P.Point Drilling Well Control

ADNOC Classification: Public
DRILLING TRAINING CENTER
IWCF Drilling Well Control

DTC Layout & Emergency GF

C6 2ND CAFETERIA
floor
C5
W.C
C4 M. LAB E. LAB
C3
Reception
Desk
AUDITORIUM
store
C2
C1
DTC Layout & Emergency 1st F

General Safety Rules

- Smoking is strictly prohibited and only allowed at designated
area.
- We are not going to conduct a fire drill today so In case of
hearing the fire alarm you are kindly requested to proceed to
the assembly points.
- Finally you are most welcome at NDC Training center and wish
you safe visit
Course Objectives
• The program consists of a Practical Assessment Exercise and Written

Test papers on Equipment and Principles & Procedures for Drillers
and Drilling Supervisors based on the IWCF Certification Standards.,
in order to perform their jobs responsibly. The standards have been
devised so that the measurement of the skills and knowledge can be
assessed systematically.
PART-1
Principles and Procedures

Contents
 Overview & Introduction to Well Control
 Barrier Concept & Risk Management.
 Causes of kicks.
 Kick Warning Signs and Kick Indicators.
 Circulating Systems& Fracture Pressure and MAASP
 Shut In Procedures & Influx Characteristics and Behaviour.
 Well Control Methods
 Well Control during Casing and Cementing Operations
 Well Control Management & Contingency Planning

Well Control overview

IWCF PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT

“IWCF PHILOSOPHY IS TO MAXIMISE WELL CONTROL WITHOUT COMPROMISING SAFETY &
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD”
Three factors govern the Success of Well Control:

1. Human
2. Equipment 3- Plans & Procedures
1. HUMAN
• Fitness (Physical & Mentally)
• ASK (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge)
• Team Effort
• Democratic approach
• Communications & Coordination
• Responsibility
2- PLAN & PROCEDURES

• Well Plan & Consider All Aspects
• Back-up Plans & Procedures
• Procedures Tailored to Site
3- EQUIPMENT
• Full Inventory
• Independent Inspection
• Machine Suitability
• Function and/or Pressure Test
• Back-up & Spares

Well Control Event/ Incident

Impact of a Well Control Incident:
• Human Impact
• Environmental Impact
• Asset impact
• Over regulations
• Business disruptions
• Local and Public Image Impact
Avoiding Well Control Incidents

The below list shows that the top five categories of proposed measures are:
• Improvement of procedures/ documentation
• Increased or improved control/check/verification
• Strengthening well control training and assessment
• Improved work practice/ operational follow-up of barriers
• Improved technical well design 11
WELL CONTROL TRAINING & ASSESSMENT

Attending the IWCF Well Control training course will help the trainees deepen
their theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage well site
operations and maintain well control at all times. In addition, it has as well much
other benefit including:
- Maintaining trust of stakeholders

- Avoiding over regulations
- Raising the competence of drilling staff
- Acting as an induction for new recruited staff and giving them the information
they need to work in the different positions
12
WELL CONTROL EVENT
The Deep-water Horizon after the explosion.

Introduction to Well Control

Drilling Ahead
WHAT IS A KICK?
IT IS AN INFLUX OF FORMATION FLUID
THAT CAUSES THE WELL TO FLOW.
WHAT IS A BLOWOUT?
AN UNCONTROLLED EXIT OF THE FORMATION FLUIDS
AT THE SURFACE
BLOWOUT
BLOWOUT
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydro- means a fluid

Static- means at rest
Hydrostatic in the
wellbore is from the
mud
Pressure Definitions:
the intensity of the force with respect to the surface area
Expressing F in lbs. and A in inch2, the pressure is expressed in lb/in2 (psi).

Pressure = Force ÷ Area
the above formula can be converted as fellow:
Force = Pressure × Area

Area = Force ÷ Pressure
Effect of Density
10 ppg 11 ppg 12 ppg
5000’
PSI PSI PSI

Effect of Depth
5000’
7500’
PSI
10000’
PSI
PSI
True Vertical Depth (TVD) and Measured Depth (MD)

MUD HYDROSTATIC
STANDERED FORMULA WITH FT., PPG AND PSI
MUD HYDROSTATIC HP = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT X DEPTH
MUD GRADIANT = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT PSI\FT.

MUD HYDROSTATIC
Pressure (psi) = Mud Weight x .052 x TVD
Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Mud Weight, ppg x .052

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) =Pressure, psi  TVD, ft
Mud Weight, ppg = Pressure Gradient  .052
Mud Weight (ppg) = Pressure  TVD  .052
TVD (ft) = Pressure (psi)  Mud Weight (ppg)  0.052
TRY SOME EXAMPLES

1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each of the following Mud Weights.
2-What Mud Weight is required to give a pressure gradient of 0.59 psi/ft?
3-Mud Hydrostatic = 3900 psi at the bottom of an 8000 ft. TVD well. What would be the pressure
gradient for the mud?
4-For question above what is the equivalent Mud Weight (ppg)?
5-Pressure Gradient = 0.57 psi/ft. What is hydrostatic at 12000 ft. TVD?

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each
of the following Mud Weights.
4576 psi 4992 psi 5824 psi
TRY SOME EXAMPLES
1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each of
the following Mud Weights.
4576 psi 4992 psi 5824 psi
2-What Mud Weight is required to give a pressure gradient of 0.59
psi/ft? (11.4 ppg)
TRY SOME EXAMPLES
1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each of the
following Mud Weights.
4576 psi 4992 psi 5824 psi
(11.4 ppg)
3-Mud Hydrostatic = 3900 psi at the bottom of an 8000 ft. TVD well. What
would be the pressure gradient for the mud? ( 0.49 psi\ft. )
TRY SOME EXAMPLES
1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each of the
following Mud Weights.
4576 psi 4992 psi 5824 psi
(11.4 ppg)
3-Mud Hydrostatic = 3900 psi at the bottom of an 8000 ft. TVD well. What
would be the pressure gradient for the mud? ( 0.49 psi\ft. )
4-For question above what is the equivalent Mud Weight? ( 9.4 ppg )
TRY SOME EXAMPLES
1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each of the following Mud Weights.
4576 psi 4992 psi 5824 psi
2-What Mud Weight is required to give a pressure gradient of 0.59 psi/ft? (11.4 ppg)
3-Mud Hydrostatic = 3900 psi at the bottom of an 8000 ft. TVD well. What would be the pressure gradient for
the mud? ( 0.49 psi\ft. )
4-For question above what is the equivalent Mud Weight? ( 9.4 ppg )
5-Pressure Gradient = 0.57 psi/ft. What is hydrostatic at 12000 ft. TVD? (6840 psi )
FORMATION FLUID
Fluid present in the pore space of the rock.
FORMATION PRESSURE
The pressure of the formation fluids.
What is formation fluid pressure?
PSI
Formation Pressure:
is the fluid pressure in the pore spaces of the formation.
Porosity
SOLID PARTICLES
PORE
SPACE
Porosity
LOW POROSITY
HIGH POROSITY
LOW POROSITY
What is Permeability?
Permeability is the ability of a formation to allow fluid to

flow.
Permeability
FORMATION PERMEABILITY
Ability of rock to allow fluid to move between pore spaces
HIGH LOW
PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY
NB:
Normal formation pressure gradient = 0.465 psi/ft
What is meant by Abnormal Pressure (over pressure) with regard to fluid pressure in the
formation?
Formation fluid pressure that exceed normal water hydrostatic pressure.

Examples
1. Which one of the following values is generally accepted as a

normal formation pore pressure gradient?
a) 0.508 psi/ft
b) 0.442 psi/ft
c) 0.465 psi/ft
2. At 26” surface hole is being drilled at 1200 ft. The formation

pressure is 601 psi at this depth. Is the formation fluid
pressure?
a) Normal.
b) Below Normal.
c) Above Normal.
Mud Weight Window
Mud weight is critical in controlling hydrostatic pressure.

Designed to balance the stresses in the rock
Designed to balance the pore pressure
There is usually a Mud Weight “window” that will optimise the stability of
the wellbore.
Too little can result in bore hole collapse and well kick problems
Too much can result in loss circulation and may allow shale failure and
possible squeezing salt problems
Mud Weight Window

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE

The bottom hole pressure (PB) is the total pressure acting at the bottom of
the well.
The value oh BHP depends on the different combinations of work
procedures:
- Open well and pump turned off
- Open well with circulation
- Closed well and pump turned off
- Closed well with circulation through the choke

Balance
Mud Hydrostatic =
Formation Pressure
Overbalance
Mud Hydrostatic >

Formation Pressure
Underbalance
Mud Hydrostatic <

Formation Pressure
Underbalance
Mud Hydrostatic <

Formation Pressure
Formation fracture pressure.

Formation fracture pressure is the pressure at which the rock formation starts to
fracture and drilling fluids starts to seep into the formations. These pressures could be
one or more of the following pressure:
Hydrostatic pressure, circulating pressure, or any enclosed surface pressure (SICP.)
To keep the drilled formations from fracturing a leak-off test should be made.
What is the meaning of leak of test?

Leak off test is the test on formation strength, This test done to help us for Define the
Fracture M.WT.
Fracture pressure as the upper limit of the mud weight window.
Mud weight is critical in controlling hydrostatic pressure.

 Designed to balance the stresses in the rock
 Designed to balance the pore pressure
There is usually a Mud Weight “window” that will optimise the
stability of the wellbore.
 Too little can result in bore hole collapse
 Too much can result in loss circulation and may allow shale failure and
possible squeezing salt problems
WHAT IS WELL CONTROL?

1/ PREVENTING A KICK
PRIMARY MUD HYDROSTATIC
OR
2/ SHUTTING IN THE WELL AFTER A KICK
HAS BEEN TAKEN
= SECONDARY BLOW OUT PREVENTERS

Primary Well Control
MUD HYDROSTATIC
IN WELLBORE
FORMATION FLUID
PRESSURE
MUD 4800
HYDROSTATIC
5000
PSI
PSI
MUD HYDROSTATIC PREVENTS FORMATION FLUIDS

ENTERING THE WELLBORE (influx)
Secondary Well Control
Blowout Preventers
WELL CONTROL CYCLE
PRIMARY
PREVENTION
KILL WELL TAKE KICK
SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY
PRIMARY CONTROL
NORMALLY:
= MUD HYDROSTATIC ? FORMATION PRESSURE
? GREATER / LESS ?
PRIMARY CONTROL
NORMALLY:
? GREATER / LESS ?
KICKS OCCUR WHEN:
? GREATER / LESS ?
Subsea Factors and Complications for Surface Candidate’s
The differences between surface and subsea drilling operations.

Describe the effects of:
- Vessel movement and weather (emergency disconnect)
- BOP on the sea bed
- Water depth
- Riser above the BOP
- Choke and kill lines
Barrier Concept & Risk

Management.
Barrier Concept
Barrier Definition:
Any device fluid or substance that prevents the flow of well bore fluids
- It may be Mechanical or fluid.
- Located down hole (mechanical plugs, columns of fluid)
Well barriers:
are envelopes of one or more dependent well barrier elements to prevent fluids or gases
from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into another formation or back to surface.
Well Barrier Element:
is defined as a component part of a well designed to prevent fluids or gases from flowing
unintentionally from a formation, into another formation or to escape at surface.
Independent barriers:
means each barrier shall be able to be closed and contain the well bore fluids by its own
control system irrespective of any power failure.
Barrier Concept
Barrier Theory Minimum Barrier Requirements
1- As per API A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be
available at all times to prevent flow to the environment.
2. As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of

the well.
3. If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory measures into

effect immediately. During this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and
return the well to double barrier protection,
4. Inflow test
Bleed pressure from above & monitor build up
BARRIER FOR W/O & W/I WELL INTERVENTION

(Triple Barrier Protection)
Stripper
DRILLING PRIMARY BARRIER
(Double Barrier Protection) Annular BOP
BOP SECONDARY BARRIER

Annular BOP
SECONDARY BARRIER
BOP
Shear & Seal BOP TERTIARY BARRIER
Mud
PRIMARY BARRIER
Formation Fluids Formation Fluids

Barrier Concept
Barrier Envelope:
• A "Well Barrier Envelope" is defined as a combination of one or more Well Barrier
Elements that together constitute a method of containment of fluids within a well that
prevents uncontrolled flow of fluids into another formation, or, to escape at surface.
"Envelope" is a concept that is utilized in considering a barrier as part of a total system

that involves pressure or fluids.
•The barrier itself (e.g. a wireline BOP) will not be of much help if the complete system is
not in attack (Xmas tree, completion string, extension tubing).
Barrier Concept
Barrier Classification:
Primary Pressure Control (Used during normal operations)
• Primary pressure control is the system, which provides the first line of defense from an uncontrolled well flow, e.g. mud
column.
• This is the first object that prevents flow from a source.
• Its function to prevent unintentional flow to the environment or other formations.
• It differs according to well servicing intervention method.
Seeondary Pressure Control (support of normal operations as contingency)

• Secondary pressure control is the system, which provides the second line of defense, in the event that primary well
control cannot be properly maintained.
• Secondary barriers are brought into action if primary barrier should fail.
• The secondary barrier is to prevent unintentional flow if the primary barrier fails. This is generally provided by the BOP
system.
Tertiary Pressure Control (Used in emergencies)

• It is not always available but may be an additional third and final line of defense in the event that secondary well
control cannot be properly maintained.
Barrier Concept
BARRIER TYPES
•MECHANICAL BARRIER
1- Closed Type Close through out operation.
2 - Closeable Type Close when required.
•HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Liquids with circa 200 psi ▲ Pf or ▼ Pff & Must be observable from
surface.
Q. What is the correct definition of secondary well barrier?

a. This is the first object that prevents flow from a source.
b. This is the second object that prevents flow from a source.

c. This is the third object that prevents flow from a source.
d. This is a combination of liquid & mechanical barriers that prevents flow from a source.
Q. Which of the following is the correct definition of well barrier envelope according to API
Standards
a. Series of dependent barrier elements preventing formation fluid flowing unintentionally

from the formation, into anther formation or to surface.
b. Series of independent barrier elements preventing formation fluid flowing

unintentionally from the formation, into anther formation or to surface
c. Use over balance to prevent intrusion of formation fluid to the wellbore.
Q. What is the correct definition of secondary well barrier?

a. This is the first object that prevents flow from a source.
b. This is the second object that prevents flow from a source.

c. This is the third object that prevents flow from a source.
d. This is a combination of liquid & mechanical barriers that prevents flow from a source.
Q. Which of the following is the correct definition of well barrier envelope according to API
Standards:
a. Series of dependent barrier elements preventing formation fluid flowing unintentionally

from the formation, into anther formation or to surface.
b. Series of independent barrier elements preventing formation fluid flowing
unintentionally from the formation, into anther formation or to surface
c. Use over balance to prevent intrusion of formation fluid to the wellbore.

Barrier Concept
Q: Do wells in which the oil has to be lifted or pumped out (i.e. artificial
lift pumps, rod pumps) need the same control barriers as wells in which
the oil flows out of its own accord?
a. Yes
b. No
Q: In which direction should a barrier be tested?
a. From above
b. From below
c. In any direction
d. In the direction of flow.
Barrier Concept
Q: Do wells in which the oil has to be lifted or pumped out (i.e. artificial
lift pumps, rod pumps) need the same control barriers as wells in which
the oil flows out of its own accord?
a. Yes
b. No
Q: In which direction should a barrier be tested?
a. From above
b. From below
c. In any direction
d. In the direction of flow.
RISK MANAGEMENT
- Risk assessment is a logical and effective process for managing well control
risks. It involves identifying and ranking risk events, developing mitigation
options to minimize probability and severity of outcome, and providing
contingency procedures that can be implemented if the events occur.
- Any job no matter if it's simple or complex should be risk assessed. Often
it is sufficient to consider a few basic questions and consequences
- Forward planning on a well control job is always critical, If this plan fails,
most operators put into play contingency action plans in order to react to
the situation.
Risk = probability x severity

INCIDENT POTENTIAL MATRIX (IPM QUALITATIVE)

RISK MANAGEMENT
Q1: Well planning requires no blowout provision. Because kicks are not
happen everyday
a) Yes
b) No
Q2 : During well planning stage of drilling exploration well, there is no need

for contingency procedure that can be implemented for the possibility
encountering gas at top hole section.
a) True
b) False
RISK MANAGEMENT
Q1: Well planning requires no blowout provision Because kicks are
not happen everyday
a) Yes
b) No
Q2 : During well planning stage of drilling exploration well, there is

no need for contingency procedure that can be implemented for
the possibility encountering gas at top hole section.
a) True
b) False
Management of Change (MOC)

Management of Change (MOC):
is a process to evaluate and manage those modifications before
implementing the modifications.
When a job is modified there is a risk of introducing new hazards.
objective of a MOC procedure is to:-
- Assure no unintended and new hazards are introduced

- Assure risks are properly evaluated et minimized
- Be completed before modifications are implemented.
- Going through an MOC procedure is essentially the same as going
through a risk management procedure.
WELL CONTROL AND EMERGENCY DRILLS

What are the requirements for well-control drills?
You must conduct a weekly well-control drill with each drilling crew. Your drill
must familiarize the crew with its roles and functions so that all crew
members can perform their duties promptly and efficiently
Drills should be designed to reduce the time that the crew take to implement
these procedures. The relevant Drills should be carried out as often as is
necessary, and as hole conditions permit, until the Company representative
and the Contractor Tool pusher are satisfied that every member of the drill
crew is familiar with the entire operation.
For each drill, you must record the following in the driller’s report:
1- The time to be ready to close the diverter or BOP system.
2- The total time to complete the entire drill.

The Common well control drills:
- Kick Drill
- Trip drill
- Strip drill
- Choke drill
- Diverter drill
The following shall be recorded on the drilling daily report:
- the reaction time from the moment the kick is simulated until the
designated crew member is ready to start the closing procedure.
- the total time it takes to complete the entire drill.
- time drill was held (to determine which crew performed the drill)

Kick Drill/ Pit Drill on Bottom
The purpose of this Drill is to familiarize the crew with the control procedure that will be
implemented in the event of a kick while drilling.
This Drill may be conducted either in open or cased hole. However, if the drill is
conducted when the drill string is in open hole, the well will not be shut-in.
When the pipe is on bottom Without prior notice, the Company Representative
gradually increases the apparent pit level by manually raising the float.
The Driller is expected to detect the pit gain and take the following steps:
- Pick up the kelly (or topdrive) until the tool joint clears the BOPs and the kelly cock is
just above the rotary table.
- Shut down the pumps.
- Check the well for flow and take the required action.
- Report to the Company Representative.
- Record the time required for the crew to react and conduct the Drill on the drilling
report.

Pit Drill:
Before drilling out to any shoe, and at the discretion of the Drilling Supervisor, but not less
than once every week per crew while normal drilling operations are in progress.
INITIATE kick verbally or by raising a float (normally Drilling Supervisor or Tool pusher).
On initiation the crew leader is to ALERT the crew and STOP the rotary.
- Pull kelly above the rotary table until the lower kelly cock is above the drilling floor,
- Stop the pumps.
- Close the annular preventer
- Open the hydraulic operated valve in the side outlet from the BOP stack to the choke
manifold (The inner valve is always open under normal conditions).
- Take readings of the closed-in annulus and drillpipe pressures.
- Measure the ‘gain’ in the active mud tank.
- End drill, return all settings to normal operating mode.
Note : A diagram with all relevant measurement relating to tool joint position should be
available to the driller at the BOP control panel.

1- Trip Drill
The purpose of this Drill is to familiarize the crew with the shut-in procedure that will be
implemented in the event of a kick during a trip. This Drill should only be conducted
when the BHA is inside the last casing string.
The Driller is expected to take the following steps to shut in the well:
- Stop other operations.
- Install the drill pipe safety valve.
- Open the choke line valve.
- Close the annular preventer.
- Record the casing and drill pipe pressure.
- Notify the Company Representative that the well is shut-in.
- Record the time for the Drill on the Drilling Report.
- The time taken for the crew to shut in the well should be recorded.
Having shut-in, the well, preparations should be made to strip pipe. These preparations
should include lining up the equipment as required, assigning individual responsibilities
and preparing the Stripping Worksheet.

Choke Drill
Choke drill is one of well control drills that will improve crew competency .
The advantages from the choke drill are as follows:

- Get more familiar to practice controlling the pressure via a choke on the rig
- Get more understanding about lag time
- Practice the procedure to obtain the shut-in drill pipe pressure
- Ensure the surface well control equipment as pressure gauges, choke, BOP
is ready for work
- Get more practices when attempting to bring the pump up to kill speed,
slow the pump down and change the pump rate

Choke Drill Steps are listed below:
- Trip in hole above top of cement
- Fill the pipe and circulate seawater or mud around for few minutes
- Close annular preventer or upper ram preventer
- Pressure up annulus to 200 psi (the pressure may be different depending on the
company policy.)
- Line up the pump
- Pump slowly to bump the float and obtain shut in drill pipe pressure
- Bring the pump to kill rate by holding casing pressure constant – personnel need to
adjust the choke
- Measure lag time for the drill pipe gage after the adjustment of choke is made.
- Change circulation rate by holding casing pressure constant. Crew needs to adjust
choke to achieve this.
- Shut the pump down by holding casing pressure constant.
- Bleed off pressure and line up for drilling operation
Diverter Drill
- If shallow gas is encountered and the well kicks, blowout conditions may develop very
quickly. It is therefore important that crew initiate control procedures as soon as possible
in the event of a shallow gas kick.
- Diverter Drills should therefore be carried out to minimize the reaction time of the
crews. A further objective of the Drill is to check that all diverter equipment is
functioning correctly.
- The time taken for each diverter function to operate should be recorded. A Drill should
be carried out prior to drilling out of the conductor casing.
- The time recorded in the log should be the time elapsed from initiation of the Drill until
the rig crew (and marine staff) are ready to initiate emergency procedures.
Strip Drills
A stripping drill is recommended and should be performed prior to drilling
out of the casing shoe after the BOP has been installed and tested. It will
only be done with the joint agreement of the Tool pusher and the Company
Representative. A pre-stripping meeting should be held with a Minimum of
the Company Representative, Rig Tool pusher, on-shift Driller, AD and
Derrick man in attendance.
The recommended procedure for stripping is as follows:
1. Run in hole with the drilling assembly until the drill-bit is +/- 10 stands above the float
collar or at a pre-agreed depth. (In the case of a floater in deep water ensure that drill pipe
is below the BOP).
2. Install the full opening drill-pipe safety valve (Kelly cock/TIW valve). Close the valve.
3. Open the choke-line valves to a closed choke close the (upper) annular preventer. The well
is now shut in. This is the same procedure as used for trip drills.
4. Make up the top drive (Kelly) or circulating head and open the drill-pipe safety valve. This
would be for the purpose of recording the shut-in drill-pipe pressure.
5. Simulate also the installation of the dart, if it was required to drop it. This would be as
follows:
- Close the drill-pipe safety valve.
- Bleed off pressure above.
- Break off the top drive (Kelly) and install the dart.
- Make up the top drive (Kelly).
- Pressure up through the top drive to equalize the pressure.
- Open the drill-pipe safety valve to allow the dart to fall.
Continue The recommended procedure for stripping :
6. If a Gray valve is in use, it would be made up above the full opening drill pipe safety
valve and the safety valve then opened slowly to ensure that the Gray valve was
holding.
7. Open the choke and circulate until returns are seen in the trip tank. This ensures that
you have a correct line up and all the lines are full from the choke manifold to the trip
tank. Close the choke.
8. Pressure up the well to a value as agreed between the Tool pusher and Company
representatives. This will normally be 400 to 5OOpsi. Close the drill pipe safety valve.
Bleed off above to ensure it is holding, and then remove the top drive (Kelly).
Alternately, you may pressure up the well via the kill line, keeping the full opening
safety valve the valve.
9. The Tool pusher and Driller are to ensure that a stripping worksheet is completed with
bit depth, pressure and trip tank level recorded. Assign responsibilities.
10. Agree an increase in the annulus pressure for the following:
- Choke handling safety factor (for example 350kPal50psi)
- A working pressure increase for gas expansion (for example 35OkPal5Opsi).
- An allowance for drill-string entering influx (for example 175kPal25psi). These will be added
to the initial shut-in annulus pressure when stripping commences.
- Reduce annular closing pressure to a minimum to prevent leakage as directed by the Tool
pusher. Open surge bottle, if fitted.
11. Commence stripping in the drill pipe at a lowering speed of approximately 30 ft/min. The
operator on the choke is to allow the pressure to increase to the initial calculated value. Once
this value has been reached the choke operator is to bleed off fluid to maintain this value as
the Driller lowers each stand. As the slips are set, the choke operator will close in the choke,
maintaining the calculated value.
NOTE: The Driller to note string weight loss to strip the pipe through the annular, also string
weight loss for tool-joints to pass the annular. This is useful information to have in the case of
an actual stripping operation.
12. Strip two or three more stands in the hole with the choke operator bleeding off fluid
to maintain the calculated pressure as the Driller is lowering the stand. Consider stripping
additional stands if required for the rig crew to establish a routine pattern when
stripping. Enter the relevant data on the stripping worksheet after each stand has been
run.
13. Bleed off all annulus pressure and open annular preventer.
14. Pull back and remove the grey valve dart and drill-pipe safety valve. Line up all well
control equipment back to normal set up for drilling.
15. Have a post-stripping meeting with all concerned discussing all aspects of the drill
Wells.
CAUSES OF KICKS
HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?
MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS
FORMATION
PRESSURE
FORMATION
PRESSURE
FORMATION
PRESSURE
OR
MUD
HYDROSTATIC
FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

FORMATION
PRESSURE
OR
MUD
HYDROSTATIC
FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

Mud Hydrostatic and Formation Pressure
HP
Always Remember that HP and FP
are two opposite forces.
FP
WHAT CAUSES MUD

HYDROSTATIC TO DROP?
PRESSURE = 0.052 X MUD WT X TVD
HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CHANGE?
1- Mud Wt
Rig Floor
2- Mud Level 300 ft {
Height (Length)
True Vertical
Mud Wt = 11 ppg
Level Drop = 300 ft
What is loss of hydrostatic pressure?
CAUSES OF KICKS.
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
“ UNDERBALANCE ”
UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
1. MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.
2. DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
3. INCREASE IN FORMATION PRESSURE.
CAUSES OF KICKS.
The main causes of kicks are:
1. Failing to fill the hole properly when tripping
2. Swabbing in a kick while tripping out
3. Insufficient mud weight
4. Abnormal formation pressure
5. Lost circulation
6. Shallow gas sands
7. Excessive drilling rate in gas bearing sands
Currently almost 50% of all blowouts are attributed to a combination of causes

(a) and (b).
Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure

PULLING DRILL PIPE
STAND
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
TOOL JOINT
PULLING DRILL PIPE
The decrease in pressure determined by the tripping out, can be calculated as follows:
1. Calculate the volume of the pulled-out steel
2. Calculate the drop in mud level in the hole
3. Calculate the drop in hydrostatic pressure
The two following situations should be considered when calculating this volume:
a) dry drill pipe: in this case only the volume of the pulled out steel must be
considered:
Pulled-out volume = [pulled-out length ] x [steel displacement]
b) wet drill pipe: in this case the pulling out of the total volume of the pipes must be
considered, and such volume is given by the closed-end displacement plus the casing
capacity.
Pulled out volume = [pulled-out length] x [closed-end displacement ]
PULLING DRILL PIPE
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
PULLING DRILL PIPE
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
PULLING COLLARS
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
PULLING COLLARS
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
PULLING COLLARS
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
PULLING DRILL PIPE
Example:
If, while pulling out of a well at 8000' carrying 200 psi hydrostatic overbalance with 10 ppg.
Drilling fluid, the drilling fluid level was allowed to drop to 384 ft. below the surface, the
well would be just on balance. If the level was allowed to drop to 500 ft. a kick would
develop.
- (when the drop in mud level only 384 ft) drop in HP = 384 x 10 X 0,052 = 200 psi
well is balance
- (when the drop in mud level 500 ft) drop in HP =500 x 10 x 0,052 = 260 psi = 60 psi
will is underbalance
PULLING DRILL PIPE
FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
FLOAT COLLAR
CASING SHOE
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
FLOAT FAILS
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
Factors that affect fluid density

- Adding water to the fluid system
- Use of centrifuges
- Gas-cut drilling fluid.
0 0 0
PUMPING LIGHT MUD BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES

PUMPING LIGHT MUD

Q: A well 9850 feet (TVD) is filled with 9.2 ppg brine.
The plan is to run in the hole to 6200 feet TVD (6600 feet MD) and displace
with drill water (8.4 ppg).What will the hydrostatic pressure be at 9850 feet
when the drill water has been circulated back to the surface?
a) 4815 psi
b) 4303 psi.
c) 4454 psi.
d) 5164 psi.
PUMPING LIGHT MUD

Q: A well 9850 feet (TVD) is filled with 9.2 ppg brine.
The plan is to run in the hole to 6200 feet TVD (6600 feet MD) and displace
with drill water (8.4 ppg).What will the hydrostatic pressure be at 9850 feet
when the drill water has been circulated back to the surface?
a) 4815 psi
b) 4303 psi.
c) 4454 psi.
d) 5164 psi.
GAS Cut Mud

When a gas bearing formation is
penetrated the cuttings will always
release an amount of gas into the drilling
fluid this called
“DRILLED GAS”
Q: How will bottom hole pressure be affected by gas cut mud whilst drilling?
a) There will be a small drop.
b) There will be a large drop.
c) There will be no change.
GAS Cut Mud

Running Into bubbles
GAS Cut Mud
• Connection Gas
Connection Gas:
Connection gas enter well bore during connection time due to decrease
in BTM with pump off.
GAS Cut Mud

Q. Which of the following is good practice when connection gas is
observed? (TWO ANSWERS)
a) Control drilling rate so that only one slug of connection gas is in the hole
at anyone time.
b) Pull out the hole to change the bit.
c) Raise the mud viscosity.
d) Reduce mud viscosity to minimize swabbing during trips.
e) Minimize the time during a connection when the pumps are switched off.
GAS Cut Mud

Q. Which of the following is good practice when connection gas is
observed? (TWO ANSWERS)
a) Control drilling rate so that only one slug of connection gas is in the hole
at anyone time.
b) Pull out the hole to change the bit.
c) Raise the mud viscosity.
d) Reduce mud viscosity to minimize swabbing during trips.
e) Minimize the time during a connection when the pumps are switched off.
Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well

32
8 16
0 0 0 0 0 0
Q: In a well with gas cut mud, when is the reduction in bottom hole
pressure greatest?
a) When the gas is at the casing shoe.
b) When the gas is at bottom.
c) When the gas reaches the surface.
Q: In a well with gas cut mud, when is the reduction in bottom hole
pressure greatest?
a) When the gas is at the casing shoe.
b) When the gas is at bottom.
c) When the gas reaches the surface.
GAS Cut Mud

Exapmle:
Calculate the reduction in bottom hole pressure when circulating gas
cut mud in the following well:
Vertical depth 5900 feet
Surface to 650 feet mud density of 11.2 ppg
650 -1300 feet mud density of 11.8 ppg
1300 feet to bottom mud density of 12.5 ppg
Original mud density 12.5 ppg
a. 88 psi.
b. 68 psi.
c. 24 psi.
Lost Circulation
Causes of Lost Circulation
1- Setting intermediate casing too high
Optimum casing design ensures that
weak formations are isolated prior to
drilling into known areas of higher
pressure.
2- Drilling with excessive overbalance
3- Drilling too fast
4- Overloading the annulus can cause
excessive ECDs or the formation of mud
rings as the concentration of cuttings
increases
4. Surge pressures when running pipe
Lost Circulation
Classification of Lost Circulation
1- Seepage Losses (0.25 – 10 bbl/hr)
2- Partial Losses (10 – 500 bbl/hr)
3- Complete Losses (500 bbl/hr (No returns)

Lost Circulation
The methods to recognize losses:
- The pit levels
- The rate of returns.
Lost Circulation
LOSSES
When drilling with water based mud, a complete loss of returns

occurs and no mud is visible when looking down the hole.
What is the first action to take?
a) Pump lost circulation material immediately.

b) Pump a heavy slug into the annulus.
c) Fill the annulus with water (or lightest mud available) and record
volume.
d) Pump a cement plug into the annulus using the kill line.
LOSSES
When drilling with water based mud, a complete loss of returns

occurs and no mud is visible when looking down the hole.
What is the first action to take?
a) Pump lost circulation material immediately.

b) Pump a heavy slug into the annulus.
c) Fill the annulus with water (or lightest mud available) and record
volume.
d) Pump a cement plug into the annulus using the kill line.
LOSSES
Example ;
Severe losses occurred while drilling. The pumps were stopped and the mud
in the well could not be seen. The well was then filled to the top with water.
Mud density 12 p pg
Sea water density 8.6 p pg
Equivalent height of water column 150 feet of annulus
What is the reduction in bottom hole pressure with the 150 feet of water?
a) 94 psi.
b) 26 psi.
c) 67 psi.
d) 30 psi.
Why Monitor the Hole Fill?
swabbing
Swabbing
What is swabbing?
Swabbing is a temporary drop in BHP as the string is pulled upwards.
PSI
Swabbing
Main causes:
• Pull pipe too fast
• Balled bit/BHA
• Viscous mud
• Narrow annulus
• Long BHA
All these make it more difficult for mud to move past the bit to fill
space created by pulling drill string.
Swabbing
Surface indications of swabbing:
• Swabbing can be recognized by incorrect hole fill
• Monitoring the trip tank is of vital importance
Actions to be taken if swabbing is observed:
• Flow check
• If negative, run back to bottom
• Circulate bottoms up (consider taking returns via the choke)
the potential effects of swabbing and surging on BHP Swabbed influx.
Bottom Hole Pressure
=
Mud Hydrostatic
-
Swab Pressure
Swab Pressure
Q1: When pulling out of the hole from the top of the reservoir at 10000 feet swab
pressure are calculated to be 150 psi.
Mud density 10.2 ppg. Formation Pressure 5200 psi
Will the well flow?
a) No.
b) Yes.
Q2:After a round trip at 8854 ft MD, 6000 ft TVD with 10.3 ppg WBM & formation
pressure gradient is 0.5 psi/ft. Circulation Started at constant pump rate. Increase
in returns observed. The well shut in & there is no float.
What is the expected SIDPP reading if there was a 12 bbls swabbed kick 2000 ft
horizontal section?
……………….psi
Surging
THE OPPOSITE OF SWABBING
IS SURGING As mud is forced into
one formation,
formation fluid may
flow into the well from
another
Temporary increase of fluid 4800 5000
hydrostatic while tripping in as mud

tries to move up around the bit PSI
Surge Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure
= Mud Hydrostatic
+
Surge Pressure
TRIPPING
Tripping Process:
The majority of well control incidents during drilling and work over operations
start during a trip out of the hole. It is therefore essential that operational
procedures while tripping focus on the following objectives:
1. Keeping the well full of drilling fluid
2. Maintaining the BHP opposite all permeable formations greater than the
pore pressure.
3. Early identification of swabbing.
These are achieved by the following:
1. Trip margin
2. Flow checks
3. Use of a trip tank
4. Trip sheets
5. Pumping out of hole
TRIPPING
the primary risks encountered during tripping:

- Pulling out of hole is Swabbing
- Running in hole is Surging.
- the trip tank used as indications that an influx or loss is occurring.

- the actions to take after identifying an influx while tripping:
1- Flow check
2- Run back to bottom
3- Circulate the influx out.
The Uses Of Trip Tank

A trip tank is employed on all trips into and out of the well when there are fluid
returns to surface.
The trip tank is a low volume tank with a small surface area such that the level
will drop substantially for a relatively small reduction in volume. The tank is
located close to the drillfloor.
Drilling fluid can be diverted from the flow line into the trip tank by closing an
isolating valve or gate running to the shakers. Drilling fluid can be pumped from
the trip tank into the bell nipple above the BOPS on a conventional rig or just
below the drill floor on a floating rig.
Using the trip tank, the hole can be kept full at all times regardless of whether
the pipe is being pulled out of hole (POH) or run in hole (RIH).
While pulling out of hole, the level in the trip tank should drop by the volume of
steel being removed from the well While running into the hole, the level in the
trip tank should rise by the volume of steel being removed from the well.
TRIPPING
Trip Sheets
Prior to a trip into or out of the hole the Driller should prepare a trip sheet.
This sheet records the number of stands of pipe in the well and the open-
ended displacement of the different components of the drill string.
It is important that key information is recorded on the trip sheet to allow it
to be interpreted correctly. Such information might include:
1- When the trip tank is stopped up or emptied
2- When the pipe is being pulled wet or dry
3- When a heavy slug of drilling fluid is pumped
4- Any overpulls or other hole problems are observed.
It is essential that the volume changes in the trip tank equal the theoretical
volume being added or removed from the well. This is the responsibility of the
driller "on the brake" and must not be delegated to a subordinate, particularly
someone without well control certification.
Common Tripping Practices
Heavy Pills (Slug pill)
U-Tube Principle
Effect of Pipe Slugging
RIG RIG RIG

FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR
FLOW FLOW FLOW

LINE LINE LINE
BACKFLOW TO
TRIP TANK
= VOLUME OF
EMPTY PIPE
BEFORE SLUG HAS AFTER SLUG HAS HEAVY SLUG KEEPS

U-TUBED U-TUBED MUD LEVEL INSIDE PIPE
BELOW RIG FLOOR
( Pulling ‘ DRY’ )
Q1) With the pumps running continuously a heavy mud pill is circulated. When will
bottom hole pressure start to increase(ignore dynamic pressure losses in the well)?
a) Once all the pill is in the annulus.

b) Once the pill starts to be displaced into the annulus.
c) As soon as the pill is pumped into the drill string.
d) Once all the pill is inside the drill string and is about to exit the bit.
Example:
Prior to starting a trip out of the well, a 15 bbls heavy slug is pumped and
followed by 10 bbls of regular mud.
WELL DATA:
Well depth 10200 feet
Drill pipe capacity 0.0177 bbl/ft
Annulus capacity DP/Casing 0.0514 bbl/ft
Mud density10.8 ppg
Slug density 13.3 ppg
1)Calculate the mud volume increase in the trip tank?.
2)How far will the mud level drop when the well has equalized
ABNORMAL PRESSURE
CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
“ UNDERBALANCE ”
UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
1. MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.

2. DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
3. INCREASE IN FORMATION PRESSURE.
WHAT IS ABNORMAL PRESSURE?
• FORMATION FLUID GRADIANT IS GREATER THAN RESSURE

GRADIANT OF SEA WATER.
• 99.99+% OF FORMATION FLUIDS ARE WATER
• FORMATION WATER EQUALS

• 8.9 PPG (AVERAGE) = 0.465 PSI/FT
• IF FORMATION FLUIDS ARE SQUEEZED THEN FLUID PRESSURE

INCREASES.
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE

1- UNDER COMPACTION
2- FAULTING
3- SALT DOME
4- ARTESIAN
5- GAS CAP
UNDER COMPACTION
= Dewatering
Soft
sediments
Increasing Depth
and Compaction
Compacted
Sedimentary Rock
Trapped Water in Clays
Normal Pressure gradient
Normal
Pressure Abnormal
Pressure
gradient
Abnormal
Pressure
Sand Lens
Normal
Pressure
Abnormal
Pressure
FAULTING
SAND A
0
FAULTING
SAND A
SAND A
0
FAULTING
0 SAND A
0
SAND A
0
SALT DOMES
ARTESIAN EFFECTS
Rain
Underground
water level
Spring 1000’
0’
500’
ARTESIAN EFFECTS
Rain
Underground
water level
Spring 1000’
0’
500’
CALCULATE MUD WEIGHT TO BALANCE?
FORMATION WATER = .433 PSI/FT

ARTESIAN EFFECTS
Rain
Underground
water level
Spring 1000’
0’
500’
CALCULATE MUD WEIGHT TO BALANCE?
FORMATION WATER = .433 PSI/FT

GAS CAP EFFECT
7000’
8000’
.465 PSI/FT
NORMAL PRESSURE
KICK WARNING SIGNS

&
KICK INDICATOR
KICK WARNING SIGNS

WHAT IS A KICK WARNING SIGN?
A WARNING SIGN TELLS YOU:
THE WELL MAY BE GOING
“UNDERBALANCED”
OR
YOUR SAFETY MARGIN IS GETTING LESS.

KICK WARNING SIGNS

Major Warning Signs while drilling
1. Increase in drilling rate of penetration.

2. Increase torque and drag.
3. Decrease in shale density.
4. Mud property changes.
5. Increase in cutting size and shape.
6. Increase in trip, connection and/or background gas.
7. Increase in the temperature of the return drilling mud.
Drilling Break
What Is a Drilling Break Sometimes Called ‘Fast Break’
Drilling break is sudden change in penetration rate from low to higher value.
Fast break can be from 10 ft/hr to 50 ft/hr .
No more than 2 – 5 ft should be drilled before the pumps shut down and well check for
flow.
why the ROP would increase
due to:
** decreasing overbalance.
** increasing porosity.
** decreasing density. (drill faster)
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drilling rate

9850’
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
9.00
Increasing
Pressure Drill Rate
9.15
(ROP)
and
Porosity 9855’
9.30
Increasing
9860’
GEOLOGRAPH CHART
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
Drilling normally
pressured shale
Overbalance
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
As the formation
pressure gets closer to
Pressure the mud weight, we will
and
Porosity observe changes in;
Increasing ROP
Hole condition
Gas levels
Cuttings properties
Mud properties
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drill string
torque and drag
Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing
BIT
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Cuttings size & shape
Drilled cuttings
Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing
Cavings
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Flowline temperature
Pressure
Normal
and
Pressure
Porosity
Abnormal
Increasing
Pressure
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg Temperature Increase

Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Shale density
Normal Trend Line
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Shale

9500’
Sand
9600’ Shale Normal
Pressure
9700’ Pressure
and Sand
9800’ Shale
Porosity
9900’
Increasing Increasing
10000’ Formation Fluid
10100’ Pressure
Sand
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg 10200’
Increasing Shale Density
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg

Background & connection
gas
5% 10%15%
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Hours BACKGROUND GAS
1.00
2.00
Pressure 3.00
4.00
and 5.00
Porosity 6.00
Hours
Increasing CONNECTION GAS
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Increase in Trip, Connection and A Background Gas
Gas can enter the mud for one or more of the following reasons:
- Drilling a formation that contains gas even with a suitable overbalance.

- Temporary reduction in hydrostatic pressure caused by swabbing as pipe is
moved in the hole.
- Pore pressure in a formation being greater than the hydrostatic pressure of
the mud column.
Trip Gas
Trip gas is any gas that enters the mud while tripping the pipe with the hole
appearing static. Trip gas will be detected in the mud when circulating bottoms
up occurs after a round trip.
If the static mud column is sufficient to balance the formation pressure, the
trip gas will be caused by swabbing and gas diffusion.
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
11 ppg
mud
BHP=
7114 psi
12000’
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
Connection Gas
PSI Circulation Stopped

Formation Not Under Control
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 0 psi
11 ppg
mud
BHP=
6864 psi
12000’
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
BHP=
7114 psi

Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI
Action to take
•Increase mud weight.
Annulus
Pressure Loss •Control drilling.
= 250 psi
•Minimize the connection

time.
BHP=
7114 psi
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Warning signs
Tell you overbalance
Major warning signs are:
Pressure • Increasing ROP
and • Increasing torque/drag
Porosity
• Increased quantity/size of
Increasing
cuttings
• Increased background gas
• Connection gas
• Increasing temperature
• Decreasing shale density
What if we ignore them?
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
• The formation pressure is
increasing and may lead to
Pressure Underbalance
and
Porosity
Increasing
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg What will happen?

Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg • Underbalance

Pressure
and • Permeable formation
Porosity
Increasing

Kick
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What happens?
• Underbalance
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg • Stuck
• As shale has very low
Pressure
and
permeability, the well
Porosity cannot flow so the hole
Increasing
will collapse and we will
get stuck.

Warning Signs
Warning signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Tell you overbalance

Major warning signs are:
• Increasing ROP
Pressure • Increasing torque/drag
and • Increased quantity/size of
Porosity cuttings
Increasing • Increased background gas
• Connection gas
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg • Increasing chlorides
• Increasing temperature
• Decreasing shale density
What should we do?
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg What should we do?

Flow Check
Pressure
and
Porosity
Circulate Bottoms Up
Increasing
Raise Mud Weight

KICK INDICATORS
KICK INDICATORS
A kick is a positive indicator that formation fluid is entering the wellbore and
Secondary Well Control must be initiated.
Flow into the wellbore causes two changes to occur in the mud circulating
system:
1. Increase of active mud system volume.
2. The mud return flow rate exceeds the mud flow rate into the well.
NB:
It is the Driller's Primary Duty to Detect the occurrence of a Kick
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
PADDLE
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
PADDLE
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
RECOGNISING A KICK WHILE TRIPPING

1. Flow into the wellbore will cause improper hole fill up, if this is seen a
flow check should be performed.
2. If the flow check is positive, then the well should be shut in.
3. If the flow check is negative the drill string should be run back to bottom
to circulate bottoms up (stripping may have to be used here).
Trip Tank
Trip Tank Level

PUMP
TRIP TANK Stands Pulled
Kick Indicators
What are the indicators that the

well is flowing?
• Increase in Flow Rate
• Increase in Pit Level
• Drop in pump pressure with
an increase in spm
What Action Should Be

Taken?
Check to see if well is flowing

with the pump off.
Situations that can mask a kick:
1. Mud weight adjustments while drilling.

2. Mud transfers while drilling.
3. Partial lost circulation.
4. Solids control equipment and degassing mud.
5. Spills and leaks in surface equipment.
6. Drain back.
7. Pump start up and shut down.
KICK DETECTION IN OIL BASE MUD
•OIL AND GAS ARE HYDROCARBONS.

•GAS IS SOLUBLE IN OIL BASE MUD.
•GAS IS NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER BASE MUD.
•GAS IN SOLUTION DOES NOT EXPAND UNTIL NEAR
SURFACE.
DRILLER WILL SEE PIT GAIN IN WBM EASIER

THAN OBM WITH THE SAME KICK SIZE.

KICK IN OBM & WBM

Q:The following describes one of the differences between drilling with water
based mud and oil based mud.
Gas entering the well bore whilst drilling with oil-based mud will reduce the
hydrostatic pressure more than it would when drilling with water-based mud.
A)True.
B)False.
SHALLOW GAS
SHALLOW GAS
Definition of Shallow Gas
Gas pockets or entrapped gas below impermeable layers at shallow depth.
The term Shallow Gas represents the problem of drilling through gas bearing
shallow sands.
Kicks from shallow sands (gas and water) whilst drilling in the top hole
section with short casing strings can be very hazardous, as documented by
many case histories.
Some of the kicks from shallow sands are caused by charged formations:
poor cement jobs,casing leaks, injection operations, improper
abandonments,
and previous underground blowouts can produce charged formations.
SHALLOW GAS
Shallow Gas Blowout in the Gulf of Mexico

SHALLOW GAS
Problems of Shallow gas
Can cause loss of rig due to explosion or capsizing.
- Weak Formation
• Losing the hole
• Might require re-spudding in a slightly different location
• Charged Formations
SHALLOW GAS INCEDENT





SHALLOW GAS
Top hole kick prevention:

• Drill pilot hole
• Be careful when hole opening
• Control drilling
• Keep hole clean
• Keep mud weights low to prevent losses
• Pump out of hole
SHALLOW GAS
When drilling top hole a diverter should be installed and it is good practice to
leave the diverter installed until surface casing has run with:
- Vent lines - large diameter piping used to flow the fluids downwind of the rig
(port and starboard).
2- Hydraulic control system - functions the diverter and automatically opens
the selected vent line valve.
Suggested diverting procedure in the event of shallow gas kick:
1- Maintain maximum pump rate and commence pumping kill mud if available.
2- Space out so that the lower safety valve is above the drill floor.
3- With diverter line open close shaker valve and diverter packer.
4- Shut down all non-essential equipment; if there is an indication of gas on rig
floor or cellar area then activate deluge systems.
5- If mud reserves run out, then continue pumping with seawater.
Top hole drilling

With automatic diverter system should first: Bell Nipple Flowline
1- Open an alternative flow path to overboard line.
2- Close shaker valve and trip tank valve.
Diverter
3- Close diverter annular around drill pipe.
4- If there are two overboard lines, then the upwind valve

should be manually closed. Vent line Valves
5- If any indication of flow is observed while drilling top

hole, close diverter immediately as the gas will reach
surface in a very short time and it is inadvisable to
attempt a flow check.
Drive Pipe or
Conductor casing
Vent lines
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
Pump Pressure loss
To establish the circulation in the system it is required to have a dynamic fluid
differential pressure between certain areas in the system. This pressure
difference represents a certain energy that is used to overcome the resistance
against fluid movement, resistance that is existing in the system.
This resistance against fluid flow or friction as it is generally called in a

hydraulic system is largely dependent upon:
1. The fluids' properties (viscosity, density etc.)

2. The fluids' velocity
3. Type of flow regime (laminar or turbulent)
Total Pump Pressure
= Surface Line friction

PSI PSI
= Drillstring friction Total Pump Pressure

PSI
= Bit (jet nozzle) friction

PSI
= Annulus friction
PSI
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
Dynamic pressure in the wellbore (Circulating Pressure)is dependent on

following factors:
- Components in the flow system (Flow area, length of drill string, nozzles size
etc)
- The fluid characteristics((viscosity, density etc.)
- The flow rate
- (SPM, liner size, pump efficiency etc

What Affects Pressure Loss
PSI PSI
30 SPM 50 SPM
PSI PSI
30 SPM 30 SPM
10 ppg 15 ppg
PSI PSI
Low Vis. High Vis.

PSI PSI
50 SPM 50 SPM
Large nozzle Smell nozzle

PSI PSI
Hole size
Annulus Pressure Loss
PSI
30 SPM
• Annulus pressure loss

can be quite small.
• 50 -300 psi
• This pressure acts on
hole wall and bottom
• Increases with depth,
pump speed, hole size
and pipe size.
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
Effect on Bottom Hole Pressure

PSI
90 SPM
• If Annulus friction = 150 psi.

• Mud Weight = 11 ppg
• TVD = 8700 ft
• What is the pressure on the
bottom of the hole?
= (11 x .052 x 8700) + 150
= 5126 psi
Circulating System - Surface BOP

2150
2300 Well Data

100 SPM
MD (TVD) 10,000 ft
ACTIVE
Mud Wt 10 ppg
Pump Pressure
Pressure Losses = 2,300 psi
Surface lines 150 psi
Drill String 950 psi Hydrostatic pressure
Bit 1,000 psi = 5200 psi
Annulus 200 psi
BHCP = 5,400 psi
Pump pressure 2,300 psi
Circulating system
• Effects of Annular Pressure Loss (APL)
• Increases BHP while circulating.
• Static BHP
10 x 10,000 x 0.052 = 5,200 psi
• BHCP
5,200 + { APL } 200 = 5,400 psi
\ Bottom hole pressure increases by 200 psi with the pump running at 100 spm
Circulating system
• Equivalent Circulating Density
• BHCP expressed as an equivalent mud weight.
• ECD = BHCP  TVD  0.052
= 5,400  10,000  0.052
= 10.38 ppg
\Effective mud weight increases by 0.38 ppg with the pumps running
The role of various types of mud cleaning equipment:

• Shakers
• Desanders/desilters
• Centrifuges.
The Use of Barite

Barite or weight material sag is a problem of drilling mud and it occurs when weighting
material (barite, calcium carbonate, etc) separate from liquid phase and settle down.
The method is based in part on continuously measuring fluid density during the first
circulation after the fluid has been static after some time. However it can occur in a
dynamic condition with low annular velocity. The barite sag can result in big variations in
mud density in well bore. The light density is on top and heavy density at the bottom.
Slow Circulation Rate


Circulating out a kick With Slow Rate.
Why?
There are many reasons why a kick should be displaced from the hole at a rate that
is considerably slower than that used during normal drilling. These include:
• To minimise the pressure exerted on the openhole.

• To allow weighting of the mud as the kick is displaced.
• To permit adequate degassing of the returned mud.
• To limit the speed of required choke adjustments.
• To reduce the pressure exerted on well control equipment.
All these factors must be taken into account when deciding at what rate to displace
the kick.

• How?
• Bit just off bottom
• use drill pipe gauge on choke panel
• When?
- Once per tour (or at 300m intervals during the tour).
- When the bit is changed.
- When the BHA is changed.
- When the mud weight or properties are changed.
• What pump rate do we use?
Normally 2 - 5 barrels per minute

What factors determine the SPM chosen to kill the well
•Maximum pressure the pump can handle
•Ability to mix kill mud
•Size of choke and choke line
•Viscosity of the mud

• What will the APL be at 30 spm?

APL100SP M  200 psi
2
 30 
APL30SP M  200   
 100 
APL30SP M  18 psi
\ WE CAN NORMALLY IGNORE APL AT THE SLOW

CIRCULATING RATE
208 Well Data

psi
30 SPM
MD (TVD) 10,000 feet
Mud Weight 10 ppg
Hydrostatic 5200 psi
WELL SHUT IN
Pressure Losses =
Annulus 18 psi
Choke line very small
BHCP 5,218 psi

Fractures Pressure and MAASP

Fractures Pressure
Primary Well Control is the correct use of mud hydrostatic i.e. a mud
weight high enough to balance formation pressure, but not so high as to
cause losses.
Formation Fracture
Pressure < Mud Hydrostatic < Pressure
Fractures Pressure
What is fracture pressure?
Downhole pressure at which mud is lost to the
formation
• Formations assumed to get stronger deeper

• Measured by formation tests:
• leak off test
• formation integrity test
• Usually measured at the shoe

Formation tests
Two types of test are
commonly used:
•Leak-off test PSI PSI
test the formation until it
takes fluid and allows
calculation of the above.
• Formation Integrity Test

(Limit test)
tests the formation only to
a predetermined mud Formation Integrity
• Leak Off Tests
weight. Tests
Leak off tests
PSI Purpose of Leak-Off Test

•To measure the fracture pressure of the formation at the
shoe and consequently calculate:
- Maximum allowable annular surface pressure (MAASP)
- Maximum mud weight
- Kick Tolerance
•To test cement job
ACCURATE FORMATION STRENGTH (LEAK OFF TEST)

1-DRILL OUT THE CASING SHOE AND APPROXIMATELY15 FEET IN NEW
FORMATION (RAT HOLE).
2-TEST SURFACE LINES.

3-CIRCULATE TO GET UNIFORM MUD IN THE HOLE
MUT IN = MUD OUT.
4-EXACT VERTICAL DEPTH (TVD) OF CASING SHOE.
5-USE CEMENT PUMP.

6-ACCURATE PRESSURE GAUGE.
7-RECORD MUD VOLUME PUMPED TILL LEAK-OFF STARTS.

Leak off tests

Procedure of leak of test
Leak-off tests are normally carried out prior to drilling each new hole section.
The following procedures should be used:
1. Drill out float shoe, rathole and a further 5 - 15 feet of new hole.
2. Circulate and condition hole until the mud weight is uniform throughout.
3. Position bit just above casing shoe.
4. Rig up high pressure, low volume pump such as cement pump. Rig pumps are
not suitable for performing leak-off tests and are not recommended.
5. Close B.O.P. (hang off string on floating rigs.) Where practicable, open annulus
between last casing and previous casing strings to void pressure build -up.
HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Point of Leak Off TREND LINE
Leak Off
Pressure
Pump Pressure FRACTURE PRESSURE

= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi
Volume Pumped
Fracture pressure
PFRAC = (MWHOLE x TVDSHOE x0.052) + PLOT
Maximum mud weight
MWMAX = (PLOT  TVDSHOE  0.052) + MWHOLE
Where
PFRAC = formation fracture [psi]
MWHOLE = mud weight in use [ppg]
TVDSHOE = shoe vertical depth [ft]
PLOT = surface leak-off pressure [psi]
MAASP
Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure (MAASP)

• Definition
• the surface pressure, above mud hydrostatic which will cause the formation at the shoe
to take mud (losses)
• MAASP versus LOT
• just after the LOT, the LOT pressure is the MAASP
• As the mud weight increases, the MAASP will decrease

MAASP
Calculation:
The maximum allowable annular surface pressure can be calculated as follows:
MAASP = (MWMAX - MWHOLE) x TVDSHOE x 0.052
MAASP changes with each change in mud weight, decreasing as mud weight
increases. Thus MAASP should be recalculated each time the mud weight
changes.
INFLUX CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOUR

Influx characteristics
The formation fluids influx into a well will consist of water, oil or gas,
or various combinations of these:
Water influx
Water is virtually incompressible, and so does not expand significantly as the
pressure on it reduces; hence while circulating a water kick, there should be no
change in pit level provided no further influx is allowed. Small variations in
casing pressure occur as an influx moves through different annular geometrics
but these will be minor effects compared to the changes seen in a gas kick.
Gas Influx
Gas is a highly compressible fluid; the volume occupied depending on
temperature and pressure. Consider a barrel of gas at the bottom of a 10,000-ft
well. The bottom-hole temperature is 170°F and the well is full of 9.0 lb/gal
drilling fluid, which provides a hydrostatic pressure of 4,680 psi on the gas. This
same barrel of gas will expand to occupy a volume of 280 barrels under
atmospheric conditions (assuming 0.6 specific gravity gas at 80°F and 14.7 psia).
If that barrel of gas is not allowed to expand in a controlled manner as it is
circulated up the well bore, it will maintain its initial pressure of 4,680 psi as it
moves up the annulus, and may create excessive well bore pressures.
Properties of gas and Gas Laws

A given volume of gas can be compressed or expanded, and as the volume
changes the pressure will do the same.
Boyles Law states that:
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Or
Pressure x Volume = Constant
This means that when a given volume V1 with an absolute pressure P1 is changed
in pressure or volume we get a new pressure P2 with a new volume V2.

32
8 16
0 0 0 0 0 0
GAS MIGRATION IN CLOSED WELL
KICK BEHAVIOUR
KICK BEHAVIOUR
A Comparison between Oil and Water Base Muds

Gas migration
• Gas is lighter than the mud and will

try to migrate up the hole.
• The speed of migration will depend
on;
– mud properties- weight and viscosity
– hole angle
• The gas cannot expand so will carry
Formation Pressure upwards causing ;
SICP to increase
BHP to increase
SIDPP to increase (if no Float)
How Can You See Gas migration

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
0
Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600 Stabilisation
400
200
0
Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
0
Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
0
Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
0
Time
Gas migration - how to deal with it

500 600 500
Bleed mud through choke, allowing gas

Gas migrates - SIDPP increases to expand, keeping SIDPP at original
Well shut in - stabilised
value
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
With any positive indication of a kick, the well shall be shut-in immediately.
Shutting-in a well involves the use of BOP equipment and the well kill
system in order to:
1. Shut-in the well and stop the influx from entering the wellbore.
2. Read off surface pressures
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
- Regardless of the type of operations, equipment shall be lined up to

detect a kick and subsequently shut-in in the most efficient manner.
Equipment that is not used shall be isolated from operations.
- The driller is responsible for correct equipment line up and for the
immediate shut-in of the well upon an indication of a kick. It shall be made
clear to the driller that he is empowered to do so without hesitation or
consulting other supervisory personnel.
- The Operating Company usually has a stated policy as to which procedure

will be used.
SHUT IN PRACTICES
THINGS THAT DELAY SHUT IN AND LEAD TO BIGGER INFLUX:

• FLOW/PIT ALARMS NOT SET OR WORKING
• DRILL TOO FAR AFTER DRILLING BREAK
• LACK OF ‘SHUT IN’ TRAINING
• LACK OF MAINTENANCE + TESTING
• WAITING FOR INSTRUCTIONS
• ACCUMULATOR UNIT NOT WORKING
• NOT MONITORING TRIPS
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
There are two API recognized Procedures
API RP 59 does not state which BOP should be closed for either method,
so rams or annular could be used.
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
ACCUMULATOR MANIFOLD
OPEN CLOSE
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
Pump
OPEN CLOSE
Running FLOWMETER
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
KILL LINE CHOKE LINE

OPEN CLOSE
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
DRILLPIPE CASING
CHOKE 1
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
Hard shut in while drilling
Lined up with remote choke closed

Pick up
Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1-Close BOP
2-Open HCR (hydraulic stack valve)
3. Record pressure
HARD SHUT-IN
Remote Choke is Closed

OPEN CLOSE
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
CLOSE DRILLPIPE CASING

OPEN
Pump FLOWMETER
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE

OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
HARD SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE Remote Choke is Closed
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR Operate Master Air Valve
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
KILL LINE CHOKE LINE CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
HARD SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE
Choke is Closed
AIR ANNULAR
Operate Master Air Valve
INC DEC
Watch Flow meter
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
HARD SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE
Choke is Closed
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
Watch Flow meter
Close BOP
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
HARD SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE
Choke is Closed
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR Watch Flowmeter
Close BOP
Open HCR
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
HARD SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE
Choke is Closed
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
Watch Flowmeter
Close BOP
OPEN CLOSE
Open HCR
Pump
FLOWMETER Read and Record Pressures
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
Soft shut in while drilling
Lined up with remote choke open

Pick up
Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1. Open HCR
2. Close BOP*
3. Close remote choke
4. Record pressure
SOFT SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE
Remote Choke is OPEN
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
SOFT SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE Remote Choke is OPEN
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
KILL LINE CHOKE LINE CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
SOFT SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE Choke is OPEN
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR Operate Master Air Valve
Open HCR
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
SOFT SHUT-IN
OPEN CLOSE
Choke is OPEN
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR
Open HCR
Close BOP
OPEN CLOSE
Pump
FLOWMETER
DRILLPIPE CASING
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
SOFT SHUT-IN
Choke is OPEN
OPEN CLOSE
AIR INC DEC ANNULAR Open HCR
Close BOP
Close the Choke
Pump OPEN CLOSE
FLOWMETER
Read & Record Pressures
DRILLPIPE
CASING
DRILLPIPE
Running
OPEN CLOSE
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
MASTER
CHOKE 1
OPEN CLOSE
AIR VALVE
AIR VALVE
CHOKE 2
CHOKE
OPEN CLOSE
OPEN CLOSE
Kicks while tripping
What is different?
– String is open
• Valves and crossover required
• Safety valves
– Full opening safety valve
– Non return valve
Full opening safety valve
TIW SMF
Kelly cock
Non return valve
Gray valve
IBOP
Hard shut in while tripping
Lined up with remote choke

closed
1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Close BOP*
3. Open HCR
6. Record pressure
Soft shut in while tripping

Lined up with remote choke
open
1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Open HCR
4. Close BOP*
5. Close remote choke
6. Record pressure
* API soft shut in states BOP
(either Ram or Annular )
Hard shut-in vs. Soft shut-in
The hard shut-in procedure usually leads to:

- a quicker shut-in,
- a lower influx volume
- potentially lower casing pressure while circulating out the influx.
The disadvantage of the hard shut-in procedure: is that the BOP

is closed with the choke line valve closed leading to a surge
pressure wave in the welt. At shallow depths and with weak
formations in the open hole, this pressure wave could lead to
formation fractures and subsequent losses.
And also create hammering effect on the BOP
Hard shut-in vs. Soft shut-in
The advantage of the soft shut-in procedure is that the BOP is

closed with the choke line valve and choke being open. The flow
path is closed using the choke thereby minimizing surge pressure
wave effects.
The disadvantage of the soft shut-in procedure is that more

steps are involved usually leading to slower shut-in, a larger
influx volume and potentially higher casing pressure while
circulating out the influx.
Diverting
Should only be considered on top hole where formation is weak.
1. Stop drilling (keep pumping)
2. Activate Diverter With One Button- this will:
- Open vent line
- Close flowline/shaker valve
- Close diverter
3. Increase pump speed to maximum
4. Pump mud
5. If well is still flowing after mud is pumped, line up and
pump water.
Shut in procedures
After shut in the well the driller should do the following:
1- Informs Supervisor
2- Records the Time @ Shut In
3- Records the SIDPP/2 min
4- Records the SICP/2 min
5- Records the Pit Gain/2 min
6- Zeroes the Stroke Counters
Shut in data
SIDPP SICP • SIDPP - Shut In Drillpipe Pressure
• SICP - Shut In Casing Pressure
• PIT GAIN
• SIDPP - Tells you how much the formation pressure is

greater than mud hydrostatic in drillpipe. (Underbalance in
String)
• SICP - Tells you how much the formation pressure is

greater than hydrostatic in the annulus. (Underbalance in
Annulus)
• PIT GAIN - size of influx at shut in

Pressure Stabilization
TIME SIDPP SICP

1. 100 400
2. 200 600
3. 300 800
4. 350 850
5. 400 900
6. 450 950
7. 500 1000
8. 500 1000
9. 500 1000
10. 500 1000
Pressure stabilization
SIDPP
1000
900
800
700
pressure
600
500
400
300
200 Stabilisation
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
minutes
Pressure stabilization
Pressure stabilisation
How long for shut in pressure to

stabilise? FAST
900 700
Pressure
PSI PSI
Time
HIGH LOW SLOW

PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY
Pressure
Time
SIDPP V SICP
SIDPP
Why are they different?
PUMP SICP
CHOKE
MANIFOL
D
The hydrostatic in the

annulus is affected by the
influx.
}
INFLUX
HEIGHT
INFLUX TYPE SIDPP & SICP
Gas Oil Water
0 psi 0 psi 0 psi
psi psi psi

0 0 0
Shut In casing pressure

Clean Annular Annular Loaded
With Cutting
0 psi 0 psi
psi psi
0 0
Shut in drill pipe pressure & Shut In casing pressure
0 psi
When bit off bottom
Shut in drill pipe
pressure will equal 0
psi
Shut In casing
pressure
Bit off Bottom

Shut In casing pressure

Packed Off
0 psi
psi
0
Float in Drill String

600
How to find SIDPP
- Pump slowly down drillpipe and watch build 0 psi
up 600
- Correct SIDPP is as soon as SICP starts to

increase 0
psi
SIDPP
500
Time
SICP
600
Time
KILL METHODS PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLE OF KILL METHOD

RESTORE PRIMARY CONTROL
HOW?
CLEAN OUT INFLUX
REPLACE OLD MUD WITH KILL MUD
ALL THE TIME
MAINTAIN CORRECT BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE.
HOW?
USE INDUSTRY APPROVED KILL METHOD
ONE THAT MAINTAINS CORRECT AND CONSTANT BOTTOM
HOLE PRESSURE
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
• PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE.
BHP = MUD HYDROSTATIC

+
BACK PRESSURE HELD AT REMOTE CHOKE
+
ANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS (APL)
• MOST TIMES APL IS SMALL AND CAN BE IGNORED.

PRESSURE BALANCE
BHP = HYDROSTATIC + BACK PRESSURE
TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT BHP!
IF HYDROSTATIC + 100
THEN
BACK PRESSURE - 100

CONSTANT BHP
FLUID HYDROSTATIC CHOKE (BACK PRESSURE)
INCREASE
INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
CONSTANT BHP
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
CONSTANT BHP

INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
ROLE OF CHOKE
•THE CHOKE (REMOTE OR MANUAL) IS A DEVICE FOR ADJUSTING BACK

PRESSURE.
•AS KICK IS DUE TO LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC SO THE CHOKE PROVIDES

A BACK PRESSURE TO COMPENSATE FOR LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC.
•WHEN HEAVY MUD IS PUMPED THE OPERATOR REDUCES BACK PRESSURE.

START UP PROCEDURE
THIS PROCEDURE STARTS THE KILL CORRECTLY TO ENSURES THAT BHP IS
CORRECT FOR THE KILL, IF CARRIED OUT CORRECTLY IT WILL GIVE YOU THE
TRUE CIRCULATING PRESSURE.
HOW?
BRING PUMP UP TO SPEED HOLDING CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT AND

THE SAME ACTION IF NEED TO CHANGE THE KILL RATE AT ANY TIME
DURING THE KILLING PROCESS.
NB:
After reaching the desired kill rate if there is difference between the actual
drill pipe pressure reading and the calculated value of the drill pipe
pressure use the actual one.
KILLING METHODS
KILLING METHODS
CONSTANT BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE KILL METHODS

There are two ‘constant bottom-hole pressure’ kill methods in common use
today which are:
1. Driller’s Method
2. Wait & Weight Method (also known as the ‘Engineer’s Method’)
These two techniques are very similar in principle, and differ only in respect of
when kill mud is pumped down.
Drillers method
Drillers method
- Two circulations method the first circulation to remove influx and second
circulation to circulate kill mud
Procedure:
1.Start pumping
2.Hold Casing Pressure constant by manipulating the choke to bring pumps up to
kill speed
3.Adjust pressure to ICP
4.Casing pressure will increase this due to Gas expansion in the well Bore
5. Hold ICP constant until influx is out
6.Shut down pumps holding Casing Pressure Constant.
7.Check that Drill Pipe Pressure and Casing Pressure is equal ( end of first cycle)
Drillers method
500
900
0 SPM Well is Shut In
Mud wt
10 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10,000’
Drillers method
500
900
30 SPM
First circulation
• Bring pump to kill rate, opening choke
HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
Mud wt CONSTANT
10 ppg • Once at kill rate, look at drill pipe
pressure
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000’
Drillers method
800
900
30 SPM
First circulation
• Bring pump to kill rate, opening
choke HOLDING CASING
PRESSURE CONSTANT
Mud wt • Once at kill rate, look at drill pipe
10 ppg pressure
• Drill pipe pressure should be the
sum of the SCR and SIDPP.
SCR E.g. =ICP
30 spm = 300 + 500
300 psi = 800 psi
TVD 10000’
Drillers method
800
1000 First circulation
30 SPM

HOLDING CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Once at kill rate, look at drill pipe pressure
• Drill pipe pressure should be the sum of
Mud wt the SCR and SIDPP.
10 ppg E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR • Hold this pressure constant until the influx
30 spm is removed.
300 psi • Casing pressure will continue to INCREASE
because of gas expansion.
TVD 10000’
Drillers method
800
1500
30 SPM
First circulation
Mud wt • Drill pipe pressure should be the sum of
10 ppg the SCR and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 psi
30 spm • Hold this pressure constant until the influx
300 psi is removed
• Casing pressure will continue to INCREASE
TVD 10000’ and INCREASE because of gas expansion.
Drillers method
800
500 First circulation
30 SPM
• Bring pump to kill rate, opening choke HOLDING
CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Drill pipe pressure should be the sum of the SCR
and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
• Hold this pressure constant until the influx is
removed
• Casing pressure will decrease as gas is pumped
through the choke, and finally will be equal to
SIDPP when all gas is pumped out of the well.
• Shut down HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
Drillers method
500
500 End of first circulation
0 SPM
• Drill pipe pressure should be the sum of the
SCR and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
• Hold this pressure constant until the influx is
removed
• Shut down HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
• SICP should equal original SIDPP
WHAT IS IF?
•Casing pressure is not equals to drill pipe

pressure at the end of first circulation.
•Still have gas in the well
ACTION!!!
•Alternative Second Circulation
Second Circulation
Drillers method
1 . Line up to Kill mud and start pumping
2. Hold Casing Pressure constant by manipulating the choke to bring pumps
up to kill speed
3. Adjust pressure to ICP
4. Drill Pipe pressure will decrease when pumping kill mud to the bit
5. Hold Casing Pressure constant until Kill mud is at the bit
5. Keep Drillpipe Pressure constant when pumping Kill Mud to Surface (FCP)
6. Shut down the pump ( both pressures should be 0)
Drillers method
500
500
0 SPM
Second circulation
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
Dec
. 500
30 SPM
Second circulation
When pump to kill rate hold casing
pressure constant until kill mud
reaches the bit, drill pipe pressure
will drop from ICP to FCP.
From 800 psi to 330 psi
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
330
Dec
30 SPM . Second circulation
pressure constant and continue
keep it constant until kill mud
reaches the bit
• Once kill mud enters the annulus,
switch to drill pipe pressure and
hold constant until kill mud
reaches surface
• Casing pressure will continue to
decrease and will be ZERO when
kill mud at the surface.
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
330
0
30 SPM
Second circulation
reaches the bit
reaches surface
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
0
0
0 SPM Second circulation
(the original Drillers)
• When pump to kill rate hold casing
reaches the bit
reaches surface
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
• Two circulations
• First circulation with original mud holding ICP constant
• Second circulation with kill mud following step down.
Drillpipe Pressure Casing Pressure
1500
1000
ICP ICP
500
FCP FCP
Stks x 100
WHAT IS IF?
•Casing pressure is not equals to drill pipe

pressure at the end of first circulation.
•Still have gas in the well
ACTION!!!
Alternative Second Circulation

Drillers method
800
650 Alternative second circulation (W&W method)
30 SPM
• Will be used if SICP is not equal to SIDPP after the first
circulation.
• Bring pump to kill rate
• Once at kill rate,switch to drill pipe pressure
• Drill pipe pressure should be
I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall from ICP to FCP as kill mud is
circulated to the bit
• FCP = SCRP x KMW
OMW
Kill mud = 330 psi
weight • Hold FCP until kill mud reaches surface
11 ppg • Shut down
SIDPP = SICP = 0
Drillers method
330 Alternative second circulation (W&W method)
750 • Bring pump to kill rate
30 SPM

= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall from ICP to FCP
as kill mud is circulated to the bit
Kill mud OMW
weight = 330 psi
11 ppg • Hold FCP until kill mud reaches surface
• Shut down
SIDPP = SICP = 0
Drillers method
0
0 Alternative second circulation
0 SPM
• Bring pump to kill rate

= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall from ICP to FCP
as kill mud is circulated to the bit
Kill mud OMW
= 330 psi
weight
• Hold FCP until kill mud reaches surface
11 ppg • Shut down
SIDPP = SICP = 0
Wait and weight method

• One Circulation
• Pump Kill Mud From the Start
Procedure:
• Start up - Bring Pumps up to Kill Rate Holding Casing Pressure Constant
• Once up to Speed the Drill Pipe Pressure Should Equal ICP
• Allow Drill Pipe Pressure to Fall From ICP to FCP As Kill Mud Is Pumped to the
Bit
• With Kill Mud at the Bit Hold Drill Pipe Pressure Constant at FCP Until Kil Mud
Returns at Surface

500 900
0 SPM
Single circulation
• Bring pump to kill rate,
Mud wt HOLDING CASING
KMW PRESSURE CONSTANT
10 ppg 11 ppg • Once at kill rate,switch to
drill pipe pressure
• Drill pipe pressure should
SCR be
30 spm I.C.P.= SCRP + SIDPP
300 psi = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
TVD 10000’

800 900
30 SPM
Single circulation
HOLDING CASING
Mud wt PRESSURE CONSTANT
KMW
10 ppg 11 ppg • Once at kill rate,switch to
drill pipe pressure
SCR I.C.P. = SCRP +
30 spm SIDPP
300 psi
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
TVD 10000’

700 950
30 SPM Single circulation
CONSTANT
• Once at kill rate,switch to drill pipe
Mud wt KMW pressure
10 ppg 11 ppg • Drill pipe pressure should be
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 psi
30 spm • Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
300 psi ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
as kill mud is pumped to the bit
TVD 10000’

500 1000
CONSTANT
Mud wt KMW pressure
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 psi
300 psi ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’

400 1100
CONSTANT
Mud wt KMW pressure
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 psi
300 psi ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’

330 1100
CONSTANT
Mud wt KMW pressure
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 psi
300 psi ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’ as kill mud is pumped to the bit

330
1300
CONSTANT
pressure
Mud wt KMW • Drill pipe pressure should be
10 ppg 11 ppg I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR • Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
30 spm ICP = 800
to
300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’

330
1500 Single circulation
30 SPM

CONSTANT
Mud wt KMW pressure
10 ppg • Drill pipe pressure should be
11 ppg
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 psi
ICP = 800
300 psi
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’

330 1000
CONSTANT
pressure
Mud wt KMW • Drill pipe pressure should be
10 ppg 11 ppg I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR • Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
30 spm ICP = 800
to
300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’

330 0
• Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING
CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
• When kill mud at the surface SICP will
be ZERO.

0
0
• Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING CASING
PRESSURE CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
from ICP = 800 to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
• When kill mud at the surface SICP will be
ZERO.
• When pump shut off Both pressures will
be ZERO

• Single circulation
• Circulate mud as soon as available, following step down.
Drillpipe Pressure Casing Pressure
1500
1000
500
0
Stks x 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
THINGS TO WATCH FOR
•FOLLOWING A CHOKE ADJUSTMENT THE DRILLPIPE GAUGE TAKES LONGER

TO REACT DUE TO LENGTH OF SYSTEM
•KILL MUD ONLY DOES GOOD WHEN GOING DOWNHOLE. THEREFORE RE-
ZERO STROKE COUNTER
•CALCULATED ICP IS ONLY A GUIDELINE. ACTUAL (TRUE) ICP IS SEEN AT

START UP
•IF ACTUAL ICP IS DIFFERENT THEN RECALCULATE GRAPH OR STEP DOWN

CHANGING PUMP SPEED
KILLING A WELL
40 SPM
900 psi DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
IF SPM WAS INCREASED TO 50 AND DRILL PIPE

PRESSURE HELD AT 900 psi
? WHAT HAPPENS TO BHP?
INC DEC STAY SAME

GENERAL RULES FOR GAS

• GAS EXPANDS AS IT IS CIRCULATED UP HOLE
• GAS EXPANSION REDUCES HYDROSTATIC
• CASING (BACK) PRESSURE INCREASES TO

COMPENSATE FOR REDUCTION IN HYDROSTATIC
• IF KILL IS CARRIED OUT CORRECTLY!
GAS
PRESSURE AT ANY POINT ABOVE GAS

INFLUX WILL BE INCREASING
GAS

GAS

GAS

GAS
AS GAS PASSES THE SHOE

GAS
PRESSURE DROPS A SMALL
AMOUNT DU TO THE CHANGE IN
HOLE GEOMETRY.
GAS
PRESSURE AT ANY POINT BELOW

GAS INFLUX WILL BE CONSTANT
GAS

GAS

It should be remembered that once the

influx is inside the casing, MAASP no
longer has any significance, the important
factor now is the casing burst pressure and
any other equipment limitations.
Gas Behaviour
• Gas expands as it is circulated up the hole
• Gas expansion reduces hydrostatic
• Casing (back) pressure increases to compensate for reduction in
hydrostatic
• If kill is carried out correctly;
Pressure at any point above gas influx will be increasing
GAS As gas passes then pressure drops
Pressure at any point below gas influx will be constant

Comparison of Killing Methods
Driller method
Advantages
Less Calculations
Simple to understand
Disadvantages
More time on chock operation (chock washout)
Higher annular pressure if open hole volume is more than
drill string volume.
Comparison of Killing Methods

Wait & weight method
Advantages
- Shortest Circulating Time
- Less time on chock operation
- Lower Annulus Pressure if open hole volume is more than drill string
volume
Disadvantages
- More calculations
- Gas migration while waiting for kill mud preparation

30 SPM
• Kill mud pumped from start

• If kill mud enters the
annulus before the gas
reaches the shoe:-
– will result in lower
casing shoe pressure
than Drillers Method
Drillers method
30 SPM
• Kill mud not pumped until

influx removed
• Casing shoe pressure will
be higher than Wait and
Weight

30 SPM
• Kill mud pumped from
start
• If the gas reaches the
shoe before the kill
mud enters the
annulus:-
– Will result in the same shoe
pressure as the Drillers
Method
Differences between methods
Drillers Wait and Weight

If the drill string volume is less than the open hole volume, the Wait and Weight method
will result in lower casing shoe pressures
Differences between methods
Drillers Wait and Weight

In all cases the wait and weight method will result in
lower surface pressures
INFLUX SIZE v’s SHOE PRESSURE
• Shoe is assumed to be the weak point the Pressure on shoe at shut in

= Mud hydrostatic + SICP
• So Bigger the influx the bigger the SICP the bigger the shoe pressure
• If SICP exceeds MAASP at shut in then formation will break down.
KEEP KICKS SMALL

BY SHUT IN EARLY
KILL SHEET
Kill Sheet
The kill sheet provides a structured way of doing basic well control
calculations. It can be used to determine the volume of the various
parts in the wellbore (e.g. drill string, open hole etc.). Using the pump
output the volume can be converted into a stroke amount. The kill
sheet is also used to determine the kill fluid density, ICP, FCP and the
kill graph.
Kill Sheet
Pre-tour information
 Kill rate. (SCR. Spm.)
 Dynamic pressure loss. (psi)
 Pump output. (bbl/st.)
 Current mud weight. (ppg)
 Hole size
 Casing size and depth. (ft.)
 Drill pipe, heavy weight pipe and drill collar, lengths. (ft.)
 Drill pipe, heavy weight pipe and drill collar, internal Capacity and annular
capacity. (bbl/ft.)
 Surface leak- off pressure. (psi)
 Test mud weight. (ppg)
 May be, maximum allowable mud weight. (fracture m.wt. ppg)
 May be, fracture gradient. (psi/ft.)
Kill Sheet
 Post kick information

 SIDPP
 SICP.
 Pit gain.
 Kick depth
Kill Sheet
we need to calculate:
 Total strokes from surface to bit (drilling string)

 Total strokes from bit to casing shoe (open hole)
Total strokes from bit to surface(total annular strokes) OrTotal annular
volume (from bit to surface bbls)
 Kill mud weight ppg.
 Total well circulation time (minutes)
API (field units) SI units Metric/Bar

API (field units)

Example
Kick data collection
Kill mud
Circulation Pressure
Calculation
If you
want
to use
W&W
• Between 0.47 to 0.52 psi/ft, the influx is saltwater.
• if the influx is less than 0.16 psi/ft. the influx is gas.
• Between 0.31 and 0.42 psi/ft. the influx should be oil, but it could also
be a mixture.
 If we are in doubt about the result, treat the kick as a gas kick, and in
this way the most dangerous situation will be expected.
WELL CONTROL DURING CASING

AND CEMENTING
WELL CONTROL DURING RUNNING AND PULLING CASING

A kick while running casing can produce extreme complications.
However, possible causes of well control problems while running casing

include the following:
- A kick that was swabbed in on the last trip of the hole.
- Surge pressures while running casing leading to losses and hence
inducing a kick.
- When casing is run to cure a well control problem, such as after drilling
with a floating mud cap or after controlling an underground blowout.
Particular attention should therefore be paid to these aspects.

The immediate priority however will be to close in the well, but the most
suitable control technique can only be determined bearing in mind the
particular conditions at the rig site. The subsequent options available can
be summarized as follows:
- Cross over to drillpipe (unless current string weight is too great) and strip
to bottom to kill the well.
- Cross over to drillpipe, strip in until drillpipe is in the stack and kill the well
at current shoe depth.
- Kill the well with the casing across the stack.
- Drop the casing.
- Shear the casing.
The major factors that will determine the most appropriate course of action
will include the following:
- The length and type of casing run.
- The possibility and consequences of the casing becoming stuck.
- The possibility and consequences of collapsing the casing.
- The feasibility of circulating out a kick by conventional means. (The relatively
small annular clearance may cause excessive pressures in the annulus, or
may possibly completely restrict circulation.)
- The feasibility of killing the well by other means such as bullheading or by
volumetric control.
- The BOP stack configuration and ram types.
- The likelihood of the casing being forced out of the hole by the well
pressure.
Maintenance of fluid column:

When running casing, primary well control will be maintained by keeping
sufficient fluid height in both the casing and the annulus. An exemption of the
Well Control while Running and Cementing Casing Standard will be required
for floating in a casing string.
Shut-In Procedures While Running Casing

Shutting in a well while running casing is similar to shutting in a well when
tripping drill pipe. The main differences involve the device used to stop
potential show up the casing and whether to close a BOP or a diverter, which
depends on the type of casing being run. When running surface casing, the BOP
stack is not usually nipple up, since there is no casing head to nipple onto. In
such cases, crewmembers will have to use a diverter or other procedures to
close in the well. Because casing is normally run with a float shoe, once the
diverter or BOPs are closed, the shoe prevents back show through the casing.
Also, the common cement circulating head can be closed to prevent show up
the casing. It is important to remember to plan for having to close in around
casing. Ram BOPs will need to be properly sized to close around the casing.
Further, annular closing pressure may need to be reduced to prevent collapsing
the casing.
WELL CONTROL DURING CEMENTING CASING AND LINER
Kicks that occur while cementing are the result of reducing the hydrostatic
pressure during the operation. Wells have been lost due to improperly
designed cement slurries and spacers.
The following can cause a reduction in hydrostatic pressure/formation
breakdown subsequently leading to a kick:
- A spacer of inadequate density or too much volume is pumped ahead of the
cement.
- The density of the cement slurry exceeds the formation strength, causing
losses to the formation.
- If lightweight cement is used, backpressure may be held at the choke.
Inadequate backpressure will result in a flow; excessive backpressure will
may cause lost circulation.
Shut-In Procedures While Cementing

During cementing operations, one factor to keep in mind is that joints of
casing shorter than normal may be run into the well to ensure that the casing
shoe hangs at the correct depth near the bottom. With joints shorter than
normal, space out becomes important. Space out is the placement of the
casing joints in the BOP stack in relation to the position of the casing
couplings. When properly spaced out, the BOPs will be able to close on the
casing’s body and not on a coupling. The BOP may not be able to close
properly on a coupling. If a kick is detected, the driller should first ensure that
the casing is properly spaced out. Then, the cement pump is shut down, the
BOP closed (usually the annular), and the supervisor notified.
Well control precautions to be used when running casing.

- Change the rams to the casing size (on surface stack) and test the BOP
bonnets.
- Prepare a circulating head.
- Ensure a cross-over from casing to drill pipe is available to allow the string
to be hung off if needed.
- Take care while filling up the casing. Use clean mud and ensure that junk
does not fall into the casing.
- Record the annular volume between the casing and open hole and Outer
casing.
- Calculate the running speed to allow an acceptable fluid velocity and a
limited surge into the open hole.
- A record of the tank level is necessary and should be compared with the
calculated volume increment due to the metal displacement of the casing.

What are the requirements for well-control drills?
You must conduct a weekly well-control drill with each drilling crew. Your drill
must familiarize the crew with its roles and functions so that all crew members
can perform their duties promptly and efficiently
Drills should be designed to reduce the time that the crew take to implement
these procedures. The relevant Drills should be carried out as often as is
necessary, and as hole conditions permit, until the Company representative and
the Contractor Tool pusher are satisfied that every member of the drill crew is
familiar with the entire operation.
For each drill, you must record the following in the driller’s report:
1- The time to be ready to close the diverter or BOP system.
2- The total time to complete the entire drill.
PART-2
Well Control Equipment

Contents
 Blowout Preventer (BOPs)
 Associated Well Control Equipment.
 Choke Manifold.
 Auxiliary Equipment.
 Inspection and Testing Barriers.
 Surface BOP Control Unit.
Blowout Preventers & Diverter Systems

Blowout Preventers.
.
BOP Stack Configuration

A BOP stack may be fully

identified by a very simple
designation, such as:
Ram
10k-135/8-SRRA
This BOP stack would have a
Ram
RWP of 10,000 psi, a

throughbore of 135/8 inches and
arranged as shown
Fi g 1
API documentation uses codes for designation of BOP stack arrangements.

G = rotating head
A = annular type BOP
R = single ram type BOP
Rd = double ram type BOP
Rt = triple ram type BOP
S = drilling spool with side outlet
connections for choke and kill lines.
Arrangement SA
Fi g 2
Arrangement RSRRA
Ra m
Ra m
Ra m
Fi g 8

Rated Working Pressure

API RP 53 gives the following definition of Rated Working Pressure (RWP):
The maximum internal pressure that equipment is designed to contain or control.
And The required working pressure of the BOP stack for a particular well is
based on the maximum anticipated surface pressure.
NB:
The maximum anticipated surface pressure can be determined from the
maximum anticipated formation pressure, less the hydrostatic pressure of a
column of gas back to surface.
BOP Stack Configuration &Choke manifold and valves

2
CEMENT
PUMP
1 REMOTE
MUD
PUMP CHOKE
17 18 19
MUD GAS
SEPERATOR
6
16
3 ANNULAR PREVENTER
(BAG)
7 8 13
5” PIPE RAMS 14 15
VENT
20 LINE
KILL 4 5 Hyd. Man.
LINE BLIND/SHEAR RAMS
5” PIPE RAMS
9
WELLHEAD
10 11 12
FLARE
BOOM
MANUAL
CHOKE
Ram Type Preventers
• Most common types of rams

are:
– Pipe: Seals on only one
size pipe.
– Variable bore (VBR): Seals
on multiple or range of
pipe sizes.
Blind rams: Seals open well bore.
Blind/shear rams: Seals well bore after cutting action of its blades.
Shear (sometimes called “cutters”): Cuts pipe.
Generally stack sizes need to meet anticipated well control
conditions.
Ram design
Rams for Ram-type BOP designed to:

1-Hang off drill string
2-Tested and hold pressure from bottom
3-Top and bottom plates provide Elastomer with self feeding (extrusion) in the wear
direction.
Pipe Rams
• Various manufacturers
• Cameron
• Hydril
• Shaffer
• Standard pipe rams are designed to

centralise and seal around one
specific size of pipe (or casing).
• Hang off capability
• Feedable rubber
Variable Bore Rams
• Designed to close and seal on a

range of pipe diameters
• 2 7/8 inch - 5 inch
• 3 1/2 inch - 7 inch
• Limited hang off capability
Blind-Shear Rams
• Designed to shear drill pipe

and seal off the wellbore
• Will also seal as blind rams
for open hole closures
• May require increased
closing pressure or
oversized cylinders
Complete assemblies type “U” blowout preventer
Ram
Intermediate Flange
Assem
bly
Pist Cylind Bod

Bonn on er y
et
Connecting rod Seal

Ring
Locking
Screw
Hydril Ram
Hydril Ram
Pipe Rams
Single piece construction. The packer and seal
are designed so that top seal is only energised
after full closure. The ram packers have a self-
feeding design using extrusion plates.
Variable Rams
Ram packers have interlocking steel I beams
moulded into the rubber, which support the
rubber when pressure is applied.
Shear Rams
Designed to sheer drill pipe and seal off the
wellbore.
Both upper and lower blades are detachable.
Blades are ‘V’ shaped to open the lower pipe
slightly after shearing.
Cameron U
The Cameron ‘U’ type ram has several major features:

- Bonnets not hinged - uses intermediate flanges.
- Ram change piston and cylinder.
- Locks - wedgelocks.
Cameron type U and UII preventers are hydraulically operated ram preventers with internal
hydraulic systems through a forged steel body.
The bonnets are not hinged but have an intermediate flange. Control fluid is used not only to
operate the rams but to open and close the rams.
With the bolts removed, closing pressure will force the bonnet off. Opening pressure does
the reverse.
Cameron rams in subsea use would be fitted with Wedgelocks.

Cameron Ram
Pipe Rams
Single piece block with pipe guides.
Packers have self feeding action with
extrusion plates.
Variable Bore Rams

Steel inserts, bonded to the
elastomer, rotate inwards as the rams
close. This supports the elastomer.
Flexpackers have been designed to
replace VBRs in certain sizes and
RWP stacks.
Blind Shear Rams

Single piece design with the blades
integral to the block.
Shaffer Ram
Shaffer rams use the floating ram concept

in which the top seal of the ram is
energised by pressure from the holder.
Pipe Rams
Consist of a block, a single piece rubber
seal and a holder.
The blocks are equipped with pipe guides.
Variable (Multirams)
Two piece packer and seal. The packer
has steel inserts which rotate inwards.
Blind Shear Rams

Shearing is achieved as the lower blade
(detachable) passes below the sharp edge
of the upper ram block.
Blind Shear Ram Parts

Primary and Secondary Seals

Primary and Secondary Seals

Primary Mud Seal
Seal to prevent mud leaking from wellbore.
Rated to RWP of BOP.
Piston Rod to Bonnet Seal

Seals hydraulic fluid in operating chamber.
Rated to 3,000 psi (as Accumulator Unit).
Weep Hole
A vent to atmosphere to show whether the primary mud seal is leaking and to relieve
pressure to protect the operating chamber.
Secondary Seals
All ram preventers (for surface BOPs) rated 5000 psi or higher should be equipped
with secondary piston rod seals. This secondary seal is plastic packing which is
activated by being forced around the ram rod.
BOP Secondary Packing Seal
• The Intermediate Flange is Thicker in the shear Rams.

•If the Weep hole leak while testing BOPs… Immediate repair
•If the Weep hole leak while Killing Operation… energize with Plastic sticks, Use
Secondary Packing
Ram Preventer opening & Closing Ratio
Ram Preventer Closing Ratio As per API- STD53

Blind/Shear Ram Preventers
Shearing the pipe is an operation that will be conducted only in exceptional

circumstances and can be considered in the following situations:
• In preference to dropping the pipe in the event of an internal blowout.

• When it becomes necessary to move a floating rig off location at short notice.
• When there is no pipe in the hole, the BSR’s may be used as blind rams.
Most BSR’s are designed to shear effectively only on the body of the drillpipe.
Procedures for the use of BSR’s must therefore ensure that there is no tool joint
opposite the ram prior to shearing.
Shear ram operational procedures.

Rig personnel must know the capabilities (ie. what size and grade of pipe can be
sheared) and operating parameters of the shear rams installed in the rig’s BOP
stack.
Optimum shearing characteristics are obtained when the pipe is stationary and
under tension. It is recommended that the string weight is partially hung off
prior to shearing. Hanging off the pipe also ensures that there is no tool joint
opposite the shear rams. Maximum operating pressure should be used to shear
the pipe.
Example procedure
1. Space-out to ensure that there is no tool joint opposite the shear rams.
2. Close the hang-off rams and hang-off the string.
3. Ensure that the pipe above the hang-off rams remains in tension.
4. Close the shear rams at maximum accumulator pressure.
5. Monitor the well.
Annular Preventers
The operating principles of annular preventers
• Annular preventers are BOPs which use circular rubber or rubber-like elements.
• They are extremely versatile in use and can close on most items.
• They are normally used on top of several ram type BOPs.
• The annular BOP is usually the first to be closed when a kick occurs.
What are they designed to do?
• Seal around smooth objects in the wellbore e.g. drill collars, drill pipe, casing, tubing,
square kelly and wireline.
• Seal off an open hole although not necessarily at full R.W.P. (this will shorten the working
life).
• Allow stripping of drill pipe under pressure while maintaining a seal.
• Allow reciprocation of the drillstring during well control operations.
• Allow rotation of the drillstring during well control operations.
Annular design-1
•Well pressure assists on
closure and seal off the annuals.
• While testing the annular it may
needed to pump up the
pressure several times to let the
packing unit take the shape of
the pipe.
•Reason for The deterioration

and failure of annular preventers
in service.
Packing Element Materials

Annular design-2
Selection of packing units based

on:
•Type of mud, water-base or oil base

mud.
•Operating temperatures
General Operations For Annular Preventer

Closing on tool joints
Although annular preventers have the ability to allow stripping of tooljoints,
extreme care must be taken to ensure that tooljoints do not interfere with initial
closure. This could cause severe damage to the metal segments and in turn
damage to the upper housing.
Closing on casing
• Due to the low collapse resistance of most casing, consideration has to be
given to the initial closing pressure used.
• Normal practice is to close with minimum closing pressure then increase to
maintain a seal as wellbore pressure increases.
Annular Preventer Types

• Shaffer
• Hydril GK
• Hydril GL
• Cameron ‘D’
• Operating pressures
• Range between 700 and 1500 psi for normal operations
• May require 3000 psi for open hole.
Shaffer
Shaffer
Shaffer
This slide shows the Shaffer action
- open;
- closed around pipe.
- closed on open hole.
Hydril GK
Hydril GX
Hydril GX
Hydril GL
Cameron ‘D’
Packing Units
n High quality rubber compounds bonded to

flanged steel segments
n Flanged steel segments anchor the packing
unit and control rubber extrusion and flow
during sealing
Original Packing Unit LL Long Life Packing Unit

Annular Preventer
Annular Preventer
Jaw Operating Screw

Annular Preventer
STRIPPING OPERATIONS:
When stripping in, well pressure and pipe movement oppose each other.
Stripping Operations
LIFT
UP
Stripping Operations
Annular size is 9 / 135/8”

If well head pressure 5,000 psi
5” D/P closing pressure will be 700-800 psi
31/2” D\P closing pressure will be 900-1000 psi
Hydril GL
Hydril GX
Side Outlet Valves

2
CEMENT
PUMP
1 REMOTE
MUD
PUMP CHOKE
17 18 19
MUD GAS
SEPERATOR
6
16
3 ANNULAR PREVENTER
(BAG)
7 8 13
VENT
20 LINE
KILL 4 5 Hyd. Man.
5” PIPE RAMS
9
WELLHEAD
10 11 12
FLARE
BOOM
MANUAL
CHOKE
Connections
API Flanges & Ring Gasket

•Flanges &Ring Gaskets

Day 1
Flanges and Sealing Rings

•The most common flange types are
API 6B Rate w ork pressure 2,000-5,000 psi
API 6BX Rate work pressure 10,000-2,0000 psi
•Flanges type API 6B Use Sealing Rings API type R or API type RX
•Flanges type API 6BX Use Sealing Rings API type BX
 Type RX and BX gaskets provide a pressure energized seal but are not interchangeable.
 It is recommended that a new gasket be used each time the joint is made up.
API Flanges & Ring Gasket

Type 6B flanges are not designed for face-to-face make-up.
•Type 68X flanges are designed for face-to-face make-up.
•Type 16B and 16BX hub connections are designed for

face-to-face make-up.
•X-type ring joints are energized by wellbore pressure.

•R- and RX-type ring joints are interchangeable.
•RX- and BX-type ring joints are not interchangeable.
•RX-type Increase the stand-off between flange faces
•Type R and RX
•6B Flanges Are of The Ring Joint Type and Are Not Designed for Face-to-Face Makeup. The Connection
Makeup Bolting Force Reacts on The Ring Gasket.
6B Flange
•Type BX Rings
•6BX Flanges Are Designed for Face-to-Face Makeup. The Connection Makeup Bolting Force Reacts
Primarily on the Raised Face of The Flange.
•6BX Flange
Diverter Systems
• Designed to divert shallow gas

kicks away from the rig. Annular Packing Element
• Comprises:
• Low pressure annular.
• Vent lines port and starboard
fore and aft.
• Shaker/trip tank/MGS
isolation valves.
Diverter Systems
• Vent lines
• Selectable depending on Insert Type Packer
wind direction
• Larger (API RP64
recommends 12 inch for
floating rigs)
• Straight
• Internally flush
• Isolation valves
• Direct flow as required
• Selectively sequenced
Rotating Diverter systems

1-Operating block
2-Inner packer Lock- down dogs
3-Insert Packer
4-Active Packer
5-Diverter Lock- down dogs
6-Flowline
7-Flowline seals
8-Divertor, inner Housing
9-Outer Housing
Diverter Systems
Associated Well Control Equipment

Full Opening Safety Valve &
Inside Blow Out Preventer (IBOP)
• Stabbing the proper valve at the proper time can save the operation.
 Which is used when?
– FOSV = ALWAYS stabbed first. Often called a TIW valve.
– IBOP = only used to run in a pressured well.
 What position do they have to be in to stab?
– They must be in the open position.
• What do you need to close the FOSV?
– Key.
• In which position should they be stored when not in use? (Open Position )
• procedure used for installation, closure and verification of sealing for a DPSV
during tubular running operations.
Inside Blow Out Preventer (IBOP)

Full Opening Safety Valve and (FOSV)

Inside BOP
Inside preventers
Down-hole preventers :
Float type :
 drop in check valve valve
( dart valve )
Safety Valve
Body Upper Seat
Crank
Ball
Lower Seat
Drill string Float Valve

The capabilities and limitations of using float/flapper valves in the string
The drill pipe float valve and the flapper type of back pressure valve, serve essentially the
same purpose, but differ in design.
These valves provide instantaneous shut-off against high or low back pressure and allow full
fluid flow through the drill string. Another advantage is that it prevents cuttings from
entering the drill string,
Plain ported
flapper flapper
Choke Manifold
Choke Manifold
-The choke manifold is an arrangement of valves, lines and chokes and provides
several flow routes to control the flow of drilling fluid, gas and oil from the
annulus in a well control situation. Flow can be directed to the mud/gas
separator but can also be routed back to pits or overboard.
- The part numbers of the positive and combination beans are determined by
desired orifice size.
Choke and Kill Line

The choke tine connects the BOP to the choke manifold and is used to direct
fluid coming from the wellbore to the choke manifold when the BOP is closed.
The kill line connects the mud pump and standpipe manifold to the BOP. The kill
line can be used to pump fluid into the annulus when it is not possible or
desirable to use the drill string.
Side Outlet Valves
The choke line shall contain two valves and one of these valves shall be remotely
controlled. The remotely controlled valve is often referred to as the HCR valve
(high closing ratio valve). When the HCR is installed downstream of the manual
valve, it can be isolated in case of failure.
the operating principles and the safety critical inspections required:
- Function check (for example at shift handover)
- Cleanliness check (for example flushing lines during an SCR)
- Planned maintenance routines.
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Mud-gas separator Poor boy (Gas poster)
.
Mud Gas Separators (Gas Busters)

• The Gas Buster or Mud Gas Separator (MGS) is
the primary gas handling system from the well.
• The system should be properly sized to handle
anticipated well kicks.
• A complication can arise when the MGS is
improperly maintained, plugs or becomes
overloaded during well control operations.
This pressure buildup can transfer back to the
wellbore.
Mud Gas Separators (Gas Busters)
-The Mud Gas Separator (MGS) is installed downstream of the choke manifold to separate gas
from the drilling mud. This provides a means of safely venting the gas and returning the liquid
mud to the system.
-The unit basically consists of a low pressure tank with baffle plates. Mud enters the MGS from
the choke manifold. Free gas vents upwards via the vent line, while mud is discharged from the
bottom of the tank back into the system.
-The operating pressure inside the MGS will be determined by the back pressure of the gas
venting. The maximum pressure which can be maintained within the MGS will be dependent on
the liquid seal arrangement in the output line.
-Essential design features of a MGS are:

- Height and diameter of MGS.
- internal baffle arrangement (possible tangential inlet to give centrifugal effect).
- Length and diameter of gas vent.
- U tube or dip tube arrangement for liquid seal.
M.G.S.
VENT
Actual operating pressure

determined by length and
INLET diameter of vent line
Maximum working
pressure determined by
height and type of fluid in
liquid seal
M.G.S.
VENT
INLET
Gas
Mud
seal
Mud
M.G.S.
VENT
INLET
Gas
Mud
Trip
seal
tank
Mud
Mud-gas separator Poor boy (Gas poster)
GAS TO VENT
FROM CHOKE
MANIFOLD
MUD/GAS
SEPERATOR
TO SHALE SHAKERS
LIQUID SEAL
Handling kick Gases at the Surface
 Until the type of kick is known, the entire rig crew should be notified that there is
potential for toxic and/or flammable gases.
 Personnel should check gas detectors.
 After the well is shut-in, personnel should observe the wellhead, BOPs, manifolds, choke,
and kill lines for leaks. Leaks should be reported immediately.
1. Monitor the separator during kick circulation for buildups.
 Windsocks should be placed around location. The downwind vent and flare lines should
be open and igniter operational.
 Stop all potential sources of ignition not necessary to the operation.

Vacuum Degassers
The operating principles and the
role of a vacuum degasser:
- Used to extract gas from the

drilling fluid before returning
to the pits.
- A lot of these systems use a
vacuum process allowing
gas to expand and break
out of the system.
- can’t be used as primary
stage during kick fluid
removal
Vacuum Degassers
- The vacuum degasser is used while drilling, circulating or during a well kill
and is used to remove entrained gas bubbles in the drilling fluid that are
too small to be removed by the mud/gas separator.
- The vacuum degasser is installed downstream of the mud/gas separator.

The discharge line from the mud/gas separator should be placed close to the
drilling fluid inlet line to the vacuum degasser to reduce the possibility of gas
breaking out of the drilling fluid in tanks.
TESTING
Testing of Well Control Equipment

The purpose of testing well control equipment is to verify:
- Specific functions of well control and related equipment.
- Pressure integrity of well control and related equipment.
- The BOP control system and BOP compatibility Crew competence.
- Test programs can include visual inspections, functional operations,
pressure tests, maintenance practices and drills.
the criteria for a successful pressure test:

- The test Direction must be the direction of flow.
- Volume to be pumped
- Instrumentation
- Test fluids
- Test duration
- Safe pressure bleed off and monitored flow returns.
1- Hydrostatic Body or Shell Test

Prior to shipment from the manufacturer's facility, drill-through
equipment is subject to a hydrostatic proof test of 1.5 times the rated
working pressure of the equipment.
2- Function Test
All operational components of the BOP equipment systems should
be function tested at least once a week to verify the component's
intended operations. Function tests may or may not include pressure
tests. Function tests should be alternated from the driller's panel and
from remote panels. Actuation times should be recorded for
evaluating trends. A function test of the BOP control system shall be
performed following the disconnection or repair, limited to the
affected component.
Pressure Test Frequency

Pressure tests on the well control equipment should be
conducted at least:
1- Before the equipment is put into operational service.
2- After the disconnection or repair of any pressure
containment seal in the BOP stack, choke line, or choke
manifold, but Limited to the affected component.
3- Once per 21 days.
Monitoring the non-pressured side of the barrier being tested.
2
CEMENT
PUMP
1 REMOTE
MUD
PUMP CHOKE
17 18 19
MUD GAS
SEPERATOR
6
16
3 ANNULAR PREVENTER
(BAG)
7 8 13
VENT
20 LINE
KILL 4 5 Hyd. Man.
5” PIPE RAMS
9
WELLHEAD
10 11 12
FLARE
BOOM
MANUAL
CHOKE
Auxiliary Equipment Testing
- The pressure test requirements for DPSVs and IBOPs:

The lower kelly valve, kelly, kelly cock, and inside blowout preventer should be
tested to the same pressure as the blow out preventer stack at the same time
the preventer assembly tests are made. This equipment should be tested with
pressure applied from below.
- All BOP that may be exposed to well pressure should be tested first to a low
pressure of 250 to 350 psi and then to a high pressure. Full details as per API
Standard 53.

Test Equipment
The BOP and wellhead can be tested using a plug type tester
and a cup type tester. The plug type tester is landed inside the
casing head housing, just above the lower side outlet valves.
With the drill pipe attached, the rams and annular preventer
can be tested. With the drill pipe disconnected, the blind shear
ram can be tested. It is imported to open the side outlet valves
below the plug type tester to prevent pressurizing the casing
and/or open hole should the plug type tester leak.
The cup type tester is run inside the casing and provides a
means of testing the lower side outlet valves. When run on
open-ended drill pipe, a leak past the cup type tester can be
observed at surface.
Testing Tools
Test Plug Cup Tester

Inflow test – Negative Test

Negative Testing
Diff Pr
• Negative test is carried out to test Barriers

• By reducing the pressure above the barrier
• By creating a pressure differential Across the barriers
• Such that the Pressure Differential direction is from the Formation
into the well Bore
• When you cannot apply positive pressure upstream of the barrier.
Well Integrity: Test of liner lap seal
• Well is prepared for the Test( Liner cleaned out , Mud conditioned)
• Packer is run (RTTS/ Well commissioner)
• Lighter fluid is pumped in the string, Calculated amount equal to
required differential
Negative Testing
Zero
Diff Pr • Packer is then set , as per setting procedure
Test Packer
Zero • Apply Test pressure in Annulus to test packer seals
• Bleed of Test pressure in Annulus
Can Retain some positive pressure to ensure seals are
holding During the test. Else watch Mud level in
Annulus
• Differential pressure is bled off From String in stages ( + 200

Psi) as governed by field procedure and total volume bled is
recorded
• Well is under observation During Test
• Flow is observed through the string… due to thermal
gradients and fluid expansion
• Flow rates through the strings are recorded at Time intervals
10-15 Mins apart
• Horner’s Plot is used and it is plotted to establish converging
Trend
Example Inflow test on Well
Flow Rate (Liters /Min)

2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
-
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (From start measuring flow rate)
Flow Rate is dropping with elapsing Time

It could take a very long time for the flow to stop completely
Horner Plot is used and it is plotted to establish Convergence

Increasing Flow rate is a definite indicator of Failed Barrier
Should establish that the packer seals are holding
By observing Annulus Fluid Level or Pressure
The procedures required for an effective inflow test.
- Monitor
- Record
- Document approval
BOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

Closing Unit
Closing Unit
CLOSING UNITS AND ACCUMULATOR REQUIREMENTS
The purpose of a surface BOP control system is to provide a means to
individually actuate components in the BOP stack by providing pressurized
hydraulic fluid to the selected stack components., it is a high pressure
hydraulic power unit fitted with directional control valves to safely control
kicks and prevent blowouts during drilling operations. A typical system offers
a wide variety of equipment to meet the customer’s specific operational and
economic criteria.
Closing Unit
Surface BOP Control System Components
The following is a generic overview of components and requirements for a
surface BOPcontrol system. Where appropriate, requirements from API
Standard 53 and API 16D have been listed.
BOP control systems for surface installations provide hydraulic power fluid in a
return-to-tank circuit as the actuating medium.
The minimum required components of the BOP control system shall include
the following:
- Control fluid, control fluid reservoir and control fluid mixing system
- Pump systems
- Accumulator system
- Control system valves, fittings, and components
- Control stations.
Remote control panel

Remote control panel
4 Way valve and

micro switch
Rig air
120 psi
Oil
uWhen the BOP ram in the close position close line has 1500 psi.
uWhen the BOP ram in the open position open line has 1500 psi.
uWhen the 4 way valve shifts the micro switch will activate the light to illuminate.
uWhen light illuminates, it tells us that oil on its way to the BOP function.
Indicator Lights on BOP Remote Panel
A micro switch is located at the main unit, it will send a

signal to the indicator lights to change color only when
the 4-way valve shifts.
Indicator lights, don’t tell us that the BOP’s function

has completed, but they tell us that the 4-way valve is
already shifted and the oil is flowing under pressure to
move the functions piston to complete the close or
open operations.
The general operating principles of the remote-control panel.
• This following animation shows how Remote panel works.

• Along the way it, it shows the importance of holding the
master valve down to operate any function and functioning of
4 way valve.
• It shows the flow path of hydraulic fluids
• It explains when the light changes & when the motor starts and
stops.
Turn your speakers on and press the enter key

Normal Closing Operation
ACCUMULATOR ANNULAR
AIR MANIFOLD
Normal Opening Operation
ACCUMULATOR ANNULAR
AIR MANIFOLD
BOP closing unit ( Koomey unit )

Closing Unit
Closing Unit
Accumulator Bottles
Example:
How much hydraulic fluid is required to close, open then close again: -
‘Three Pipe Rams, One Annular Preventer, one Kill Line and
One Choke line valve’
Annular Preventer:22 gallons to close. 20 gallons to open.
Pipe ram: 16 gallons to close. 13 gallons to open
Kill and Choke Line Valves: 1.5 gallon to close. 1.5 gallon to open
Answer: gallons.
Information from the API RP53
1. Bottles to be able to (with pumps off)

- Close annular
- Close all rams
- Open one HCR
- Remaining pressure shall be at least 200 psi above
precharge pressure (1200 psi ).
2. Useable Fluid: Fluid recoverable between operating pressure

(3000 psi) and minimum operating pressure (1200 psi) or
(200 psi) above pre charge pressure.
3. Reservoir Capacity: At least twice useable fluid of bottles.
4. Accumulator precharge
A. The precharge pressure should be measured each

well
B. Minimum precharge pressure for 3000 psi working

pressure accumulator should be 1000 psi
C. Only nitrogen gas should be used.


5-Pump Systems
•A pump system consists of one or more pump each pump

should have independent power source.
•With accumulators isolated pump should be capable of

closing the annular and open the hydraulic choke (HCR) and
return system to normal annular pressure in 2 minutes.
•Electric pump will automatically start when system pressure has

decreased to 90% of system working pressure.

6. Closing time RAM Annular
Smaller than 18 ¾” 30 sec max. 30 sec max.
18 ¾” and larger 30 sec max. 45 sec max.
7. Pressure Test Frequency

Pressure test on well control equipment should be at least:
1. Prior to spud or upon installation.
2. After disconnection or repair of any component
3. Not to exceed 21 days.


8. Shell or Body Test at manufacturer Shop
1 ½ times BOP rating I.e. 150% of pressure rating.
9. Closing Ratio
Ratio of well head pressure to pressure required to close the
BOP.
10. Choke Lines

1. Minimum recommended size for choke line is 2 inches for
3K and 5K arrangements and 3 inch for 10K and 15K.
2. Minimum recommended inside diameter for lines
downstream of choke should be equal to or greater than the
connecting lines of the choke (choke line).
3. The bleed line should be at least equal in diameter to the
choke line this line allows:
a) Circulation of well with preventors closed while
maintaining a minimum back pressure.
b) Permits high volume bleed off of well fluids to relieve
casing pressure with the preventers close.
Thank You

P.Point Drilling Well Control

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ADNOC Classification: Public

DRILLING TRAINING CENTER

IWCF Drilling Well Control

DTC Layout & Emergency GF

DTC Layout & Emergency 1st F

General Safety Rules

• The program consists of a Practical Assessment Exercise and Written

Principles and Procedures

 Barrier Concept & Risk Management.

 Kick Warning Signs and Kick Indicators.

 Circulating Systems& Fracture Pressure and MAASP

 Shut In Procedures & Influx Characteristics and Behaviour.

 Well Control Methods

 Well Control during Casing and Cementing Operations

 Well Control Management & Contingency Planning

Well Control overview

IWCF PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT

Three factors govern the Success of Well Control:

• Fitness (Physical & Mentally)

• ASK (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge)

• Communications & Coordination

2- PLAN & PROCEDURES

• Function and/or Pressure Test

• Back-up & Spares

Well Control Event/ Incident

Avoiding Well Control Incidents

WELL CONTROL TRAINING & ASSESSMENT

- Maintaining trust of stakeholders

WELL CONTROL EVENT

The Deep-water Horizon after the explosion.

Introduction to Well Control

Hydro- means a fluid

Expressing F in lbs. and A in inch2, the pressure is expressed in lb/in2 (psi).

Force = Pressure × Area

10 ppg 11 ppg 12 ppg

PSI PSI PSI

10 ppg 10 ppg 10 ppg

True Vertical Depth (TVD) and Measured Depth (MD)

STANDERED FORMULA WITH FT., PPG AND PSI

MUD HYDROSTATIC HP = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT X DEPTH

MUD GRADIANT = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT PSI\FT.

Pressure (psi) = Mud Weight x .052 x TVD

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Mud Weight, ppg x .052

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

2-What Mud Weight is required to give a pressure gradient of 0.59 psi/ft?

4-For question above what is the equivalent Mud Weight (ppg)?

5-Pressure Gradient = 0.57 psi/ft. What is hydrostatic at 12000 ft. TVD?

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

TRY SOME EXAMPLES

Fluid present in the pore space of the rock.

What is formation fluid pressure?

Permeability is the ability of a formation to allow fluid to

Normal formation pressure gradient = 0.465 psi/ft

Formation fluid pressure that exceed normal water hydrostatic pressure.

1. Which one of the following values is generally accepted as a

2. At 26” surface hole is being drilled at 1200 ft. The formation

Mud Weight Window

Mud weight is critical in controlling hydrostatic pressure.

Mud Weight Window

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE