs
Soris sistematurad mimdinareobda elCebis gacvla.
xelSekruleba realurad zRudavda kaxeTis mefis damoukideblobas saga-
reo politikis sferoSi. aleqsandres mier dadebuli xelSekruleba qarTul
samefosa da ruseTs Soris gaformebuli pirveli oficialuri dokumenti iyo.
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis miuxedavad, kaxeTi inarCunebda damoukideb-
lobas saSinao da, nawilobriv, sagareo politikis warmarTvaSi. xelSekruleba
1589 wels daadastura ruseTis xelmwifem `wyalobis sigeliT~.
XVI s-is 90-iani wlebidan ruseTis mefe Tevdore sakuTar Tavs `iveriis
qveynisa da qarTveli mefeebis xelmwifedac~ moixseniebda. am titulaturaSi
ikveTeba ruseTis mier sakuTari dominirebadi rolis aRqma da mizani, igive
ganexorcielebina saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi, rasac miaRwia kaxeTSi. Tumca,
im periodSi ruseTs ar Seswevda Zala Semdgomi eqspansiisaTvis samxreTis mimar-
TulebiT. Tavis mxriv, kaxeTis ruseTTan kavSirs mtrulad Sexvdnen osmaleTi
da misi vasali saxanoebi. ruseT-kaxeTis am kavSirs ki bolo Sah abasma mouRo
XVII saukunis dasawyisSi. kavkasiaSi isev gaCaRda iran-osmaleTis omi, xolo
glexTa ajanyebebis cecxlSi gaxveul ruseTs ukve aRar ecala kavkasiisaTvis.
ruseTis diplomatiam kaxeTSi marcxi ganicada.

qarTuli misiebi ruseTSi

XVII saukuneSi ruseTTan kavSirebis ganaxlebisaTvis aqtiurad iRvwoda Tei-
muraz I. misi pirveli elCi 1619 wels Cavida moskovSi. man ruseTis mefe mixeils
gadasca Teimurazisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebis werilebi dax-
513
 marebis TxovniT. 1639 wels Teimuraz mefem xeli
moawera `ficis wigns~, romelic faqtobrivad
imeorebda aleqsandre mefis dros xelmowe-
ril analogiuri saxelis xelSekrulebas.
Teimurazis iniciativiT, ruseTs imere-
Tis mefe aleqsandrec daukavSirda. qarTve-
li mefeebi ruseTis daxmarebiT saSinao
problemebis mogvarebasac cdilobdnen.
Teimurazi rus xelmwifes jaris gamogza-
vnas sTxovda, magram aseve sTxovda (rad-
ganac ruseTidan jaris daxmarebis didi
imedi ar hqonda), diplomatiuri zegavlena
moexdina iranze, raTa igi kaxeTis taxtze
aRedginaT. Tavis mxriv, imereTis mefe ale-
qsandre samegrelos mTavris, dadianis asalag-
mavad donel kazakTa razmis gamogzavnas iTxovda.
Teimurazma SemdgomSi kidev gaagzavna elCoba erekle II
ruseTSi. male sakuTari SviliSvili ereklec (momavali
erekle I, igive nazaralixani) peterburgs gaamgzavra da TviTonac
Cavida ruseTis sataxto qalaqSi.
qarTveli mefeebis Txovna Seusrulebeli darCa. ruseTs isev ar hqonda
Tavi meeqvse

sakmarisi Zala imisaTvis, rom aqtiurad CarTuliyo kavkasiaSi mimdinare po-

litikur procesebsa da saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi.
ruseTTan kavSirisaTvis aqtiurad iRvwoda arCil mefec, romelic sabo-
lood 1699 wels ruseTSi gadasaxlda. mas moskovis maxloblad vsesviatskoeSi
mamuli uboZes da is iqve, politikur cxovrebas sruliad CamoSorebuli gar-
daicvala.

wyaro 2

quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekrulebidan osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris:

`brwyinvale porta sazeimod da samudamod ambobs uars xarkad Wabukebisa da qaliS-

vilebis moTxovnasa da yovelgvar sxva gadasaxadze; porta valdebulebas kisru-
lobs arc erTi maTgani ar CaTvalos Tavis qveSevrdomad, imaT garda, romlebic mas
ZvelTaganve ekuTvnodnen; qarTvelebis... mflobelobaSi myof yvela cixes da gama-
grebul adgilebs datovebs maT gamgeblobasa da dacvaSi; aseve araviTari saxiT ar
Seaviwroebs qarTvelTa sarwmunoebas, monastrebsa da eklesiebs, ar SeuSlis xels
Zveli eklesia-monastrebis SekeTebas da axalTa agebas, Cildiris (axalcixis) valim
da sxva gamgeblebma Tu oficrebma ar unda Seaviwrovon isini iseTi moTxovnebiT,
romlebsac SeiZleba mohyves maTi mamulebis dakargva. magram radganac dasaxelebu-
li xalxebi brwyinvale portas qveSevrdomebi arian, amitom ruseTis imperia Sem-
degSi maT saqmeebSi sruliad ar unda Caerios da arc Seaviwrovos isini~.

514
 XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan kontaqtebi ruseTTan gacilebiT ufro inten-
siur xasiaTs iRebs. saqarTvelos mefeebi osmaleTisagan da iranisagan Tav-
daxsnis gzad evropasTan da ruseTTan dakavSirebas miiCnevdnen.
ruseTTan kavSirebis damyarebisa da gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTre-
biT mniSvnelovania vaxtang VI-is moRvaweoba. mas ar daufaravs Tavisi proru-
suli ganwyoba da qristianobisadmi faruli erTguleba ruseTis elCobisaTvis

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

jer kidev iranSi. rodesac sparseTs Tavs daesxnen avRanelebi 1722 wels da
osmalebi 1723 wels, is ruseTis gverdSi dadga.
ruseTma iranis winaaRmdeg wamoiwyo kampania kaspiis zRvis regionSi. petre
I-ma daavala graf volinskis Seeqmna aliansi kavkasiis xalxebTan, romelTa sa-
TaveSic vaxtang VI unda yofiliyo. marTlac, amgvari kavSiri Seiqmna 1722 wels,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ewinaaRmdegebodnen vaxtangis vaJi baqari, sulxan-
saba orbeliani da sxvebic, romlebic eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen ruseTis mefis
`keTil zraxvebs~.

urTierTobebi XVIII saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi

1761 wels amjerad Teimuraz II gaemarTa sankt-peterburgSi. Teimurazi
sTxovda rus xelmwifes jars an Tanxas jaris dasaqiraveblad, pirvel rigSi,
CrdilokavkasielTa marbieli Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad da hpirdeboda mas, rom
gailaSqrebda iranSi da aiZulebda adgilobriv mmarTvelebs ruseTisaTvis
misaRebi Sahis arCevas. amgvarad, Teimurazi da erekle adasturebdnen, rom
isini mzad iyvnen ruseTis interesebi daecvaT iranSi. am gegmis ganxorcielebis
SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebi imedovnebdnen iranelTa batonobisagan sabolood
ganTavisuflebas. magram sankt-peterburgSi, saerTo politikuri situaciidan
gamomdinare, Teimurazis gegma zedmetad rTulad moeCvenaT. Teimuraz II-is
sikvdilis Semdeg ki misi gegmac daviwyebas mieca.
Tavis mxriv, XVIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi imereTis mefem aleqsandre V-m mi-
marTa ruseTs daxmarebisaTvis. aleqsandre fiqrobda, rom vinaidan azovis
cixesimagris dakavebis Semdeg ruseTi ukve saqarTvelos mouaxlovda, Tur-
qeTTan omis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs gemebiT unda gadmoeyvana jari anakliasa da
foTSi da ganedevna Turquli garnizonebi cixeebidan. amdenad, aleqsandres
gegmiT ruseTs TurqeTisaTvis samxreT kavkasiidan unda Seetia. imereTis mefis
SeTavazeba ruseTma upasuxod datova da arc raime saxis daxmarebaze gaucia
dadebiTi pasuxi.
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi imereTis mefe solomon I-c imedovnebda
rusebis daxmarebas. 1768 wels man maqsime q
Q uTaTeli, quTaisis episkoposi, gag-
zavna ruseTSi, raTa ruseTis xelmwifisaTvis ecnobebina, rom imereTi mxarSi
amoudgeboda ruseTs TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omSi.
1768 wels daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis omi. ruseTi did imeds amyarebda balka-
neTisa da samxreT kavkasiis qristiani xalxebis mxardaWeraze. TurqeTi, Tavis
mxriv, kavkasiisa da yirimis muslimi xalxebis daxmarebas eloda.
solomoni da erekle ukve didi xania emzadebodnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
omSi monawileobisaTvis. amasTan isini marTebulad fiqrobdnen, rom ruseTis
samxedro da finansuri daxmarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo sabrZolo moqme-

515
 debebis dawyeba. solomoni imedovnebda
Turqebis sabolood gandevnas dasavleT
saqarTvelodan da Tavadebisa da mTavre-
bis damorCilebas. erekles ki ruseTis
daxmareba didad gauadvilebda miznis
miRwevas – mesxeTis SemoerETEebas, Warisa
da belaqnis damorCilebas da daRestnel-
Ta Tavdasxmebis aRkveTas.
rusuli gegmis mixedviT, qarTvelTa
gaerTianebul Zalebs unda daekavebinaT
kavkasiaSi TurqTa mniSvnelovani Zale-
bi da amdenad, gaeadvilebinaT rusebis
samxedro operaciebi balkaneTze.
1769 wels rusuli jari, general tot-
lebenis meTaurobiT, saqarTveloSi Semo-
vida. magram male gamoCnda, rom totlebe-
ni aranair angariSs ar uwevda qarTvelTa
interesebs da moiTxovda ereklesa da so-
lomonisagan srul morCilebas, rasac, bu-
nebrivia, qarTveli mefeebi ar dauSvebdnen.
totlebenma samokavSireo piroba daarRvia
Tavi meeqvse
wyaro 3
nawyveti georgievskis traqta-
tidan:
`uganaTlebulesoba misi mefe
qarTlisa da kaxeTisa saxeli-
Ta, memkvidreTa da menacvleTa
TvisiTa dResaswaulobiT (sa-
zeimod) ukuTqvams (uars ambobs)
yovelsa valobasa (vasalobaze)
da yovlisgan (yovelgvar) moki-
debulebisa (damokidebulebaze)
sparsTa anu sxvaTa mpyrobelTa-
sa, da amiT cxadhyofs (acxadebs)
winaSe pirsa yovlisas soflisa-
sa (mTeli qveynis winaSe) viTar-
med ara Sehracxs igi Tviszed da
menacvleTa TvisTa zeda sxvasa
TviTmpyrobelsa Tvinier uze-
naesisa xelmwifebisa da mfarve-

aspinZis brZolis dros, rodesac man uari lobisa misisa imperatorobisa...

ganacxada am umniSvnelovanes brZolaSi mo- aRmTqmeli taxtisa mis erTgu-
nawileobaze. lebisa da mzadyofnisa Sewevni-
brZolis Semdeg urTierToba totle- saTvis sargebelsa saxelmwi-
bensa da erekle II-s Soris kidev ufro dai- foisa (ruseTisa) yovelsa Sina
Zaba. totlebeni erekles taxtidan gada- SemTxvevasa da drosa, sadac ese
yenebis gegmasac ki awyobda. iTxovebodes misadmi~.
ruseTidan damatebiTi Zalebis miRe-
bis Semdeg totlebeni rusuli armiiT
imereTSi gadavida. aq solomoni warma-
tebiT ebrZoda Turqebs. totlebenma
alya Semoartya foTs, magram uSedegod.
sankt-peterburgSi sabolood darwmund-
nen totlebenis umoqmedobaSi da is Secvales general suxotiniT, magram male
rusulma jarma saerTod datova saqarTvelo.
1774 wlis quCuk-kainarjis zaviT ruseTi mxolod im pirobiT aRiarebda os-
maleTis uflebebs dasavleT saqarTveloze, Tu TurqeTi uars ityoda xarkis
moTxovnaze da akrZalavda tyveTa syidvis praqtikas. es imereTis mefis didi
miRweva iyo. qveyanam praqtikulad damoukidebloba moipova TurqeTisagan,
solomons mieca centralizaciis politikis gatarebisa da qveynis ekonomikuri
aRorZinebis saSualeba. momdevno aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT saqarTve-
los mosaxleobis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.

516
 georgievskis traqtati
quCuk-kainarjis zavis dadebis Semdeg ruseTis aRmosavluri politika mi-
marTuli iyo yirimis sabolood SemoerTebisa da samxreT kavkasiis sakiTxis
gadaWrisaken.
saqarTveloze kontrolis damyareba mTel samxreT kavkasiaze kontrols
moaswavebda. amitomac iyo qveyana dapirispirebul mxareTa qiSpis mudmivi

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

obieqti. magram saukunis miwurulisaTvis ruseTi aSkarad ufro Zlieri iyo
or mowinaaRmdegeze – iransa da osmaleTze. Tavis mxriv, inglisi da safran-
geTi SeSfoTebulni iyvnen ruseTis gaZlierebiTa da winsvliT samxreTisaken.
amitomac isini legitimurad aRiarebdnen osmaleTisa da iranis pretenziebs
samxreT kavkasiaze. saqarTvelo isev da isev am globaluri politikuri TamaSis
msxverpli iyo.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erekle II-m ramdenime misia gaagzavna evropaSi dax-
marebis TxovniT, magram kvlavac uSedegod. Tavis mxriv, rusi diplomatebi
aqtiur moRvaweobas eweodnen saqarTveloSi da cdilobdnen erekles daTanx-
mebas prorusuli orientaciis arCevaze. rusuli cixesimagreebis raodenoba
kavkasiis didi qedis CrdiloeTis misadgomebTan TandaTanobiT izrdeboda.
samxreT kavkasiaSi SemosaWrelad ki saWiro iyo qarTl-kaxeTis mxardaWeris
garantireba.
ereklem sabolood gadawyvita ruseTisaken Semobruneba. ruseTze orien-
taciis aRebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo is, rom erekle am gziT imedovnebda mSvi-
dobisa da usafrTxoebis miRwevas, evropisaken fanjris gaWras saxelmwifos
evropulad gardaqmnisaTvis.
1783 wels georgievskSi xeli moewera `georgievskis traqtatis~ saxeliT
cnobil xelSekrulebas, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, sasurveli Sedegi ar
moutana saqarTvelos da qveyana ruseTis imperiis ambiciuri sagareo poli-
tikuri miznebis msxverplad aqcia.
traqtatis mixedviT, qarTl-kaxeTi uars ambobda iranis Tu sxva romelime
qveynisadmi daqvemdebarebaze da amieridan aRiarebda mxolod ruseTis proteq-
torats. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo sakuTar sagareo politikas warmarTavda ru-
seTis mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT da misi dasturiT. saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis
SemTxvevaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samxedro Zalebi ruseTis samsaxurSi

georgievskis
traqtati

517
 unda Camdgariyvnen. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis imperatori
valdebulebas iRebda daecva qarTl-kaxeTis samefo
yovelgvari gare agresiisagan.
rusuli mxare erekles qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sa-
Sinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis srul garantias aZlev-
da.
traqtatis damatebiT punqtSi aRniSnuli iyo,
rom erekles mSvidobiani da keTilmezobluri ur-
TierToba unda hqonoda imereTis mefesTan. qar-
Tul samefoebs Soris uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi, maT
Soris msajuli ruseTis imperatori unda yofiliyo,
romlis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dacvisaTvis, ruseTi val-
debulebas iRebda mudmivad hyoloda infanteriis (qvei- aRa mahmad xani
Ti jaris) ori batalioni da saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis
SemTxvevaSi, gamoegzavna damatebiTi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi qarTuli jaris
dasaxmareblad. ruseTma erekles mxolod mcire SeiaraRebuli razmi gamoug-
zavna da isic male ukan gaiwvia.
ruseTi aseve iZleoda dapirebas, daebrunebina saqarTvelosaTvis aneqsire-
buli qarTuli teritoriebi.
ruseTma SemdgomSi arafrad Caagdo georgievskis traqtatiT aRebuli val-
Tavi meeqvse

debulebebi.
amasTan erTad, traqtatis dadebam didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia osmaleTsa da
iranSi. osmaleTTan omis saSiSroebis gamo, ruseTma Tavi Seikava analogiuri
xelSekrulebis dadebisagan imereTis mefesTan.
XVIII saukunis miwuruls, ruseTis danapirebi daxmarebis Seusruleblobis
pirobebSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo praqtikulad mTlianad mtrebis garemocvaSi
aRmoCnda. dapirispireba arsebobda sakuTriv qveyanaSic da samefo karzec.
yajarTa dinastiis damaarsebels, aRa mahmad xans (1779-1797) mtkiced hqon-
da gadawyvetili daebrunebina erT dros iranis gavlenis qveS myofi qveynebi.
am dros ukve ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ki misi
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgenda. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapir-
velad aRa mahmad xani yovel Rones xmarobda ruseTTan kargi urTierTobebis
damyarebisaTvis, rom masTan dapirispirebis gareSe aRedgina iranis gavlena
aRmosavleT saqarTveloze.
ruseTis poziciis sabolood gasarkvevad aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi, 1792 da 1795 wlebSi aRa mahmad xanma elCebi gaagzavna ruseTSi,
Tumca pasuxi ar miuRia.
amis Semdeg aRa mahmad xani didi laSqriT Semovida samxreT kavkasiaSi da
erekles ultimatumi (upirobo moTxovna) gaugzavna. igi misgan ruseTis mfar-
velobaze samudamod xelis aRebas, sparseTis vasalobas da xarkis gadaxdis
aRdgenas moiTxovda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is qarTl-kaxeTSi SemoWras da
yovelive zemoTqmulis samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT ganxorcielebas gegmavda.
ereklem, romelsac rusebis samxedro daxmarebis imedi hqonda, ultimatumze
pasuxi ar gasca, rasac aRa mahmad xanis saqarTveloze Semoseva mohyva.
518
 1799 wels, iranis mosalodneli Tavdasxmis pirobebSi, faqtobrivad, gamo-
uval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis TxovniT, impe-
ratorma pavle I-ma ganaaxla traqtati, Tumca isev ar Seusrulebia mTavari
moTxovna – ar gamougzavnia jari qarTl-kaxeTSi.
1800 wlis miwuruls qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-is sico-
cxlis ukanasknel dReebSi sabolood dairRva georgievskis traqtati da male

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII ss.-Si

qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis imperiis Semadgenel nawilad gamocxadda.

wyaro 4

erekle II-is werilidan ruseTSi myof garsevan WavWavaZisadmi (1786):

`nurc aTqmevineb visme amasa, rom didis ekaterines Jamsa da xelmwifobaSi ruseTis
SeerTebis mizeziT mouSveleblobiT daiqca saqarTvelo... ra vqna, me bevris imedi
mqonda Tqvenisgan da kidec maqvs, ma visTan mivideT da vis gamoucxadoT Cveni tki-
vili, _ osmaleTTan mivide, mimiSveben? yizilbaSebTan mivide – Semiwynareben?
daRestnelebTan mivide – mimiReben? maS visi sasoeba mqondes, Tu ara ruseTis dide-
bulis xelmwifisa... vis unda mivmarTo da vis unda vawyino Tavi?~

imereTis mefe daviTis werilidan graf potiomkinisadmi (1786):

`me es Cveni qveynebi misTvis SegavedreT da amas vecade, rom usjuloTagan pirveli-
sebri aoxreba ar Semosuliyo. Tu ase didxans ar unaRvlidiT, amas ar movelodiT...
Tu Semweoba da Cvenis qveynis Sewevna gnebavsT, dro da Jamebi axla aris. da Tu axlave
saCqarod ar mogvaSveleT jari da Cvens qveynebs Sewevna ar daemarTeEba, amis vali Cven
aRar mogveTxovos da keTili ar iqneba~.

wyaro 5

`1799 welsa movida elCi yaenisa (iranis Sahis) da werili misi megobruli. sTxovda
mefesa (giorgi XII-s) – ara daarRvios kavSiri ZvelTa saqarTveloisa mefeTa eranis
(iranis) yaenTana, raTa ar daiviwyos wyalobebi, romliTaca savse iyo saqarTvelo,
raTa rusTa ara miandnon sve da bedi Tvisi. yaeni aRuTqmida mfarvelobasa Tvissa sa-
qarTvelosa valistanzeda, sarwmuneobisa maTisa ara devnasa, uflebasa saxanoebTa
zeda erevnisa, ganjisa da yarabaRisa, viTarca iyo mefisa iraklisa drosa, da ukeTu
isaWiroebs mefe jarisaca gamogzavnasa 6000 kacisa yaenisa xarjiTa dasacvelad gza-
Ta, romelnica aqvdnen savlelad lekTa, qveyanisa amaoxrebelTa. – mefeman miiRo
elCi pativiTa da maSinve miswera werili, romliTaca daumalvelad da gamocxadebu-
lad aRiara saWiroeba qveyanisa dasacvelad mindobiT da mimarTviT rusTa xelmwifi-
sadmi. miswera mefeman: `irani Segveqmna mdevnelad da mtrad Cvenda; daiviwya sisxli
mefeTa qarTvelTa jarisa daRvrilisa avganistansa. iranman aRwyvita eri da gaaoxra
samefo Cveni. iranma aRZra leki asaklebad Cvenda. erTidaigive sarwmunoeba rusTa
xelmwifeTa Tana, maimedebs qveyanisa damSvidebasa. darRveva maTTan kavSirisa, ar Se-
miZlian da verca Sevircxven pirsa da verc gavtex sityvasa micemulsa. yovelnive sasu-
lieroni da saeroni gvamni (pirebi) Txouloben ruseTis xelmwifisa mfarvelobasa~.

platon ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi XIII-isa

519
 klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaro 1­is mixedviT isaubreT rusuli jaris moqmedebis

Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi.
2. teqstisa da wyaro 2­is mixedviT gaaanalizeT, Tu ra moutana dasavleT
saqarTvelos quCuk­kainarjis zavma.
3. teqstisa da wyaro 3­is gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT, Tu ram aiZula erekle
II, aerCia prorusuli orientacia da imsjeleT, Tu ramdenad zRudavda
georgievskis traqtati qarTl­kaxeTis samefos damoukideblobas. Seada­
reT traqtati 1587 wlis `ficis wigns~.
4. wyaro 4­isa da teqstis mixedviT gaarkvieT, Tu ramdenad icavda ruseTi
georgievskis traqtatiT aRebul valdebulebebs da ra mizans isaxavda am
valdebulebebis darRvevisas.
5. wyaro 5­is mixedviT imsjeleT saqarTvelos sagareo­politikuri kursis
Secvlis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.
Tavi meeqvse

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1768-1774
ruseT-TurqeTis omi

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1783 _ georgievskis
traqtati
1587
`ficis wigni~

520