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(\

\, 」
〈修訂七版)

現任:東吳大學黷座教授
曾任:最 高 法 瞬 掂 事
司法院民事崮癮長
司法官調練所所長
法嗇部民法物糧編硏究
修正專案小組召集委員
司法院圍覬長、 大法官

-0 九

本書白上次修正以來,歲月匆匆,已將屆六年。在此期問,不僅

物權法學說及實務大有進展,且判例制度廢止,最高法院建立大法

庭 3 實務逕作大變革,而身為物權法園地之老農,亦未曾忘情斯土,

力耕不已,點點滴滴,稍有所獲,拙著自應即時修正及充實,意在盡

老圃之責任,使白耕田園不蕪,猶能不斷添附些紅花綠葉。此次改版

修訂,有下列三點須略為說明:

一、裁判乃法律本土化,邁向成熟獨立之重要標誌,其重要性不

言可喻,個人出身實務界,情懷往日,對裁判之發展始終闢注在心,

所以書中引用眾多裁判見解,期待理論與實務相互交融,育出新思維

之蕩漾漣漪,活法浪花推擁,波光鄰鼷,生機無限。而今判例制度丶

最高法院決議之運作雖經廢止,然是類終審法院之見解經學說、實務

長期引用,行之有年,已隱然形成權威性、王導性之力量,是以,本

書一仍其舊,繼續保待其地位,於引用裁判時,則特別表明判決或裁

定,以示區分。又因法院裁判現均可透過網路查知,故非有必要,不

再記載其出處,或抄錄其內容,以簡省本書之篇幅。然遇有引用之裁

判,仍宜全文閲讀,蓋唯有如此,方能瞭解其全貌,掌握裁判意旨之

真髓,況詳讀裁判,不但是培養法律基礎知識之良方,更可親身戚受

法律適用於社會之實際結果,讓法律不再是抽象之概念,而是鮮活具

體之法律人間實情。閲讀裁判,習法者,切不可輕忽。

二、本書註解眾多,力求詳盡,旨在肩負硏究指南之作用,但亦

使書本承載沈重負擔,為求減量,此次改版,凡本書拙見與之相同書

籍,不再註明,僅引用不同見解,以供衡酌評比,而且諸多不同學

說,已記載於先前舊版者,也不再重複,然九易於查考,特別於相關
民造犏權論(下)

註釋,指明舊版引述之所在。易言之,本書新舊版有其一貫性,擁有

舊版者,不宜輕易行使所有權之處分權能,致難以追本溯源,增加硏

究之煩擾。

三、本書新增延伸探討一欄,其中或有新觀念之引進或介紹,然

大多是提出個人不同之觀點,對此類議題,個人雖已參酌不同見解,

殫精竭慮,但憑一己之力,恐仍有思考之盲點,或難免未週之處,故

以延伸探討方式出之,旨在拋磚引玉,企盼方家共同延伸探討,形成

合理穩妥之處方。

民法增訂習慣法為物權形成之法源,已逾十年,然實務之運用仍

在 1 子躊躇,以致社會長年習用,早為裁判承認之讓與擔保,仍側身

於所有權構造之中,未能向前進化,殊為可惜。如今,財產已由動

產、不動產,趨向多樣化,無形資產之價值被重新定位,尤因電子科

技之進步,一日千里,新型態之財產更是風起雲湧,面對諸多不可知

財產類型之快速誕生,如何因應已成為傳統物權法之現代挑戰,習慣

法之運用,應是最佳方略。學說及實務就此允宜再三致意焉。

封面油畫「闔家歡」是內人美珠之油畫創作,不但洋溢著千古流

傳、追尋之家庭親惰價值,且因是取材於桃園新屋故居家園之雞群,

大小雞隻,怡然悠遊於斯土,個人生於斯、長於斯,戀戀情深,已是

思念盈滿懷,慈母當年畜養禽畜,售賣所得,供我求學之需,辛勞身

影更是幕幕湧心頭。內人是終生學習之實踐者, 2016 年獲得師大美術

硏究所碩士學位,胸有丘壑,建議以此畫作為修訂版之封面,有情有

物,寓有深意焉,個人以「我妻」為「榮」!

本書改版為橫書,看似簡單,卻是浩大工程,數字之轉換即不勝

繁瑣,尚幸先有東吳大學法律學系碩士班朱茵同學付出心力,繼由新

學林出版公司林副總編輯靜妙,率領公司同仁細心校對裁判字號,及

詳查引註出處,反覆校正,精心排版編輯,新書方能如期問世,勞苦

功高;法務部司法官學院圖書室中外法律藏書豐富,不止新書訂購迅

速,與國際法學潮流密切接軌,是吸收法學新知之寶庫,且林專員嘉
修訂七粒品『了

敏、及石組員易儒、林先生玉杉常不畏煩瑣,幫助蒐集資訊,惠我良

多,均應致上誠擎之謝意。

-O 九年八月

序於台北寓所

Iii
民國九十九年十月間得遂所願,卸下公職,因甫完成拙著五版的

修訂,原以為可暫時好好休養生息,然而,隨著物權編修正規定的先

後施行,新法已在實務逼用及學術研究上逐漸發酵,各種新思維紛至

沓來,欣見好氣象,身為物權法園地的老圃,步履縱使閨珊,也應隨

時跟上。何況,今年適逢年過古稀,承蒙長官及諸多好友為個人撰文

出版七秩祝壽論文集—物權與民事法新思維,隆情高誼,無以為報,

更應加速勊力完成拙著的修訂,聊表至誠的戚謝。

民法增訂習慣為物權成立之法源,雖有不同聲音,但歷經五年有

餘的考驗,學說與實務已朝正向發展,民法研究基金會、司法院民事

廳及公益信託民商法研究基金、台大法律學院民事法研究中心先後為

之辦理研討會,發言盈廷,反應斐然,即屬例證。然而,鑑於非占有

型動產擔保制度於國際間紛紛完成立法,包括金融商品的流動性集合

財產擔保,蔚然成形,沛然而來,我國不但立法停滯,學術研究似乎

也是寥若晨星,尚幸讓與擔保,早為工商所運用,並為實務所承認,

因此,將上述動產擔保制度,藉由習慣法從速建立其物權地位,加以

活化,以因應工商業的籌資需求,為經濟升級及轉型注入一股強勁的

金流,實為個人殷殷切盼的厚望。此為拙著始終保留讓與擔保一章,

每次修訂時,戮力充實的初衷。

內人美珠倘佯於油畫世界,警覺藝術殿堂浩瀚無垠,必須有美學

深厚根基,方能成長突破,求知心切,去年毅然參加台灣師大美術研

究所考試,一試及第,成為班上年次最輕的莘莘學子,攻讀一年,學

習成果,令人驚豔,不愧為終生學習的最佳實踐者。今年炎炎夏季之

末,時兆將進入小學,開始人生大學之道,祖孫兩代努力向前行,個
v
民法掃權論(下)

人不能落在他們之後,於是,打起精砷,一箕一鋤,在物權園地辛勤

耕耘,這應該也是預防老年癡呆的最佳處方。

拙著物權三冊,初學者常以內容繁多為苦,因此,這次修訂改為

兩冊,或許可減少初學者進入物權法的阻力,而刪減的部分,仍可在

舊版叩隻得蹤跡,至於實務見解則可在相關網站查閱,所以,只引其

案號或出處,儘量不全文照錄。增減斟酌再三,拙著實務與理論兼顧

的宗旨,應可繼續維繫。又這次修訂,承邱玟惠助理教授校閱,昔日

司法院同事詹專門委員惟堯、黃秘書靜莉在公餘之暇,協助校對,自

應附誌,以示不忘。方家達人若有以教之,更是由衷的期盼。

謝在全
-0 三年九月

序於台北寓所

vi
民法物權編用益物權及占有部分的修正,經立法院於九十九年一

月間審議通過,總統於二月三日公布,八月三日業已施行,民法物權

編修正歷經二十一年漫長的洗鍊,終於全部完成。忝為研究修正小組

委員及研修專案小組的召集委員,於卸下重責大任之餘,戚恩之心油

然湧上心頭。戚謝楊建華大法官及其所召集的研修小組 如果沒有他

們擬定的完整草案,不可能有後階段的快速成果;對修法過程中,舉

行各種研討會或以其他不同方式,貢獻心力的物權法學者、專家及實

務界人士,也要致上由衷的謝意,由於他們熱心的參與,群策群力,

方能在國際問忙著研修民法的氛圍中,首先開展我國的物權法新紀

兀。

民法用益物權及占有的修正具有下列特色汀一)登記公示機能的強

化:用益物權是以登記為公示方法,不僅保障交易安全,且有利於物

權的安定,進而促成不動產經營之長期、大規模規劃,俾物盡其用。

準此,登記的公示功能應作最大發揮,地上權、農育權設定的目的,

不動產役權便宜的具體內容均應於設定時登記,關於債權約定事項儘

量准予登記,使之具有物權效力,乃本此意旨而發。(二)形塑用益物權

的台灣特色:注重國人不動產用益的習慣,維持固有的典權並在適用

上予以明確化,處理未定期限地上權問題的獨特設計均為此中表徵,

然亦致力於國際潮流趨勢的接軌,引進區分地上權及自己不動產役

權,即為其中一端。(三)建築物財產價值的確保:土地用益物權與其上

建築物處分的一體化,建築物使用權的合理配置,均為其著例。阿)物

盡其用與永續利用的兼顧:用益物權是實現不動產用益價值的最佳工

具,互通有不動產所有權者與無不動產者間利用的有無,雙方互利,
vii
民法犏權論(下)

進而,發揮物盡其用的社會功能。準此,用益物權應儘量活用,然地

球僅有一個,不但應注重生態的保育,在用益不動產時,更應力謀永

續利用的兼顧,實現與地球自然資源共存共榮之三贏效果。(五)占有制

度的細緻化:占有權利推定的例外,善意取得制度相關爭議問題的解

決,自主或善意占有狀態改變的擬制等均使占有的規範細緻化,回應

社會之需求。

內人美珠不但是掌舵這個家庭的永遠家長,而且自子女上學以

後,一直是全職的賢內助、好母親,全心付出,無怨無悔,讓我遭遇

崎嶇荊棘的道路時,不必他顧,仍能鎮靜奮力向前行。睿峰與炫姬、

靜萱和國禎、映萱各安其分,各盡其職,濃摯的親情在八八節的賀卡

上躍然盪漾,讓我有個最值得記憶的父親節;兩歲五個月的時兆,天

真童稚的話語,盡情無邪的歡笑,還有甫出生兩個月的羽晴,在我懷

中,用她烏溜溜的眼珠、淺淺的微笑和我互動,都是我安然不潰的寶

貴泉源。在人生風雨交加的時刻,最大的支持力量是來自溫馨的家

庭,是我最近艱辛困頓的日子中最深的體悟。當然,賦謝師長親友的

支持及協助,深信「天佑司法」,對始終如一,默默努力的司法同仁,

國人終究必有肯定的回應。

為紀念民法物權編修正完成的盛事,拙作全面配合予以修訂。承

辦公室詹主任惟堯、黃秘書靜莉及李大法官助理思儀利用公餘之暇蒐

集資料,或校對訂正,備極辛勞,自應附誌,以示不忘。付梓匆匆,

思慮未週,錯誤勢所難免,仁人君子若願時賜教益,實為個人最大的

榮幸和由衷的企盼。

誹在全
九十九年父親節

序於台北寓所
viii
民法物權編擔保物權部分之修正草案,立法院終於在民國九十六

年三月五日審議通過,總統隨即於同月二十八日公布,將於六個月後

施行。民法物權編自七十八年一月間開始修正,修正草案歷經十八年

之孕育 終於有初步之成果,實片我國民法物權編施行將近八十年之

一大盛事,民法擔保物權因此展現不同之新風貌,更是擔保物權法近

代發展史上重要之里程碑。

民法之各類擔保物權各有其社會功能。抵押權因係以不動產為標

的物,最能充分滿足債權人擔保債權之需要,故於擔保物權制度中評

價最高,為社會大眾所愛用。原因之一乃是抵押權之登記公示原則,

不僅確保抵押懽之安定性及其優先次序之明確性,且同一不動產得設

定多數抵押權之譏制由此建立,更因責任財產及其負擔之透明化,可

從登記內容評估交易風險而決定交易與否及數額之多寡,抵押物價值

之最大化亦由此而實現,登記之公示原則於不動產抵押權法制中之重

要性不言可喻。而基於普通抵押權之從屬性及擔保債權特定原則,普

通抵押權所擔保之債權包括原債權、利息及違約金,已成為該抵押權

之內容,自應依公示原則辦理登記,否則登記之公示功能必將虧於一

簣。又擔保物權旨在擔保債權之優先受償,非使擔保物權人藉由擔保

物權之設定獲得債權清償以外之利益,故流抵約款等擔保物權私實行

程序之運用,必須在擔保物權實行程序高效率化與公共利益之兼顧

間,尋求一定之平衡。最高限額抵押權從屬性最大緩和化之設計,旨

在發揮其靈活性,強化其獨立經濟價值,以因應商場融資之需要,然

抵押人及利害關係人利益之保護,於最高限額抵押權之規範中皆可見

其蹤跡,亦係遵循相同意旨而發。再者,非占有動產性擔保物權是自
,x
民法物權論(下)

由經濟市場之重要間接融資利器,於民法中唯權利質權尚堪任之。權

利質權設定及其實行程序低成本之追求,權利內容之可預見性,均為

其制度健全化之指標。

歲月催人老,雖然行將暮年,但是農村成長過程中,倚牛而牧沾

染之草香牛味,與水田為伍而混合之泥水汗臭,卻未隨時光遠離,反

而常在不經意中洩露鄉野氣息。終身於物權園地中耕耘,土地為其主

要客體,與土結緣,樸拙相隨,本性依然,根底如此,與其怨嘆苛

責,不如留給塵土去論短長。

本書中、下冊四版之修訂,乃因擔保物權法之修正而生,自應寥

綴數語,用記其盛,並略舒所戚。除此之外,應戚謝宋助理健弘襄助

修訂之勞,更祈君子達人有以教之。

請在全
九十六年五月二十一日

序於司法院大法官辦公室

x
拙作出版以來,時光匆匆已逾十年,其間不僅民法物權編修正草

案已研擬完成,正待立法院審議中,且物權法理論的研究及實務的見

解,亦推陳出新,蓬勃發展,物權法園地綻放著欣欣向榮的氣象,個

人側身其中,得以分沾辛苦耕耘的成果及榮耀,本書的重新修訂也終

得在步履蹣躅中實現,心中實在是充滿著戚恩與喜浣。

理論與實務兼顧,是拙作一貫秉持的努力方向,這是因為個人從

事司法實務工作已逾三十四年,深切體認司法實務工作者面臨個案

時,尋求解決良方的迫切需要;然實務必須植基於理論,加上個人公

餘之暇,濫竽教席,基本概念及理論的闡述 9 更是不能忽略。兩者兼

顧的結果,拙作修訂後的內容遂變得十分冗繁,對於物權初學者而

言,確有雛窺堂奧之嘆。為免望書卻步,個人建議初學者可先僅閱讀

本文,待有相當基礎後,方研閱所附註解,必能登堂入室,漸躋佳
境。

封面油畫是學畫成癡的內人美珗所繪,畫面呈現的是個人情牽夢

繫的故居田園。故居是泥磚瓦房翻修,客家傳統建築樸茁堅實的風

格,紅彩兆吉祥的意象,躍然紙上,先父參與故居修建心血的點點滴

滴,以及九四高齡慈母曾忙碌其間的手跡腳印,更永遠與之同在。而

田地上的金黃稻浪,舖滿大地,空氣中瀰漫著新稻的芬芳,令人心曠

紳怡。串串低垂的稻穗,隨風輕搖,沙沙作響中訴說的心語:「豐稔謙

卑甘低首,辛苦耕耘才有收穫」,油然飄入耳際。懷著充實的心靈,欣

賞畫作,咸謝內人之外,更願將此中情境,與不斷關愛個人的師長親

友分享。

XI
民法物權論(下)

資訊時代沛然而來,為免被其淘汰,個人遂使用電腦輸入完成拙

作的重新修訂,而內人是我的電腦啟蒙師,職場中忙碌的犬子睿峰、

大學行將畢業的三女映萱則是我的電腦救援手,遠在美國進修的次女

靜萱怕我勞累,也不忘提醒在埋首伏案之餘,要關心一下陽台的花花

草草。家庭的溫馨永遠是我得以潛心工作的一股暖流。又本書付梓

前,承助理惠冠、宏誠先後負校對的辛勞,自應附誌,以表戚謝之

忱。拙作的修訂個人已力求盡心,但錯誤恐仍難免,方家的賜正,是

最由衷的企盼。

誹在全
九十二年端午節

序於台北寓所

Xii
本書上冊付梓後,承蒙各界格外愛護,給予大力支持,未及一

年,已再版三次,此項肯定,帶來無限鼓舞,使我在下冊執筆之際,

更加朝亁夕惕,謹慎從事,全力以赴。如今終於完稿,心中如釋重

負。

正如胡適所云:「要怎麼收穫 9 就要怎麼栽。」然而此書得以完

成,拜前輩與方家已有研究結晶所賜之處實多,書中所論若仍有疏

失,純係咎在個人之力未逮所致尚祈惠予指正,實所切盼。

民法物權編規定之物權中,除所有權外,祉會上運用最廣者,當

推抵押權,其中最高限額抵押權更為金融界之最愛。此實因我國近代

工商業蓬勃發展,資金需求殷切,抵押權乃獲取融資之最佳手段所使

然。故本書對於抵押權著墨甚多,幾占下冊篇幅之半。再者,最高限

額抵押權及讓與擔保尚未經立法 9 實務上問題滋生,本書乃依學說丶

法理及實務上已表示之見解,就此兩種擔保制度,嘗試建立一較有系

統,並具整體性,且在我國現行物權法制下較能接受之架構,但願此

或能稍有助於尋求解決之道。

求學時代,家中貧困,全賴父母兄長勤儉刻苦,呵護備至,方能

專心向學。尤其是慈母育我疼我,胼手胝足,節衣縮食,蓄養家禽,

以售賣所得,供我在外求學生活之需,學業乃得不輟。今慈母滿面風

霜,年已八十有二,每談及往昔艱辛,仍不免眼溼語咽。又初入法界

時,月俸微薄,岳母愛烏及屋,常資助有加,免我後顧之憂。赴美進

修時,岳父知我阮囊羞澀,傾其公務員一生之積蓄,助我出國留學,

美夢成真。似此深情,至今仍無以為報,只有值茲下冊書成,謹獻給

慈母及岳父母,聊表寸心。
..'
,`.'.
`1'
民磕物權論(下)

本書內容,大抵仍循上冊體例,且於付梓前,承台大朱教授柏松

兄審閲,並賜卓見,獲益良多。復蒙台灣雲林地方法院傅庭長金圳、

童庭長有德、潘法官正雄諸同仁惠加校對,彭法官松江製作判解與條

文索引,謝欣雯小姐繕稿,均付出心力,謹表示由衷之謝意。服務雲

林,匆匆已屆二年,在此期間,子女照拂與家務操勞,均賴內子林美

珠一人獨自擔當,辛勞備嚐,自應附誌,以示不忘。

誹在全
八十年一月二十日

序於台灣霎林圯方法院

XIV
修訂七翫序............................畸...................謩.....................凸矗...........................。i

修訂六版庁....矗.....................。....。 0 O o O O O O • • • 0 0 • 0 O • • • 0 O 0 O • • 0 。。,..........。.................疇.......... v

修訂五版序...疇··············。...............................圜 O • 0 0 O 0 O O O 勻....................................vu

修訂四詬庁( )..................................................................................ix

修訂二臣庁......................疇,........ o O o o o O O o o O 0 . . . . . .........° ` °圄...........曇


° 0 O 黷 O O O O O O O O O O ·曇...疇 O O 0 . .X1

初賑庁(下關·) • • • • • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • 疇.............矗 o O 0 O O O O 0 • ° ' ' O O O 曰 0 O O 回 · 0 O O O 0 國 0 圜.......... Xlll

本書主要簡嘮用語 O O O O 0 0 . 0 O O 0 . 。............疇@ o o o O 國....疇 o • • • • • • • • • • • • • 圄................霨.........圏. O O O O XX1

築五章 震育襤。·········································· 。 ........。...。...矗..........。...........1

第一節 序 說。...............................................................................1

第二節 農育權之取得...............國........................................................ 5

第三節 農育權之效力......................................................疇...........疇..... 7

第一項 農育權人之權利 。 .......................................國....................... 7

第二項 農育權人之義務。............................................................. 11

第四節 農育權之消滅.。....。........。......................................................13


第 項 消滅之原因..............................................暹回......................13

第二項 消滅之效果.......。..............................................................16

第六章 不動產役檀........。..................................。 。 ................................19

第 一節 序 說...............,.......。......................................疇...............19

第二節 不動產役權之種類............................................。...........。.... 25

第三節 不動產役權之特性...........................................................33

第四節 不動產役權之取得..............................................................39

第五節 不動產役權之效力.............................................................47

xv
民法物纊論(下)


第 項 不動產役權人之權利義務.…….……·……·…··········………..47

第二項 供役 不動產所有人之權利義務………………………………..54

第六節 不動產役權之消滅..............................................................57

第七節 用益權人之不動產役權......................................................63

第八節 自己不動產役權.......................................···························66

第七章 典 權.................................................................................69


第 節 序 說...···········································································69

第二節 典權之取得.........................................................................74

第 項 基於法律行為而取得......................................................74

第二項 基於法律行為以外之原因而取得.……………………………75

第三節 典權之期限.........................................................................77

第四節 典權之效力..........................................................................80

第 項 典權人之權利義務...................·······································80

第 款 典權人之權利..............................................................80

第二款 典權人之義務.....·························································91

第二項 出典人之權利義務..........................................................94

第 款 出典人之權利..............................................................94

第二款 出典人之義務............................................................102

第五節 典權之消滅........................................................................104

第八章 鎏押檀...............................................................................107


第 節 擔保物權總說...................................................................107

第二節 普通抵押權序說................................................................135

第 項 普通抵押權之意義........................................................135

第二項 抵押權之發展................................................................137

第三項 普通抵押權之特性........................................................143

第三節 普通抵押權之取得............................................................158

第四節 普通抵押權之效力............................................................170

第 項 普通抵押權擔保債權之範圍.…………………………………170

第二項 普通抵押權標的物之範圍………...…………..……….....….175

XVI
目 鋦

第三項 抵押人之權利。·。,.....,. . . .............。............1哼


第四項 抵押權人之權利…..................................................…..210
第一款 普通抵押権之次序.圖...............….......……..… .....210
第二款 普通抵押權之處分.….....…….................................221
第三款 普通抵押權之保謨...............….. …·……….….…..…224
第五項 普通抵押權之實行.....................................................237
第一款 法院拍賣抵押物之公實行程序….......………………..238

第 目 許可拍賣抵押物之聲請........................…..........238
第二目 拍賣之強制執行程序….........……...…...….. ·…250
第三目 普通抵押權實行之效果.一…………….........…·……257
第二款 訂立契約取得抵押物所有權…....……………….........284
第三款 以其他方法處分抵押物…........ ……….............. ……290
第六項 共同普通抵押權之實行…............. …………………..….291
第 一
款 序 說 。 ..................。。.......。.......................................291
第二款 共同普通抵押權之成立............................................296
第三款 共同普通抵押權之效力… 00 O ………….…………… 矗…297 O

第七項 物上保證人與債務人或保證人之關係 。 。3l7


第五節 抵押權之消滅 。 ........... 。 巳圜...................................黷...囉............. 326
第六節 最高限額抵押權 。 ........................................................巳圖.....329
第一項 序 說 。 .......................................................................329
第二項 最高限額抵押權之設定…....……….….....…。..….......……337
第三項 最高限額抵押權之效力
(優先受償之效力及其範圍)…....……。.....…..…..……339
第四項 最高限額抵押權之變更…...………。.….....….........…..…...356
第五項 最高限額抵押權之確定。… O 0 O O ·… 0 0 0 O 0 …………........…....…372
第六項 最高限額抵押權之準共有 。 ...…….......................…… 。 …394
第七項 共同最高限額抵押權 。 ...................................................398
第八項 最高限額抵押權之實行。 …............... …..........… 。 ….......400
0

第九項 最高限額抵押權之消滅 。 .........……....…............…….......402


XVi1
民法怖權論(下)

第七節其他抵押權........................................................................ 404
第一項承攬人之抵押權............................................................ 404
第-項法定抵押權 419
第二項動產抵押權 42O
第四項權利抵押權.................................................................... 432
第九章質 權............................................................................... 437
第一節序 說............................................................................ 437

第二節動產質權............................................................................ 443
第一項動產質權之意義............................................................ 443
第二項動產質權之取得............................................................ 445
第三項動產質權之效力............................................................ 453

第一款 動產質權擔保債權之範圍....……………………………… 453


第二款 動產質權標的物之範圍…·……...…………·……………… 454
第三款 出質人之權利義務.…..………………………..………........ 457

第四款質權人之權利............................................................ 459
第五款動產質權之實行........................................................ 471
第六款質權人之義務............................................................ 476
第四項動產質權之消滅............................................................ 477
第五項特殊質權........................................................................ 480
第三節權利質權............................................................................ 485

第一項概 說........................................................................ 485


第二項權利質權之取得............................................................ 487

第三項權利質權之效力............................................................ 504
第一款權利質權效力之範圍................................................ 504
第二款 出質人之權利義務.................................................... 508

第三款質權人之權利義務.................................................... 512
第四款權利質權之實行........................................................ 515
第一目 債權質權之實行.................................................... 516
第二目 有價證券質權之實行……………·…………………·…… 522
"""
XVIII
目 錄

第三目 其他擢利質慍之實行...............。. .….…..525

第五款 第三債務人之權利義務…....………………..…….....525

第四項 權利質權之消滅.....................。。..................................528
錇十章 留薑禮 。 ....... 。 • 。 .. 。 ...... 。 ... 。 .........霨............. 。 ........................... 。 .。531

第一節 序 說.....................................................................疇......531

第二節 留置權之取得.. . 。 ..............................。.. 。 .... 。 ....... 。 .......。. 。 53 9


o o .


第 項 留置權成立之積極要件....…...........疇00...... ·……...……539
第二項 留置權成立之消極要件……....... O O · 0 O O • ·…· ·.… 。 ...……….548
O

第三節 留置權之效力....................。.............................. 。 ...........552


第一 項 留置瞿效力之範圍........................................................552
第二項 留置權人之權利義務.. ·…........……...…......。…...…....553 O

第三項 留置權之實行,.....................。......................疇 疇..。...`..疇.....560 0

第四項 留置物所有人之權利義務...................……· 0 . . O ·…… 。 ...564

第四節 留置權之消減 。 ...........圖 O 0 O O O O • ·疇...曇...............矗.....................566

第五節 特殊留置權 。 ..矗........矗....................................。...................... 570

第十一章 譔與擔侯。....... 。 ...矗 O O O 璽 0 O O 矗圜....矗 O O O O O O O O O ·圜..........矗巴 矗...... 。 . 。 .....。........575


0

第一節 序 說 。 .厚 璹.......疇...疇.........矗...............囉...............疇..........圖 國....575


O O

第二節 不動產讓與擔保 。 ...........國...............疇.......圖矗....................嶋.....583

第 一項 讓與擔保之取得.......嶋................................黷·圖..............國..583

第二項 讓與擔保之效力 。 峒 ...........嶋霫...疇.....矗疇.............疇回.....圖.............585

第三項 讓與擔保之消滅......。...........疇 疇....疇....矗 疇疇..........疇.....圄 O O O O • 0 O 0 0 O 595

第三節 動產讓與擔保 。 ..巴..己......己 0 0 0 O O 圖·矗....嚀 圖嶋..巴....................矗......尋凸.....矗596


O

第四節 債權讓與擔保 。 嚀.......矗...圖矗..........矗..矗.........疇矗..............圖.............607

本靈主要參考嘗自 。 圖 圖矗..............矗.........尋· 矗...矗.......................................615


O O 0 . o

附饑一 他環幗利證明晝 。 .....圏...矗......矗.........................矗霫 疇...疇疇.......疇.......623 O O

附鋒二 土地登記謄本 。 ................毫巳..........巳疇......國..圄....國.....矗 O • 0 O 疇..............624


隋鋒三 蠹物登記龎本 。 ..圜..圜 O O O O O . 。 0 O O . O O 図..........疇 O O O O O O O 疇..疇........矗...矗.......矗 圖....矗626 O

xix
書主要筐 語

一丶 90 台上 2085 判決:最高法院 90 年度台上字第 2085 號民事判決。

二、 101 台抗 788 裁定:最高法院 101 年度台抗字第 788 號民事裁定。

三、 108 台上 2700 裁定:最高法院 108 年度台上字第 2700 號民事裁

定。

四、高本院 108 上更(二) 25 判決:台灣高等法院 108 年度上更

(二)字第 25 號民事判決。

五、台中高分院 103 上 52 判決:台灣高等法院台中分院 103 年度上字

第 52 號民事判決。(台南高分院:台灣高等法院台南分院,高雄

高分院:台灣高等法院高雄分院,花蓮高分院:台灣高等法院花

蓮分院,金門高分院:福建高等法院金門分院)。
六、 74 判 274: 前行政法院 74 年判字第 274 號判決。

七 107 判 74 判決:最高行政法院 107 年度判字第 74 號判決。

八、日大判明 36 、 11 、 26 民錄 9 、 1244: 日本大審院民事部明治 36 年

11 月 26 日民事判決,大審院民事判決錄 9 輯第 1244 頁。

九、日大判昭 2 、 4 、 22 民集 6 、 19 :日本大審院民事部昭和 2 年 4 月

22 日民事判決,大審院民事判例集 6 卷第 19 頁。

十、日最判昭 39 、 1 、 16 民集 18 、 l 、 l :日本最高裁判所昭和 39 年 1

月 16 日民事判決,最高裁判所民事判例集 18 卷 1 號 l 頁。

十一、日最判平 8 、 10 、 31 民集 50 、 9 、 2563 :日本最高裁判所平成 8

年 l0 月 31 日民事判決,日本最高裁判所民事判例集 50 卷 9 號

2563 頁。

十二、新聞:日本法律新聞 9 判時:日本判例時報,下民:日本下級

裁判所民事判例集。

X)(I
民法碲權論(下)

十三、月旦法學 104 、 109, 2004 年:月旦法學雜誌第 104 期第 109

頁, 2004 年。

十四、台灣法學 33 、 212, 2002 年:台灣本土法學雜誌、台灣法學雜

誌第 33 期第 212 頁, 2002 年。

十五、環境與土地 15 、 125, 2015 年:台灣環境與土地法學雜誌第 15

期第 125 頁, 2015 年。

十六、法學叢刊 60: 3 、 65, 2015 年,法學叢刊第 60 卷第 3 期第 65

頁, 2015 年。

十七、主要參考書之簡稱,見本書後附之本書主要參考書目。

..
XXII

鯛一節序 說

土多
.-丶 忌輒

農育權者,乃以在他人土地為農作、森林、養殖、畜牧、種植竹木

或保育之權 (850-口)。例如甲以耕作禾稻為目的,在乙之 A 地設定農

育權,期間為 20 年是。此際甲即在乙之 A 地上取得農作為目的之農育

權,甲為農育權人,農育權存續之期間為 20 年,農育權之標的物為上

述之 A 地。玆依此定義,分析農育權之意義如下:

(一)農育權係存在於他人土地之物襤 農育權以土地為其標的

物,於建築物上不得設定農育權。且以他人之土地為限,可知農育權係

不動產物權。惟在混同之例外情況,農育權亦可存在於自己之土地

(762 但)。又土地不以農業用地為限,土地可否為農育權之標的物,應

依土地使用管理之法令定之。

(二)晨育檐係以農作丶森林、養殖、畜牧、穩植竹木或侯育為目

的之物搵 農育權係以農作、森林、養殖、畜牧、種植竹木或保育為目

的而使用土地,故為用益物權。而所謂農作,係指施勞力或資本於土

地,以栽培植物、菇菌或園藝等鵾業作物,其植物不以定期作物如稻、

麥、果蔬等為限 9 其他不定期作物,草本或木本植物,如桑樹、荔枝或

觀賞用之蘭花、海芋等之栽培均屬之;森林係指林地及其群生竹、木之

總稱(森 3 參照),故凡以上述林木及其群生竹木之養護、植栽、經營

管理等均屬之;養殖係指利用水田、埤池,飼養魚蝦、貝殼、藻類等而

言;牧畜係指飼養豬、羊、雞、鴨、鵝、牛、馬、鹿等家畜或家禽等,

f)01
民法牴糰論(下)

且飼養捕獲之野生動物者,亦難謂非牧畜;至種植竹木者,則指上述森

林以外之竹木種植;保育係指基於物種多樣性與自然生態之維護,對於

野生動物、植物或棲地之保護、復育或涵養(野生動物保育法 3® 參

照)等均屬之。上述農作、牧畜等土地用益目的,係參照農業發展條例

第 3 條第 12 款之規定而設,是其涵蓋範圍與該條規定應同其意義,俾與

農業之發展密切銜接。而農育權究係以農作、森林、養殖、畜牧等何種

目的為土地之使用,應以設定之登記內容定之。

(三)農育權可為永久或無償使用土地之物權 農育權之期限原則
上為 20 年,但以造林、保育為目的或法令另有規定者不在此限 (850-

I II) ,是以,農育權是以有期限為原則,但以造林、保育為目的之農育
權,或法令另有規定較此為長者,則不受 20 年期間之限制,甚至可能

為永久在他人土地上為使用,此乃為兼顧造林、保育或農業政策之需要

而設。又農育權不以支付地租為必要,故農育權可為有償或無償。農育

權此種內容之設計,實具有於物權法定主義範圍內,仍充分尊重契約之

自由及兼顧權利實現必要性之寓意焉。

二、碣革與祛會作用

羅馬自古以來,尤其是共和末期以後,國家、都市或宗教團體常將

土地短期或長期出租於他人耕作,以土地供農業使用,成立農地租賃契

約,此種契約漸漸地由法務官賦予物權之保護。此外,希臘自古以來,

亦有在他人土地,尤其公有地上,以栽種葡萄或其他樹木為目的之永租

權制度。上述兩種制度逐漸融和,永佃權於焉形成。近代歐陸之永佃權

與日本之永小作權既源此而設,但日本民法上之永小作權主要仍受習慣

之支配(日民 277) ,然永佃權之特質乃為物權之農地利用權,各國則

我國以農立國,遠在秦漢時代,農田之租佃制度即已產生。而永佃

之制則起源於南宋,經由長期之租佃制度演變而成,流傳至明清兩代,

002
第五章暠育襦

始大為盛行。民曰肇鵐後,於各地仍普遍存在。基於晨業之需要,我國

民法仿歐陸立法例,建立永佃權制度 1 ,然此與我國固有法之永佃詞性質
上完全異鷓。民國肇建,政府深知租佃制度於農村經濟之重要性,即致

力於健全租佃制尤其是佃鵜之保謨。民國 40 年 6 月於台灣地區實施耕地

三七五減租條例,農地利用檐人獲致較永佃權更為週密之保障,永佃權

之計會作用遂大為減謁。民國 42 年 l 月更本於憲法扶植白耕農及自行使

用土地之土地政策(憲 143), 頒行實施耕者有其田條例(已廢止)。依

該條例規定,出租之農地,地主除仍得保留部分土地外,其餘土地一律

由政府徵收,轉放現耕農民承領,俾農民有田自耕,永佃權之價值更因

而喪失殆盡2 0

鑑於土地晨業使用之前述發展 2010 年民法修正時,乃將永佃糰廢

止,然地上權已刪除以竹木瓦目的之土地使用,而我鸝以農立國,以種

植竹木及農業為目的之用益物標仍有需要,乃參酌我园農業政策、自然

資源之永續利用及物盡其用之原則增訂農育權,俾以農利國,農育權由

是而誕生3 。然於該法施行前發生之永佃權,民法將其存續期限縮短為自
修正施行日起 20 年。於該期限屆滿時,永佃權人得請求變更為農育罹

(物權編施行法 13-2 參照),對此項請求,土地所有人無拒絕之權。

按民以食為天,食物來自土地,各國對農地生產莫不汲汲於保護。

而農地利用權之取得雖有租賃或借貸之制,但終屬債之關係,不足達保

護效果,遂另設農育權,繼續傳承農業使用之用益物權制度,將土地之

農業利用權定位為物權,具有讓與性及擔保性 (850-3 、 882) ,農育權人

之地位因而益形穩固,乃能促進從事耕稼,增加生產 9 此當點農育權社

1 關於我國土地之租佃制度可參考之著作,及我國固有法上水佃權之成立原因,見拙
箸物權上冊第 631 頁註 l (修訂 6 版, 2014 年)。
2 相關情形可參閒廖正宏、黃俊傑、簫新煌,光復後台灣農業政策的演變第 53 頁(中
央研究院民族學研究所, 1986 年)。
3 關於農育擢之立法經過,張元旭,永佃權的易弦更張(月旦法學 49 、 31, 1999
年),鄭冠宇,農育擢之制定與適用(月旦法學 179 、 54, 2010 年),陳立夫,民法

物擢編農用權章修正草案之評析(法學叢刊 54: 1 、 29, 2009 年),拙箸,物盡其用


與永續利用(台灣法學 146 、 12, 2010 年)。
003
民法犏權論(下)

會作用之所在,就此而言,農育權扮演永佃權相同之社會功能。其次,

農育權並以單純之種植竹木為內容之一,此非森林或農作所能涵蓋,種

植竹木原屬地上權內容,故農育權亦傳承地上權之部分功能。又健康之

土地甚為重要,加以全球性人口增加、糧食需求、氣候變遷、生態之多

樣性及台灣地區土地性質等因素,從事農業並應注重生態之保育,土地

資源之永續利用;提升農業生產效率之際,亦須遵循大自然法則,兩者

相輔而益彰,有機農業應屬一例,可見農育權另兼具保育之社會作用。

綜合此種物權之上述重要內容及社會作用,乃以農育權(農用及保育

權)為第四章之一之章名,以求名實相符4 ,其中珍惜土地、愛護土地之
深意,尤值體悟焉。而今農育權於原住民保留地開發中落地生根(原住

民保留地開發管理辦法及原住民保留地各種用地申請作業須知參照),

開花結果,且拭目以待。

4 農育権與耕地科賃、土圯法耕作權之異同,見拙著物權上冊第 629 頁(修訂 6 版,


2014 年)。
004
農言褔

農育權之取得有基於法律行為者,有基於法律行為以外之原因者,

玆分別說明如下:

-丶 擰行為

(一)農育襤之設定 農育權係因當事人農育權設定契約而取得,

或遺囑為之者,係基於法律行為而發生,自須依第 758 條規定為之。因

農育權之土地用益內容甚為豐富,當事人於設定時應約定其種類(例如

農作、畜牧或保育等),此已構成農育翟之具體內容,故亦應登記(土

登 l 08-1 I) 。又農育權人因行使其農育權之需要得設置農育工作物

(850-3 III, 850-5 I 參照),於此範圍內,農育權人即有設置農育工作物

之權,故無需另為農育工作物設定地上權。至當事人究應設定地上權或

農育權,此應以當事人所欲使用土地之目的為斷。而經約定設定地上權

或農育權,且辦畢登記時,用益物權人所得行使權利之內容即應以其登

記之物權所涵攝之內容定之。

農育權客體不以農業用地為限,然特定土地得否設定農育權仍應受

區域計畫法、都市計畫法等土地利用管制法規之限制。又農育權可為有

償或無償 (850-1 I 、 850-4 參照)。但若為有償之約定者,應辦理登記,

始足生對抗第三人之效力 (850-9 、 836II 、 836-1 、土登 108-1 I @參

照)。

農育權之存續期間由當事人自由約定並登記之(土登 108-1 I 囝),

但若有約定期限者,最長為 20 年,蓋如過長,有礙於土地之多元利用

或復育,乃斟酌農業之發展、社會之經濟利益及土地供人使用期間之狀

況等因素設此適當之期限,若已超過,須縮短為 20 年。但期限屆滿,

應不排除當事人得更新之;再者,農育權以造林(包括種植森林、竹

木)、保育為目的時,通常須逾 20 年始能達其目的,故可不受上開期限
005
民法物權論(下)

之限制,於法令另有規定農育權可有較長之期限者,亦同 (850-1 II),


以兼顧事實,貼近社會實際面所設之規範。至農育權若未約定期限,且

以造林、保育為目的者,存續期限逾 20 年時,當事人得請求法院斟酌

農育權成立之目的(森林、種植竹木、保育)、竹木、農育工作物等之

種類、土地利用狀況等情形,酌定其期限 (850-2 III 、 833-1) ,以變更為

有存續期限之農育權。

(二)農育權之讓與農育權人如依第 850 條之 3 規定,將其農育

權讓與他人,該他人即因受讓而取得農育權。此項農育權之變動仍須依

第 758 條規定辦理。

二、基於淡律行為以外之原因者

(-)繼承 農育權得經由繼承而取得,蓋農育權不僅為財產權,

且為用益物權,具有繼承性與讓與性,然應受第 759 條之規範。

(二)基於時效而取得 農育權為財產權之一種,以占有土地為農

作、牧畜等為內容,故得因時效而取得 (772 、 769 、 770) ,是以,以行

使農育權之意思, 20 年間(或 10 年間)和平繼續公然,占有他人之土

地為農作、森林、養殖、畜牧、種植竹木或保育(而其占有之始為善意

並無過失)者,得請求登記為農育權人,餘請參照本書闢於其他財產權

取得時效部分之說明,不再贅述。

006
策一項

一`冴 fP /'!'!收益糰

農育權係以在他人土地上為農作、養殖、畜牧、保育、栽植或養諠

森林、種植竹木為其目的,農育權人在上述目的範圍內,就農育權標的

物之土地白有使用收益權 (850-6 I 參照),且就因此所獲得之天然孳息

有收取權。然農育權人不得將土地出租於他人,故農育權人不得將土地

交由他人用益 (850-5 I) 。惟依農業發展條例第 3 條第 4 15 款規定之意

旨,家庭農場除得直接從事農業生產外,並得實施委託代耕。

農育權人就設定之目的(例如農作、保育)應約定並辦理登記(土

登 108-1 I) ,其使用收益自應這守此目的為之,然於約定支付地租之農

育權,倘因不可抗力致不能依原約定目的為土地之使用者,農育權人得

請求變更原約定土地之使用目的 (850-4 I) ;再者,當事人若就土地之使

用收益之方法另有約定時,例如僅能種植特定農作物、養殖之魚類或畜

牧之牲畜種類加以規範者,農育權人就土地之使用收益之方法亦應受此

約定之拘束,此項約定自應辦理登記始能對抗第三人 (850-9 、 836-2 II,

土登 108-1 I@ 參照)。若就設定之目的或土地使用收益方法並未約定

者,則應依土地之性質為使用收益,此對土地性質或可能有若干影響,

然無論如何均應保持土地之生產力或得永續利用 (850-6 I 參照)。蓋土

地是人類生存之重要資源,農育權本即以土地之農業生產或土地之保護

復育為內容,故農業生產時,仍應順應土地之性質 不得為使其不能回

復之損害(亦即農育權消滅時,不能回復土地原狀之損害,日民 271 參

照) 5 ;在土地保育時,更應孕育自然資源之生生不息,孳息永續。故土

5 日庄釋民法(7) 第 919 頁(其他立法例,鄭冠宇物權第 399 頁誌 66) 0 永嘖農業與氣


r,
cvcv
民法物檳論(下)

地之農用,農藥、殺蟲劑,甚或化學肥料之長期過度使用,或利用煉鋼

後之爐渣作為養魚池池底之填充材料,造成鉻重金屬之污染等,妝害土

地之生產力、自我更新能力,或不得栽種外來物種小花蔓澤蘭、不得養

殖福壽螺,造成台灣地區生態之危害及經濟損失,均應認有礙土地之永

續利用,均非所許。

農育權之土地使用雖係以農作、森林或保育等為目的,但於該目的

必要範圍內,於土地上建造供農作、養殖、牧畜使用之建築物,或建造

與其經營有不可分離關係之水稻育苗作業室、乾燥機房、農產品加工

室、倉庫、炭窯、畜養場、農業資財室等工作物者(農業發展條例 8-1 •
行政院農業委員會 98 年修正發布之申請農業用地作農業設施容許使用審

查辦法參照),尚不能認為已逾越農育權使用收益之範圍。至若純以此

等工作物之存在為目的,或堆放物品,或就他人土地予以加工,以改良

其品質者,則非農育權之目的範圍。上述農業設施之興建,應遵守農業

發展條例(該條例 8-1 、 18 等參照)及其他相關法令規定6. 自不待言。

二、桌分權

農育權人得將其權利讓與他人或設定抵押權。但契約另有約定或另

有習慣者不在此限 (850-3 I) 。是農育權人對農育權原則上具有讓與及設

定抵押權之處分權,此使農育權具有市場性,而有保障農育權人財產權

之憲法意旨,並具貫徹農地農用及擴大經營規模之功能。此項處分應依

第 758 條為之。但契約如有禁止讓與或設定抵押之特約,或另有禁止之

習慣者,自應從其特約或習慣。然上述禁止之特約僅係債權關係,經登

候變遷委員會 (Commission
on Sustainable Agreicuture ane Climate Change) 認為: 1.
應拒絕傷窖環境之經濟發展及農業行為。 2 .作物應作整合整理:亦即精喵使用肥料
及化學菓劑,善用輪作制度;建立有利土壤及農作物之生産環境,均可供參考。
6 例如農育攏人建築農舍依農業發展條例第 18 條規定即非所許(鄭冠宇,農育搵之制
定與適用,月旦法學 179 、 59, 2010 年)。而農舍亻系指以耕作為目的或為便利耕作所
建之房屋,如所建房屋係供居住之用,即與農舍無關 (64 台上 571 判例、 99 台上
833 判決參照)。

008
第五章

記後方能成為農育權之物權內容 始足以對抗第三人 (85O-3H 土登

1O8-lI@ )。至不得譔與或抵押之習慣,當然不生登記之問題。

農育權人於土地上設置農育工作物者,例如育苗室、炭窯、畜養

場、室內循環水養殖設施等均與農育檐之行使有關,故於讓與或為其他

處分時,農育權及農育工作物均不得分離為之 (85O-3III) ,是為鵾育權

及農育工作物一體處分原則,旨在使農育權與其工作物相互結合,以發

揮其經濟效用,並避免農育工作物與農育權標的物土地間使用關係之模

雜化。此項規定為強制禁止規定,兩者若有分離讓與或抵押者,例如農

育權讓與甲,農育工作物讓與乙,乃屬無效 (71 本文),若以農育糧與

農育工作物為分離出賣或抵押之約定,該債權契約亦屬無效 (246 I 本

文)。但農育權出賣或抵押之約定,依從隨主之法理,可解為其效力及

於農育工作物。因農育權不得為不動產役權、典權之客體,故單獨將具

有定著物性質之農育工作物設定不動產役權、典權亦非所許,此自本條

第一項於讓與外,只言及抵押權,而第三項則於讓與外,擴及於設定其

他權利觀之即明。至農育權土地上之出產物於未分離前,屬土地之一部

分(農育權之構成內容),自為農育權處分效力所及,不生分離處分之

問題。再者,讓與農育工作物旨在由受讓人拆除或移置他處者,應不致

生土地使用權之關係霞雜化,故應不在上述限制之列。

三丶櫛韞之崎上請求纜及縴鄒關

農育權人為用益物權,且須占有土地為用益,是不但有物權之物上

請求權 (767 II), 且於占有土地後,亦受第 962 條占有之物上請求權之

保護,此在物權共同效力中,已有說明,不另贅述。再者 9 相鄰闢係之

規定,於農育權人間或農育權人與土地所有人間,或農育權人與土地之

其他使用權人相互間均有其準用 (800-1 參照),見本書相鄰關係部分

所述。

^^ 0
uUJ
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Note.—The titles of some of the treatises


enumerated above have been mutilated by the
original bibliographers, and owing to the extreme
rarity of most alchemical books, it has been
impossible to correct all errors.
APPENDIX.
I.
The life of Denis Zachaire has been made the subject of an
interesting and well-written novel—“A Professor of Alchemy”—by
“Percy Ross,” recently published by Mr George Redway. The life of
the great adept, after his accomplishment of the Magnum Opus, is
detailed at some length, M. Louis Figuier being apparently the
authority for the bare facts of the case. The alchemist is represented
by the French writer as having travelled to Lausanne, where he
became enamoured of a young and beautiful lady, whom he carried
from Switzerland into Germany, and then abandoned himself
completely to a life of dissipation and folly, which closed tragically at
Cologne in the year 1556. He was strangled in the middle of a
drunken sleep by the cousin who had accompanied him in his
travels, and who coveted his wealth and his mistress. The murderer
effected his escape with the lady, who appears to have been his
accomplice. The sole authority for this narrative appears to be a
poem by Mardoché de Delle, who was attached, as a sort of
laureate, to the court of Rodolph II. It is not improbably a mere
invention of the versifier; there is nothing in the sober treatise of
Denis Zachaire, written at the period in question, to give colour to the
account of his extravagance.
II.
The manuscript volume entitled “Egyptian Freemasonry” fell, with
the other papers of Cagliostro, into the hands of the Inquisition, and
was solemnly condemned in the judgment as containing rites,
propositions, a doctrine and a system which opened a broad road to
sedition and were calculated to destroy the Christian religion. The
book was characterised as superstitious, blasphemous, impious, and
heretical. It was publicly burnt by the hands of the executioner, with
the instruments belonging to the sect. Some valuable particulars
concerning it are, however, preserved in the Italian life; they are
reproduced from the original proceedings published at Rome by
order of the Apostolic Chamber.
“It may be necessary to enter into some details concerning
Egyptian Masonry. We shall extract our facts from a book compiled
by himself, and now in our possession, by which he owns he was
always directed in the exercise of his functions, and from which
those regulations and instructions were copied, wherewith he
enriched many mother lodges. In this treatise, which is written in
French, he promises to conduct his disciples to perfection by means
of physical and moral regeneration, to confer perpetual youth and
beauty on them, and restore them to that state of innocence which
they were deprived of by means of original sin. He asserts that
Egyptian Masonry was first propagated by Enoch and Elias, but that
since that time it has lost much of its purity and splendour. Common
masonry, according to him, has degenerated into mere buffoonery,
and women have of late been entirely excluded from its mysteries;
but the time was now arrived when the grand Copt was about to
restore the glory of masonry, and allow its benefits to be participated
by both sexes.
“The statutes of the order then follow in rotation, the division of the
members into three distinct classes, the various signs by which they
might discover each other, the officers who are to preside over and
regulate the society, the stated times when the members are to
assemble, the erection of a tribunal for deciding all differences that
may arise between the several lodges or the particular members of
each, and the various ceremonies which ought to take place at the
admission of the candidates. In every part of this book the pious
reader is disgusted with the sacrilege, the profanity, the superstition,
and the idolatry with which it abounds—the invocations in the name
of God, the prostrations, the adorations paid to the Grand Master,
the fumigations, the incense, the exorcisms, the emblems of the
Divine Triad, of the moon, of the sun, of the compass, of the square,
and a thousand other scandalous particulars, with which the world is
at present well acquainted.
“The Grand Copt, or chief of the lodge, is compared to God the
Father. He is invoked upon every occasion; he regulates all the
actions of the members and all the ceremonies of the lodge, and he
is even supposed to have communication with angels and with the
Divinity. In the exercise of many of the rites they are desired to
repeat the Veni and the Te Deum—nay, to such an excess of impiety
are they enjoined, that in reciting the psalm Memento Domine David,
the name of the Grand Master is always to be substituted for that of
the King of Israel.
“People of all religions are admitted into the society of Egyptian
Masonry—the Jew, the Calvinist, the Lutheran, are to be received
into it as well as the Catholic—provided they believe in the existence
of God and the immortality of the soul, and have been previously
allowed to participate in the mysteries of the common masonry.
When men are admitted, they receive a pair of garters from the
Grand Copt, as is usual in all lodges, for their mistresses; and when
women are received into the society, they are presented by the
Grand Mistress with a cockade, which they are desired to give to that
man to whom they are most attached.
“We shall here recount the ceremonies made use of on admitting a
female.
“The candidate having presented herself, the Grand Mistress
(Madame Cagliostro generally presided in that capacity) breathes
upon her face from the forehead to the chin, and then says, ‘I
breathe upon you on purpose to inspire you with the virtues which
we possess, so that they may take root and flourish in your heart, I
thus fortify your soul, I thus confirm you in the faith of your brethren
and sisters, according to the engagements which you have
contracted with them. We now admit you as a daughter of the
Egyptian lodge. We order that you be acknowledged in that capacity
by all the brethren and sisters of the Egyptian lodges, and that you
enjoy with them the same prerogatives as with ourselves.’
“The Grand Master thus addresses the male candidate: ‘In virtue
of the power which I have received from the Grand Copt, the founder
of our order, and by the particular grace of God, I hereby confer upon
you the honour of being admitted into our lodge in the name of
Helios, Mene, Tetragrammaton.’
“In a book, said to be printed at Paris in 1789, it is asserted that
the last words were suggested to Cagliostro, as sacred and
cabalistical expressions by a pretended conjuror, who said that he
was assisted by a spirit, and that this spirit was no other than the
soul of a cabalistical Jew, who by means of the magical art had
murdered his own father before the incarnation of Jesus Christ.
“Common masons have been accustomed to regard St John as
their patron, and to celebrate the festival of that saint. Cagliostro also
adopted him as his protector, and it is not a little remarkable that he
was imprisoned at Rome on the very festival of his patron. The
reason for his veneration of this great prophet was, if we are to
believe himself, the great similarity between the Apocalypse and the
rites of his institution.
“We must here observe that when any of his disciples were
admitted into the highest class, the following execrable ceremony
took place. A young boy or girl, in the state of virgin innocence and
purity, was procured, who was called the pupil, and to whom power
was given over the seven spirits that surround the throne of the
divinity and preside over the seven planets. Their names according
to Cagliostro’s book are Anaël, Michaël, Raphaël, Gabriel, Uriel,
Zobiachel, and Anachiel. The pupil is then made use of as an
intermediate agent between the spiritual and physical worlds, and
being clothed in a long white robe, adorned with a red ribbon, and
blue silk festoons, he is shut up in a little closet. From that place he
gives response to the Grand Master, and tells whether the spirits and
Moses have agreed to receive the candidates into the highest class
of Egyptian masons....
“In his instructions to obtain the moral and physical regeneration
which he had promised to his disciples, he is exceedingly careful to
give a minute description of the operations to which they are to
submit. Those who are desirous of experiencing the moral
regeneration are to retire from the world for the space of forty days,
and to distribute their time into certain proportions. Six hours are to
be employed in reflection, three in prayer to the Deity, nine in the
holy operations of Egyptian Masonry, while the remaining period is to
be dedicated to repose. At the end of the thirty-three days a visible
communication is to take place between the patient and the seven
primitive spirits, and on the morning of the fortieth day his soul will be
inspired with divine knowledge, and his body be as pure as that of a
new-born infant.
“To procure a physical regeneration, the patient is to retire into the
country in the month of May, and during forty days is to live
according to the most strict and austere rules, eating very little, and
then only laxative and sanative herbs, and making use of no other
drink than distilled water, or rain that has fallen in the course of the
month. On the seventeenth day, after having let blood, certain white
drops are to be taken, six at night and six in the morning, increasing
them two a day in progression. In three days more a small quantity
of blood is again to be let from the arm before sunrise, and the
patient is to retire to bed till the operation is completed. A grain of the
panacea is then to be taken; this panacea is the same as that of
which God created man when He first made him immortal. When this
is swallowed the candidate loses his speech and his reflection for
three entire days, and he is subject to frequent convulsions,
struggles, and perspirations. Having recovered from this state, in
which, however, he experiences no pain whatever, on the thirty-sixth
day, he takes the third and last grain of the panacea, which causes
him to fall into a profound and tranquil sleep; it is then that he loses
his hair, his skin, and his teeth. These again are all reproduced in a
few hours, and having become a new man, on the morning of the
fortieth day he leaves his room, enjoying a complete
rejuvenescence, by which he is enabled to live 5557 years, or to
such time as he, of his own accord, may be desirous of going to the
world of spirits.”
Concerning the Lodge of Freemasons discovered at Rome.
The final chapter of the Italian life of Cagliostro, which appeared
before the death of its subject, contains a curious and interesting
account under the above title. The lodge was situated in the quarter
of the city called the Holy Trinity of the Mountain. It was visited on
the night of Cagliostro’s capture, but the members had been
evidently forewarned; they had taken precautions as to their
personal safety, had removed the symbols of their craft and the
greater part of their books and papers, which perhaps, says the
writer, contained secrets of great importance. The Inquisition claims
to have a true insight, notwithstanding, into the origin, establishment,
and other particulars of this lodge, drawn in part from the depositions
of “a multitude of well-informed persons.”
The founders were seven in number, five Frenchmen, an
American, and a Pole, all of whom had been previously initiated into
other lodges. It assumed the title of the Lodge of the Reunion of True
Friends, and the first meeting took place on November 1, 1787.
Proselytes were immediately made, and included candidates who
had not been received into any other society. Its numbers rapidly
increased, and to establish it with all the necessary formalities
approbation was procured from the Mother Lodge at Paris, and a
deputy was sent to reside in that city as its representative. Its letters
were transported by special messengers. Mention is made in the
register of archives kept under three locks, in which the statutes, the
mysteries, and the symbols transmitted from Paris were preserved,
with all the most interesting speeches delivered within the lodge.
However, the Egyptian lodge is affirmed to have been in this
instance devoid of special characteristics. The list of its officers was
as follows:—

1. The Venerable, or Grand Master.


2. The Superintendent, or Deputy Grand Master.
3. The Terrible.
4. The Master of the Ceremonies.
5. The Treasurer.
6. The Almoner.
7. The Secretary.
8. The Orator, or Export Broker.

The entire Lodge was composed of two chambers, or halls. The


first was called the Chamber of Reflections. A death’s head was
placed on a table, and above it were two inscriptions in French,
which contained an arcane significance. The second apartment was
called the Temple; it was adorned according to the various rites
performed in it. On all occasions it was provided with a throne, on
which the Venerable constantly sat. Some emblems of masonry
adorned the walls—among them were the sun, moon, and planets.
On the two sides of the throne several magnificent pillars were
placed, and opposite to these the brotherhood were arranged in
order, each of them wearing his leathern apron, and a black ribbon in
the form of a deacon’s stole about his neck, while in his hands,
which were covered with a pair of white gloves, he brandished a
naked sword, a hammer, or a compass, according to the different
formalities prescribed by the institution.
With the secret signs and passports, the Inquisition does not seem
to have been acquainted.
INDEX.
Abraham the Jew, 99

Adfar, an Arabian adept of


Alexandria, 53

Alain of Lisle, 67

Albertus Magnus, 57

Alcahest, 157

Alchemy—Diversity of opinion
on the object of alchemical
science, 9;
the avowed object, 10;
the aim said to be concealed,
11;
symbolism of the science, 11;
distinction between alchemy
and chemistry, 21;
alchemy as a factor in the
progress of the physical
sciences, 27;
physical nature of the
alchemical aim
established by the lives
and writings of the
adepts, 29;
side issues of alchemical
theories, 32;
application of alchemy to the
extension of life, 65;

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