Q1: Define the following.

(ANSWER FIVE ONLY):

Visual examination is the most extensively used NDE method for welds. It includes either the direct or indirect
observation of the exposed surfaces of the weld and base metal.
NDT is a testing and analysis technique used by industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component,
structure or system for characteristic differences or welding defects and discontinuities without causing damage
to the original part.
Toe Cracks: are generally cold cracks. They initiate and propagate from theweld toe where shrinkage stresses
are concentrated.
Cohesion forces are the forces that stay (hold) atoms and molecules together.
Acoustic impedance is the factor for Each material which is used to calculate reflectivity
at an interface.
Radioactive decay the amount of radioactive material remaining after a period of time (t).
Flux density: is defined as the number of lines of force per unit area.

Full skip the beam is reflected from the lower surface of the plate to reach the upper part of weld.
Magnetic permeability is the ratio between the strength of the magnetic field and the amount
of magnetic flux within the material.
Q2: ANSWER FOUR ONLY
Q3: Answer with True or False only: (ANSWER FIVE ONLY) [20 marks]

1. F
2. T
3.T
4.F
5.T
6.T
7.T
8.F
9. F
Q4: Give the reason for each of the following. (ANSWER FIVE ONLY): [20 marks]

1. Hydrogen cracking can occur up to 72 hours after the welding.

2. The cohesive forces between molecules of a liquid cause surface tension.
3. Tungsten.has a high atomic number that makes it an ideal material to interact with the
high-speed electrons. Also, it has a high melting point of 3249 °C, which is essential
since the target is subject to high temperatures as a result of electron impingement.
4. Due to Tubes are having internal surfaces not accessible to direct viewing.
5. The large differences in the mean distance between particles in these forms of matter.
6. Eddy currents tend to concentrate at the surface of a material.
7. Dwell time allows the capillary action to cause the liquid to enter discontinuities

Q5
1. According to ASME Section V, list the requirements for visual examination.
a)A written procedure is required for examinations.
b) The minimum amount of information that is to be included in the written procedure.
c) Demonstration of the adequacy of the inspection procedure.
d) Personnel are required to demonstrate annually completion of a J-1 Jaeger-type eye
vision test.
e) Direct visual examination requires access to permit the eye to be within 6 in. through 24
in. (150mm through 600 mm) of the surface, at an angle not less than 30 degrees.
f) The minimum required illumination of the part under examination.
g) Indirect visual examination permits the use of remote visual examination and devices
be employed.
h) Evaluation of indications in terms of the acceptance standards of the referencing code.
2. Mechanical Aids
A-Steel ruler—available in a wide selection of sizes and graduations to suit the needs of
the inspector (considered a non-precision measuring instrument).
B- Vernier scale—a precision instrument, capable of measuring in decimal units to a
precision factor of 0.0001 in. The Vernier system is used on various precision measuring
instruments, such as the caliper, micrometer, height and depth gauges, gear tooth, and
protractors.
C. Combination square set—consisting of a blade and a set of three heads: Square,
Center, and Protractor. Used universally in mechanical work for assembly and layout
examination.
D. Thickness gauge—commonly called a “Feeler” gauge is used to measure the clearance
between objects.
E. Levels—tools designed to prove if a plane or surface is truly horizontal or vertical.
3. Ability of penetrant to wet surfaces and entered discontinuities depends on Ability of
penetrant to wet surfaces and entered discontinuities depends on the following:
- cleanness,
- type, form and size of discontinuities,
- cleanness of discontinuities,
- discontinuity opening width,
- surface tension of penetrant and
- penetrant ability to wet the surface (contact angle).
4. To avoid the unsharpness, the following solution could be considered.
- The source of light should be small, that is, as nearly a point as can be obtained.
- The source of light should be as far from the object as practical.
- The recording surface should be as close to the object as possible.
- The light rays should be directed perpendicularly to the recording surface.
- The plane of the object and the plane of the recording surface should be parallel.
5. There are two basic forms of Lamb waves:
A. Symmetrical, or dilatational
B. Asymmetrical or bending
6. The following considerations should be considered in selecting a couplant:
1. The surface finish of the test piece
2. The temperature of the test surface
3. Possibility of chemical reactions between the test surface and couplant
4. Cleaning requirements (some couplants are difficult to remove)