= ifyh\; kfsph; fy;Y}hp

jkpo;j;Jiw

,uz;lhkhz;L - %d;whk; gUtk;

FwpaPL:23UFTA03
ODD SEM 2024-2025

jhs;3 nghJj;jkpo; -3

1
gad;fs; (co)

CO1-jkpo; fhg;gpaq;fs; top tho;tpay; rpe;jidiag; ngWth;

CO2 –fhg;gpaq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjhy; jkpo; nkhopapd; cah;itAk; rpwg;iaAk;

czh;jy;.

CO3 –jkpo; Gjpdq;fspd; top rkfhyg; gilg;Gfspd; tho;tpay; rpe;jidfis mwpe;J

nfhs;sy;

CO4- ehty; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mwpKfg;Lj;Jtjhy; rpe;jid Mw;wy;> gilg;ghw;wy;>

fw;idj;jpwd; tsh;j;jy;.

CO5 –ahg;G> mzp ,yf;fzq;fs;> nkhopg;ngah;g;Gj;jpwd; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gjd; %yk;

Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis vjph; nfhs;Sjy;.
myF -1 ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
1.rpyg;gjpfhuk; - tof;Fiu fhij
2.kzpNkfiy – Mjpiu gpr;irapl;l fhij
3. rPtf rpe;jhkzp – G+kfs; ,yk;gfk;
4.tisahgjp – ehjFj;jdhh;
myF -2 rkaf;fhg;gpaq;fs;
1.nghpaGuhzk; - G+ryhh; ehadhh; Guhzk;
2.fk;guhkhazk; - ke;jiu #o;rr ; pg; glyk;
3.tpy;ypghujk;- kw;Nghh; rUf;fk;
4.rPwhg;Guhzk; - Gyp trdpj;j glyk;
myF -3 Gjpdk;
tQ;rpkhefuk; - tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdk; - eh.ghh;j;jrhujp
myF – 4 ghlk; jOtpa ,yf;fpatuyhW
1.Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
2.IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;
3.fk;guhkhazk;
4.nghpaGuhzk;
5.jkpo; ehtypd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;rr ; pAk;
6.rkzh;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;L
7.ngsj;jh;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;L
myF -5 nkhopj;jpwd;
1.E}y; kjpg;Giu
2.jpwdha;T nra;jy;
3.fbjk; tiujy;
4.tpz;zg;gk; vOJjy;

myF-1

2
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;- tof;Fiuf;fhij
Kd;Diu
goe;jkpopy; E}y;fs; nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gl;ld. njhlu;epiyr; nra;As;
tbtpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ fhg;gpak; vdg;gl;lJ. jkpo; nkhopapy; Ie;J
ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSk; Ie;J rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk; cs;sd. ,it jtpu NtW rpy
fhg;gpaq;fSk; cs;sd. Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; Kjy; ngUq;fhg;gpakhfg;
Nghw;wg;gLtJ rpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;. mjpy; xU rpWgFjp tof;Fiu fhij vd;gJ.
,e;jg; gFjp %yk; fhg;gpaj; jiytp fz;zfp> jd; fztd; Nfhtyd; 'fs;td;
my;yd;" vd epWtpaijAk; mjd;top Kg;ngUk; cz;ikfSs; ,uz;L
czu;j;jg;gLtijAk; ,q;F fhzyhk;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
jkpo; nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ngUq;fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;. ,e;E}ypd;
Mrpupau; ,sq;Nfh mbfs; Mthu;. ,J rkz rkaf; fhg;gpak;. ,e;jf; fhg;gpak; rq;f
fhyj;jpw;Fk; Njthuf; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; vOe;jJ. fhtpupg;
G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; tzpfu; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;J> FynthOf;fg;gb jpUkzk; nra;J> ,y;ywk;
elj;jpa Nfhtyd; fz;zfp tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;FtJ ,e;E}y;. ,tu;fs;
tho;e;j tho;f;ifia %d;W fhz;lq;fspy; Kg;gJ fhijfspy; tpupthf Mrpupau;
tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
fhg;gpa mikg;G
rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpa epfo;rr; pfs; KiwNa Nrho> ghz;ba> Nru ehL vd;Dk;
%d;W ehLfspy; %Nte;jupd; jiyefuq;fspYk; ele;j epfo;rr ; pfshk;. vdNt
,f;fhg;gpak; Gfhu;f; fhz;lk;> kJiuf; fhz;lk;> tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; vd;W %d;W
fhz;lq;fshf tFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j %d;W fhz;lq;fspy; Kg;gJ fhijfs;
mike;Js;sd. (fhz;lk; - ngUk; gpupT> fhij - rpW gpupT)
ngau;f;fhuzk; : ,e;jf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; fij rpyk;gpidf; fhuzkhff; nfhz;L
mike;jjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ.
fhg;gpa Nehf;fk;
fhg;gpaj;jpy; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; %d;Wk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. NfhtyDk;
fz;zfpAk; thdtu; cyF (tPL) nry;tJk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; fhg;gpaj;jpy;
,sq;Nfhtbfspd; Nehf;fk; mwNk vdyhk;. jk;ik mwTzu;T ce;j> jhKk;
kf;fsplk; mwTzu;it tpopg;Gwr; nra;a ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ghbaJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
fhg;gpar; rpwg;G
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dpUe;j jkpopyf;fpak; mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpizg;
ghly;fNs kl;LNk.mit jdpkdpj czu;r;rpfisg; nghJikapy; epd;W czu;j;jpd.
Mdhy; xUtuJ tho;f;ifia KOikahfg; ghu;j;J> cau;e;j cz;ikfisf; fhl;b>
kdpj rKjhaj;ij top elj;jpr; nry;Yk; Kjy; ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpahf>
ngUq;fhg;gpakhf> mike;jJ rpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;.
fhg;gpaj; jiytp
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzg;gb ngUq;fhg;gpak; jd; epfuy;yhj jiytidf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rpyk;gpy; fz;zfp jd; epfupy;yhj jiytpahfg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whs;.
Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;
,sq;Nfh mbfs; ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w %d;W jkpioAk;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. mjdhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
%d;W ePjpfs; my;yJ cz;ikfs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,t;Tyf kf;fs; mwpe;J gad;ngWk; tifapy; %d;W
cz;ikfisf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ. mitahtd:
• murpay; gpioj;Njhu;f;F mwk; $w;whtJ ;
• ciu rhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;Njhu; Vj;JtJ ;

3
• Co; tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;
fhg;gpag; ngUik
rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;j jkpou; jk; gz;ghL> rka newpfs;>
gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fiyfs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s ,f;fhg;gpak; ngupJk;
Jizepw;fpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; ngUikiaf; ftpQu; Rg;gpukzpa
ghujpahu; "neQ;ir ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Nwhu; kzpahuk;” vdg; ghuhl;bAs;shu;.
tof;Fiu fhij
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lkhd kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; gj;jhtJ
fhijahf tof;Fiu fhij ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. Mrpupag; ghtpdhy; mike;j
,f;fhijapy; rpy ntz;ghf;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
fijr; RUf;fk;
Nfhtyd; jd; kidtp fz;zfpAld; nghUs; Njl kJiu nry;fpwhd;.
kJiuapy; khjtp vd;w Mau;Fyg; ngz;zplk; fz;zfpia milf;fykhf ,Uf;fr;
nra;J> fz;zfp je;j fhw;rpyk;ig tpw;W tuf; fUjp kJiu efuf; filj;njUtpw;Fr;
nry;fpwhd;. mq;F muz;kidr; rpyk;igj; jpUba nghw;nfhy;yd; xUtdJ R+o;rr ; pf;F
Mshfpwhd;. mjd; tpisT Nfhtyd; jpUld; vdf; fUjg;gl;L murd; Mizahy;
nfhiy nra;ag;gLfpwhd;. Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;l nra;jp Nfl;l fz;zfp rpde;J
vOe;J ghz;bad; muritf;Fr; nrd;W tof;Fiuj;Jf; Nfhtyd; fs;td; my;yd;
vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whs;. cz;ik czu;e;j ghz;bad; mf;fzNk jd;Dapu;
ePj;J ePjpia epiy epWj;Jfpwhd;.
fij mikg;G
murePjp gw;wp vOe;j ,e;j tof;Fiu fhij ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mike;Js;sJ.
fij khe;ju;
tof;Fiu fhijf; fij epfo;rr ; papy; Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp> ghz;ba kd;dd;> thapy;
fhtyd;> fz;zfp MfpNahu; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
tof;Fiu fhij epfo;rr ; pfs;
fz;zfp czu;r;rp nghq;f tof;Fiuj;J nty;tJk;> Njhw;w ghz;ba kd;dd;
capu; ePg;gJk; ,f;fhijapy; ,lk;ngWk;; MFk;.
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; fdT
muz;kidapy; ghz;ba murp Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp jhd; fz;l jPa fdtpdhy;
cs;sq; fyq;fpj; jd; Njhopaplk; $wpaJ :
'NjhoP! Nfs;. ek; kd;duJ ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil nrq;NfhYld; fPNo tpOe;jJ.
muz;kid thapypy; fl;lg;gl;l Muha;r;rp kzpapd; Xir ,iltplhJ xypj;jJ.
vy;yhj; jpirfSk; mg;NghJ mjpu;e;jd. mg;nghOJ R+upaid ,Us; R+of; fz;Nld;.
,uT Neuj;jpy; thdtpy; Njhd;wf; fz;Nld;. gfy; nghOjpy; tpz;kPd;fs; kpf;f
xspNahL G+kpapy; tpof; fz;Nld;. ,njy;yhk; vd;d? mjdhy; ekf;F tuf;$ba
Jd;gk; xd;Wz;L. mjid ek;kd;dtu;f;Fr; nrd;W $WNtd;.”
,t;thW $wpa Njtp kd;dd; ,Uf;Fk; murit Nehf;fpr; nrd;whs;.

Mq;Ff;
FilnahL Nfhy;tPo epd;W eLq;Fk;
filkzp apd;Fuy; fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh
jpir ,U ehd;Fk; mjpu;e;jpLk; md;wpf;
fjpiu ,Us;tpOq;ff; fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh tpLq;nfhb tpy;ypu
ntk;gfy; tPOk;
fLq;fjpu; kPd;,it fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh
fUg;gk;
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; tUif

4
 murp kd;did ehbr; nrd;w NghJ NjhopaUk; cld; te;jdu;. fz;zhb Ve;jp
te;jdu; rpyu;; Mil> mzpfyd;> Ve;jpdu; rpyu;; kzg;nghUs; Ve;jp te;jdu; rpyu;;
khiy> ftup> mfpw;Gif Kjypad Ve;jp te;jdu; rpyu;; $duhAk;> FwsuhAk;>
CikauhAk; cs;s gzp nra;Ak; ,isQNuhL> Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; kfspu; murpiar;
R+o;e;J te;jdu;; KJkfspu; gyUk; 'ghz;bad; ngUe;Njtp tho;f!' vd cs;sd;NghL
tho;j;jpdu;. ($du;> Fs;su;> Cikau; Kjypa FiwghL cilNahu; muz;kidapy;
gzpGuptJ mf;fhyj;J tof;fkhFk;.) ,t;thW jd; gupthuj;Jld; Njtpahdts; nrd;W>
jd; jPa fdtpy; fz;ltw;iw vy;yhk; ghz;ba kd;ddplk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;.
rpq;fk; Rke;j muR fl;bypd; Nky; tPw;wpUe;J> njd;dtu; Nfhkhdhfpa ghz;bad; Njtp
$Wtijf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
fz;zfp tUif
mt;NtisapNy fz;zfp muz;kid thapiy mile;jhs;; mq;fpUe;j
fhtyid Nehf;fp> “thapy; fhtyNd! thapy; fhtyNd! ey;y mwpT mw;Wg; Nghd>
jPa neQ;rj;jhy; nrq;Nfhy; Kiwapdpd;Wk; jtwpa nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;dDila thapy;
fhtyNd! guy;fisAila ,izr; rpyk;GfSs; xU rpyk;gpid Ve;jpa ifia
cilatsha;> jd; fztid ,oe;jhs; xUj;jp muz;kid thapypy; cs;shs;
vd;gij cd; kd;ddplk; nrd;W mwptpg;gha;" vd;W $wpdhs;.
thapNyhNa thapNyhNa
mwpT miw Nghfpa nghwpaW neQ;rj;J
,iwKiw gpioj;Njhd; thapNyhNa ,izaupr;
rpyk;nghd;W Ve;jpa ifas; fztid ,oe;jhs;
filafj;jhs; vd;W mwptpg;ghNa mwptpg;ghNa
thapy; fhtyd; fz;zfpapd; rpdq;nfhz;l Njhw;wk; fz;L mQ;rpatdha;
tpiue;J nrd;W kd;did tzq;fp tho;j;jp epd;whd;.
"vk; nfhw;ifg; gjpapd; Nte;jNd tho;f! njd; jpirapYs;s nghjpif kiyf;F
cupik cilatNd tho;f! nropa tho;f! njd;dtNd tho;f! gop tUtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhd newpapy; nry;yhj gQ;rtNd tho;thahf!
FUjp gPwpLk; kfplhRuDila gplu;j;jiyg; gPlj;jpd; Nky; epd;w nfhw;witNah
vd;why; mtSk; my;ys;; rg;j khju; VO NgUs; ,isatshd gplhupNah vd;why;
mtSk; my;ys;; ,iwtid eldkhlf; fz;lUspa gj;jpu fhspNah vdpy; mtSk;
my;ys;; ghiy epyf; flTshd fhspNah vdpy; mtSk; my;ys;; jhUfd; vd;w
mRudpd; mfd;w khu;igg; gpse;j Ju;f;ifAk; my;ys;; cs;sj;jpNy kpfTk;
rpdq;nfhz;lts; Nghy; Njhd;Wfpd;whs;; mofpa Ntiyg;ghlike;j nghd; rpyk;G
xd;wpidf; ifapNy gpbj;Js;shs;; fztid ,oe;jtshk;; ek; muz;kid thapypy;
cs;shs;>” vd;whd;.
thop vk; nfhw;if Nte;Nj thop
njd;dk; nghUg;gpd; jiyt thop
nropa thop njd;dt thop
gopnahL gluhg; gQ;rt thop
mlu;j;njO FUjp mlq;fhg;
gRe;Jzpg; gplu;j;jiyg; gPlk;
Vwpa klf;nfhb ntw;wpNty; jlf;iff; nfhw;wit my;ys; mWtu;f; fpisa
eq;if ,iwtid Mly;fz;L mUspa mzq;F R+Uilf; fhdfk; cfe;j fhsp
jhUfd; NgUuk; fpopj;j ngz;Zk; my;ys; nrw;wds; NghYk; nrapu;j;jds; NghYk;
nghw;nwhopw; rpyk;nghd;W Ve;jpa ifas; fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj; jhNs
murd; tpdhTk; fz;zfp tpilAk;
jdJ Mizg;gb> jd;Kd; te;J epd;w fz;zfpia Nehf;fp murd; "ePu; xOFk;
fz;fSld; vk;Kd; te;jpUg;gtNs! ,isatNs! eP ahu;?” vdf; Nfl;lhd;.

5
 “cz;ik njspah kd;dNd! nrhy;YfpNwd; Nfs;. Njtu;fSk; tpaf;Fk;gb xU
GwhtpdJ Jd;gj;ij ePf;fpd rpgp vd;Dk; nrq;Nfhy; kd;dDk;; jdJ muz;kid
thapypy; fl;lg;gl;l Muha;rr ; p kzpia ,iltplhJ mirj;J xypj;j xU gRtpd;
Jaiug; Nghf;f vz;zp> mg;gRtpd; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd jdJ mUk;ngwy;
kfidj; jhNd jdJ Nju;r; rf;fuj;jpypl;Lf; nfhd;wtdhd nrq;Nfhy; Nte;jd;
kEePjpr; NrhoDk; mUshl;rp nra;j ngUk; Gfio cila Gfhu; efuk; vd;Dila
CuhFk;.
Gfhu; efupy; kpf;f GfOld; tpsq;Fk; ngUq;Fb tzpfdhd khrhj;Jthd;
vd;Dk; tzpfdJ kfdha;g; gpwe;J> thzpfk; nra;J tho;jiy tpUk;gp> Co;tpid
fhuzkhf cdJ ngupa efukhfpa kJiuapNy GFe;J> ,q;F mj;njhopYf;F Kjyhf
vd;Dila fhw;rpyk;GfSs; xd;wpid tpw;gjw;F te;J> cd;dhy; nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l
Nfhtyd; vd;ghd; kidtp MNtd;. vd;Dila ngau; fz;zfp” vd;whs;.
Njuh kd;dh nrg;GtJ cilNad;
vs;sW rpwg;gpd; ,ikatu; tpag;gg;
Gs;SW Gd;fz; jPu;j;Njhd; md;wpAk;
thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePu; neQ;RRlj; jhd;jd;
mUk;ngwy; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd; ngUk;ngau;g; Gfhu;vd;
gjpNa mt;T+u;
Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; ,irtpsq;F ngUq;Fb
khrhj;J thzpfd; kfid Mfp
tho;jy; Ntz;b Co;tpid Jug;gr;
R+o;foy; kd;dh epd;dfu;g; GFe;jPq;F
vd;fhy; rpyk;G gfu;jy; Ntz;b epd;ghy;
nfhiyf;fsg; gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp
,g;gFjpapy; murd; kPz;Lk; jd;id tpdTtjw;F ,lkpd;wpf; $wNtz;ba
midj;ijAk; FiwglhJ $wpf; fz;zfp tof;Fiuf;fpd;w jpwk; Nghw;Wjw;FupaJ.
kd;dd; $w;W
"ngz; mzq;Nf! fs;tidf; nfhy;tJ nrq;Nfhy; Kiwikf;F Vw;wJ MFk;. Kiw
jtwhj mur ePjpNa MFk;>" vd;W kd;dd; tpsf;fpdhd;.
fz;zfp fhl;Lk; rhd;W
mJ Nfl;l fz;zfp> “ey;y Kiwapy; Muha;e;J ghu;j;Jr; nray;glhj
nfhw;if Nte;jNd! vd;fhw; nghw;rpyk;G khzpf;ff; fw;fis cs;spL guy;fshf
cilaJ” vd;whs;. (rpyk;G xypf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mjd; cs;Ns rpW fw;fis
,Lthu;fs;. mf;fw;fisg; 'guy;' vd;Wk; 'mup' vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;. rpyk;gpDs;
khzpf;fg; guypLjy; mupanjhU epfo;rr ; p MjyhYk;> ghz;bad; muz;kidr; rpyk;gpy;
Kj;JfNs guy;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; JzpT gw;wpAk; fz;zfp 'vd;fhw;
nghw;rpyk;G kzpAil mupNa' vd;whs;.)
rhd;wpidg; ghuhl;Ljy;
kd;dd; cz;ikia mwptjw;Fj; jFe;j rhd;W $wpa fz;zfpiaj; jd;Ds;
ngupJk; ghuhl;b> "ey;yJ. eP $wpait ey;y nrhw;fs;. vkJ rpyk;G Kj;Jfis
cs;spL guy;fshf cilaJ.” vd;whd;. mf;fhyj;jpy; kd;du;fs; eLepiy jtwhJ
Kiwahf murhz;ldu;. Fbkf;fs; jk;ik te;J fhz;gjw;F vspatuhfTk;>
,dpikahfg; NgRk; gz;G cilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. rhd;Nwhu; $Wk; mwpTiufs; jk;
fhJfSf;Ff; frg;gha; ,Ug;gpDk; mtw;iwg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G
cilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. ,t;thW Kiw nra;J fhg;ghw;Wk; kd;du;fis kf;fs;
flTshfg; Nghw;wpdu;.

6
 ,g; gFjpapy; ghz;ba kd;dd; fz;zfp $wpa rhd;wpidf; nfhz;L
cz;ikia czu;tjw;F Mu;tk; fhl;Ljy; kd;ddJ eLepiyikia ekf;F
tpsf;FfpwJ. NkYk;> ghz;bad; fz;zfp $wpa fLQ;nrhw;fshy; rpwpNjDk; rpdthJ
mikjpAld; ,Ue;J> cz;ik mwpa tpUk;gp tpiue;J nray;gl;l gz;G mtd; rpwe;j
gz;Gila kd;dd; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
fz;zfp rpyk;ig cilj;jy;
kd;ddJ Mizg;gb NfhtydplkpUe;J ngw;w fhw;rpyk;gpid Vtyu; nfhz;L
te;J ju> mr;rpyk;gpid thq;fpj; jhNd mjidf; fz;zfpapd; Kd; ghz;bad;
itj;jhd;. clNd fz;zfp tpiue;J mr;rpyk;gpidf; ifapy; vLj;J kd;dd;
Kd;dpiyapy; cilj;jhs;. mr;rpyk;G cile;J mjDs; ,Ue;j khzpf;ff; fw;fs;
rpjWz;L murDila Kfj;jpYk; gl;Lf; fPNo tpOe;jd.
fz;zfp mzpkzpf; fhw;rpyk;G cilg;g
kd;dtd; tha;Kjy; njwpj;jJ kzpNa
ghz;bad; epiyik
ghz;ba kd;dd; mt;thW rpjwpa khzpf;fg; guy;fisf; fz;lTld; jdJ
ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil xUgf;fk; tpoTk;> gpbjsu;e;J jdJ nrq;Nfhy; xUgf;fk; rha;e;J
epw;fTk;> "nghw;nfhy;ydpd; nrhy;iyf; Nfl;L mjid cz;iknad;W Jzpe;j
mwptpypahfpa ahDk; Xu; murd; MNtNdh? ,g;nghOJ ahNd Nfhtydpd; rpyk;igf;
ftu;e;j fs;td; Mfpd;Nwd;. Fbkf;fisg; Ngzpf; fhj;J tUfpd;w ,j;njd;dhl;bd;
ghz;bau; Ml;rpr; rpwg;G vd;dhy; gpiogl;L tpl;lNj Mjyhy; vd; MAs; moptjhf”
vd;W $wp kaq;fp muR fl;bypdpd;Wk; tPo;e;jhd;.
nghd;nra; nfhy;yd; jd;nrhy; Nfl;l
ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;
kd;gij fhf;Fk; njd;Gyk; fhty;
vd; Kjy; gpioj;jJ nfLfntd; MAs;
,t;thW murd; jd; jtw;iw czu;e;jJk;> jd;Dapu; ePj;J ePjpia epiy epWj;jpdhd;.
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; epiy
mur khNjtpapd; cs;sKk; clYk; eLq;fpd. fztid ,oe;j fw;Gila
kfspu;f;F me;j ,og;gpw;F <lhff; fhl;Ltjw;F cyfpy; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
Mjyhy; jd; fztDila jpUtbfisj; njhOJ tPo;e;jds;; capu; Jwe;jds;.
ntz;gh
,f; fhijapd; ,Wjpapy; %d;W ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. Kjy; ntz;gh
fz;zfp $w;whfTk;> Vida ,uz;Lk; epfo;rr ; piaf; fz;l xUtu; $w;whfTk;
mike;Js;sd.
fz;zfp $w;W
'jPtpidfisr; nra;jtu;fis mwf;flTNs $w;whf epd;W jz;bf;Fk; vd;W
rhd;Nwhu; $wpa thf;F tha;ikNa MFk;. nghy;yhj gopr; nraiyr; nra;j ntw;wp
Nte;jdpd; NjtpNa! jPtpidf;F Mshd ehd; ,dpr; nra;fpd;w nraiyAk;
fhz;ghahf' vd;W> fz;zfp jhd; mLj;Jr; nra;atpUe;j nraiyg; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhs;.
my;yit nra;jhu;fF; mwk;$w;w khk
;vd;Dk; gy;yitNahu; nrhy;Yk; gOjd;Nw - nghy;yh
tLtpidNa nra;j taNte;jd; Njtp
fLtpidNad; nra;tJ}ck; fhz;
fz;Nlhu; $w;W
fz;zfpapd; kyu; Nghd;w tpopfspy; ,Ue;J nrhupfpd;w Jd;gf; fz;zPiuAk;>
mts; ifapNy Ve;jp te;j xw;iwr; rpyk;gpidAk;> capu; ePj;j clk;G Nghd;w mts;
cUtj;ijAk;> fhL Nghd;W mlu;e;J> mtpo;e;J rupe;j mtsJ fupa $e;jiyAk;

7
fz;L mr;rKw;W> kJiu kd;dd; jhNd me;epiyf;Ff; fhuzkhdjhy; capu; Jwe;J
ntw;Wlk;gha;f; fple;jhd;. jPtpidAilNad; ,e;epfo;rr
; piaf; fz;$lha;f; fz;Nld;.
fz;zfpapDila clk;gpy; gbe;j GOjpiaAk;> mtsJ tpupe;J fple;j fupa
$e;jiyAk;> mtsJ ifapNye;jpa xw;iwr; rpyk;igAk; ghu;j;j nghONj ghz;ba
ehl;L kd;dd; tof;fpy; Njhw;whd;. mf;fz;zfp tof;Fiuj;j nrhw;fisf; Nfl;l
mstpNyNa kd;dd; capiuAk; Jwe;jhd;.
njhFg;Giu
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; njhlu;epiyr; nra;Ashyhd Kjy; ngUq;fhg;gpakhf
tpsq;FtJ rpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; xU fhijahd tof;Fiu fhij
vd;w ,e;jg; ghlg; gFjpapy; Nfhtyd; fz;zfp tho;f;if tuyhW %yk; Co;tpid
cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk; vd;gJk;; ghz;ba kd;dd; MuhahJ nra;j jtNw mtdJ
capUf;Ff; $w;wha; Kbe;jJ vd;gjd; %yk; miurpay; gpioj;Njhu;f;F mwk;
$w;whFk; vd;gJk; czu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gl;l fhg;gpak; vJ?
m) kzpNkfiy M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) Fz;lyNfrp <) tisahgjp
2.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; fhz;lq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 3 M) 4 ,) 2 <) 5
3. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Vj;JtJ - ,lk;ngWk; E}y;
m) kzpNkfiy M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) Fz;lyNfrp <) tisahgjp
4.Nfhtyd; kidtp ahh;?
m) fz;zfp M) khjtp ,) khjpup <) Njtfp
5.fz;zfp ghz;ba kd;didg; ghh;g;gjw;F tUk;NghJ jd; ifapy; nfhz;L te;jJ
vJ?
m) fhg;G M) rpyk;G ,) tisay; <) nfhYR
6.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; M) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; ,) tzq;fhKb <) jpUj;jf;fNjth;
7; fz;zfp CH;----------------------------
m) kJiu M) Gfhh; ,) fhQ;rp <) Nfhit
8. Nfhtydpd; je;ij ahh;?
m) khehaf;fd; M) khrhj;Jtd; ,) mjpakhd; <) mhpr;re;jpud;
9.fz;zfpapd; rpyk;gpy; ,Ue;jJ--------------------------
m) khzp;f;fguy;fs; M) Kj;Jguy;fs; ,) nts;spguy;fs; <) jq;fguy;fs;
10. ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kidtp ngah; vd;d?
m) Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp M) ghz;bkhNjtp ,) nfhw;witNjtp <) ts;skhNjtp
11.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; fhijfs; vj;jid?
m) 30 M) 28 ,) 32 <) 34
12. Nfhtyd; vk;kd;dpd; tPuh;fshy; nfhs;sg;gl;l ; hd;?
m) ghz;bakd;dd; M) Nrukd;dd; ,) Nrhokd;dd; <) gy;ytkd;dd;
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
2.Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpapd; fdT Fwpj;J vOJf.
3.fz;zfpapd; tUifapid vOJf.
4.fz;zfpf;Fk; ghz;bakd;dDf;Fk; ele;j epfo;Tfis vOJf.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.tof;Fiu fhijapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfis njhFj;Jiuf;f
2. fz;zfpapd; epiyAk;> ghz;bakd;ddpd; nraiyAk; Fwpj;J tpthpf;f.

8
 kzpNkfiy
Mjpiu gpr;irapl;l fhij

kzpNkfiy
 fhyk; 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L
 ,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
 ngsj;j fhg;gpak;
 jkpopd; ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa fhg;gpak;
 rka G+rYf;F tpj;jpl;l E}y;
 JwTf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;j E}y;
 NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kzpNkfiy vd;w ngz;zpd; tuyhw;iw
$Wk; rq;f ,yf;fpa E}yhFk;. ,y;ywk;> Jwtwk; vd;w ,uz;Lf;Fk;
jpUf;Fws; Kjd;ik nfhLj;Js;sJ. kzpNkfiy JwT tho;f;iff;F
Kjd;ik nfhLj;jJs;sJ.
NfhtyDf;Fk;> khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;jts; kzpNkfiy. mtisg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytpahf itj;J gilf;fg;gl;l fhg;gpak; kzpNkfiy.. ,tw;wpy; 4286 ghly;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa ,uz;lhtJ fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; Kjw; rkaf;fhg;gpak;
kzpNkfiy MFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; “kzpNkfiy Nky; ciunghUs;
Kw;wp rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kw;Wk;” vdf; $wg;gLtjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf
kzpNkfiyia nfhs;syhk;. ,e;E}Yf;F „kzpNkfiy JwT‟ vd;w NtW ngaUk;
cz;L. ,J ngsj;j rkaf; fhg;gpakhFk;.
E}y; mikg;G:
o 30 fhijfs; cs;sd
o Kjy; fhij tpohtiwf; fhij
o ,Wjpf; fhij gtj;jpwk; mWf fhij my;yJ ghit Nehw;w fhij
o OKtJk; Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ
o 27- tJ rkaf;fzf;fh; jk; jpwk; Nfl;l fhij ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;ghthy;
MdJ
o kw;wit epiykz;by Mrphpag;ghthy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 kzpNkfiyapd; Mrphpah; $ytzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;
 rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;. mtu; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spiar; rhh;r;j rPj;jiy
vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;J kJiuapy; tho;e;jhh.; $ytzpfd; ($yk; - jhdpak;)
nra;jth;. ,th; kJiuf; $ytzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu; vd;W toq;fg;
ngw;whu;. ,sq;NfhtbfSk; ,tUk; rk fhyj;jth;. ,th; filr; rq;fg;
Gyth;fSs; xUth;
 jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; jd;D}w;Gytd; vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdhiug;
ghuhbAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L

Mjpiu gpr;irapl;l fhij

<q;F ,ts; nra;jp Nfs;> vd tpQ;irau;>

G+q;nfhb khju;fF
; g; GFe;jij ciug;Nghs;:
Mjpiu fztd;> Ma;-,io! Nfsha;
rhJtd; vd;Nghd; jfT,yd; Mfp
mzp - ,io jd;id mfd;wdd; Nghfp
fzpif xUj;jp ifj;J}z; ey;f

9
 tl;bDk; R+jpDk; thd;nghUs; toq;fp
nfl;l nghUspd; fpis NfLWjypd;
Ngzpa fzpifAk;> gpwu;eyq; fhl;b
fhzk; ,yp vd> ifAjpu;f; NfhlYk; 10
tpQ;ir kfs; fha rz;bif Mjpiuapd; mUQ; nraiyf; Nfl;ghahf vd;W
kzpNkfiyf;F Mjpiuapd; tuyhw;iwf; $wj; njhlq;fpdhs;.
"MapioNa! Mjpiuapd; fztd; rhJtd;! mtd; ey; nyhOf;fk; ,y;yhjtd;!
mofpa mzpfyd;fisAila Mjpiu ey;yhis tpl;Lg; gpupe;J guj;ij xUj;jpaplk;
nrd;whd;. nghUs; nfhLg;NghUf;Fj; jd;id tpw;Wj; jPa xOf; fj;jhy; te;j czit
tpiykfs; mspf;f mtd; cz;lhd;. tl;Lk; R+Jk; Mbj; jd; mstw;w nry;tj;ij
,oe;jhd;. mopAk; nry;tj;jpy; ,Wjpahf vQ;rpaijAk; mopj;Jtpl;lhd;. nry;tk;
,Uf;Fk; nghOJ ,tidg; Ngzpa fzpif ,tdplj;jpy; nghUs; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy;
gpwUila nry;tr; rpwg;igf;fhl;b. ,tidg; nghUs; ,y;yhjtd; vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;b>
nghUl;gLj; jhJ ifia mirj;J tpyf;fp tpl;lhs;.

tq;fk; NghFk; thzpfu; - jk;Kld;

jq;fh Ntl;ifapd; jhDk; nry;Top –
esp,U Ke;ePu; tspfyd; ntst>
Xbkuk; gw;wp Cu;jpiu cijg;g>
ef;f rhuzu;>ehfu;tho; kiyg;
gf;fk; rhu;e;J> mtu; ghd;ikad; Mapdd;.
ehtha; NfLw> ey;kuk; gw;wpg;
Nghapdd; - jd;NdhL capu;cag; Nghe;Njhu;>
",il,Us; ahkj;J> vwpjpiug; ngUq;fly;>
cilfyg; gl;L> Mq;F> xope;Njhu;-jk;Kld;
rhJtd;-jhDk; rhTw;whd;" vd
"tPLk;> ngUikAk;> nghUSk; ,oe;j gpd;du; fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Uf;f
rhJtDf;F tpUg;gkpy;iy. gy ehLfspYk; nrd;W nghUs; <l;l Ntz;Lk; vd
tpioe;jhd;> mg; nghOJ jpiufly; Xbj; jputpak; Njl kuf;fyj;jpy; rpy tzpfh;fs;
nrd;wdu;. mtu;fNshL rhJtDk; nrd;whd;. eLf;flypy; ngUq;fhw;W tPrpaJ.
kuf;fyj;ijr; rpijj;J ftpor; nra;jJ. xbe;j kuj;Jz;L xd;iwr; rhJtd; gw;wpf;
nfhz;lhd;. fly; miyfs; mtid ce;jpj; js;spr; nrd;W ef;f rhuzu; vd;w
Milazpahj kf;fs; thOk; kiyg;gf;fj;jpy; xJf;fpd. ef;f rhuzuhfpa ehfu;
vd;Nghu; ehf ,yr;rpidia cilNahu;. rhJtd; ehfu; trg;gl;lhd;.
kuf;fyk; %o;fpa nghOJ rhJtidg; NghyNt xbe;j gha; kuj; Jz;Lfisg;
gw;wpf; nfhz;L miyfshy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L capu; gpioj;j rpyu; G+k;Gfhu;
mile;jdu;. es;sputpd; fhupUspy; ngUq;fhw;why; fly; nfhe;jspj;Jg; Nguiyfs; rPwpg;
gha;e;J kuf;fyj;ijr; rpijj;jd. cile;j kuf;fyj;jpy; rpf;fpg; gyu; ,we;jdu;.
rhJtDk; mtu;fspy; xUtd;' vd;W mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;.
Mjpiu ey;yhs; Mq;F-mJ-jhd; Nfl;L>
"CuP NuNah! xs;moy; <kk;
jhuPNuh? vdr; rhw;wpds; fowp>
Rliyf; fhdpy; njhLFopg; gLj;J>
Kliy tpwfpd; Kspvup nghj;jp>
'kpf;fvd; fztd; tpidg;gad; ca;g;gg;
Gf;Fopg; GFNtd;" vd;W>mts; GFjYk; -
gLj;Jcld; itj;j ghay;-gs;spAk;>
cLj;j $iwAk;> xs;sup cwhmJ;

10
 Mba rhe;jKk;> mire;j $e;jypy;
R+ba khiyAk;> njhy; jpwk; tohJ.
tpiukyu;j; jhkiu xUjdp ,Ue;j
jpUtpd; nra;Nahd; Nghd;W,dpJ ,Ug;gs;>
"capu; gpioj;J te;j tzpfu; $wpa nra;jpiaf; Nfl;l Mjpiu ey;yhs;
Mwhj; JaUw;whs;." "Gfhu; kf;fNs! moy; Rlu; tpl;L vupAk; <kk; jhuPu;!" vd;W $tpg;
Gyk;gpdhs;. RLfhl;by; Njhz;lg;gl;l Fopapy; KWf;F cila fha;e;j tpwFfis
mLf;fp. moy; %l;b. "ehd; fztid ,oe;j jP tpidNad;! tpidtopNa vd; fztd;
nrd;w ,lj;Jf;F ehDk; nry;Ntd;!" vd;W $wpj; jPapilg; GFe;jhs;. tpwfhy;
mLf;fg;gl;l gLf;if ,lKk; Mjpiu cLj;jpapUe;j cilAk; jPg;gw;wtpy;iy.
Nkdpapy; G+rpa re;jdk; cyutpy;iy: jto;fpd;w $e;jypy; R+ba khiy thltpy;iy.
kzk; fkOk; jhkiu kyupy; <bizapy;yhJ tpw;wpUf;Fk; jpUkfs; Nghy Mjpiu
<kj;jpy; ,dpNj tPw;wpUe;jhs;.

'jPAk; nfhy;yhj; jPtpid ahl;bNad;

ahJ nra;Nfd;?" vd;W> mts; Vq;fYk;-
'Mjpiu! Nfs;; cd; mUk;ngwy; fztid-
Cu;jpiu nfhz;L> Mq;F ca;g;gg; Nghfp>
ef;f rhuzu;> ehfu; tho; kiyg;
gf;fk; Nru;e;jdd;; gy;ahz;L ,uhmd;;
re;jpu jj;jd; vDk;Xu; thzpfd;
tq;fk;- jd;ndhLk; te;jdd; Njhd;Wk;;
epd;ngUe; Jd;gk; xoptha; eP"vd>
me;juk; Njhd;wp> mruPup miwjYk;-
Imup cz; - fz; mOJau; ePq;fp>
ngha;ifGf;F Mbg; NghJths; Nghd;W>
kdk;fty;T ,d;wp> kidmfk; GFe;J> "vd;
fz;kzp midahd; fbJ <q;F cWf!' vd>
Gz;zpak; Kl;lhs; nghop kio j\&ck;
mUk;ngwy; kugpd; gj;jpdpg; ngz;bUk;
tpUk;gpdu; njh*ck; tpag;gpds; Mapds;
“jPAk; nfhy;yhj; jPtpidahl;bNad;! ,dp vd;d nra;Ntd;!” vd;W Mjpiu Vq;fp
mOjhs;. mg;nghOJ thdpy; Xh; xyp vOe;jJ.
“MjpiuNa! Nfs;! cd; ngww;fupa fztd; ,wf;ftpy;iy. jto;kpd;w fly;
miyfs; cs;s kiyg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpw ef;F rhuzuhfpa ehfu; thOk; kiyg;
gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhd;. mq;F gy Mz;Lfs; jq;fkhl;lhd;. re;jpujj;jd; vd;Dk;
tzpfs; jd; kuf;fyj;jpy; tUk;NghJ rhJtDk; jpUk;gp tUthd;. cd; Mwhj; Jaiu
xopf!" vd;W thdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa mruPup (cUt kw;w nja;tk; nkhope;jJ. mofpa
nrt;tup glu;e;j ik jPl;ba fz;fisAila Mjpiu jd; mOJau; ePf;fpdhs;.
ngUkfpo;rr
; p mile;j Mjpiu> ngha;ifapy; ePuhb vOgts; Nghd;W jPap dpd;W
vOe;jhs;. kdf;ftiy ePq;fp kidafk; GFe;jhs;. "vd; fz;kzp Nghd;w fztd;
tpiutpy; jpUk;gp tUf!" vd;W ey;ywq;fisf; FiwahJ nra;jhs;. kio nghopar;
nra;Ak; Mw;wYila mUk;ngUk; xOf;fKila fw;gpw; rpwe;j kfspu;fs; Mjpiuapd;
fw;gpd; jpwj;ij tpae;jdu;. mtis tpUk;gp tzq;fpdu;.

Mq;F - mts; fztDk;> miyePu; milfiu>

11
 Xq;Fcau; gpwq;fy; xUku ePoy;>
kQ;Rcil khy;fly; coe;jNeha; $u;e;J>
JQ;RJapy; nfhs;s-mr;R+u; kiy thOk;
ef;f rhuzu;> eakpyu;> Njhd;wp
gf;fk; Nru;e;J>"gupGyk; gpdd;,td;;
jhNd jkpad; te;jdd;; mspad ;
Cz;cil ,t;clk;G czT" vd;W vOg;gYk;-
kw;W - mtu; ghil kaf;FmW kugpd;
fw;wdd; Mjypd;> fLe; njhopy; khf;fs;
Rw;W ePq;fpj; njhOJ> ciuahb>
Mq;F - mtu; ciug;Nghu;> "mUe;jpwy;! Nfsha;:
'Mjpiu ,t;thwpUf;f> mts; fztd; rhJtd; ehfu; flw;fiuapy; Xu; cau;e;j
kiyia mile;J xU ku epoiyr; rhu;e;J mau;e;J J}q;fpdhd;. Kfpy;fs; cyhTk;
ngupa flypy; miyfshy; Vw;gl;l Jd;gk; tUe;jpajhy; NgUwf;fj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;jhd;.
mtd; gf;fj;jpy; mr;rk; jUk; kiyapy; thOk; Kulu;fshfpa ef;frhuzu; ehfu; rpyu;
te;J epd;wdu;.
",td; kpfTk; tUe;jp ,q;F jd;de;jdpadha; te;jpUf;fpwhd;. vspatd;>
Cd;kpf;f cila ,tDila cly; ekf;F ey;y tpUe;jhFk;!" vd;W jq;fSf;Fs;
ciuahbdu;. gpd;du; mtid vOg;gpdu;. rhJtd; ehfu; nkhopia Iakwf; fw;wtd;.
mtd; ehfu; nkhopapNyNa mtu;fSld; eakhfg; Ngrpdhd;. mtidr; R+o;e;jpUe;j
nfhLe; njhopYila ehfu;fs; mtid tUj;jhJ tpyfp epd;wdu;. mtidj; njhOJ
$wYw;wdu;.

<q;Fvk; FUkfd; ,Ue;Njhd; mtd;ghy;

Nghe;jUs; eP'vd> mtUld; Nghfp-
fs;mL FoprpAk;> fopKil ehw;wKk;>
nts;vd;G czq;fYk;> tputpa ,Uf;ifapy;>
vz;Fjd; gpzNthL ,Ue;jJ Nghy>
ngz;Lld; ,Ue;j ngw;wp Nehf;fp>
ghilapd; gpzpj;J> mtd; ghd;ikad; Mfp
NfhLcau; kuepoy; Fspu;e;j gpd;-mtd;>
'mupa typikAilatNd! Nfl;ghahf! ,q;F vq;fs; FU kfd; ,Uf;fpwhu;!
mtuplk; eP te;jUs;!" vd;W ehfu;fs; rhJtdplk; $wpdu;. rhJtd; mtu;fSld;
nrd;whd;. fs;isf; fha;rR; k; ghidfSk;> fopKil ehw;wk; cila GyhYk;> nts;
nsYk;G tw;wYk;> gue;jpUe;j ,Uf;ifapy; Mz;fub ngz; fubNahL ,Ue;jhw; Nghy
kidtpAld; FUkfd; ,Ue;jhd;. mtd; ,Ue;j jd;ikiaf; fz;l rhJtd; mwpTk;
,dpikAk; tputpa nrhw;fshy; ehfu; nkhopapy; mofhfg; Ngrpf; FU kfid
trkhf;fpdhd;. mjdhy; FUkfdpd; md;Gf; Fupatdhfp mtd; gf;fj;jpy; mku;e;J
fpisfs; Xq;fpa kuj;jpd; fPo; epoypy; ,isg;ghwpdhd;.
"rq;FeP te;j fhuzk; vd;d?" vd
Mq;F - mtw;F> miyfly; cw;wij ciuj;jYk;-
"mUe;Jjy; ,d;wp> miyfly; coe;Njhd;>
tUe;jpdd;; mspad;; tk;kpd;; khf;fhs;!
ek;gpf;F ,isas;Xu; eq;ifiaf; nfhLj;J>
ntq;fSk; CDk; Ntz;Lt nfhLk;"vd –
mt;ciu Nfl;l rhJtd; mau;e;J>
"ntt;ciu Nfl;Nld;; Ntz;Nld;" vd;wYk;-
"ngz;bUk; cz;bAk; ,d;Wvdpd;> khf;fl;F

12
 cz;Nlh> Qhyj;J cWgad;? cz;Lvdpd;>
fhz;Ftk; ahq;fSk;; fhl;Lthahf" vd>
J}z;ba rpdj;jpdd;' "nrhy;"vd nrhy;Yk;.
',q;F eP te;j fhuzk; vd;d?" vd;W ehfu; jiytd; rhJ tidf; Nfl;lhd;.
mjw;F mtd; jhd; miy flypy; cw;w Jd;gj;ij mtDf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhd;.
'miyflypy; Jd;gKw;w ,td; cztpd;wp tUe;jpAs;shd;. ,uq;fj; jf;ftd;! thUq;
fs; kf;fNs! ,e;ek;gpf;F Xu; ,isa eq;ifAk;> fs;Sk;> CDk; Ntz;LksT
nfhLq;fs;!" vd;W mtd; ciuj;jhd;. FUkfd; $wpaijf; Nfl;l rhJtd;
jpLf;fpl;lhd;; ftiy mile;jhd;. "nfhLQ; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;Nld;! fs;Sk;> CDk;>
ngz;Zk; Ntz;Nld;!" vd;W rhJtd; kWj;jhd;.
rhJtdpd; kWg;Giu FUkfdpd; rPw;wj;ijj; J}z;b tpl;lJ. ehfu; jiytd;
rpdq; nfhz;lhd;. "ngz;bUk;> cz;bAk; ,y;iyahapd; kf;fs; cyfj;jpy;
milaf;$ba gaDk; cz;Nlh? ,Uf;Fkhdhy; fhl;L! ehKk; fhz;Nghk;!" vd;whd;.

'kaf;Fk; fs;Sk;> kd;capu; NfhwYk;>

faf;FmW khf;fs; fbe;jdu;; Nfsha;;
gpwe;jtu; rhjYk;> ,we;jtu; gpwj;jYk;>
cwq;fYk;> tpopj;jYk;> Nghd;wJ cz;ikapd;>
'ey;mwk; nra;Nthu; ey;cyF miljYk;>
my;mwk; nra;Nthu; mUeuF miljYk;>
cz;L'vd czu;jypd;; cuNthu; fise;jdu;;
fz;lid MF!" vd fLeif va;jp>
"clk;Gtpl;L XLk; capu;cUf; nfhz;L> Xu;
,lk;GFk; vd;Nw vkf;F<q;F ciuj;jha;;
mt;capu; vt;tzk; Ngha;g;GFk;? mt;tif
nrt;tdk; ciu" vd - rpdthJ> ",JNfs;;
rhJtd;
'mwpit kaf;Fk; fs;isAk;> CDf;fhf epiy ngw;w capu;fisf; nfhiy
nra;tijAk; fyf;fkw;w mwpQu;fs;
tpyf;fpdu;! ,d;Dk; Nfs;! 'cyfpy; gpwe;jtu;fs; rhthu;; ,we;jtu;fs; kPz;Lk;
gpwg;ghu;. ,/J cwq;FtJk; cwq;fp tpopg;gJk; Nghd;w cz;ik epfo;rr ; pahFk;. ey;y
mwq;fisr; nra;Nthu; Ngupd;gk; jUk; tPl;Lyfk; nry;thu;. jPa tpidfisr; nra;
Nthu; nghWj;jw;fupa Jd;gk; jUk; eufk; nry;thu;'> vd;gJ cz;ik vd;W mwpe;J
czu;e;j mwpQu;fs; fs;isAk; CidAk; ePf;fpdu;. ,itfis mwpthahf!">
rhJtd; mwTiuiaf; Nfl;l ehfu; jiytd; ngupjhfr; rpupj;jhd;. "rhJt!
cliy tpl;Lg; gpupAk; capu; NtW tbT nfhz;L kw;Nwhu; ,lk; GFk; vd;W
,g;nghOJ eP $wpdha;! mt;Tapu; vt;thW nrd;W GFk;? mjd; jpwj;ij vdf;Fj;
njspthf ciu!" vd;W tpdhtpdhd;.

'ehfu; jiytH! rpdk; nfhs;shky; Nfs;! clk;gpy; capu; thOk; NghJ cly;
jdf;F Neu;tij czUk;; mjdplkpUe;j capu; gpupe;J tpl;lhy; mij ntl;bj; jPapy;
vupj;jhYk; mNj cly; jdf;F Neu;tij czuhJ. ,jpypUe;J mt;Tlk;gpypUe;J
gpupe;J nrd;wJ xd;W cz;L vd;gij eP mwptha;. mJjhd; capu;. NkYk; Xuplj;ij
tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;Nwhu;f;Fg; gpwpnjhU NghFkplk; cz;L vd;gij ehd; kl;Lky;y.
ahtUk; mwpthu;fs;. mj;Jld; kdpj clk;G ,Ue;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,Uf;f mj Dila
capu; gy fhjq;fs; fle;J neLe;J}uk; nry;Yk; vd; gijf; fdtpYk; fhz KbAk;.
MfNt mt;thW nrd;w capu; jd; tpidg;gaid Efu;tjw;F cupa NtNwhu; clypy;
GFk;. ,ijj; njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;thahf!" vd;W rhJtd; mwpTWj;jpdhd;.

13
 vg;NghJk; rpdj;NjhL ,Ug;gjhy; jPg;Nghyr; rpte;J tpsq;Fk; fz;fisAila
ehfu; jiytd;> ey;y mwq;fis mwpe;j thzpfd; ey;ybapy; tpOe;J tzq;fp dhd;.
"fs;isAk; CidAk; iftpl;lhy; ,t;Tlk;gpy; jq;fp thOk; capiug; ghJfhf;Fk;
tif mwpNad;! capu;fSf;F vd;W mWjpapl;l Kiwikahy; ehq;fs; ,wf;Fk;tiu
nra;aj; jf;f vkf;Nfw;w ey; mwq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wf!" vd;whd;. "ed;whfr;
nrhd;dha;! eP ey;topr; nry;tha;! mwk; nra;tjw;F cd;dhy; ,ayf;$ba topiar;
nrhy;YNtd;! kuf;fyk; cile;J capu; gpioj;j kf;fs; ,j;jPTf;F te;jhy;
mtu;fisf; nfhy;yhJ mtUapiug; ghJfhg;ghahf! KJik mile;J jhkhfNt
,wf;Fk; tpyq;Ffisj; jtpu NtW vt;Tapu;fF ; k; jPq;F nra;aw;f" vd;W rhJtd;
mtDf;Nfw;w mwpTiu toq;fpdhd;.

'<q;F>vkf;F MFk; ,t;mwk; nra;Nfk;;

Mq;F> cdf;F MFk; mUk;nghUs; nfhs;f”vd>
gz;Lk; gz;Lk; fyk;ftpo; khf;fis
cz;Nlhk;; mtu;jk; cWnghUs; <q;F,it;
tpiu kuk;> nkd;Jfpy;> tpOepjpf; Fg;igNahL
,it ,it nfhs;f"vd - vLj;jdd; nfhzu;e;J
re;jpu jj;jd; vd;Dk; thzpfd;
tq;fk; Nru;e;jjpy;> te;Jcld; Vwp
,e;efu; GFe;J <q;F ,tnshL tho;e;J
jd;kid ed;gy jhdKk; nra;jdd; -
Mq;qdk; Mfpa Mjpiu ifahy;
G+q;nfhb ey;yha;! gpr;ir ngWf!'vd
kidmfk; GFe;J> kzpNk fiyjhd;
Gidah Xtpak; Nghy epw;wYk; -
njhOJ tyk;nfhz;L> Jau;mW fpstpNahL
mKj Rugpapd; mfd;Riu epiwjug;
'ghu;mfk; mlq;fYk; grpg;gpzp mWf' vd
Mjpiu ,l;lds;> MUapu; kUe;J - vd;.
“mwptpy; rpwpNahdhfpa ehfu; jiytd;> "vkf;F Vw;w mwq;fis ,q;Fr;
nra;Nthkhf! cdf;Nfw;w tpiy kjpg;gw;w nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nry;f! gd;ndLq;
fhykhf kuf;fyk; ftpo;e;J gpioj;J te;j kf;fisf; nfhd;W cz;Nlhk;;
,itnay;yhk; mtu;fSila rpwe;j nghUs;fs;! re;jd kuq;fSk; nky;ypa
MilfSk; rpwe;j nghUs; FtpaYk; Mfpa ,tw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;!" vd;W $wp>
Vuhskhd nghUl;fis thup toq;fpdhd;. rhJtd; mg;nghUl; Ftpaiyg; ngw;W
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L. mj;jPtpw;F te;j re;jpujj;jd; vd;Dk; tzpfDila kuf;fyj;jpy;
Vwp te;jhd;. ,g;G+k;Gfhu; efiu mile;J ,t;thjpiu ey;yhSld; jd;Dila tPl;by;
gy ey;ywq;fisr; nra;J ,dpJ tho;e;J tUfpwhd;.
"G+q;nfhb ey;yha;! mj;jF rpwg;G tha;e;j gj;jpdpg; ngz; Mjpiuapd; ifahy;
eP gpr;ir ngWthahf!" vd;W fha rz;bif $wp Kbj;jhs;. khrw;w fw;Gila
kfshd Mjpiuapd; tPl;Lf;Fs; nrd;W kzpNkfiy mzp nra;ag;glhj Xtpag; ghit
Nghy epd;whs;. kzpNkfiyia tyk; te;J tzq;fp> mts; ifapypUe;j
mKjRugpapd; cs;splk; epiwAkhW>"ghu; KOtJk; grpg;gpzp ePq;Ff!" vd;W ciuj;J>
Mjpiu MUapu; kUe;jhfpa czit ,l;lhs;.

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.kzpNkfiyapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?

14
m) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; M) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,) jpUj;jf;fNjth; <) ehjFj;jdhh;
2.kzpNkfiyj;JwT vd;W miof;fg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) rPtf rpe;jhkzp ,) kzpNkfiy <) tisahgjp
3.$yk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
m) jhdpak; M) gapW ,) ney; <) rhik
4.rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhhpd; fhyk; ------------------------
m)fp.gp. 3 M) fp;.gp. 4 ,) fp.gp.2 <) fp.gp.5
6.Mjpiuapd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wgts; ahh;?
m) fharz;bif M) kzpNkfiy ,) fTe;jpabfs; <) mwtzbfs;
7.jkpopy; Njhd;wpa ,uz;lhtJ fhg;gpak;----------------------
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) rPtf rpe;jhkzp ,) kzpNkfiy <) tisahgjp
8.kzpNkfiy Kjypy; ahhplk; czT ngw;whs;?
m) fharz;bif M) Mjpiu ,) fz;zfp <) khjtp
9.Mjpiuapd; fztd;ngah; vd;d?
m) rhJtd; M) rj;Jtd; ,) ke;jpud; <) je;jpud;
10.rhJtd; ahUld; jpUk;gp te;jhd;?
m) re;jpujj;jd; M) re;jpud; ,) jj;jd; <) ,e;jpud;
11.rhJtd; flypy; ,Ue;J jg;gpj;J vq;Fr; nrd;whd;?
m) ehfh; kiy M) Fwth; kiy ,) guk;G kiy <) ghhp kiy

Ie;Jkjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.kzpNkfiy E}y; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
2.rj;Jtd; ehfhpd; ciuahly;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3.Mjpiu tho;f;if – rpW Fwpg;G jUf.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.kzpNkfiyapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2.Mjpiu rhJtdpd; tho;f;ifapy; eilngw;w epfo;Tfis njhFj;Jiuf;f.
rPtf rpe;jhkzp
G+kfs; ,yk;gfk; - jpUj;jf;fNjth;
Kd;Diu:
kzE}y; vd rpwg;gpj;J $wg;gLk; rPtf rpe;jhkzpahdJ fhg;gpa fl;likg;G
tiuaiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhg;gpaj; jiytdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; mtd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
jt tho;f;if tiuapyhd midj;Jk; mlq;fpaNj rPtf rpe;jhkzp MFk;.
Ml;rpia Kiwgl elj;jp ,Wjpapy; JwT Nkw;nfhs;tijr; rpwg;ghf vLj;J
$WfpwJ. mtw;Ws; rPtfd; ey;yhl;rp elj;jpaijg; gw;wp $WtNj “G+kfs; ,yk;gfk;”
MFk;. ,g;G+kfs; ,yk;gfj;jpy; nkhj;jk; 51 ghly;fs; cs;sd. mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW
njhFj;J fhz;Nghk;
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
ngah; - jpUj;jf;fNjth;.
NtW ngah;; - jpUj;jF Kdptd;>jpUj;jf;f kfhKdptd;
ehL - NrhoehL
fhyk; - 10 Mk; E}w;whz;L
rpwg;G - jkpo; Gyth;fspy; jiyik rhd;wth; - tPukhKdpth;>
ftpQUs; Nte;jh; - [p.A.Nghg;
,aw;wpa E}y; - ehptpUj;jk;
E}w;Fwpg;G:
,J xU rkzf; fhg;gpakhFk;. rPtf rpe;jhkzp 13 ,yk;gfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ
,jpy; fhz;lq;fs; ,y;iy.

15
 ,yk;gfk; vd;gjw;;F khiy vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ,yk;gfj;ij mj;jpahak;
vd;Wk; cl;gphpT vd;Wk; $Wth;. jd; E}Yf;F jpUj;jf;fNjth; ,yk;gfk; vd;W ngah;
itj;jhh;. mit>
1.ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; 8.Nfkrhpahh; ,yk;gfk;
2. fhe;jUtj;ijahh; ,yk;gfk; 9.fdfkhiyahh; ,yk;gfk;
3.RukQ;rhpahh; ,yk;gfk; 10.kz;kfs; ,yk;gfk;
4.Fzkhiyahh; ,yk;gfk; 11.tpkiyahh; ,yk;gfk;
5.,yf;fzahh; ,yk;gfk; 12.G+kfs; ,yk;gfk;
6.gJikahh; ,yk;gfk; 13. Kf;jp ,yk;gfk;
7.Nfhtpe;ijahh; ,yk;gfk;
,it rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; ,lk; ngWk; ,yk;gfq;fshFk;.
Kf;jp ,yk;gfk; jtpu kPjp vy;yh ,yk;gfq;fSf;Fk;; ngz;fspd; ngau;fNs
R+l;lg;gl;L cs;sJ. rPtf kd;dd; 8- ngz;fis kze;jjhy; ,e;E}Yf;F kzE}y;
vd;Dk; ngaUk; cz;L.
ehkfs;; ,yk;gfj;jpy; mjpf ,lq;fspy; kz epfo;rr ; piag; gw;wp $wg;gLtjhy;
,e;E}y; kzE}y; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rPtfDf;F Mrphpah; nfhLj;j gl;lk;
„fhkjpyfk;‟ vd;Dk; gl;lkhFk;. G+kfs; ,yk;gfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfis ,q;F
fhz;Nghk;.
rPtf rpe;jhkzpapd; fijr; RUf;fk;:
Vkhq;fj ehl;bd; kd;dd; rr;re;jd;. mtd; kidtp tpiria. ,k;kd;ddpd;
mikr;rd; fl;baq;fhud;;. tpiria kPJ ,Ue;j md;ghy; rr;re;jd; ehl;il kwe;jhd;.
mur nghWg;igf; fl;baq;fhudplk; toq;fpdhd;. Mdhy; fl;baq;fhud; ehl;il Mz;l
Nguhirahy; kd;didf; nfhy;yj; jpl;lkpLfpwhd;.
fl;baq;fhudpd; R+o;r;rpia mwpe;j rr;re;jd; epiw khj fh;g;gpzpahd
tpiriag; gwf;Fk; kapw;nghwpapy; mDg;Gfpwhd;. fl;baq;fhudhy; rr;re;jd;
nfhy;yg;gLfpwhd;. gpd;G tpiria ,Lfhl;by; rPtfidg; ngw;nwLf;fpwhs;. rPtfid
mq;NfNa tpl;L tpLkhW $wpa fhspnja;tj;jpd; fl;lisia Vw;W Foe;ijia
,Lfhl;by; tpl;L tpl;L mq;fpUe;J tpiriar; nrd;Wtpl;lhs;.
fe;Jf;fld; vd;gtuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; rPtfd; vl;Lg; ngz;fis kze;J>
fl;baq;fhuidg; gop jPhj ; ;J ,Wjpapy; Kf;jp ngWtij ciug;gNj ,e;E}ypd; fijr;
RUf;fkhFk;.
„G+kfs; ,yk;gfk;‟ fijr; RUf;fk;:
giftid ntd;w rPtfd; KUfidg; Nghd;W thifr; R+b muz;kidf;F
nrd;whd.; mtidf; fhz ngz;fs; $l;lk; $l;lkhf te;jdu.; mtu;fSf;F rPtfd;
fhl;rpaspj;J nghd;Dk; nghUSk; toq;fpdhd;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; ,we;J
Nghd kwtu;fSf;F gy gupRfis toq;fpdhu.;
gpd;du; rPtfd; Japy; nfhz;L> kWehs; ePj;njOe;J kq;fy ePuhb> mzpfyd;fs;
mzpe;J mUfid tzq;fp moFw murhl;rp Gupe;jhd;.
NjhoUk;> cwtpdUk;> gpwUk; muz;kidf;F te;J rPtfDf;F Kbr; R+l;l
vz;zpdu.; RjQ;rzd; vd;Dk; Njtd; thdpd;W te;J rPtfDf;F kzpKb #l;b
tho;j;jpr; nrd;whu;fs;.
gpd;du; fl;baq;fhudhy; Jd;gKw;Nwhu; midtUf;Fk; epyk;> nghd; Kjypait
toq;fp ,d;Gwr; nra;jhd;. ehl;by; grpAk;> gifAk; ePq;fpaJ. midtUk; ,d;Gw;W
thOk; tifapy; Ml;rpia Kiwg;gl elj;jpdhh; vd;gij rpwg;ghf $WtNj „G+kfs;
,yk;gfj;jpd;‟ fij RUf;fkhFk;
ghlg;gFjp
ek; ghlg;gFjpahd „G+kfs; ,yk;gfk;‟ rPtfd; rpwg;Gw Ml;rp nra;tijg; gw;wp
$WfpwJ.
fz;zhbapd; ,ay;G nfhz;ltd;:

16
 “fz;zhb ad;d fbkhh;gd; rpte;J ePz;l
fz;zhb ntd;W fsq;fz;L epak Kw;wpf;
fz;zhb tz;L gUFq;fko; khiy %J}h;f;
fz;zhb ahid ath;ifnjhor; nrd;W Gf;fhd.; ”
fz;zhbapd; ,ay;Gila mofpa khu;Gila rPtfdpd; rpte;j ePz;l jd;
fz;fs; vy;NyhuplKk; nrd;W eyk; $w> Njd; cz;z tz;Lfs; te;J nkha;fF ; k;
khiyfs; khu;gpy; mzpe;J moF nra;a> ,uhrkhGuj;jpd; ntw;wp Gfo; kpf;f ahid
cila gil tPuu; Nghw;wp tzq;f> efUf;Fs; nrd;W Nru;e;jhd; rPtfd;.
Njt kfspiu xj;J ,Uj;jy;:
“khiyr; nrw;whd; kf;fnsh nly;yhk; KlNdapk;
khiyr; nrw;whd; ite;Eid ak;gpd; dptndd;ghu;
khiyf; fpd;Nw kha;ej;J khahg; gopnad;ghu;
khiyf; Nfw;w thu;Foy; Nta;j;Njhs; kley;yhh;. ”
gpd;du; kyu; khiy R+Ljw;Nfw;w ePz;l fUq;$e;jYk>; tise;j %q;fpy; Nghd;w
NjhYila kq;ifau; kiy cr;rpapypUe;J ed; kzpfis rpe;jp tpOfpd;w mUtpia
Nghd;w> moF kzpfs; gjpj;j ahidapd; new;wp gl;lj;jpd; NkNy Rug;gz;iz
kuj;jpd; cr;rpapypUe;J Njd; topAk; mofpa kyu;fs; cjpu;e;J tpo> khlq;fypd; epd;w
mk;kq;ifau; thDyfpy; ,Ue;J G+kio nghopfpd;w Njt kfspiu xj;J ,Ue;jdu;
“ikj;Jd ePz;l khkzp khlk; kpirNawp
ikj;Jd ePz;l thl;llq; fz;zhh;; kyu;J}t
ikj;Jd kd;dh; khy;fsp Nwwpg; Gil#o
ikj;Jd ePz;l khkzp tz;zd; mtndhj;jhd;. ”;
Nkfk; R+o;e;j ngupa kzp khlq;fs; NkypUe;J thspd; xspia kOq;f
nra;fpd;w ePz;l fz;Zila mofpa kfspu; kyh; nghopa> ikj;Jd kd;du;fs; ngupa
ahid kPJ mku;e;J Fil R+o;e;J tu cyhtUk; rPtfd; Njd; cz;z tz;Lfs;
nkha;j;J ghLk; jhkiu kyu;fs; mofpa nrq;fOePu; G+f;fNshL Nru;e;J kyu;e;J
njUntq;Fk; epiwe;jijg; Nghy ngz;fspd; moF kpf;f Kfk; kyUk; fz; kyUk;
mq;Fk; vq;Fk; epiwe;J ,Ue;jd.
ahopirapy; Nju;e;jtd;:
“tPiz tpj;jfd; Nte;jL tPq;FNjhs;
fhZq; fhupif ahu;fjph; ntk;Kiyg;
G+Z khuK kPd;Wnghd; G+j;jyu;e;J
ahz &uk uhgjp Nghd;wNj. ”;
ahopirapy; Nju;e;jtdhfpa rPtfDila gif muriuf; nfhd;wspj;j gUj;j
Njhs;fisf; fz;L kfpOk; ngz;fs>; jq;fs; G+ khu;gpd; Nky; mzpe;Js;s mofpa
xspkpf;f G+idAk; kzp Muj;ijAk; ju vq;Fk; nghd; gue;J ,iwe;J fplf;Fk; GJ
tUthAila ,uhrkhGuk; ,e;jpuDila mkuhtjp gl;bdj;ij Nghy; Njhd;Wk;
,t;thW ntw;wp Gfo; tpsq;f Njd; epiwe;j fw;gf khiy mzpe;j rPtfd;
muz;kidia mile;jTld; kyu; epiwe;j khiy mzpe;J khlj;jpd; NkypUe;J
kq;ifau; $l;lk; ,utpy; kfpo;tpj;J ,Ue;j epyTk; kiwe;J fjputd; Njhd;w fz;L
Ftpe;j my;yp kyu; $l;lj;ijg; jk; moF eyk; thb epd;wJ
kfsph; tUj;jk;:
“neUg;;Gw;w Nghy epyNkhe;Jopr; nra;a thfpg;
gUf;nfd;w Nfhy kuy;gy;gok; Nghd;W nfhg;Gs;
tUj;jk; kpow;wpg; gRk;nghw;;rpyk; Nghir nra;ar;
nrUf;fw;w gQ;rp kyur;rPwb Nehtr; nrd;whu.; ”;
neUg;ig kpjpj;jJ Nghy epyj;jpy; gl;lTld; kfspu; fhy;fs; rpte;jd. ngupa
fw;whiog; goq;fisg; Nghy nfhg;gsq;fs; Njhd;wp tUe;jpd. tUj;jj;ij $wp ghj

17
rpyk;Gfs; Gyk;gp xsp nra;a> thb tjq;fpa ,yt kyiug; Nghd;W nrk;kQ;Rf;
Fok;G G+rpa rpw;wbfs; tUe;jpthl kfspu; ele;J nrd;wdu;. gpd;du; ngUkiy
nghopAk; fUKfpypy; Njhd;wp kiwAk; kpd;dy; nfhb Nghy eLq;fp thrid G+rpa
mofpa $e;jy; mzpe;j nghd;dhp khiy eOtptpo tisay; mzpe;j kfspu; Gypia
fz;L eLq;Fk; Gs;spkhd; $l;lj;ijg; Nghy JaUw;W tUe;jpr; Nrhu;e;jdu;
“tl;lk; kyu;j;jh utdhy;mUs; ngw;W thd;nghw;
gl;lk; kzpe;jh sptu;jq;fSs; ahts; vd;d”;
tl;lkhf njhLj;j kyu; khiy mzpe;J fl;baq;fhudhy; Nghw;wp jiyik
gl;lk; mspf;fg;gl;l kq;if ,tu;fSs; ahu; vd;W rPtfd; jd; Vtyiu tpdtpdhd;.
mg;NghJ Nghu;f;fsr; nra;jpfisf; fl;baf;fhud; gl;l jiytpf;F $Wfpd;wtu.; Njd;
epiwe;J typAk; kyu; khiy mzpe;j fl;baq; fhuDk; mtd; kf;fSk; ghtk; jq;fs;
kzpKb tpog; Nghupy; ,we;Jgl;ldu; vd;W $wpdu.;
fl;baq;fhud; ,we;JgLjy;:
“xz;Nfo;f; fOeP nuhspKj;j Kkpo;t NjNghw;
gz;Nfo; nkhopaPh; neLq;fz;gdp tPo;j;jy; Ntz;lh”;
J}a xspkpf;f kzpiag; Nghd;W E}y; NghYk; nky;ypa ,ilia cila
kq;ifau;fNs! ck;ik ehd; tUe;jr; nra;Nad!; mofpa epwKila nrOq;fO ePu;g;
G+f;fs; nrhupAk; Kj;Jg; Nghd;w ePu; Jspfisg; Nghy ,d;dpir NghYk; ed;nkhop
cilaPu; cq;fspd; ePz;l fz;fs; ,dp fz;zPu; rpe;j Ntz;lhk; vd;W $wpdhu.;
rPtfd; muz;kidf;Fs; Eiojy;:
“Nka;nghd; diwAk; gpwTk;tpiue; jha;e;j gpd;iwr;
Nra;nghw; fkykfs; ifnjhor; nrd;W Gf;fhd; ”;
tpy;tisj;J gUj;j rpwe;j fy;J}z; Nghd;w NjhYila rPtfd>; mWf;fg;gl;l
tisay; mzpe;j ifia cila kq;ifaNu cq;fs; fUj;ij nrhy;Yq;fs; ck;
murd; cq;fSf;Fj; je;j tho;Tf;Fupa nghUisj; jUfpNwd; mtw;iwf; nfhz;L
tho;e;jpUq;fs;. my;yJ ehd; jUk; nghd;id vLj;Jr; nrd;W ePq;fs; tpUk;Gfpw
,lj;jpy; nrd;W tho;e;jpLq;fs; vd;W $wpdhd.;
,t;thW kq;ifau;fs; muz;kidia tpl;L nrd;wpl rpwe;j nghd;dhyhd
kjpy; R+o;e;j gue;j mofpa mt;tuz;kid vq;Fk; fha;e;j nghUw; jz;Lfspy; Vw;wp
itj;j if tpsf;if tPuu;fs; Ve;jp epw;f> nghd;dpUf;Fk; fUT+yj;ijAk>; gpw
,lq;fisAk; Muha;e;J fhg;gpl;l gpd>; rpte;j nghw;whkiuapy; thOk; jpUkfs;
ifnjhOJ tzq;f rPtfd; muz;kidf;Fs; Eioe;jhd;.
rPtfd; cwq;Fjy;:
“Gz;nfhz;L Nghw;wpg; GwQ;nra;nfdg; nghw;g Nehf;fpg;
Gz;nfhz;l nrhy;yhh; njhog;ghk;giz mz;zy; Nghy
kz;nfhz;l Ntyh dbijtu itfp dhNd”;
muz;kid Nky; khlnky;yhk; kiy R+o;e;J fplf;Fk; Nkfj;ijg; Nghy> thr
eWk;Gif epiwe;J topa> nfhiy ty;y>Nty; NghYk; fz;Zila kq;ifah;
kzhsdhfpa rPtfDf;F> fiykype;j nrhy;Yila ngz;fs; $b thrkpF mtd;
kyu; mizia fhty; fhj;J epd;wdu.;
jd;Dila Nghu; Nfhyj;ij ePf;fptpl;L> rpwe;j nghd;dhyhfpa
myq;fupf;fg;gl;l khiy jtOk; khu;Gila kq;ifau; ePuhl;l> ePuhb> mzpkzp G+z;L
xsp tPrp jpfOk; Kj;Jr;ruk; mzpe;J rPtfd; nfhbg;gilAk; Njug;; gilAk; cila
jd; khkid njhOjhd;.
gpd;du>; ,d;dpirg; gz; NghOk; ,dpa nkhop NgRk; kq;ifau; tzq;fp jpUtb
jlt> ghk;gizg; gs;spapy; Japy; nfhs;Sk; jpUkhiyg; Nghy rPtfd; cwq;fpdhd.;
rPtfd; mupahrdj;jpy; tPw;wpUj;jy;:
“nrwpe;j fOePug;; G+g;gpbj;Jr; Nrf;if kuP,a rpq;fk;Nghy;

18
 mwpe;jhu; jkf;Fk; eq;fdhJ} mz;zy; nrk;khe; jpUe;jhNd”;
gpd;du>; fz;tpopj; njOe;j rPtfd; mUfidj; njhOJ> jiy tzq;fp>
nrk;nghd;id ms;sp vy;yhUk; nfhs;sf; nfhLj;J neQ;rhy; epidf;f Kbahj
ngUQ;nry;tj;jpw;Fk;> ntw;wpg; GfOf;Fk; tpsf;fkhf mikAk;gb ifahy; mQ;rd
ikia fz;fspy; moFw vOjp nghw;G+z; Gide;J> tz;Lfs; R+o;e;J nkha;fF ; k;
kyu;khiyAk; nghd;dzpfSk; mzpe;J nfhz;lhd;.
epiwe;j moF eyq;fhl;Lk; khu;Gila kq;ifau; tzq;f> kzpfs; itj;J
gjpj;j rpkpopy; ,Ue;j ntz; gl;Lilia mzpe;J xspkpf;f Ie;J Kfthrk;
fd;dj;jpy; mlf;fpf; nfhz;L> mofpa nrOq;fOePu; kyiuf; ifapNy gpbj;J> rpq;fk;
Nghy; mupahrdj;jpy; mku;e;J fz;ltu; kaq;Fk; fhkidg; Nghy; rPtfd; tPw;wpe;jhd;.
RjQ;rzd; tUif:
“tphpA khiyad; tpsq;nfhsp Kbapdd; Jsq;fpj;
jpUtpd; khy;tiuf; Fytpa jidaNjhu; Nje;jhu; ”;
thdtpy; khiyahf khwp xU kiyNahL nghUe;jpaijg; Nghyj;> Njd; topAk;
xU kyu; khiyAk;> mk;kiyapypUe;J ghAk; ePu; mUtpiag; Nghy xU Kj;juKk;
khu;gpy; Gus> xsp tpsq;Fk; Nkdp tdg;Gk;> kzpKbAk; cila nghd;ndhsp tPrpj;
jpfOk; ePz;l fhJf; Fioazpe;j thdtd; xUtd;(RjQ;rzd;) te;J ,wq;fpdhd;.
RjQ;rzd; rPtfDf;F Kbr;#l;Ljy;:
“ntUtp khefu; khe;ju;fs; tpae;Jif tpjpu;g;gg;
gUjp Nghy;td ghw;fl E}w;nwl;Lf; Flj;jhw;
nghUtpy; G+kio nghd;kio nahLnrhhpe; jhl;b
vupngh dPz;Kb ftpj;jdd; gtpj;jpuw; nwhONj. ”;
mg;ngUefupy; cs;s kf;fs; vy;yhUk; fz;L mQ;R tpaf;Fk; gb> nghd; gUjp
Nghd;w E}w;wpnal;L nghw;Flj;jpy; ghw;flypy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L te;j ee;ePuhy; ePuhl;b
xg;gw;w G+kioAk>; nghd;kioAk; NkypUe;J nghopa J}atdhfpa rPtfid tzq;fp>
xsptpLk; mofpa kzpKbia RjQ;rzd; mtd; jiyapy; mzptpj;jhd;.
mg;NghJ NjtKuRfs; Koq;fp> ,k;kq;fyr; nra;jpia Xkg;GifNahLk; moF
tpsq;Fk; Rz;zg; nghbNahLk; vLj;Jr; nrd;W thdtUf;Ff; kq;ifau; tho;j;Jf;fs;
$wpdu;. tPizapd; euk;Gfs; ,d;dpir kPl;bd fhty; kd;du; fhzpf;if nrYj;jpdu.;
fbifau; kq;fsk; ghbdu;. mofpa khzpf;f kzpf;fhk;gpNy Nfhj;j Kj;Jtlk;
nghUe;j tpsq;Fk; mofpa tl;l epyh ,J vd;W nrhy;Yk; MW cau;e;j
ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil mzp nra;jJ.
fly; R+o;e;j ,e;epy cyif fhj;jspj;J kfpo;T+l;Lk; fay; NghYk; Fspu;e;j
fz;Zila epykfisj; jOtp rPtfd; murhsj; njhlq;fpdhd; RjQ;rzDk; jd;
nghd;DyFf;Fg; Gwg;gl;L nrd;whd.;
rPtfd; ee;jl;lDf;F MizapLjy;:
“thu;g;gpzp Kur ehz thdjph; Kof;fk; Va;g;gj;
jhu;gpzp jhk khh;gd; jk;gpia Kfj;J Nehf;fp
Ch;gpzp Nfhl;lQ; rPg;gpj;J cwhjt dhz;l ehl;ilg;
ghu;g;gpzp fiwap dPq;fg; glhKu riwtp nad;whd.; ”;
gpd;du; Njhy;thuhy; fl;lg;gl;l Kurpd; xyp Njhw;fTk; thd; ,b Kof;fj;ij
xg;gTk; khiyfs; epiwe;j khu;Gila rPtfd; jk;gp ee;jl;ld; Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;J>
Cupy; cs;stiug; gpzpj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; rpiwf; Nfhl;lq;fis vy;yhk; jfu;j;J ek;
giftd; Mz;l ehl;L kf;fis tUe;Jk; murpiwapypUe;J 16 Mz;L fhyk; tpyf;f
Kuriwar; nra;tha; vd;whd.;
rPtfd; ey;yhl;rp Ghpjy;:
mj;NjhL nghw;G+z; mzpe;j rPtfd>; NfhapYf;F ,utyhf tpl;l epyKk;>
Fw;wkw epkpj;jKk; $Wk; ehopif fzpf;fh;fs; guprhfg; ngw;w epyKk;> mofpa

19
NtjpaUf;Fj; jhdkhf je;j epyj;NjhLk; kw;Wk; Kd;G ngw;W mg;nghUl;fis
,oe;jtu;fSf;F mijg;Nghy ,U gq;F epyKk; ,utyhf nfhLj;J tpLq;fs; vd;W
mikr;rUf;F Mizapl;lhd; rPtfd.;
,t;thW murd; mUs; nrhupe;J fhf;f> mtDila jpUehl;by; thOk; kf;fs;
xUtDk; xUj;jpAk; Nghy kdkfpo;e;J GfNohL nghUe;jp gifg;gpzpAk; grpj;JaUk>;
Neha; Jd;gKk; ,y;yhJ tho;e;jpUf;f ,dp Nguhw;wy; cila kd;du; kd;ddhfpa
rPtfdpd; Gfo; ehnlq;Fk; Gfoj; njhlq;fpaJ.

KbTiu
kzpKbNaw;w rPtfd; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghd;Dk; nghUSk; thup toq;fp> mwk;
nra;NthUf;Fk; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; ,utyhf epyq;fis tzq;fpdhd;.
rPtfDila jpUehl;by; thOk; kf;fs; xUtDk; xUj;jpAk; Nghy kdkfpo;e;J
GfNohL tho;e;jpUf;f kd;ddhfpa rPtfdpd; Gfo; ehnlq;Fk; Gfoj; njhlq;fpaij
,jd; %yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpdhtq;fp
I.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1.rPtf rpe;jhkzpapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m)jpUjf;fj;Njth; M)fk;gh; ,)ts;Std; <)ghujpahh;
2. rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; nkhj;jk; vj;jid ,yk;gfk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd?
m)12 M)14 ,)15 <)13
3.G+kfs; ,yk;gfj;jpy; nkhj;jk; vj;jid ghly;fs; cs;sd?
m)46 M)52 ,)55 <)51
4.rPtfDf;F Mrphpah; nfhLj;j gl;lk; vd;d?
m)fhkjpyfk; M)njd;dtd; ,)kzthsd; <)gpuk;kuhad;
5.kzE}y; vd rpwg;gpj;J $wg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
m)rpyg;gjpfhuk; M)kzpNkiy ,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <)tisahgjp
6.fz;zhbapd; ,ay;G nfhz;ltd; ahu;?
m)RjQ;rzd; M)rPtfd; ,)gpuk;kd; <)rptd;
7.Njt kfspiu Nghy; fhl;rpaspj;jtu;fs; ahu;?
m)ngz;fs; M)Mz;fs; ,)kf;fs; <)muru;
8.ahopirapy; Nju;e;jtd; ahu;?
m)RjQ;rzd; M)rPtfd; ,)gpuk;kd; <)rptd;
9.ngUkio nghopAk; fUKfpypy; Njhd;wp kiwtJ vJ?
m)Nkfk; M)kpd;dy; ,)thdk; <)kiy
10.Nghupy; ,we;Jgl;ltu; ahu;?
m)jr;rd; M)fl;baf;fhud; ,)jrujd; <)gPkd;
11.ghk;gidg; gs;spapy; Japy; nfhs;Sk;---------Nghy vd;gJ ahiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
m)rptid M)KUfid ,)jpUkhiy <)ghu;tjpia
12.rPtfDf;F kzpKb R+l;batu; ahu;?
m)RjQ;rdd; M)rptd; ,)gpuk;kd; <)ee;jl;ld;
13.rPtfd; kf;fis fhg;ghw;w ahUf;F Mizapl;lhd;?
m)je;ij M)fl;baq;fhud; ,)ee;jl;ld; <)ngz;fs;
14.murpiwapypUe;J vj;jid Mz;Lfhyk; kf;fis rPtfd; tpsf;fr; nra;jhd;? m)16
M)20 ,)18 <)10
II.Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1.rPtf rpe;jhkzp - Mrpupau; Fwpg;G tiuf?
2.rPtfd; ee;jl;ldplk; $wpatw;iw vOJf?
3.ahopirapy; Nju;e;j rPtfdpd; nray; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff
4.G+kfs; ,sk;gfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; kfspu; nraiy tpsf;Ff?

20
III.gj;Jkjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. rPtfd; ee;jl;lDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiufis fl;Liu tiuf?
2. rPtfdpd; Ml;rp rpwg;ig G+kfs; ,yk;gfj;jpd; thapyhf tpsf;Ff?

tisahgjp
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whf vz;zg;gLtJ tisahgjp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu tho;e;j ,t;tpyf;fpak; gpd;du; vg;gbNah mope;Jtpl;lJ. ,jd; gpujpiaj;
jpUthtLJiw Mjpdj;jpy; ghu;j;jjhf c.Nt. rhkpehja;au; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. gpd;du;
,jidg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL NjbaNghJ> vq;Fk; fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 Mrphpau; ngau; njhpatpy;iy.
 rkzf; fhg;gpak;.
 tpUj;jg;ghthy; MdJ.
 KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
 fpilj;jit 72 ghf;fs;.
 %yE}y; itrpf Guhzk; 35-tJ rUf;fk;.
mUff; flTs; tho;j;J
cyfk; %d;Wk; xUq;Fld; Vj;Jkhz;
jpyfk; Ma jpwy;mwp td; mb
tOtpy; neQ;nrhL thypjpd; Mw;wTk;
njhOty; njhy;tpid ePq;Ff vd;W ahd;.
%d;W cyfq;fspYk; tho;e;jplf; $batu;fshd cau;e;jtu;fs; midtUk;
xUik epiyapyhd kd czu;Tld; xd;whfr; Nru;e;J Nghw;Wtjw;F cupajhd
Nguhw;wy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;stu; mUfg;ngUkhd; mj;jifatupd; jpUtbfis ehd;
tzq;FfpNwd; cyfpy; cs;s capu;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; jpyfk; Nghd;wjhd
jd;ikAilatdhd mf;flTis> vd;Dila kdjpy; epiwe;Js;s mth> ntFsp>
nghwhik> vd;gjhd mOf;Ffs; ePq;fplTk;> vd;Dila nray;fis Mw;wYld;
nray;gLj;jplTk;> vd;Dila goikahd tpidfs; vd;id tpl;L ePq;fplTk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhd Ntz;Ljy;fSld;> ehd; jPu;j;jq;fuuhfpa mUfg; ngUkhdpd; jpUtbfisg;
gzpe;J tzq;Ffpd;Nwd;.
Jwtpau;fis tzq;Fjy;
2. Jf;fk; Jilf;Fk; JfsW fhl;rpa
epf;fe;j Ntlj;J ,Ub fzq;fis
xf;fmb tPo;e;J cyfpay; nra;jgpd;
mf;fij aho;nfhz;L miktug; gz;zp>
cyfpy; cz;lhff; $ba ehw;fjpapd; Jd;gk; midj;jpidAk; ePf;fpLk; Mw;wy;
ngw;w nka;f; fhl;rpapid cilatu;fshfTk;> Md;k rpe;jid tsu;rr ; papd; gb
epiyfshd gjpdhd;F Fzq;fspy; gjpndhd;whk; Fzj;jpdpy; jk;ik epiy epWj;jp
cs;stu;fshfTk;> jpUNtlk; vd;Dk; gFjpapdpy; jq;fp tho;e;jplf;$batu;fshfTk;
cs;stu;fshd epu;f;fe;ju; vd;fpw Jwtpfspd; $l;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fis> vd;Dila
kdk;. nkhop> nka; ,it midj;Jk; xd;whd epiyapy; tPo;e;J gzpe;J tzq;fpa
gpd;du;> gfpa gpd;du;> Kiwg;gb> flTs; tho;j;jpidg; ghb Kbj;J> vd; iffspy;

21
ahopid vLj;J> nghUj;jkhd ,irapid ,irj;jgbahf me;jf; fijapidr;
nrhy;yj; njhlq;fpNdd;.
cly; epiyaw;wJ
3. ePy epwj;jdtha; nea;fdpe;J Nghjtpo;e;J
Nfhyk; Fapd;wFoy; thop neQ;Nr!
Nfhyk; Fapd;w FoYk; nfhOk; rpifAk;
fhyf; fdy; vupapd; Ntk;thop neQ;Nr!'
fhyf; fdy; vupapd; Nttd; fz;lhYk;
rhy kaq;FtJ vd; thop neQ;Nr!"
vd;Dila kdNk eP ngz;fspd; $e;jiy> fupa epwKilajhfTk;> thrid tPRfpd;w
vz;nza; jltg; ngw;wjhfTk;> mofhd kyu;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; epfo;fpw
mofhd $e;jy;' vd;W ghuhl;b kfpo;r;rp milfpd;wha;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa
nghUl;fshy; mofhf myq;fupf;fg;gl;L ey;ythrk; tPrf;$bajhd ,e;jf; $e;jYk;>
mjpy; mike;Js;s nfhz;ilAk; ek;ik vupj;jplf; $bajhd RLfhl;L neUg;gpy;
vupe;J mope;J Nghff; $ba jd;ik cilad vd;gJ cdf;Fj; njupahjh? ,J
cdf;Fj; njupAk;: njupe;Jk;. ,e;j cz;ik epiyapidg; Gupe;j gpd;Dk; eP me;jf;
$e;jypd; mofpy; kaq;FtJ Vd;? gupjhgj;jpw;Fupa epiyapy; cs;s vd;Dila
kdNk ePL tho;thahf.
mur tho;Tk; epiyaw;wJ
4. tpj;jfu; nra;j tpsq;F Kbftpj;jhu;
kj;jf khz;gopjy; fhz; thop neQ;Nr!
kj;jf khz;gopjy; fz;lhy; kaq;fhNj
cj;jk ed;ndwpf;fz; epy;thop neQ;Nr!
cj;jk ed;ndwpf;fz; epd;W Cf;fk; nra;jpNay;
rpj;jp glu;jy; njspthop neQ;Nr!
vd;Dila kdNk> fiyEl;gk; czu;e;jtu;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhd mofpa
kFlq;fisr; R+b Ml;rp elj;jplf; $batu;fshd> typikAk;> ngUikAk;
cilatu;fshfj; jpfo;e;jplf; $batu;fshd kd;du;fspd; jiyfSk; xU fhyj;jpy;
mope;Nj ,e;j kz;zpy; tPo;e;J kiwe;J NghFk; vd;gjid czu;e;jpL thahf!
vdNt mur Nghfq;fSld; $ba ,d;gtho;f;ifapidf; fz;L kdjpy; kaf;fk;
nfhs;shky;> cz;ikahd ey;y newpfspy; cd; kdjpidr; nrYj;jp ey;y epiyapy;
tho;j;jpL thahf! ,j;jifa cz;ik newpfisf; fz;L czu;e;J xOf;fj;Jld;
tho;e;jha; vd;why;> ,izaw;wjhd Nkyhs Kj;jp epiyapdpy; eP ,d;gk; mile;J
epiyj;J tho;e;jpLtha; neQ;rNk!"
rpwg;Gilajhd kdpjg;gpwtp
5. tpidgy typapdhNy
NtWNtW ahf;if ahfp
edpgy gpwtp jd;Ds;
Jd;GW}ck; ey;Y apu;f;F
kdpjupd; mupa jhFk;
Njhd;Wjy;; Njhd;wp dhYk;
,dpait Efu va;Jk;
nry;tKk; md;d Njahk;.
gytifahd gpwtpfis capu; vLg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;> mjDila tpidg;gaNd MFk;.
tpidg; gad;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; NtW NtW gpwtpfis ,t;Tapu; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ ,j;jifa gpwtpfspdhy; Jd;gKk; cz;lhfpd;wJ. MdhYk;
,j;jifa gpwtpfspy; kpfTk; cau;j;jJk;> fpilg;gjw;F mupaJk; kdpjg; gpwtpNa
MFk;. mg;gbg;gl;l mupjhd kdpjg;gpwtp fpilj;jhYk;> me;jg; gpwtpapy; ey;y

22
newpKiwfspy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;sf; $ba nry;tk; fpilj;jy; vd;gJ
mjid tplTk; mupajhd nrayhFk;.
cau;Fb edpcs; Njhd;wy;
(,g;glhYk; kdpjg;gpwtpapd; rpwg;gpidNa czu;j;Jfpd;wJ)

6. cau;Fb edpcs; Njhd;wy;

Cdkpy; ahf;if Mjy;
kau;tW fy;tp Nfs;tpj;
jd;ikahy; ty;yu; Mjy;
ngupJzu; mwpNt ahjy;
Nguwk; Nfhly; vd;whq;F
mupjpit ngWj NyhNl
ngw;wtu; kf;fs; vd;ghu;.
mupajd;ikAilajhd kdpjg; gpwtpapid mile;jhYk;> MrhurPyk;> xOf;fk;>
kw;WKs;s ew;gz;Gfis cilajhd cau;e;j Fbapy; Njhd;Wjy; vd;gJk; mupajhd
nrayhFk;. NkYk; mjid tplTk; mupaJ $d;> FUL> nrtpL Kjyhd FiwghLfs;
VJk; ,y;yhky; gpwf;fpd;w tha;g;ghFk;. ,j;jifa cau; epiyfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;W
KOikAk; moFk; cilajhd kdpjg; gpwtpapid mile;jhYk; mg;gpwtpapidNa
cau;j;jf; $ba mupa Mw;wy; ngw;w Md;k tsu;rr ; pf;Fupajhd ehy;tif Ntjq;fspd;
Qhdk; cs;spl;l fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;j Gyik cilatuha; Qhdk; ngw;W
mjid nka;Q;Qhdkhf khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiy miljy; Nkw;nrhd;d
midj;jpYk; kpfTk; mupaepiy ,JNt MFk;. vdNt Nkw;nrhd;d mupa jd;ikfs;
midj;Jk; ngw;W mjDld; fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mit
$Wfpd;w ey;nyhOf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L tho;jy; vd;gJ kpfTk; mupaJ MFk;.
mj;jifa epiyfspy; tho;gtu;Ns kf;fs; vd;Wk;> mtu;fSilaNj 'kdpjg; gpwtp'
vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fw;Gila kidtpapd; rpwg;G
7. ehLk; CUk; edpGfo;e;J Vj;jYk;
gPLWk; kio nga;fvdg; nga;jYk;
$ly; Mw;wtu; ey;yJ $Wq;fhy;
ghL rhy;kpF gj;jpdpf;F MtNj.
,Utu; xUtuhf epd;W elj;Jk; ,y;yw tho;tpdpy; me;j ehLk;> CUk;>
Gfo;e;jpLk;gbahfj; jd;Dila FLk;gj;jpid elj;jplf; $ba Mw;wy; cilats;
me;j ,y;ywj;jpd; jiytpahf cs;s kidtpNa Mths;. mts; jd; FLk;gg;
Gfopidf; fhj;J> jd; fztdpd; thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;L ele;jpLk;
jd;ikAilatshfTk; tho;e;J ngUikapid mile;jhs; vd;why;> mts; 'nghopf'
vd;W nrhd;dTld; kioahdJk; nghope;JtpLk;. mj;jifa nja;t Mw;wy;
cilatshf> rpwe;j kidtpahdts; jpfo;e;jpLths;. ,j;jifa kidtpNa
Nghw;wg;gLgts; Mths;.
fw;gpy;yhj kfspu;
8. gs;s KJePu;g; gofpDk; kPdpdk;
nts;sk; GjpaJ fhzpd; tpUg;GW}ck;
fs;stpo; Nfhijau; fhkNdhL MapDk;
cs;sk; gpwpjha; cUfYk; nfhs; eP
Mokhd ePu;epiyfspy; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba kPdpdkhdJ> GJ kioapd;
fhuzkhf> Gjpa nts;sg;ngUf;F tUfpd;wNghJ> jhd; tho;e;j me;j gioa ePu;
epiyfis kwe;J. GJ nts;sk; epiwe;Js;s gFjpapidNa tpUk;gpr; nrd;W NrUk;
mt;thNw> Njd; nrhl;Lk;> Gjpa thrkyu;fis mzpe;j ePz;l $e;jiy
cilatu;fshd fw;gpy; khWghlile;j ngz;fs;> jkf;F> moFkpFe;jtdhd me;j

23
kd; kjNd fztdhff; fpilj;jhYk;> Gjpa Gjpa Mz;fisg; ghu;f;fpd;w
jUzq;fspy; vy;yhk;. jk;Kila kdjpy; cz;lhFk; fhk kaf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfj;
jk;Kila fztid tpl;L> mtu;fisNa epide;J mila Kad;W kdk;
cUFthu;fs; vdNt kdNk eP ,j;jifa ngz;fisf; fz;L tpUk;ghky;
tho;e;jpLthahf!
kfspu; fw;gpw;F ahu; fhtyu;?
9. cz;bAs; fhg;Gz;L; cWnghUs; fhg;Gz;L;
fz;l tpOg;nghUs; fy;tpf;Ff; fhg;Gz;L;
ngz;biuf; fhg;gJ ,yk;vd;W Qhyj;Jf;
fz;L nkhope;jdu; Rw;wpe; NjhNu.
czTg; nghUl;fs; nfl;L tplhjgb ghJfhj;jpl top cs;sJ; ehk; Nru;j;J itf;Fk;
nghUl; nry;tj;jpidAk; fs;tu; jpUbr; nrd;W tplhjgbahfg; ghJfhg;gjw;F top
cs;sJ; nghUl; nry;tj;ij tplTk; cau;e;j nry;tkhfpa fy;tpr; nry;tj;jpidAk;
mope;J NghfhkYk; kwe;J NghfhkYk; fhj;jpLtjw;F top cs;sJ. Mdhy;
ngz;fspd; fw;G epiy ahdJ kl;Lk; mope;J Nghfhky; fhg;gjw;F vd;d top? vd;g
jid kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; ,e;j cyfpy; cs;s fw;wwpe;j rhd;Nwhu; ahUk; fz;lwpe;J
nrhy;ytpy;iy.
jPtpidapy; kfpOk; vz;zw;w Mltu;
10. vj;Jiz Mw;Ws; ,Lkzy; ePu;j;Jsp
Gw;gdp cf;f kuj;J ,iy Ez; kapu;
mj;Jiz Ak;gpwu; mQ;nrhyp dhu;kzk;
Gf;fdk; vd;W nghjpaiwg; gl;lhu;.
Mw;wpy; ePu; epuk;Gk;NghJ> mbj;J tUfpd;w nts;skhdJ vt;tsT kzy; Jfs;fis
mbj;J te;J Mw;wpy; epiwj;Js;sNjh> mt;tsT kzy; Jspfs; msTk;> me;j
Mw;wpd; nts;sj;jpy; vj;jid ePu;j;Jspfs; cs;sdNth mj;jid msTk;> Gy;ypd;kPJ
nghope;j gdpj;Jspfspd; msTk;. xt;nthU clypYk; epiwe;Js;s kapu;f;fhy;fs;
vt;tdNth mt;tsT msTk;> ,j;jid msTfSk; Nru;e;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,e;j
cyfpy; cs;s Mltu;fs;> gpwd;kid Nehf;fhky; tho;jy; vd;fpw Nguhz;ikapid
,oe;J> mofpa nrhw;fshy; kw;wtu;fis kaq;fr; nra;jplf; $ba fw;Gepiy gpwo;e;j
ngz;fspd; mofpy; kaq;fp> ,jidg; ngUk;Nguhf vz;zp kfpo;rr
; papid
milfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ,tu;fs; jPtpid vd;Dk; nfhba rpiwapy; mfg;gl;Lj;
Jd;gj;jpidAk; milfpd;wdu;.
,ope;j ,ay;Gila fw;gw;w ngz;fs;
11. jdpg;ngay; jz;Jsp jhkiuapd; Nky;
tspg;ngW khj;jpiu epd;ww;W xUtd;
mspg;gtd; fhZk; rpWtiu ay;yhy;
Jsf;fpyu; epy;yhu; Jiztisf; ifahu;.
kio nghopfpd;w NghJ jhkiu ,iyfspd; kPJ jq;fp apUf;ff; $ba Fspu;r;rpahd
kioePu;j;Jspfs;> rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; fhw;W tPRfpd;wNghJ> me;j ,lj;jpid tpl;L tpyfpr;
nrd;W tpLfpd;w ,ay;GilaJ. mjidg;Nghd;W> tisay;fis mzpe;j iffis
cila fw;G epiykhwpa ngz;fs; xUtDld; $bdhYk;> clNd NtW xUtidf;
fz;lTld;> ,tid tpLj;J mtDld; nry;tu; ,g;gb khwpkhwpr; nry;Yk; ,ope;j
,ay;G fw;G epiy gpwe;j ngz;fsplk; cs;sJ.
kf;fl; nry;tk; ,y;yhj tho;f;if
12. nghiw apyh mwpT: Nghfg;
Gzu; tpyh ,sik; Nktj;
Jiwapyh tdr thtp;
Jfpy; ,yhf; Nfhyj; J}a;ik;
eiwapyh khiy; fy;tp
24
 eykpyhg; Gyik; ed;dPu;r;
rpiwapyh efuk; NghYk;
Nrapyhr; nry;yk; md;Nw.
nghWik vd;gjhd Fzk; ,y;yhjtu;fsplk; cs;s mwpTk;> xUtDf;F ,d;gk;
juf;$bajhd Gzu;r;rpapid mile;jplhj ,sikg; gUtk;> ,wq;fpr; nrd;W jz;zPiu
mDgtpf;fg; gbfs; ,y;yhj jhkiuf; FsKk;> Milapy;yhky; nra;fpd;w
myq;fhuKk;> kzk; ,y;yhj kyu;fshy; mike;j khiyAk;> fy;tp mwpT ,y;yhky;
nfhz;Ls;s GyikAk;> ey;y ePu; epiyfs; ,y;yhj efuKk; gadw;wit. ,it
Nghd;wJ Foe;ijr; nry;tk; ,y;yhjtDila tho;f;if
ehtlf;fk; Njit
13. Mf;fk; gLf;Fk; mUe;jistha;g; nga;tpf;Fk;
Nghf;fg; gLf;Fk; Giyeufj;J ca;tpf;Fk;
fhf;fg; gLtd ,e;jpupak; Ie;jpDk;
ehf;F my;yJ ,y;iy edp NgZ khNw.
Ik;nghwpfspy; xd;whd ehf;F kw;w nghwpfis tplTk; Mw;wy; cilaJ MFk;
xUtdpd; ehf;fpypUe;J tUfpd;w Ngr;R eyk; cilajhf ,Ue;jhy;> mjd;%yk;
mtd;> rpwg;G kpFe;j nry;tj;jpidAk;> ngUikfisAk; milKbAk;; mJ eykpd;wp
,Ug;gpd; mg;Ngr;R mtidr; rpiwNghd;w nfhLikfspy; rpf;fTk; nra;J tpLk;;
eyKila Ngr;R td;ikapdhy; ,d;gKk; cau;Tk; juf;$bajhd tho;f;ifapid
mDgtpf;f Ngr;rpd; ,ay;Gk;; Ngr;rpd; juk; khWgLfpd;wNghJ nfhLikfs;
epiwe;jjhd euf tho;ifapYk; mg;Ngr;R ek;ikj; js;sptpLk;; vdNt Ik;nghwpfshd
nka;> tha;> fz; %f;F fhJ ,tw;wpy; Mw;wy; cilajhd ehf;fpid xt;nthUtUk;
kpfTk; fl;LghLfSld; fhj;jpl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
ngUikf;Fupa ,y;ywk;
14. jhuk; ey;tjk; jhq;fpj; jiyepd; kpd;
CUk; ehLk; ctj;jy; xUjiy
tPu ntd;wp tpwy;kpF tpz;ztu;
rPupd; Vj;jpr; rpwg;Gvjpu; nfhs;gNt.
vtd; xUtd; jd; kidapid md;ghff; fhg;gtdhfTk;. ey; xOf;fq;fisAk;
Nehd;GfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;gtdhfTk;. tho;fpd;whNdh> mtid mtDila Cupy;
cs;stu;fs; kl;L kpd;wp. mtDil ehLk; Nru;j;J Nghw;wpg; Gfo;khiy #l;Lk; NkYk;
,tu;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp> tPuKk; ntw;wpAk; Mw;wYk; cilatu;fshd thdpy; thOk;
Njtu;fSk; mj;jifa ngUik cilatidr; nrd;W vjpu; epd;W ghuhl;b tuNtw;
ghu;fs;.
gpwu; kidtpia tpUk;Gjy; $lhJ
15. ngz;zpd; Mfpa Ngu;mQu; G+kpAs;
vz;zk; kpf;fth; vz;zpDk; vz;zpyhh;
gpd;dp epd;w ngUtpid Nky;tUk;
vd;dJ MapDk; Vjpy;ngz; ePf;Fkpd;.
nfhLikahd Jd;gq;fs; epiwe;jjhd eufj;jpy; cs;s ghtpfspy; mjpfkhdtu;fs;>
kw;wtu; kidtpia tpUk;Gjy; vd;w jPtpid nra;jtu;fshfNt ,Ug;ghu;fs;. vdNt>
cq;fSf;F vt;tsT mjpfkhd ed;ikfs; fpilg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk; khw;whd;
kidtpia tpUk;Gjy; vd;w ghtj;jpidr; nra;af; $lhJ.
nra;af; $lhjit
16. ngha;ad; kpd;;Gwk; $wd;kpd;; ahiuAk;
itad; kpd;;tb ty;yd nrhy;yp ePu;
ca;ad; kpd;;capu; nfhd;Wz;L thOehs;
nra;ad; kpd;;rpwp ahnuhL jPad;kpd;.

25
ngha; nrhy;yf; $lhJ Gwq;$wf; $lhJ kw;wtu;fis ,opthfg; Ngrf;$lhJ ed;ik
,y;yhj thu;j;ijfisr; nrhy;yp ek;Kila cliy tsu;f;ff; $lhJ capu;fisf;
nfhiy nra;jYk;> mt;Tapupd; cliyNa czthf cz;Zjy; Nghd;w
nray;fisAk; nra;J capupid tsu;j;jplf; $lhJ. jPatu;fSld; el;GwT nfhs;sf;
$lhJ.
fsT nfhiy Kjyhd jPr;
nray;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;
17. fs;sd; kpd;;fs thapd ahitAk;
nfhs;sd; kpd;nfhiy $b tUkwk;
vs;sd; kpd;;,yu; vd;nwz;zp ahiuAk;
es;sd; kpd;;gpwu; ngz;NzhL ez;zd;kpd;.
ve;jg; nghUsiAk; jpUlf; $lhJ jpULtjd; %yk; fpilj;jplf;$ba ve;jg; gad;
ghl;bidAk; gad;gLj;jplTk;. $lhJ: Nts;tpfspy; capu;fisg; gypapl;L ed;ik
miltjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> Xu; capupidg; gypapl;lhy; mjd;%yk; ngupa ahfj;jpidr;
nra;j gyd; fpilf;Fk; vd;W ahuhtJ $wpdhYk; mitfis ek;gp ve;j Xu;
capupidAk; gypapLk;> nfhiyj; njhopypidr; nra;af; $lhJ nghUsw;w tWik
epiyapy; tho;e;jplf; $batu;fs; vd;W ahiuAk; ,opthfg; Ngrf; $lhJ: kw;wtupd;
kidtp kPJ Mir nfhs;sf; $lhJ.
rpwg;GilaJ md;djhdk;
18. Jw;Ws thfj; njhFj;J tpuy;itj;jJ
vw;Wf;F m/J cd;dpd; ,Jmjd; fhuzk;
mw;wk;,y; jhdk; vidg;gy MapDk;
Jw;wtpo; xt;thj; JzpT vd;D khNw.
ehd; Jwtpahf ,Ue;Jk;> vd; ifepiwar; Nrhw;wpid Ve;jp ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwd;.
mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> gytifahd gyd;fisj; juf;$ba jhdq;fs; vd;W gyjhdq;fs;
,Ue;jhYk;> xUtuJ kdijAk;> tapw;wpidAk; epiwar; nra;Ak; xNu rpwe;j jhdk;
md;djhdk; vd;gjdhy;> ehd; ,e;j cztpid Kltu;fshf> grpAld;
cs;stu;fSf;Fj; jhdk; nra;a vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;Nwd;.
ey;ywq;fisr; nra;jy;
19. Mw;Wkpd;> mUs; MUapu; khl;nly;yhk;;
J}w;W kpd; mwk;> Njhk; edp Jd;dd;kpd;;
khw;W kpd; fop khaKk; khdKk;;
Nghw;W kpd;nghU sh,it nfhz;L ePu;.
vy;yh capu;fsplKk; vg;NghJk; md;GlDk; ,uf;fj;JlDk; gof Ntz;Lk;> xt;nthU
ehSk; ew;nray;fis kl;LNk nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nray;fspd; ed;ikfis kw;wtu;
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;gbahf vLj;Jiuj;jYk; ey;ywNk MFk;. jPtpidfis vg;NghJk;
nra;a epide;jplf; $lhJ. mtw;why; Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fis vz;zpg; gae;J mtw;iwf;
iftpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kw;wtu;fis Vkhw;Wjy; cs;spl;l tQ;rfr; nray;fisAk;>
nra;ahky; tpl;Lj; jd;Kidg;G kpFjpahff; $ba ey;ywq;fisf; nra;J cyfpy;
GfOld; ePq;fs; tho;e;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
mUl;nry;tNk cau;e;jJ
20. nghUisg; nghUshg; nghjpe;J Xk;gy; nry;yhJ
mUisg; nghUsh mwk;nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;;
mUisg; nghUsh mwk; nra;J thd;fz;
,Us;,y; ,ay;G va;jhJ vd;Ndh ekuq;fhs;.
cyfpaiyg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ nghUl; nry;tk; cau;e;jjhfj; njupfpd;wJ MdhYk;
ehk; mj;jifa nghUl; nry;tk; cau;e;jJ vd;W vz;zp mjidr; Nru;g;gjid
tpl;Ltpl;L cau;e;j epiyj;j cWjpg; nghUshfj; jpfo;e;jplf; $bajhd mUl;
nry;tj;jpidNa rpwe;jJ vd;W czu;e;J mjid md;gpd; topajhd ey;ywq;fs;
26
nra;tjd; %yk; mile;jpl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb tho;e;Njhk; vd;W nrhd;dhy; ekf;F
,t;Tyf ,d;gk; kl;Lkpd;wp Nky; cyfkhd nrhu;ff ; k; kw;Wk; Nkhl;r cyfj;jpy;
fpilj;jpLk; gad;fSk; cs;spl;l ,dpa tho;f;ifAk; fpilf;Fk;. ,j;jifa ,d;gk;
juf; $bajhd Nkhl;r cyfpd; ,d;gj;jpid mila ez;gu;fNs ePq;fs; tpUk;ghjJ
Vd;?
Cd; cz;gJk; capu;f;nfhiyNa
21. jfhJ capu;nfhy; thdpd;
kpfhik ,iy ghtk;
mth tpiyapy; cz;ghd;
Gyhy; ngUfy; Ntz;Lk;
Gfh tiy tpyq;fha;g;
nghwhJ gpw Cd; nfhd;W
mth tpiyapy; tpw;ghDk;
Mz;L mJNt Ntz;Lkhy;.
Gyhy; cztpid cz;gtu;fSf;F Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf gpw capu;fisf; nfhiy
nra;fpd;wtDf;Fk;; mf;nfhiyapd; fhuzkhf ghtk; te;J Nru;fpd;wJ. fhuzk; ,tu;
cz;gtu;fSf;F mjpfkhd ,iwr;rp fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;whd;. mjdhy; ,t;T+d; cztpid cz;Z fpd;wtDk; ghtpNa. mjpfkhd
,iwr;rp fpilf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W ,tDk; vz;Zfpd;whd;.
NkYk; ,tDf;F Ntz;Lk; vd;gjdhNyNa me;j capu; nfhy;yg;gl;lJ vd;gjdhy;
mjdhy; cz;lhd ghtk; nfhy;gtDf;F kl;Lkpd;wp> me;j Gyhy; cztpid
cz;gtidAk;> te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.

Cd; cz;gjd; jPik

22. gpwtpf; flyfj;J Muha;e;J czupd;
njWtjpy; Fw;wk; ,yhu;fSk; ,y;iy
mwtif Xuh tplf;F kpir Nthu;
Fiwtpd;wpj; jk;Rw;wk; jpd;wdu; Mth.
gpwtpahfpa flypdpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd Jd;gq;fs; midtUf;Fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
me;jj; Jd;gq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;e;J ghu;j;jhy;> mjpy;
capu;f;nfhiyapdhy; cz;lhd Fw;wq;fspd; ghtKk; Nru;e;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt
capu;nfhiy Gupahjtu;fs; ahUNk ,Uf;f KbahJ ey;ywq;fisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;shky;> Gyhy; czTfis tpUk;gp cz;gtu;fs; cz;gJ VNjh xU khkprkhf
,Ue;jhYk;> mJ mtu;fspd; kidtp> kf;fs;> cwtpdu; Nghd;wtu;fspd; clypidNa
rikj;J cz;gjidg; Nghd;w nrayhfNt mike;J> jPikiaj; je;J ghtj;jpidr;
Nru;g;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.
Cd; cz;zhik cs;spl;l ew;nray; Gupgtu; cae;jfjpapid miltu;
23. capu;fs; xk;Gkpd; Cd;tpioe;J cz;zd;kpd;
nrapu;fs; ePq;Fkpd; nrw;wk; ,fo;e;J XuP,f;
fjpfs; ey;YUf; fz;ldpu; ifnjhO
kjpfs; Nghy kWtpypu; Njhd;WtPu;.
capu;fsplk; NtWghL fUjhky; mtw;iwf; fUizAld; ghJfhj;jpl Ntz;Lk;
capu;fisf; nfhd;W> mjDila clw; rijia cz;Zk; Cd; czit
cz;zhky; tpl Ntz;Lk;. Nfhgk; nfhs;tjidAk; tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;> fhkk;>
gifik Kjyhd jPikfis tpl;L tpyfp> midtuplKk; md;G nra;J tho;e;jPu;fs;
vd;why;> cq;fSf;Ff; Fiwfsw;w Nkyhd> Njtu; cyfj;jpy; thOk; tha;g;G
fpilf;Fk;> NkYk; mq;Nf ePq;fs; cyfk; ifnjhOJ tzq;Fk; re;jpuidg; Nghd;W
xspkakhd tho;tpid mile;jpLtPu;fs;.
jt tho;Nt rpwg;GiljhFk;

27
 24. nghUnshL Nghfk; Gzu;jy; cwpDk;
mUSjy; rhd;w mUe;jtk; nra;k;kpd;
,Us;,y; fjpr; nrd;W ,dp ,tz; thuPu;
njUsy; cwpDk; njUz;kpd; mJNt.
ed;ndwpfs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpj; njhopy; nra;J>
,y;ywj;jpYk; kidtpAld; tho;j;jplf; $batu;fshf ,Uj;jhYk; ,t;tho;f;if Kiw
ahdJ> mUl;jd;ikAila jt tho;f;iff;F ek;ik khw;wpf; nfhs;sj; jil
nra;tjhf mikj;Jtplf; $lhJ mjhtJ jttho;T vd;gJ fhtp cLj;jYk;>
nfhl;il> nkhl;il jupj;jYk; ,y;iy ,y;yw newpapdpy; cs; epd;wthNw. nghUspd;
kPJ Mirapd;wpAk;> Nghfj;jpy; %o;fptplhkYk; jk;Kila Jd;gq;fisg; nghWj;J
Mw;wpapUj;jYk;> gpw capu;fSf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;ahjpUj;jYk; vd;git MFk;.
,j;jifa jt tho;f;if newpfSf;F cl;gl;L tho;j;jplf; $batu;fs; gpwtpj; Jd;gk;
ePq;fp> Nkyhd cyfj;jpy; Kf;jpepiyapid mile;jpLthu;fs;! vd;gjid ed;whf
czu;e;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
vJ jtk; ?
25. jtj;jpd; Nky; ciu jtj;jpiw
jdf;fyJ mupNj
kaf;F ePq;Fjy; kdk;nkhop
nahLk;sapy; nrwpjy;
ctj;jy; fha;jnyhL ,yhJgy;
tif capu;f;F mUis
eaj;J ePq;Fjy; nghUs;jid
midaJk; mwpeP>
Nkyhd jttho;f;ifapy; njhlu;e;J epiyj;J epw;gJ vd;gJ jtq;fspd; ehafdhfpa
jiytd; mUff; flTshuy; kl;LNk ,aYk; jk;ikg; Nghd;wtu;fSf;F> mj;jifa
jt tho;T vd;gJ kpfTk; mupjhd xd;whFk;. ngha;ahd ,ay;Gila nghUs;fisNa
cz;ikahdit vd;W epidj;J kaq;Fk; kaf;fj;jpypUe;J njspe;J cz;ikahd
Qhd epiyapid miljYk;> kdk;> nkhop> nray;fshy; ew;nray;fis nra;jYk;>
Mir> ntWg;G Nghd;w ,UNtWg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ePf;FjYk;> ngha;ahd jd;ik
cila nghUs;fspd; kPJ ekf;Fz;lhFk; Mirapid ePf;FjYk;> gpw capu;fsplj;jpy;
md;Gld; ,Uj;jYk;> cyfj;jtu;fshd ehk; gpd; gw;Wtjw;Fupa jtr; nray;fshFk;
vd;gjidj; njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;!
fhkj;jpw;Ff; fz; ,y;iy
26. vz;zpd;wpNa JzpAk; vt;top ahDk; XLk;
cs;epd;W cUf;Fk; cuNthu; ciuNfhly; ,d;whk;
ez;zpd;W NaAk; eathiu eae;J epw;Fk;
fz;zpd;W fhkk; edpfhKW thiu tPo;f;Fk;
fhkj;jpw;Fr; rpwpa msT $l Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; jpwd; fpilahJ. vdNt ey;top
vJ? jPatop vJ? vd;W epidj;J ghu;j;jplhky; ve;j topfspy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; mJ
nray; gLk;. vdNt fz;%bj;jdkhd ,e;j nraiy cila fhkj;jpw;Ff; fz;
,y;iy vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,e;jf; fhkczu;T mjpfupj;jTld; mjid
mila Kbahky; Nghdhy;> kdjpy; vOe;j me;j MirahdJ kdjpidj;
Jd;GWj;JtJld; clypidAk; nkypAk; gbahfr; nra;J tpLk;. NkYk;
ey;ywpQu;fspd; ey;YiufisAk; Vw;fhJ. tpUg;gj;jfhjtu;fis tpUk;gf; $bajhd
,op nraiyr; nra;Ak;. jPanray;fisr; nra;jpLtjd; %yk; jPtpidfis Vw;Fk;.
,j;jifa jPikfisr; nra;tjdhy; fhkj;jpw;Ff; fz; ,y;iy
fhkj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; jPikfs;
27. rhd;Nwhu; ctg;gj; jdpepd;W
gopg;g fhzhu; Md;whq;F mike;j Futu;
28
 nkhopNfhly; <ahu;
thd;jhq;fp epd;w Gfo;khR
gLg;gu; fhkd;
jhd;jhq;fp tpl;l fiznka;g;
gLkhap df;fhy;.
kd;kjd;jd; ifapdpy; Ve;jpAs;s fUk;G tpy;ypid tisj;J kyu;ff ; idapidj; ve;j
kdpjd; kPJ njhLj;jhYk;> mk;kyu;fizapdhy; jPz;lg;gl;l kdpjd;> cldbahf>
rhd;Nwhu; ntWj;jplf; $ba fhkj;jpid cilatdhf khwptpLtjdhy;> mr;rhd;Nwhu;
ngUkf;fs; mtid ntWj;J xJf;fp tpLthu;fs;. ,e;epiyapy;> gopapid Vw;W> xU
ghtpahfj; jd; Rw;wk; midj;jpidAk; ,oe;J epw;f Ntz;batdhf mtd;
js;sg;gLthd;. jk;Kila Mrpupau;fs; $Wk; mwpTiwfisAk; Nfl;fkhl;lhd;;
jd;Dila nfhilj; jd;ikapidAk;> Fyg;ngUikfisAk;> GfopidAk; ,oe;J
epw;Fk; gbahd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLthd;.
fhkj;jpd; jPik - klNyWjy;
28. khvd;W ciuj;J kly;VWg kd;W NjhWk;
G+vd;W vUf;fpd; ,zu;R+Lg Gd;iknfhz;Nl
Nga;vd;W vOe;J gpwu; Mu;g;gTk; epw;gu;fhk
Neha;ed;F vOe;J edpfho;f;nfhs;t jhapdf;fhy;.
xUtd; fhkkpFjpapd; fhuzkhfj; jhd; mila epidj;j ngz;iz mila
,ayhky; Nghfpd;w jUzj;jpy;> fhkj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; gidkly;fspdhy; Fjpiuapid
nra;J> mjd; kPJ Vwp mku;e;J capu;tpLtjhff; $Wthu;fs;; jpUkzkhiy vd;W
nrhy;ypagb> vUf;fk;G+tpdhy; mike;j khiyapid mzpe;J nfhs;thu;fs;; NkYk;
kw;wtu;fs; ,opthfg; NgRk;
gbahfTk;> rpWtu;fs; Vsdk; nra;J> Nga; vd;W $wp rpupj;jgbNa> mg;gidapdhyhd
Fjpiuapid mtDld; Nru;j;J ,Oj;Jr; nry;tJ Nghd;w nray;fisr; nra;a
Kw;gLgthu;fs;. ,j;jifa ,ope;j epiyapid cz;lhf;FtJ fhkNk MFk;.
fhkk; nfhz;ltu; ntl;fk; nfhs;shu;
29. ef;Nf tpyhrpWtu; ehZtu;
ehZk; Ntz;lhu;.
Gf;Nf fplg;gu; fdTk;
epidifAk; Vw;gu;
Jw;W}z; kwg;gu; mOtu; edp
JQ;ry; ,y;yhu;
ew;Nwhs; kpifngupJ ehLmwp
Jd;gk; Mf;Fk;>
kpFe;j fhkk; nfhz;ltu;fs; Nkw;nrhd;d nray;fisg; Nghd;w ,opthd
nray;fspy; <LgLtjidf; fz;L fatu;fs; jk;tpyh vYk;Gfs; typj;jpLk; gbahf
Vsdk; nra;J rpupj;jpLthu;fs; ,j;jifa epiyapidf; fz;l rhd;Nwhu;> kw;wtu;
,opitAk; jk;KilajhfNt nfhz;L ehzk; mil jiyFdpe;jpLtu; Mdhy; fhKfu;
ntl;fk; vd;gij czukhl;lhu;fs; NkYk; cztpidAk; cwf;fk; ,y;yhky;> xUtpj
ngz;fis vz;zp fhkj;Jd;gj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; Gyk;gp mOtu.; ,j;jifa gy
,opthd nray;fspd; Jd;gj;jpid mile;J> ,opthd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLk; epiy
fhKfu;fSf;F cz;lhFk;.
fw;gpyh kfspu; njhlu;G gadw;wJ
30. munrhL el;ltu; Ms;g tpUj;jp
munthL el;ltu; Ml;bAk; cz;gu;
Guptis Kd;ifg; Gid,io ey;yhu;
tpufpyu; vd;W tpLj;jdu; Kd;Nd.

29
murd;. ghk;G> fw;gpy;yhj ngz;fs; ,e;j %tuplKk; vg;NghJk; el;G nfhs;Sjy;
$lhJ vd;Wk;> mg;gb nra;jhy; ,jdhy; jPikahd gy tpisTfNs Vw;gLk; vd;Wk;
kd;du; Nghd;wtuplk; el;G nfhs;s Ntz;ba #oy;; Vw;gl;lhYk;> mtu;fsplk; 'jPapd;
mZfhd;> tpyfhd;" Nghd;W goFtjd; %yk; rpy ed;ikfis mile;jplyhk;.
mt;thNw> ghk;gpidAk;> gof;fj;jpd;%yk; tpj;ijfhl;Lk; nghUshf khw;wp. ftdj;Jld;
nray;gl;lhy; mjd; %ykhfTk; nghUsPl;b ed;ikapid mile;jpl ,aYk;> Mdhy;
ve;jtifapYk; ed;ik juhky; jPikapid kl;LNk juf;$bajhd fw;gpy;yhj kfspu;
jk; njhlu;gpid nfhs;sf; $lhJ mg;gb khl;bf; nfhz;lhYk; tpl;nlhope;J kPs
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kd;Ndhu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.
fstpdhy; tUk; jPik
31. gPL,y; nra;jpfshy; fstpy; gpwu;
tPby; gy;nghUs; nfhz;l gad;vdf;
$bf; fhnyhL iffisg; gw;wp itj;J
Xly; ,d;wp ciyaf; Fiwf;FNk.
kw;wtu; nghUs;fisj; jpULk; jpUlu;fs; gpbgl;lhy; mtu;fis kd;dd; rpiwapy;
milj;jpLk; gbahfTk;> mtu;fs; iffspYk;> fhy;fspYk; tpyq;F G+l;b fl;b
itj;jpLk; gbahfTk;> jz;lidfs; jUtjdhy; jpUlu;fs; jg;gp Xl Kbahky;
NghtJld;> if fhy;fis ntl;Ljy; Nghd;w nray;fspd; kd tUj;jj;jpidAk;>
cly;tUj;jj;jpidAk; mile;jpLk; gbahfTk; jz;bj;jpLthd;
ngha; $whikapd; ed;ik
32. ngha;apd; ePq;Fkpd;; ngha;apd;ik G+z;L nfhz;L
Iak; ,d;wp mwnewp Mw;Wkpd;;
itfy; Ntjid te;Jwy; xd;wpd;wpf;
nfsitapy; cyF va;Jjy; fz;lNj.
ngha; Ngrf;$lhJ. ngha;ahik vd;gJ Xu; mofhd mzpfydhFk;. mjid
mzpe;J nfhz;L xt;nthU ehSk; ew;nray;fis kl;LNk nra;jpl Ntz;Lk;
mj;jifa tho;f;if Kiwapid Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fs;> ,e;jg; gpwtpapy; ,d;gkhd
tho;f;ifapidg; ngWjy; kl;Lkpd;wp> tUfpd;w gpwtpfspYk; Jd;gkpy;yhj
tho;f;ifapidAk;> nrhu;ff ; cyfpidAk; milayhk; vd;W rhd;Nwhu;fs; mwpe;J
$wpAs;sdu;.
ngha;NgRtjd; jPik
33. fy;tp ,d;ikAk; ifg;nghUs; NghfYk;
ey;ypy; nry;yy;fshy; eypT cz;ikAk;
ngha;apy; ngha;NahL $Ljw;F MFjy;
Iak; ,y;iy mJ fbe;J Xk;Gkpd;.
ngha; NgRtjid tpUk;Gtu;fSf;Ff; fy;tpapdhy; mile;jplf; $bajhd ey;ywpT
if tuhJ. NkYk; ngupa nry;te;ju;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fsJ nghUl; nry;tKk;
mope;J Ngha; tpLk; xt;nthUehSk; nra;fpd;w vy;yhr; nray;fSk; Jd;gj; jpidNa
Vw;gLj;jp tUj;Jk; ,it midj;Jk; cz;ikahFk;. ,jpy; re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lk;
,y;iy. vdNt ngha; NgRtjid iftpl;L> Jd;gq;fspypUe;J ck;ikf; fhj;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
nfhy;yhikapd; gad;
34. cyFld; tpsq;fcau; rPu;j;jp epiy nfhs;spd;
epiyapy; fjpehd;fpd; ,ilepd;W jLkhWk;
myfpy; Jau; mQ;rpd; capu; mQ;r tUk; tQ;rf;
nfhiynahopkpd; vd;W edp $wpdu; mwpe;jhu;.
,t;Tyfj;jpdpy; ePz;l GfOld; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpd;wtu;fSk;>
ehy;tifahd gpwg;GepiyfspypUe;Jk; tpLgl;L> ed;ik juf;$bajhd tPL Ngw;wpid
milj;jpl tpUk;Gfpd;wtu;fSk; nra;a Ntz;baJ xd;Wjhd; capu; mr;RWj;jf;

30
$bajhd capu;f;nfhisapidr; nra;ahky; tpLtPu;fshapd; Nkw;nrhd;d ed;ikfs;
te;J NrUk;' vd;W cz;ik newpapid czu;j;jtu;fshd jtr; rhd;Nwhu;fs;
mwpTWj;Jfpd;wdu;.
nry;tk; epiyaw;wJ
35. nts;sk; kwtp tpwy; Nte;ju; jPj;jhak;
fs;tu; vd;W ,t;thwpw; iffug;gj; jPu;e;jfYk;
cs;spy; xUnghUis xl;lhJ xope;jtu;
vs;Sk; ngUe;Jau;Neha; vt;tk; ,fg;gNth.
nts;sj;jpdhYk;> kwjpapdhYk;> kd;ddpd; fl;lisapd; fhuzkhfTk;> neUg;gpdhYk;>
fhaj;jhuhYk;> jpUlu;fshYk; mope;JNghFk; jd;ikAilaJ nghUl;nry;tkhFk;.
Mifapdhy; epiyapy;yhj ,e;jg; ngha;j;jd;ik cila nghUl; nry;tj;jpd; kPJ
Mir itj;jplhky; tho;e;J kw;wtu;fshy; Jwtpfs; vd;W ,fog;glf; $bajhd
Jd;gk; %yKk; ciuAk; Vw;gl;lhYk;> nghUspd; kPJ Mirapy;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy;>
gpwtp vd;gjhd Jd;gj;jpid ePf;fp cau;thd Nkhl;repiyapid mile;jpLthu;fs;.
jhdj;jpw;Fg; gad;glhj nry;tk; mope;JtpLk;
36. xope;j gpwmwd; cz;nld;ghu; cl;f
mope;J gpwu; mthk; tk;gg; nghUis
,oe;J rpwpjhDk; va;jhJ xope;jhu;
mope;J ngUe;Jau; Neha;fF ; my;yhg; gtNu.
nghUl;nry;tj;jpidj; Njbr; Nru;g;gtu;fs;> jhk; <l;ba nghUs;%yk; clDf;Fld;
jhdjUkq;fisr; nra;jpl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;jplhky;> ,g;NghJ epiwa
nry;tj;jpid <l;btpl;L> gpd;du; jUkq;fspy; nrytplyhk; vd;W Nru;j;J itj;jpl
KaYthu;fNs Mdhy;> mtu;fs; gae;jpLk;gbahf> mr;nry;tk; mtu;fis tpl;L ePq;fp
tpLk;. nry;tj;jpd; gad; cz;ikapy; vd;d vd;gjid czuhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
mjid ,oe;jgpd;G tUe;j Ntz;ba R+oy; mikAk;
nghUl; nry;tk; jUk; rpf;fy;
37. ,d;ik ,spthk; cilik capu;f;F mr;rk;
kd;dy; rpwpjha; kaf;fk; ngupjhfpg;
Gd;ik cWf;Fk; Giu,y; nghUisj;
Jd;dhJ xope;jhu; JwNth tpOkpNj.
nghUl; nry;tk; ,y;yhky; tho;e;jplf; $bajhd tWikahd tho;f;if vd;gJk;
kpfTk; ,opthd xd;whFk;. Mdhy; mNj nghUl; nry;tj;jpid mjpfkhf
cilatu;fshf tho;fpd;w tho;f;ifAk; gaj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp epk;kjpapid
,of;Fk;gbahfr; nra;J tpLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa jd;ik cilajdhy;> nghUl; nry;tk;
ngWfpd;w GfOk; Fiwe;j msNt MFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jg; nghUshy; eilngWk;
nray;fs; ngupadthFk;. vdNt ,j;jifa ,ay;Gila nghUl;nry;tj;jpd; kPJ Mir
nfhs;shky; tho;fpd;w JwT tho;f;ifNa kpfTk; cau;e;jjhFk;.
JwNt rpwe;j Mw;wy;
38. <z;ly; mupjha;f; nfLjy; vspjhfp
ehz;ly; rpwpjha; eLf;fk; gyjUck;
khz;gpy; ,aw;if kUtpy; mUk;nghUis
Ntz;lhJ xope;jhu; tpwNyh tpOkpNj.
nghUl;nry;tk; vd;gJ <l;Ltjw;F kpfTk; mupajhd xd;whFk;. Mdhy; NtfkhfTk;
vspikahfTk; mope;Jtplf; $bajhFk;. mg;gb mope;J tplhky; mjid ghJfhg;gJ
vd;gJk; kpfTk; mupjhdjhFk;. mg;gbNa rpukg;gl;Lr; Nru;j;J itj;jhYk; mjdhy; ga
czu;tpdhy; eLq;fpagbjhd; thoNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa ngUikfs; ,y;yhj nghUl;
nry;tj;jpid tpUk;ghky;> tpl;Ltpyfp tho;e;jpLk; rhd;Nwhu;fspd; Mw;wNy cyfpy;
kpfTk; rpwg;Gk; ntw;wpAk; cilajhFk;.
nghUspd; kPJ gw;ww;w tho;Nt rpwg;GilaJ
31
 39. ,y;nydpd; tho;f;ifAk; ,y;iy cz;lha;tpbd;
nfhy;tu; fatu; nfhsg;gl;Lk; tPLthu;
,y;iycz; lha;tpbd; ,k;ik kWikf;Fk;
Gy;nyd;W fhl;Lk; Gzu;tJk; md;Nw.
nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;iynad;whYk; thoNt KbahJ mNj nghUl;nry;tk; mjpfkhf
,Ue;jhYk; mjidj; jpUlu;fs; nfhz;L nrd;W tpLthu;fs;. mNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp
mj;jifa jpUl;Lfs; eilngWk; jUzq;fspy;> mg;nghUis cilatu;fspd;
capupDf;Fk; Mgj;J Vw;gLk; mtyKk; epfOk; my;yJ> nghUspidg; gwpnfhLj;j
fyf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; Jd;gj;jpdhy; jhdhfNt ,we;J tpLthu;fs;. my;yJ nghUNs
,y;yhj tho;f;ifAk; ,g;gpwtpapy; kl;Lkpd;wp njhlUk; gpwtpAk; gadw;wjhfNt
mikAk; NkYk; xUtu; epidj;j NghJ nghUis mile;jplTk; ,ayhJ. mj;jifa
jd;ikfs; cila nghUspd; kPJ Mir itj;jplhky; tho;tNj ed;ikahFk;.
,sik epiyapy;yhjJ
40. Nty;fz; klthu; tpioT xopaahk; tpioaf;
Nfhy;fz; newpfhl;lf; nfhy;$w;W cioajhk;
ehw;gJ ,fe;jhk; eiuj;J}Jk; te;jJ ,dp
ePj;jy; Jzpthk; epiyahJ ,sikNa>
fhz;gtiu mofpdhy; nfhy;Yk; jd;ik cilajidg; Nghd;W $uhd mofpa Nty;
Nghd;w fz;fis cila ngz;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iynad;whYk; $l> Mz;fspd; Mir
ahdJ tpiutpy; jzpahJ KJikapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w js;shikf;Ff; ifapy;
Nfhy; Cd;Wk; fhyj;jpy; vkd; ekf;F mUfpdpy; te;J tpl;lhd; vd;gjid czu
Ntz;Lk; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa 40 taJfis milfpd;w fhyj;jpdpNyNa jiyapy; Kbfs;
eiuf;fj; njhlq;fp tpLk;. mJ vkd; ekf;F mDg;gpa J}J vd;gjhf ehk; czu
Ntz;Lk; vdNt ,e;j clYk; mjd; ,isikAk; epiyapy;yhJ vd;gjid czu;e;J>
,jd; kPJ Mir nfhs;tjid tpLj;J> JwT Nkw;nfhs;tJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
mwk; jUk; ed;ik
41. ,sikAk; epiyahthy;; ,d;gKk; epd;w my;y:
tsikAk; m/NjNghy; itfYk; Jd;gnts;sk;
csntd epidahNj nry;fjpf;F vd;Wk; vd;Wk;
tpisepyk; cOthu;Nghy; tpj;JePu; nra;J nfhz;kpd;.
kdpj tho;tpy; ,sikAk; epiyapy;yhjJ. kfpo;rr ; papidj; jUtjw;fhf mDgtpf;Fk;
,d;gq;fSk; epiyapy;yhjJ. ,jid mDgtpf;fg;gad;gLk; nry;tKk; epiyapy;yhjJ
xt;nthU ehSk; Jd;gKk; nts;sk;Nghy; ek;ikr; R+o;fpd;wJ. vdNt ,e;j ,sikAk;>
nry;tKk; epiyahdJ vd;W epidj;jplf;$lhJ mg;gb mjidg; ghJfhj;jhYk;
mjdhy; ve;j gaDk; mLj;j gpwtpf;Ff; fpilj;jplhJ vdNt cotu;fs; jk;Kila
epyj;jpypUe;J mWtil nra;j jhdpaj;jpd; xU gFjpapid gf;Ftkhf mLj;j
tpijf;Fr; Nrkpj;Jg; gad; gLj;Jtjidg; Nghd;W> ,g;gpwtpapy; fpilj;j nry;tk;.
,sik ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L ey;ywq;fisr; nra;J mLj;j gpwtpf;fhd
Gz;zpaj;jpidr; Nru;j;jpl Ntz;Lk;
gpwtpapid tpUk;ghjtu; clk;iaAk; tpUk;ghu;
42. kw;Wk; njhlu;g;ghL vtd;nfhy; gpwg;gWf;fy;
cw;whu;f;F clk;Gk; kpif mit cs;topg;
gw;wh tpidaha;g; gygy Nahdpfs;
mw;why; coYk; mWj;jw;F mupNj.
vtu; xUtu; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpwe;J coYk; ,e;j tho;f;if KiwahdJ
Njitapy;iy vd;W tpUk;Gfpd;whNuh> mtu; nra;a Ntz;baJ ,e;j cyfpayp
cyfpaypy; cs;s nghUs;fspd; kPjhd Mirapid tpyf;FjNy MFk;. mg;gb
vjd;kPJk; Mirapy;yhj tho;f;ifapy;> VJk; Njitaw;w epiyapy; ,e;j clYk;
mtu;fSf;F tPz; Rikahd xd;whfNt Njhd;Wk;. vdNt MirfNs kPz;Lk; Njhd;Wk;

32
gpwtpfSf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ vdNt clypd;kPJk;> cyfg; nghUs;fspd;kPJ
Njhd;Wk; Mirapid mlf;fhtpby; ,g;gpwtpAk;> njhlUk; gpwtpAk; Jd;gkhfNt
mikAk; Mjyhy;> gpwtpapid Ntz;lhjtu; vg;nghUspd; kPJk; Mir nfhs;sf;
$lhJ.
,uj;jf;fiwapid mNj ,uj;jj;jpdhy; ePf;f KbahJ
43. cw;w cjpuk; xopg;ghd; fypq;fj;ij
kw;wJ Njha;j;Jf; fOTjy; vd; xf;Fk;
gw;wpdhy; Mfpa ghtj;ij kPl;Lk;
gw;nwhL epd;W giwf;FW khW.
xUtd; ,e;j cyfpaypy; fpilf;Fk; ,d;gq;fspy; Mir nfhz;L nra;fpd;w vy;yhr;
nraYk;> mtid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghtq;fisr; nra;jtdpd; gl;baypy; js;Sfpd;wJ.
vdNt kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Jd;gk; jUk; gpwtpfisNa mtd; mila Ntz;bAs;sJ
kPz;Lk; Mikia tsu;j;jy; xU Jzpapy; gbe;j ,uj;jf; fiuapid> mNj ,uj;j
Jspfshy; Jilf;f Kay;tJ Nghd;wjhFk;. ,jdhy; vg;gbg; gad; ,y;iyNah>
mt;thNw> Mirfis mlf;fhky; gpwtpia ePf;Fjy; vd;gJk; ,ayhjjhFk;.
fhyj;ij tPzhf;fplhky; ey;ywk; nra;jpl Ntz;Lk;
44. jhdk; nra;jpyk; jtKk; md;dNj
fhdk; Njha;epy tpw;F mopT va;jpd
ehdk; Njha;Foy; ekf;Fa;jy; cz;Nlh
khdk; jPu;e;jtu; khw;wk;ngha; my;ythy;.
thridj; japyq;fs; G+rpa mlu;e;j $e;jiy cila ngz;Nz! ehk; ,e;j ehs;
tiuapy; ve;jtpjkhd jhdq;fisAk;> jtnewpfisAk; nra;jpltpy;iy. vdNt
,Jtiu ehk; tho;e;j tho;ehl;fs; vd;gJ fhl;by; tPrpa epy nthspapidg; Nghd;W
gad; ,y;yhky; tPzhfp tpl;lJ. Fw;wkw;w rhd;Nwhu; $wpa thu;j;ijfs; ek;tho;tpy;
cz;ikahfp tpl;lJ.
Mw;wYila mUfd;
45. gUte;J rhyg; gyu;nfhy; vd;nwz;zp
xUte;jk; cs;sj;J ctj;jy; xopkpd;
ntUte;j Jd;gk; tpLf;Fk; jpwNyhd;
xUtd; cyfpw;F csd;vd;D khNw.
kdpju;fs; ahUk; jdf;F Nkyhd ,d;gq;fs; fpilj;jNghJ mjpfkhd kfpo;rr ; pAk;>
my;yJ Jd;gk; Neu;fpd;w NghJ ,g;gb te;jNj vd;W jsu;r;rpAk; miljy; $lhJ
,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; cyfpd; ,ay;GfshFk;. vdNt ,it ,uz;bidAk; fl;b itj;J
,af;Fk; Mw;wy; cila xUtu; mUfNjtd; kl;LNk vd;gjid czu;e;J tpUg;G>
ntWg;Gfis ePf;fp tho;e;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
cz;ikj;jtk; midj;Jk; jUk;
46. ca;j;J xd;wp Vu;je;J cocOJ Mw;wTk;.
tpj;jpd;wpg; igq;$o; tpisf;Fwy; vd;xf;Fk;
nka;j;jtk; ,y;yhd; nghUNshL Nghfq;fl;Fk;
va;j;J coe;Njjhd; ,lu;g;gL khNw.
Kw;gpwtpfspy; cz;ikahd jtnewpfspy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;L ey;ywq;fisr;
nra;J mjd; %ykhd Gz;zpaj; jpid milahjtd;> ,g;gpwspapy;> nghUl;nry;tk;
,d;wpAk; mjdhy; tUk; ,d;gq;fis mila ,ayhkYk; Jd;gj;jpy; rpf;fp
tUe;Jthd; Mdhy; jdf;Fk; nghUl;nry;tKk; mjdu yhd ,d;gKk; fpilj;jpl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtd; tpUk;GtJ vd;gJ> tpij ney; ,y;yhj epiyapNyNa xUtd;>
jd; epyj;jpid vUJfs; G+l;b cOJ gapu; tpise;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gtjhd
nray; Nghd;wjhFk;.
nghUl;nry;tj;jpd; rpwg;G

33
 47. Fyk; jUk; fy;tp nfhzu;e;J Kbf;Fk;
mye;j fpisfs; mopgrp jPu;f;Fk;
epyk;gf ntk;gpa ePs;Ruk; Nghfpg;
Gyk;gpy; nghUs;jug; Gd;fz;ik cz;Nlh.
nghUl;nry;tk; kpFjpahf cila xUtd; mjd;%yk; jk;Kila Fyj;jpd;
ngUikapid mile;jpLthd; fy;tpr; nry;tq;fisAk; vy;yh ,lj;jpdpYk; Njbj;
nrd;W milj;jpLthd; jd;Dila cwtpdu;fspd; tWikapdhy; cz;lhd grpapidg;
Nghf;fpLthd; vdNt> G+kpNa gpse;J tpLk;gbahd jd;ik cila nfhba ntg;gk;
tPrf; $ba ghiytdq; fisf; fle;J nrd;whtJ xUtd; Nkw;nrhd;d ed;ikfisj;
juf;$ba nghUl;nry;tj;jpid mile;jpl Ntz;Lk; mg;gb mile;Jtpl;lhy; gpd;du;
mtDila tho;tpy; Jd;gNk tuhJ.
nghUspy;yhjtiu midtUk; ,fo;tu;
48. nfl;Nlk; ,Jvk; epiy vd;W rhu;jw;fz;
el;ltu; my;yhu; edpkpFgtu; Rw;wk;
ngl;lJ nrhy;ypg; ngupJ ,fo;e;J Mw;wTk;
vl;lte;J Xuplj;J Vfp epw;gNt.
jd; ifg; nghUis ,oe;j xUtd; tWikapy; tUe;jp> jd; tWik epiyikapidg;
gw;wp kw;wtu;fsplk; vLj;Jf; $wpdhd; vd;why;> mg;NghJ mtdplk; ,Jtiu neUq;fpa
cwtpdu; Nghy; jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j mtu;fs;> ve;j cjtpAk; nra;jplhky;> mtid
tpl;L tpyfpr; nrd;wpLthu;fs;. NkYk; NtW ,lq;fspy; nrd;W> nghUsw;wtid
,opthfTk; NgRthu;fs; ,JNt cyfj;jtupd; ,ay;G>
nghUsw;wtiu ahUk; tpUk;gkhl;lhu;fs;
49. ngz;bu; kjpahu; ngUq;fpis jhd; mJ
nfhz;l tpufu; Fwpg;gpdpd; m/Fg
ntz;liw epd;W ntWf;if ,yuhapd;
kz;bdu; Nghtu;jk; kf;fSk; Xl;lhu;.
nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;yhjtiu kidtp kjpf;fkhl;lhs;: cwtpdu;fSk; tpyfpr;
nry;thu;fs;. ez;gu;fs; mUfpy; tu khl;lhu;fs;. ngw;w gps;isfSk md;gpd;wp ntWj;
jpLthu;fs;.
nghUsw;wtupd; thu;j;ijfisAk; ahUk; kjpj;jplkhl;lhu;fs;
50. nrhy;yit nrhy;thu; RUq;FG R+o;e;Jzu;
ey;yit ahUk; edpkjpg;ghu; my;yu;
fy;tpAk; ifg;nghUs; ,y;yhu; gapw;wpa
Gy;nyd;W Nghjiy nka;nad;W nfhs; eP.
nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;yhjtu;fs; $Wk; ey;y thu;j;ijfisAk; ahUk; kjpj;jpl
khl;lhu;fs;. nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;yhJ tWikapy; tho;gtu;fs; ey;y nraiyr;
nra;jhYk;> mjidAk; ahUk; ghuhl;bg; Ngr khl;lhu;fs; tWikapy; cs;stu;fs;
ngw;w fy;tpr; nry;tKk; kw;wtu;fshy; ghuhl;lg; ngwhJ.
nry;tiur; R+o;e;Jk; twpaiu ePf;fpAk; thOk; ,ay;G
51. njhOkf dhapDk; Jw;Wil ahidg;
gOkuk; R+o;e;j gwitapd; R+o;g
tpOkpa NuDk; ntWf;if cye;jhy;
gOkuk; tPo;e;j gwitapd; Nghg
kw;wtu; fhybapy; tzq;fp tPo;e;J fplf;Fk; mbikfisg; Nghd;w tho;f;ifapid
ciladtdhf ,Ue;jhYk;; nghUl; nry;tk;> epiwe;jpUe;jpUf;Fk; vd;W nrhd;dhy;
mtid> goq;fs; epiwe;j kuj;jpidr; Rw;Wk; gwitapidg; Nghd;W xU $l;lk;
vg;NghJk; R+o;e;jpUf;Fk.; Mdhy; xUtd; fy;tp> Nfs;tp> ew;Fzk; vd;w gy
ew;gz;Gfis cilatdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;iynad;why;> fPNo

34
tpOe;J fplf;Fk; gokuj;jpid tpl;L mfYk; gwitfisg; Nghd;W mtid tpl;L
ePq;fp tpLthu;fs;.
,Uspy; G+rpa ikNghd;w tho;f;if
52. nghUs;,y; FyDk; nghiwik,y; Nehd;Gk;
mUs;,y; mwDk; mikr;R,y; mufk;
,UspDs; ,l;l ,Uz;ikapJ vd;Nw
kUs;,y; Gytu; kdk;nfhz;L ciug;g.
nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;yhjtd; kpfg;ngUikAilajhd Fyg; ngUikapidf;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> nghWik vd;Dk; ,ay;gpy;yhjtd; nra;af;$bajhd jtj;jpdhYk;>
,uf;f Fzk; gilj;j kdk; ,y;yhjtd; nra;af; $ba mwr;nray;fshYk;>
ey;ydtw;iw vz;zplf; $batuhd mikr;ru;fs; ,y;yhj murhl;rpAk;> ,Ushd
,lj;jpdpy; cs;s xUtu; G+rpa fz; ikapidg; Nghd;W> ahUk; Nghw;Wtjhf
mikahJ. vd;W tho;tpd; kaf;fk; njspe;J cz;ik czu;e;jtu;fs; $Wfpd;whu;fs;.
nghJkfspu; ,ay;G
53. njz;zPu; gue;J jpirnjhWk;
Ngha;nfl;l
vz;nza; nfhz;L <l;lw;F
,tWjy; vd; xf;Fk;
ngz; kdk; Ngjpj;J
xUg;gLg;Ngd; vd;Dk;
vz;zpy; xUtd; ,ay;G
vz;Z khNw.
vg;NghJk; xUtu; khwp kw;nwhUtu; vd;W jd; kdjpid miyatpl;Lj; jpupAk;
nghJkfspupd; kdjpid khw;wp> ehd; mtis ey;topg;gLj;jpLNtd; vd;W xUtd;
$wpdhd; vd;why;> mJ> 'njspthf cs;s ePupy; fye;J vy;yhg;gf;fKk; rpjwpa
vz;izj; Jspfis ehd; xd;whfr; Nru;j;J tpLNtd;' vd;W $Wtjidg; Nghd;W
Mfhj nrayhFk;.
nghJkfspu; ,ay;G
54. ePs;Kif ifahy; fpopj;J Nkhf;FkhW
khz;tpidg; ghit kiwepd;W Nfl;Fwpd;
NgzYk; md;Gk; gpwe;Jopg; NghJ nra;J
Mizg; ngz;Ia mizf;FW khNw.
rpwpa mUk;G xd;wpidg; gwpj;J mjidj; jd; if efq;fshy; fpopj;J> mjpy; thrk;
tPrhj NghJk;> mjid Kfu;e;J ghu;f;Fk; xU ngz;zpd; nraYf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d?
vd;Wf; jiytd; Nfl;lhd;. 'mts; nghJkfshf ,Ug;gjdhy; jdf;Fj; jFjp ,y;yhj
tid tpUk;Gjy;> my;yJ mtd; ,ts; kPJ Mir nfhs;shj NghJk;> ,ts;kl;Lk;
mtd; kPJ fhKw;W mtidj; jOtpf; nfhs;SjYk; MFk;' vd;gNj mjd; nghUs;
vd;whd;> ghq;fd;>
nghJkfs; jd; kfSf;Ff; $Wk; mwpTiufs;
55 ahnwhL aho;nQypNfhy;epy thu;nfhbg;
ghnwhL gj;jpdpkhNghy; xOnfd;W
$wpds; $j;jp Kjpu;e;jhs; kfl;F ,it
NtWXu; ,lj;J ntspg;gly; ed;whk;.
taJ Kjpuj; njhlq;fpa nghJkfs; xUj;jp> jd; kfisg; ghu;j;J> 'kfNs> cd;id
tpUk;gp tuf;$ba fhKfu;fsplk; eP Mwpidg; Nghd;Wk;> ahopidg;Nghd;Wk;> jPf;filf;
Nfhypidg; Nghd;Wk;> epytpidg; Nghd;Wk;> kuf;fg;gy; Nghd;Wk;> G+q;nfhbapidg;
Nghd;Wk;> fw;Gilangz;bu; Nghd;Wk;> tpyq;fpidg; Nghd;Wk; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;'
vd;W $wpdhs;.

35
nghJkfspd; mwpTiu - kfSf;F
56. Ma;Fuq;F mQ;rpiw tz;bdk; Nghy;f vd;W
ghapuk; ,d;wpg; gapw;wp nkhope;jds;
NktUk; thd;nghUs; je;J epd; Njhs; ek;gp
ahtu; mile;jtu;fF ; mitAk; Giua.
jha; njhlu;e;J mwpTiu $wpdhs; jd; kfSf;F 'NkNy nrhd;d MW cs;spl;l vl;L
epiyfspy; kl;Lkpy;yhky;> eP kuj;ijtpl;L> kuk; jhTk; Fuq;Ffisg; Nghd;Wk;>
mofhd rpwFfis cilajhd tz;Lfisg; Nghd;Wk; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
mtu;fsplk;' vd;W $wpdhs;. nghUs; nfhz;L cd;dplk; tUgtu;fis eP jOt
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhs;.
MW
57. thup ngUfg; ngUfpa fhjiy
thup RUq;fr; RUq;fp tpLjypd;
khup ngUfg; ngUfp mwmWk;
thu;Gdy; Mw;wpd; tifAk; Giug.
Mw;wpd; nts;sk; vd;gJ vt;tsT kio nghopfpd;wNjh mjidg; nghWj;J
mikfpd;wJ. kio mjpfkhdhy; mjpfkhf ePu; tope;J XLk;. kio Fiwe;jhy; ePupd;
Xl;lKk; Fiwe;J tpLk;. mjidg; NghyNt> nghUl;nry;tk; cila fhKfiuNa
tpUk;g Ntz;Lk;> mtuplk; nghUs; Fiwe;jhYk;> ,y;iynad;whYk; mtiu tpl;L
tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
aho;
58. vq;qdk; MfpaJ ,g;nghUs; mg;nghUl;F
mq;qdk; Mfpa md;gpdu; Mjypd;
vq;qdk; gl;ldd; ghz; kfd; ghz;kfw;F
mq;qdk; Mfpa ahOk; Giug.
ahopd; ,ay;G vd;dntd;why;> 'jd;id itj;J thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ghzd; ,we;J
tpl;lhd; vd;why;> mtDld; Nru;e;J me;j ahOk; ,we;J tplhJ mJ kPz;Lk; NtnwhU
ghzdpd; ifapdpy; Nru;e;J thrpg;gtu;f;F ,dpa ,irapizj; jUk; mjidg; Nghd;W
nghJ kfspuhd ePAk; nghUs; cilatidr; Nru;e;J Gzu;e;J> mtDila nghUs;
tsk; Fd;wpaNghJ mtid tpl;L ePq;fp> nghUSila NtW xUtidr; Nru;e;jpl
Ntz;Lk;.
jPf;filf; Nfhy;
59. fuzk; gynra;J ifAw;wtu; fl;F
muzk; vDk;,yu; Mw;wpw; fye;J
jpuzp cghaj;jpy; jpz;nghUs; Nfhlw;F
muzp nQyp Nfhy; miktu; xg;g.
jPf;filf;Nfhy; %ykhfj; jPapid cz;lhf;f epidg;gtu;fs;> gQ;R> JUk;G Kjyhd
nghUl;fisf; Fopapdpy; Nghl;Lf; filthu;fs;. mg;gbf; file;jpLk; nrayhdJ
ghu;g;gtu;f;Fj; JUk;gpw;F ed;ik nra;tjidg; Nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mg;gbf;
file;jpLk; NghJ ,Wjpapy; cz;lhFk; jPapdhy; gQ;Rk;> JUk;Gk; mope;JtpLk;.
,ijg; Nghd;Wjhd; guj;ijau; jk; el;Gk; mikAk;. nghJkfspu; jk;ikj;Njb tUk;
fhKfu;fsplk;> mtu;fSf;F ,d;gk; jUtjd; %yk; ed;ik nra;jplf; $batu;fshf
,Ue;jhYk;> mtu;fsJ nghUisg; gwpj;J mit jPu;e;jgpd; mtu;fis tpl;Lg;
gpupe;jpLths;. ,JNt mtsJ ,ay;G
re;jpud;
60. ehs;njhWk; ehs;njhWk; ee;jpa fhjiy
ehs;njhWk; ehs;njhWk; ea;a xOfypd;
ehs;njhWk; ehs;njhWk; ee;jp cau;nta;jp

36
 ehs;njhWk; NjAk; eif kjp xg;g.
nghUs; nfhz;L te;J nfhl;Lfpd;w fhKfu;fSf;F md;gpid thuptoq;Ftjpy;
re;jpudpd; tsu;gpiwf; fhyk; Nghy; ,Ug;gu; Mdhy; mtu;fspd; nghUs; Nja;e;jhy;>
re;jpud; Nja;e;J kq;FtJ Nghd;W> nghJ kfspupd; md;Gk; Fiwe;J kiwe;J tpLk;

G+q;nfhb
61. tdg;gpyu; MapDk; tsik
epidj;jtu; Nktu epw;gikf;F mtu;jhk;
fidj;Jld; tz;nlhL Njdpdk; Mu;g;gg;
Gdj;jpilg; G+j;j G+q;nfhb xg;g.
nghJkfspuhd ngz;fs;> jk;kplk; ,aw;if moF ,y;iynad;whYk;>
nghUl;nry;tj;jpidf; nfhz;L> jk;ik moF kpFjpahf cilatu;fisg; Nghd;W
myq;fhuk; nra;J nfhz;L> nghUSila fhKfu;fisf; ftu;e;jpLk;gbahf mtu;fs;
vjpupy; epd;W kaf;Fthu;fs; tz;Lfs; jd;idj; Rw;wpte;J XirnaOg;gpagb
gwe;jgbAk;> jd;dpy; Njd; mUe;Jk;gbAk; ftu;tJ Nghd;W mofhfr; Nrhiyfspy;
kyu;e;Js;s G+f;fisg; Nghd;Wk; ,g;nghJkfspUk; fhKfu;fisj; jk; mofhy;
ftu;fpd;wdu;.
kuf;fyk;
62. jk;fz; gpwe;j fopmd;gp dhu;fis
td;fz;ik nra;J typa tpLjypd;
,d;nghUs; Vw;wp vOepd;w tzpfu;f;F
mq;fz; gug;gfj;J Mo;fyk; xg
kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis Vw;wptUk; tzpfUld; gazk; nra;.mg;NghJ
Vw;gLk; rpy khWghLfshy;> mg;nghUSld; ehdpy; %o;fp ,og;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,jidg; Nghd;Wjhd; nghJ kfspuhdtUk;. jd;id ek;gp nghUSld; tUgtu;fspd;
nghUspidf; ftu;e;J ,og;gpid Vw;gLj;jp tpLthu;fs;.
fw;Gila kq;if
63. xj;j nghUshy; cWjpnra; thu;fis
vj;jpwj; jhDk; topgl;L xOfypd;
igj;juT my;Fy; nghd;ghitapd; ey;ytu;
gj;jpdpg; ngz;bu; gbAk; Giug;
nghUSilatu;fsha; tUk; fhKfu;fsplk;> ghk;gpd; glj;jpidg; Nghd;wjhd my;Fiy
cila nghJkfspu;> mtu;fSf;Fupa vy;yh gzptpilfisAk; nra;J tzq;fp
epw;ghu;fs;. ,r;nray; fw;Gila kidtpaupd; nraiyg; Nghd;W xj;J mikfpd;wJ.
tpyq;F
64. tPnghU shid mfd;W GwDk; Xu;
khnghU shd;gf;fk; khz eaj;jypd;
Nka;Gyk; Gy;yw kw;Nwhu; Gyk;GF
khTk; Giug; kyu;md;d fz;zhu;.
jhd; Nka;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; epyj;jpy; Gy;> gapu; jPu;e;J tpl;lhy;> gpd;du; gf;fj;jpy;
nropg;ghf cs;s Njhl;lj;jpidj; Njbr; nry;Yk; tpyq;Ffisg;Nghd;W> kyu;Nghd;w
fz;fis cila nghJkfspu; nghUs; cilatu;fisr; Nru;e;J mtu;fsJ
nghUisf; ftu;e;j gpd;du;> ,tu;fistpl;L NtW nghUSila fhKfu;fisj; Njbr;
Nru;e;J nfhs;thu;fs;.
Fuq;F
65.Ez;nghU shid Efu;e;jpl;L thd;nghUs;
ed;Fil ahid eae;jdu; Nfhlypd;
tk;G,s nkd;Kiy ths;neLq; fz;ztu;

37
 nfhk;gpil thOk; Fuq;Fk; Giug
fr;rpid mzpe;j khu;GfSk;> mofhd $u;ikahd thspidg; Nghd;w ePz;l
fz;fisAk; cila nghJ kfspuhdtu;fs;> xUtDld; Nru;e;J mtDila
nghUs;fisf; ftu;e;J mtd; nghUspoe;J tWikaile;j gpd;du; NtW xU
nghUSilatidj; Njbr; nry;Yk; jd;ik cilatu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;
,r;nrayhdJ> Fuq;F xU fpisapy; nrd;W mq;Fs;s fha;fdpfisj; jpd;w gpd;du;
kPz;Lk; NtW fha;fdp cs;s fpisapidj; Njbr; nrd;W cz;Zk; nra;tpidNa
xj;Js;sJ vdNt nghJkfspu;> Fuq;Ffisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;.
tz;L
66. KUf;F mtu; Nghy; rpte;J xs;spa NuDk;
gFf;nfhL ,y;ytu; gf;fk; epidahu;
mUg;gps nkd;Kiy mk;nrhy; mtu;jhk;
tupr;rpiw tz;bd; tifAk; Giug;g
mUk;gpidg; Nghd;w mofhd khu;gpidAk;> kw;wtu;fisf; Rtu;e;jpLk; ,dpikahd
nrhw;fisAk; cilatu;fshd guj;ijau;fs;> KUf;f kyupidg; Nghd;w mofhd
Mltu;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtu;fsplk; nghUs; ,y;iynad;why; mtid tpUk;gpr;
Nrukhl;lhu;fs; ,r;nrayhdJ. G+f;fs; ,y;yhj nfhbfis tpUk;gpr;nrd;W Nru;e;J
jq;fplhj Gs;spfis cila rpwFfs; nfhz;l tz;bd; nraypid xj;jikfpd;wJ.
,y;ywj;jpd; cau;T
67. kf;fs; gae;J kidawk; Mw;Wjy;
jf;fJ mwpe;jhu; jiyikf; Fzk;vd;g
ikj;juT my;Fy; gbw;Wiu ahnuhL
Ja;j;Jf; fopg;gJ Njhw;wnkhd;W ,d;Nw.
ey;y gz;Gila gps;isfisg; ngw;W> fw;GeyDila kidtpAld; Nru;e;J tho;e;J>
ey;ywq;fisr; nra;J ,d;gk; miljNy> ,y;ywj;jpd; cau;e;j gz;ghFk;. ,jid
tpLj;J> ghk;gpd; glk; Nghd;wjhd my;FypidAk;> ngha;ahd xOf;fq;fisAk;
cilatu;fshd ,ope;j nghJ kfspUld; Nru;e;J tho;jy; ,optpidNaj; jUk;> vd;W
cz;ik mwq;fis czu;e;j rhd;Nwhu; $Wfpd;wdu;.

vy;iyjUk; ,d;gk;
68. eifedp jPJ Jzp ed;wp ahu;f;Fk;
gifedp jPJ gzpe;jP ahNuhLk;
kpifkpF nghUs; vd;W ,wj;jy; ,yNu
tifkpF thDyF va;jptho; gtNu.
mstpw;F kPwpr; rpupj;jplf; $lhJ mJ jPikapy; KbAk;. mNj rkak;> ga czu;T
cilatu;fshf tho;jy; vg;NghJk; ed;ikapy; KbAk;. rpWgif czu;Tk;
ngupajhFk;. vdNt gif nfhs;shjpUg;gJk;> giftUld; my;yJ gifahd
FzKila jPatu;fSld; vg;NghJk; Nru;e;jplhky; tho;tJk;> mg;gb Nru;e;jpl
Neu;e;jhYk; vy;iyapid kPwhky; ,Ug;gJk; ed;ikjUk;. ,j;jifa xOf;f
newpfisg; gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; Nkyhd cyf ,d;gKk;> Nkhl;rKk; mile;J tho;gtu;fs;
epiyj;j ,d;gk; ngWtu;.
FULk; FULk;
69. me;jfd; me;jfw;F MW nrhyy;xf;Fk;
Ke;Jnra; Fw;wk; nfLg;ghd; KOtJk;
ed;F mwpT ,y;yhd; m/Jmwp ahjtw;F
,d;GW tPl;bd; newpnrhy;Y khNw.
Ke;ija tpidg; gad;fis ePf;fp> epiyj;j ,d;gk; juf; $bajhd Kf;jp
,d;gj;jpid vg;gb mile;jpl Ntz;Lk;? vd;gjhd cz;ikahd Qhd topKiwfis

38
rupahf czuhj xUtd;> mjidg; gw;wp kw;wtu;fSf;F vLj;Jiug;gJ vd;gJ> xU
FUld; kw;nwhU FUlDf;F top fhl;LtJ Nghd;w nrayhFk;.
kUj epyj;jpd; tsk;
70. nre;ney; fUk;gpndhL ,fYk; jPQ;Ritf;
fd;dy;mk; fUk;Gjhd; fKiff; fha;e;njOk;
,d;dit fhz;fpyd; vd;W G+fKk;
Kd;dpa Kfpy;fhsd; Kfk;G ijf;FNk.
kUjepyj;jpdpy; new;gapuhdJ fUk;GNghy xq;fp tsu;fpd;wJ. mq;F tpise;j
Ritahd fUk;GfNsh fKF kuq;fis tplTk; cau;e;J tsu;e;Js;sd.
fOFkuq;fNsh cau;e;J tsu;e;J Nkfj;ijj; njhLk;gbahf epd;wd.
ghrhz;lr; rhj;jd;
71. gz;zhy; jpwj;jpy; gOjpd;wp Nkk;gl;l
njhz;Z} mWtiff; NfhitAk; ty;ytd;
tpz;zhZ ,aq;Fk; tpwytu; MapDk;
fz;zhwp Nehf;fpf; fLeif nra;thd;.
,irgw;wpa ,yf;fzq;fspy; vt;tpjkhd Fw;wq;fSk; ,y;yhky; Gfo;ngw;w
njhz;Z}w;W MW tifapyhd rka jUf;f E}y; njhFjpfisf; fw;W czu;e;j
ghrhz;lr; rhj;jd;. vd;gtd;> thdtPjpfspd; topahfr; nry;Yfpd;wNghJ> mq;F
njd;gLk; ,irapy; ty;ytu;fshd fe;jUtu;fis Nehf;fp mtu;fs; gae;J eLq;Fk;
gbahf> Mztr; rpupg;ig rpupj;jpLthd;
khiy kaf;fk;
72. md;iw gfw;fope;jhs; ,d;W ,uhg;gfw;F
md;wpy; FuYk; fwit kzp fwq;ff;
nfhd;iwg; gof;Foy; Nfhtyu; Mk;gYk;
xd;wy; fUk;G euk;ngd thu;g;gTk;.
md;nwhUehs; gfy; Neuj;jpNyNa me;jg; ngz; fhkj;jpdhy; kpFe;j Jd;gk;
mile;jhs; Mdhy; ,g;NghJ khiy Neuj;jpy;> md;wpy; gwitapd; ,dpikahd
FuYk;> fwitg; gRf;fspd; fOj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j kzpapd; xypAk;> mq;Fs;
khLfspd; Nky; Vwp gtdp te;J> khLfis Nka;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ,ilau;
Foe;ijfs; nfhd;iwg; goj;jpidg; Nghd;w tbtKila ,irf; Foypdpy; Vw;gLj;jpa
xypAk;> Mk;gy; kyupdpy; tl;lkpLk; tz;Lfspd; XirAk; xypj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s
R+oypy; mts; vd;d nra;ag;Nghfpd;whNsh?

XU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.jkpod;idapd; iffspy; tisayhf ehk; cUtfg;gLj;Jk; fhg;gpak; vJ?
m) Fz;lyNfrp M) rpyk;G ,) tisahgjp <) rpe;jhkzp
2. tisahgjp fij ve;j E}ypd; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ?
m) itrpa Guhzk; M) fUl Guhzk; ,) kr;r Guhzk; <) Nrit Guhzk;
3. tisahgjp fhg;gpak; ve;j E}Yf;F khw;whf vOjg;gl;lJ?
m) Fz;lyNfrp M) ePyNfrp ,) ehfFkhu fhg;gpak; <) rpe;jhkzp
4.tisahgjp ve;j rkaj;ij rhh;e;jJ?
m) ngsj;jk; M) rkzk; ,) itztk; <) irtk;
5.tisahgjp fhg;gpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa fjhghj;jpuk; ahh;?
m) etNfhb ehuhazd; M) ehuhazd; ,) etNfhb <) Gz;zpaNfhb
6.tisahgjp fhg;gpaj;jpy; vj;jid ghly;fs; fpilj;Js;sd?
m) 62 M) 72 ,) 52 <) 42
7.Ik;nghwpfspy;----------------------------------kw;w nghwpfis fhl;bYk; Mw;wy; cilaJ?
m) ehf;F M) fz; ,) tha; <) %f;F

39
8.------------ Fzk; ,y;yhj ,y;yhjth;fsplk; cs;s mwpT gadw;wit MFk;.
m) nghWik M) rpdk; ,) <if <) Nrhk;Ngwp
9.jhdq;fspy; rpwe;j jhdk; vJ?
m) md;djhdk; M) cil jhdk; ,) nghUs; jhdk; <) cWg;G jhdk;
10.jtq;fspd; ehafdhf tpsq;Fgtd; ahh;
m) KUfd; M) mUfd; ,) Fkud; <) rptd;
11.kd;kjdpd; MAjk;-------------------
m) fUk;G tpy; M) tpy; mk;G ,) <l;b mk;G <) ths; mk;G
12.vJ mofhd mzpfyd; vd;W tisahgjp $WfpwJ?
m) ngha;ahik M) rpdk; nfhs;shik ,) jpUlhik <) nfhiy nra;ahik
13. kUj epyj;jpy; fUk;GNghy; Xq;fp tsh;e;jJ vJ?
m) ney; M) Gy; ,) fk;G <) jpiz
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.Cz; cz;gij jtph;j;jy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
2.jt tho;f;ifapd; rpwg;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
3.ngha; $whikapd; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.epiyahik Fwpj;J ,lk;ngWk; ghlypd; fUj;Jf;fis tpthp;f;f?
2.kfsph; epiyf; Fwpj;J $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis vOJf.
3.nghUl;nry;tj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tisahgjp top tpsf;Ff.

myF – 2
G+ryhh; ehadhh; Guhzk;
Kd;Diu:
ngupaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohu; mtu;fshy; ,aw;wg; ngw;w irt fhg;gpak; MFk;. 63
ehad;khu;fspd; tuyhw;iw $WtJ ngupa Guhzk.; mjpy; ehk; ghlg;gFjp G+ryhu;
ehadhh; Guhzk; MFk;.
ngupaGuhzk; Kjy; fhz;lk; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lk; vd ,U fhz;lq;fs; MfTk;
Kjy; fhz;lj;jpd; 5 rUf;fq;fisAk; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lj;jpy; 8 rUf;fq;fisAk;
cilajhf mikf;f ngw;Ws;sJ. Re;ju%u;j;jp Rthkpfs; jpUj;njhz;l njhifapy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd; Kjy; tupNa rUf;fq;fspd; ngau;fshf cs;sJ.
ehad;khu;fs; vd;Nghu; ngupaGuhzk; vDk; E}ypd; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; irt
mbahu;fs; Mthu;. ehad;khu; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; 63 egu;fs;. .Re;ju%u;j;jpahu;
jpUj;njhz;l njhifapy; 60 rptdbahu; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. me;j E}ypid %ykhf
nfhz;L Nrf;fpohu; ngupaGuhzj;jpid ,aw;wpdhu;.

Mrpupau; Fwpg;G:

ngau;:Nrf;fpohu;
,aw;ngau;: mUnkhopj; Njtu;
Mz;L:12 Mk; E}w;whz;L

40
gzp:

 ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; muritapd; Kjd;ik mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhu;.

 Nrf;fpohu; jk; E}Yf;F ,l;l ngau;: jpUj;njhz;lu; Guhzk;..

Nrf;fpohUf;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs;.

 cj;jk Nrho gy;ytd;

 njhz;lu; rPu; guTthu;.
 nja;tg;Gytu;
 ,uhkNjtu;
 kh Njtbfs;
E}y;fs;:
 jpUj;njhz;lu; njhif
 ngupa Guhzk;

G+ryhupd; vz;zk;:

1.md;wpdhu; Gwk; vupj;jhu;fF

;
Myak; vLf;f vz;zp
xd;Wk; mq;F cjthjf
czu;tpdhy; vLf;Fk; jd;ik
ed;W vd kdj;jpdhNy
ey;y Myak; jhd;nra;j
epd;w Cu;g; G+ryhu;jhk;
epidtpid ciuf;fy; cw;whk;.
giftupd; Kg;Gwq;fis vupj;j rptngUkhDf;F xU Nfhapy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vz;zp. mjw;F mtUf;F ve;j xU nghUSk;(epjp) rpwpJk; fpilf;fhky; Nghf>
mjd; gpd; mtu; epidtpdhNy mikj;jNy ey;y gzp vd cl;nfhz;lhu;. kdjpdhNy
rptngUkhDf;F Myak; mikf;f vz;zpdhu;.
jpUepd;wT+upd; rpwg;G:
2. cyfpdpy; xOf;fk; vd;Wk;
cau;g;ngUe; njhz;il ehl;L
eyk; kpF rpwg;gpd;kpf;f
ehd;kiw tpsq;Fk; %J}u;
FyKjy; rPyk; vd;Wk;
FiwT ,yh kiwNahu; nfhs;if
epytpa nry;tk; ky;fp
epfo;jpU epd;w Cu; Mk
ey;nyhOf;fk; vf;fhyj;jpYk; Xq;fp cau;e;J tpsq;f $ba njhz;il ehL eyk;
nfhz;l rpwg;ghd ehd; kiwfs; tpsq;Fk; goikahd CuhFk;. Cupy; Fyj;jpw;F
Kjd;ikahfpa xOf;fj;jpy; vd;Wk; Fiwtw;w kiwatu;fs; jkJ nfhs;ifapy;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; nry;tk; epiwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;w Cu; jpUepd;wT+u;.
G+ryhupd; czu;Tfs;:

3. mUkiw kuGtho
mg;gjp te;J rpe;ij
jUk; czu;T Md vy;yhk;

41
 jk;gpuhd; foy;Nky; rhu
tUnewp khwh md;G
tsu;e;Jvo tsu;j;Jthikg;
nghUs;NgW NtjePjpf;
fiy czu; nghyptpd; kpf;fhu;
Ntj newp jioj;J mg;gjpNyNa Njhd;wpa G+ryhu; rpe;ijapy; tUk; czu;Tfis
vy;yhk; rptg;gpuhd; jpUtbfis NrUk; gb nra;jhh;. topapdpd;W khwhj md;G
jd;Ds;Ns tsu;j;J jhKk; tsu;e;J cz;ik nghUisg; czUk; tifapy;
tha;ikAld; Ntjj;jpd; epajpapy; nghypTld; tpsq;Ffpdhu;.
rptDf;F Nfhapy; fl;l G+rdhu; kdjpy; epidj;jhu;:
4.mLg;gJ rptd;ghy; md;gu;f;F
Mk;gzp nra;jy; vd;Nw
nfhLg;gJ vt;tifAk; Njb
mtu;nfsf; nfhLj;Jf; fq;if
kLg;nghjp NtzpIau;
kfpo;e;J ciwtjw;F Xu;Nfhapy;
vLg;gJ kdj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;
,Uepjp ,d;ik vz;zhu;.

rptdhUf;Fk; mtupd; md;gUf;Fk; MFk; gzpfis nra;jiy jkf;Fupa

jpUj;njhz;L vd;W vz;zpdhh;. vt;tifNaDk; nghUisj; Njba NghJk; Nfhapy;
fl;Ltjw;Fupa ngUQ;nry;tk; jk;kplk; ,y;yhikia vz;zhjtuha;> fq;if nfhz;l
ePz;l rilapid cila ,iwtd; kfpo;e;J vOe;jUspapUg;gjw;F xU Nfhapy; fl;Lk;
nraiy kdj;Js; epidj;jhu;. jd;dplk; nghUl;nry;tk; ,y;iy vd;W czu;e;Jk;
Nfhapy; mikf;Fk; vz;zj;jpy; cWjpAld; epd;whu; G+ryhh; ehadhh;.
epjp jpul;lhky; Nghjy;:
5. kdj;jpdhy; fUjpvq;Fk;
khepjp tUe;jpj; Njb
vidj;Jk; Xu;nghUs; NgW,d;ik
vd;nra;Nfd; vd;W iethu;
epidg;gpdhy; vLf;f Neu;e;jJ
epfo;TW epjpak; vy;yhk;
jpizj; Jiz Kjyhj;Njbr;
rpe;ijahy; jpul;bf; nfhz;lhu;.
Nfhapy; mikf;f nghUs; Njb gy;NtW ,lq;fSf;F nrd;W nghUs;
fpilf;fhjjhy; "vd; nra;Ntd;"vd tUe;Jtuhfpa jd; kdjpdhNyNa Nfhapy;
fl;Ltjhf Jzpe;J KbntLj;jhh;. vdNt kdjpNyNa mf;Nfhapiy fl;l Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vz;zp mjw;Fupa nghUs;fis vy;yhk; jpiz mstpy; rpwpJ rpwjhf jk;
kdjpdpNyNa Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
(Gwj;Nj jpUf;Nfhapy; mikf;f Kbahjjhy; jk; Vo;ikahy; kdjpdpNyNa
jpUf;Nfhapy; mikf;f Kw;gl;lhu;)

Nfhapy; mikf;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgly;:

6. rhjdj;NjhL jr;ru;
jk;ikAk; kdj;jhy;Njb
ehjDf;F Myak; nra;
eyk;ngW ey;ehs; nfhz;Nl
Mjupj;J Mfkj;jhy;

42
 mbepiy ghupj;J md;ghy;
fhjypd; fq;Fy;NghJk;
fz;glhJ vLf;fy; cw;whu.
Nfhapy; fl;Ljw;Fwpa rhjdq;fNshL jr;rh;fisAk; kdjpNyNa Njbf;
nfhz;lhh;. rptngUkhDf;F jpUf;Nfhapy; vOg;Gjw;Fupa ed;ik ngWk; ey;y
ehisAk;>NtisAk; Fwpj;Jf;nfhz;L > Mfk Kiwg;gb filfhy; vLj;J md;gpd;
epiwtpdhy; MirNahL ,utpYk; gfypYk; cwq;fhJ Nfhapy; mikf;Fk; gzpapy;
<Lgl;lhu;.
mb Kjy; Nky; tiu Nfhapy; mikj;jy;:
7. mb Kjy; cghdk; Mjp
Mfpa gilfs; vy;yhk;
tbTWk; njhopy;fs; Kw;w
kdj;jpdhy; tFj;Jkhd
KbTcW rpfuk; jhDk;
Kd;dpa Koj;jpy; nfhz;L
nebJ ehs; $lf; Nfhapy;
epuk;gpl epidthy; nra;jhu.
NfhGuj;jpd; mb Kjy; Nky; tiu Kjyhf tUk; mLf;Ffs; ahtw;iwAk; rpj;jpiu
Ntiyg;ghLfNshL mikf;FkhW kdjpdhNy tbtikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. tpkhdj;jpd;
Kbtpy; rpfuKk;> rpw;g E}ypd; rpj;jpuq;fSk; cUthf;fpdhu;. ,j;jifa gzpahTk;
ePz;l ehs; nra;ag;gLk; gzpahf jkJ kdjpy; epidj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
;jpUf;Nfhapypd; mq;fq;fs;:
8.J}gpAk; el;Lkpf;f
RijAk; ey;tpidAk;
nra;J $tYk; mikj;J khL
Nfhapy;R+y; kjpYk; Nghf;fp
thtpAk; njhl;L kw;Wk;
Ntz;Lt tFj;J kd;Dk;
jhguk; rptDf;F Vw;f
tpjpj;j ehs;rhUk; ehspy
jpUf;Nfhapypd; tpkhd cr;rpapy; chpa rpfuj;jpid mikj;J mt;tpkhdk;>
NfhGuk; Kjypatw;wpy; Rz;z rhe;J G+rp NkNy rpw;g myq;fhu tiffisAk;
mikj;jhh;. Nfhapiyr; Rw;wp kjpy;fis vOg;gp> FyKk; Njhz;b kw;Wk; Ntz;ba
ahTk; tifg;gLj;jpAk; Kiwg;gLj;jpAk; mikj;jhh;. epiyngw;w jhg ypq;fj;ij
rptngUkhDf;F nghUj;Jk; epiyapy; mikj;J jd; kdjpDs;isNa rptngUkhDf;F
Nfhapiyf; fl;b Kbj;jhh;.
gy;yt kd;ddpd; Nfhapy;:

9. fhltu; Nfhkhd; fr;rpf;

fy;jsp vLj;J Kw;w
khLvyhk; rptDf;FMfg;
ngUQ; nry;tk; tFj;jy; nra;thd;
ehlkhy; mwpahjhiuj;
jhu;f;Fk; me;ehs; Ke;ehs;
VLmtu; nfhd;iw Nta;e;jhu;
,utpilf; fdtpy; va;jp.
fhltu; ngUkhdhfpa gy;yt murd; fhQ;rp khefupd; ngUQ;nry;tj;jpid
epakpf;fpd;w jpUkhYk;> NjLjYf;Fupatdhfpa ,iwtid gpujpl;il nra;a

43
FlKOf;F elj;j midj;J Vw;ghLfisAk; nra;jhu;. mjw;F Kd;dhs; ,jo;fis
tpupfpd;w nfhd;iw kyu;fis R+ba ,iwtd; ,utpy; mtu; fdtpdpy; Njhd;wpdhu;.
gy;yt kd;ddpd; fdT:
epd;wCh; g+ry; md;gd;
nebJehs; epide;J nra;j
ed;WePL Myaj;Js; ehis
ehk; GFNthk; eP,q;F
xs;wpa nraiy ehis
xope;Jgpd; nfhs;tha; vd;W
nfhd;iwthh; rilahh; njhz;lh;
Nfhapy; nfhz;lUsg; Nghe;jhh;
gy;yt kd;dd; fdtpy; Njhd;wpa rptd;> jpUepd;wT+upy; cs;s G+ry; vd;Dk;
md;gd; ePz;l ehl;fshf epidj;J epidj;J mikj;j Nfhapy; ehis ahk; GNthk;
Mjyhy; eP ,f;Nfhapypy; nghUe;jpa nra;ifia ehis jpdk; jtpu;j;J gpupnjhUW
ehspd; itj;Jf; nfhs;thahf vd;W $wp nfhd;iw khiyia R+ba ngUkhdhu;
kiwe;jhu;.
gy;yt kd;dd; jpUepd;w CUf;F tUif:
11. njhz;liu tpsf;fj; JhNahd;
mUs;nraj; Japiy ePq;fpj;
jpz;jpwu; kd;;dd; me;jj;
jpUg;gzp nra;jhh; jk;ikf;
fz;Lehd; tzq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;WvOk; fhjNyhLk;
jz;jiyr; #oy; #o;e;j
epd;wCh; te;J Nrh;e;jhd;
njhz;luhfpa G+ryhiu cyNfhu; mwpa nra;Ak; nghUl;L J}a rptdhu; ,t;thW
mUs; Ghpe;jhh;. G+ryhu; ehadhupd; ngUikia rptgpuhd; nrhy;y Nfl;l gy;yt
kd;dd; JaYjiy tpl;L> mj;jpUg;gzp nra;jtiu fz;L ehd; tzq;fpl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vOfpd;w ngUk; tpUg;gj;jhy; Nrhiyfspd; $l;lk; nfhz;l jpUepd;wT+u;
te;jile;jhu;.
kiwatu;fis tpdhTjy;:
12. mg;gjp mize;J g+ry;
md;gh; ,q;F mike;j Nfhapy;
vg;GilaJ vd;W mq;fd;
va;jpdhh; jk;ikf; Nfl;fr;
nrg;gpa g+ry; Nfhapy;
nra;jJ xd;wpy;iy vd;whh;
nka;g;ngU kiwNahh; vy;yhk;
tUf vd;W ciuj;jhd; Nte;jd;
gy;yt kd;dd; jpUepd;wT+iu te;jile;jhu;. G+ryhu; vd;Dk; md;gd; mikj;j
Nfhapy; vg;gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ? vd;W mq;F ,Ue;jtu;fis Nfl;lhh;. mtu;fSk;
ePq;fs; etPYk; G+ryhUk; ,q;Fk; ,y;iy. mtu; mikj;j Nfhapy; xd;Wk; ,y;iy
vd;W $wpdhu;fs.; mjid Nfl;l kd;dUk; cz;ik newp ciuf;Fk; kiwatu;fs;
midtUk; tUf vd Mizapl;lhu;.
G+ryhiu fhz kd;ddpd; tUif:

13. g+Ruh; vy;yhk; te;J

Gutyd; jd;idf; fhz
44
 khR,yhg; g+ryhh; jhk;
ahh;vd kiwNahh; vy;yhk;
MR,y; Ntjpad; ,t; Cuhd;
vd;W mth; miof;f xl;lhd;
<rdhh; md;gh; jk;ghy;
Va;jpdhh‟ nta;a Ntyhd
Ntjpau;fs; midtUk; nrd;W muridf; fz;ldh;.. kd;dh; mt;Ntjpah;fsplk;
G+ryhu; jhk; ahu; vd tpdt mjw;F Ntjpau;fs; mtu; Fw;wkw;w Ntjpau>; ,t;Ciu
Nru;e;jtu; vdf; $wpl mtu;fis tpLtpj;J G+ryhiu mtu; miof;fhky; murNd
,iwtdpd; md;guhd G+ryhupd; fhzr;nrd;whu;.

G+ryhuplk; kd;ddpd; ciu: .;

14. njhz;liur; nrd;W fz;l
Kd;dtd; njgOJ ePh;,q;F
Vz; jpirNahUk; Vj;j
vLj;j Myak;jhd; ahJ? ,q;F
mz;lh; ehafiuj; jhkpj;J
mUSk; ehs;,d;W vd;W ck;ikf;
fz;L mbfzpa te;Njd;
fz;Zjy; mUs;ngw;W vd;whd;.
jpUepd;wT+hpy; mj;njhz;lu; ngUkhid fz;l kd;dd; G+ryhiu tzq;fp
jhq;fs; vt;tplj;ij vj;jpirapYk; ,Ug;NghUk; Nghw;Wk; gb vLj;j jpUf;Nfhapy;
vq;F cs;sJ? vd;W kd;dd; Nfl;lhh;. Njtgpuhd;dhfpa rptgpuhid
mj;jpUf;NfhapypDs; jhgpj;J mUSk; ehs; ,d;W vd;W njhpe;J new;wpf;fz; ngw;w
rptngUkhd; mupa ngw;w jq;fis fhzTk; jq;fs; jpUtbfis tzq;fpAk;
Nghw;wplTk; ,q;F te;Njd; vd;whu;. ,iwtNd $wpajhy; jhq;fs; mikj;j Myak;
vl;L jpirf;Fk; Vw;wJ vd;whu;.
G+ryhu; fl;ba Nfhapiy kd;ddplk; $wy;:
15. kd;dtd; ciug;g Nfl;l
md;gu;jhk; kUz;L Nehf;fp
vd;idXu; nghUshf; nfhz;Nl
vk;tpuhd; mUs; nra;jhNuy;
Kd; tUk; epjp ,yhik
kdj;jpdhy; Kad;W Nfhapy;
,d;dJ Mk; vd;W rpe;jpj;J
vLj;jthW vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhu;
kd;ddpd; ciu Nfl;l md;guhfpa G+ryhu; kfpo;rr ; p mile;J mtiu ghu;j;J
vd;idAk; xU nghUshff; nfhz;Nl vk;gpuhd; mUspr;nra;jhu; vd;why; ehd; Kd;G
epjp fpilf;fg; ngwhky; jk; kdjpdhNyNa Kad;W epidj;J epidj;J fl;ba
Nfhapy; ,J MFk; vd;W jk; kdjpdhNy fl;ba Nfhapiy gw;wp tpsf;fkhf
vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.
G+ryhu; mikj;j Nfhapy; Gwj;ij md;W> mfj;Nj fl;bdhh;. fl;Lthu; vj;Jid
cly; ciog;Gk;> nghUl; nryTk; nfhz;Ltu mNj epiyapy; mfj;jpNyNa ,uTk;
gfYk; JQ;rplhJ Nfhapypd; mikj;jhu;.

G+ryhiu kd;dd; tzq;Fjy;:

16. murDk; mjidf; Nfl;L mq;F
mjprak; va;jp vd;Nd

45
 GiumW rpe;ij md;gtu;
ngUik vd;W mtiug; Nghw;wp
tpiunrwp khiyjho
epyk;kpir tPo;e;J jho;e;J
KuRVwp jhidNahL
kPz;Ljd; KJh;g; Gf;fhh;.
kd;dDk; ehadhupd; ciuiaf; Nfl;L kpf;f mjph;rr ; p; nfhz;L Fw;wkw;w
rpe;jidNa cila md;gu; jk; ngUikia jhd; vz;Nz vd;W Nghw;wp> jhd; R+ba
khiy jiuapy; gbAkhW epyj;jpy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. gpd;G KuRfs; Koq;f
NridfSld; jd;Dila fhQ;rpia khefiu mile;jhd;.
ehl;il MSk; kd;dd; ,iwtidj; jtpu gpw NtW vtiuAk; epyj;jpy; tpOe;J
tzq;Fjy; kugd;W mk; kugpidAk; kPwp mbahu; mbia jho;e;J tpOe;J
tzq;fpdhd; vdpd; mtupd; Kidg;G mw;w epiyAk; mbahupd; ngUikAk; njupa
tUfpwJ.

rptngUkhDf;F G+irfs; nra;jy;:

17. md;gUk; mike;j rpe;ij
Myaj;J murdhu; jk;ik
edg;ngUk; nghOJrhuj;
jhgpj;J epyj;jpNdhLk;
gpd;G G+rid G+ridfs; vy;yhk;
ngUikapd; gy ehs; Ngzpg;
nghd; Gid kz;Ws;
MLk; nghd;foy; epoy; Gf;fhu;.
md;guhfpa G+ryhUk; jd; kdjpdhy; mikj;j Nfhapypy; rptgpuhid ey;y
ngUk; nghOJ tiu epiy ngw nra;J ed;ikNahL mjd; gpd;G nra;a Ntz;ba
G+irfs; vy;yhk; ngUikNahL gy ehl;fs; tpUk;gpr; nra;jhu; jpUeldk; GupAk;
rptgpuhdpd; mofpa jpUg;ghjj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;.
jpUtbr; Nru;e;jhu;:

. 18.ePz;lnrQ; rilapdhu;f;F
epidg;gpdhy; Nfhapy; Mf;fpg;
G+z;l md;G ,ilawhJ
G+ryhu; nghd;jhs; Nghw;wp
Mz;jif tstu; Nfhkhd;
cyFca;a mspj;j nry;tg;
ghz;bkhNjtpahu;jk;
ghjq;fs; guty; cw;Nwd;.
kpf ePz;l rpte;j rilapidAila ,iwtDf;F jd; kdjpNy Nfhapy;
mikj;J md;G ,ilauhJ nra;j G+ryhupd; nghd;dbfis tzq;fp Nrhou; gpuhDk;
cyfk; ca;aj; jpUtb jpUcapu;j;j nry;t ghz;bak;kh Njtpahuhfpa kq;ifau;furp
mk;ikahupd; jpUtbia Nru;e;jhu;.
KbTiu:
Nrf;fpohu; vOjpa ngupaGuhzk; (my;yJ) jpUj;njhz;lu; Guhzk; thapyhf G+ryhu;
vd;Dk; rptdpd; Nky; nfhz;l mjPj gf;jpapy; jd;dplk; nghd; nghUs; ,y;yhjjdhy;
mfj;jpehisNa Nfhapy; mikj;J rptgpuhdpd; jpUtbr; Nru;e;jhu;.

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.G+ryhu; ehadhu; gpwe;j Cu;

46
 (m) jpUkzP (M) jQ;rhT+u; (,) jpUepd;wT+u ( <) jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
2. G+rdhu; ahUila gf;ju;
(m ) KUfd; (M ) rptd; (,) ngUkhs; ( <) tpehafu;
3. ahUf;F fdT te;jJ
(m ) gy;yt kd;dd;(M) nrq;Fe;j kd;dd;( , ) Nrho kd;dd;(<) Nru kd;dd;
4. Cryhu; ahUf;F Nfhapy; fl;bdhu;
(m) KUfd;( M ) tpehafu;(, ) rptd;(<) ngUkhs;
5. gy;yt kd;ddpd; Cu; vJ
(m) jQ;ir( M) fhQ;rp( ,) Nrho ehL( <) tlehL
6.Nrf;fpohhpd; ,aw;ngah;?
(m)rPtfd; (M)mz;zhkiy (,)mUz;nkhopNjth; (<)mUd;td;kh;
7.Nrf;fpohhpd; fhyk;----------
(m)12 (M) 20 (,) 16 (<)18
8.ehad;khh;fspd; vz;zpf;if?
(m) 66 (M)65 (,)63 (<)108
9.Nrf;fpohUf;F toq;Fk; NtW ngah;fs;?
(m)cj;jk Nrhod; (M) nja;tg;Gyth; (,)gy;yt kd;dd; (<) midj;Jk;
10.Nrf;fpohh; jk; E}Yf;F ,l;lg; ngah;?
(m)jpUj;njz;lj;njhif (M) jpUte;jhjp (,)jpUg;ghit (<)jpUkzp
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.G+ryhu; ehadhupd; Mrpupau; Fwpg;G?
2. G+ryhupd; kdf; Nfhapiy gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. gy;yt kd;ddpd; fdT rpWFwpg;G ?
4.Nrf;fpohh; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
G+ryhu; ehadhu; gw;wp fl;Liu tiuf.

fk;guhkhazk; -fk;gh;
ke;jiu #o;r;rpg; glyk;

Kd;Diu
ftpapd;gk; epiwe;j fhtpak; fk;guhkhazk;. nrhy;yoFk;> nghUsoFk; nfhz;L
jkpOf;F tsk; Nrh;f;Fk; ,e;E}y; fp.gp.9-k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 12-k; E}w;whz;bw;Fs;
vOe;j E}y;. ,jd; Mrphpah; fk;gh;. ,thpd; ftpj;jpwikia.
“fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;”
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gh;”
vd;W ciuf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J mwpa KbfpwJ.
jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}hpy; tho;e;j rilag;g ts;syhy; fk;gh; Mjhpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
mjdhy;> jk; fhtpaj;jpy; Mapuk; ghlYf;F xUKiw rilag;ghpd; nfhiliaAk;> gpw
Fzq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L ed;wp njhptpj;jhh;. fk;gh; jk; ,uhkhazj;ijg; gjpide;Nj
ehspy; vOjp Kbj;jhh; vd;gh;. ,jid>
“tpOe;j QhapW vOtjd; Kd;kiw
NjtpaUld; Muha;e;J
vOe;j QhapW tpOtjd; Kd;ftp
ghbdJ vOE}Nw”
vd;w ghly; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. fk;gh; jk; E}iyj; jpUtuq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhh;. mq;Nf>
itzt Mr;rhhpauhd ehjKdpfs; fk;gUf;Ff; “ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp” vd;Dk;
gl;lkspj;jjhff; $Wth;. fk;gh; ,f;fhg;gpak; jtpu rpiynaOgJ> VnuOgJ> rlNfhgh;

47
me;jhjp> ruRtjp me;jhjp Mfpatw;iw vOjpdhh;. fk;guhkhazk; 6 fhz;lq;fisAk;>
118 glyq;fisAk; 10> 500 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;l khngUk; fhg;gpak;.
ekf;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf mNahj;jpah fhz;lj;jpy; cs;s ke;jiu #o;rr ; pg;
glyk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ke;jiu vd;gts; ifNfapapd; Njhop Mths;. ,ts; ,uhkgpuhDf;Fj; jpUKb
#l;L tpoh elg;gij mwpe;jTld; Nfhgk; nfhz;lhs;. ifNfapapd;ghy; nrd;W
mtSila kdj;ijf; fiyj;J mtspd; %ykhf ,uhkgpuhdpd; jpUKb #l;L
tpohit elj;j tplhjgb jLj;J tpl;lhs;. me;jg; gFjpiaf; $WtNj “ke;jiu
#o;rr; pg; glyhkhFk;”.
jrujdpd; nray;:
mNahj;jp kd;dd; jrujd; jd; kfdhd ,uhkDf;F Kb #l;l Mirg;gLfpwhd;.
clNd> trpl;l Kdpth; cs;spl;l mikr;rh;fis mioj;J MNyhrpf;fpwhd;. gpd;G>
trpl;lkhKdpth; $wpa rlq;Ffis nra;fpwhd;. Kb#l;Lk; tpoh ehis vd;W
trpl;lkhKdpth; $wpaTld; KuR miwe;J nra;jpia Ch;kf;fSf;F mwptpf;f
epidf;fpwhd;.
jrujd; efiu moF nra;a Mizaply;:-
“Mw;wy;rhy;> murDf;F mwptpj;jhd;;; mtd;
rhw;Wf> efh; mzp rikf;f vd;wdd;”.
trpl;lkhKdptd; jruj kd;dDf;F rlq;Ffis nra;a vLj;Jf;$wpdhh;.
mk;kd;dDk;> mNahj;jp khefiu myq;fhuk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
giwaiwtpg;guP hf! vd;W tPuh;fSf;F fl;lisapl;lhd;.
giw mbj;Jf; $Wjy;
“Nfhefh; mzpf vdf; nfhl;Lk; Ngh;,ak;’
NjtUk; fspnfhsj; jphpe;J rhw;wpdhh;”.
jruj kd;ddhy; mDg;gg;gl;l ts;Sth;fs;> ,uhkgpuhd; ehis mNahj;jp
efUf;F kd;ddhf Kb#l;lg;Nghfpwhd;> Mifahy; ,e;efiu Njth;fSk;>
kfpo;rr; pailAk;gb myq;fhpf;FkhW Kurpd; %yk; giwaiwe;J $wpdhh;fs;.
efuj;jth; kfpo;r;rp miljy;:
“ftpmik fPh;j;jpmf; fhis ehisNa
Gtpmik kzpKb GidAk; vd;w nrhy;”
,uhkgpuhd; ehisNa Ml;rp Vw;gjw;Fhpa jpUKbiar; #Lthd; vd;gij mwpe;j
kf;fs; kfpo;e;jhh;fs;. Njth;fSila mkpo;jj;ij cz;lJ Nghd;w ,d;gj;jpy; kf;fs;
%o;fpdhh;fs;.
efiu myq;fhpj;jy;:-
“Nghh;j;jdh;; kd;didg; Gfo;e;J tho;j;jpdh;
J}h;j;jdh;> ePs;epjp> nrhy;ypdhh;f;F vyhk;”
,uhkd; Kb#Lfpwhd; vd;gij mwpe;j kf;fs;> Mde;jf; flypy; %o;fpdh;.
Mbg;ghb kfpoe;jdh;. ,uhkid Gfo;e;J ghbdh;. mNjhL ,y;yhky; ,t;thh;j;ijia
$wpath;fSf;nfy;yhk; nghUis thhp thhp toq;fpdhh;fs;.
mNahj;jp efhpd; myq;fhuk;:-
“kzpapid Ntflk; tFf;Fk; khWNghy;
mzpefh; mzpe;jdh; mUe;jp khf;fNs”
,uhkd;Nky; nfhz;l Ngud;gpdhy; moFf;F moF Nrh;g;gJ Nghy kpFe;j
xspAila #hpaid jpUj;jKwr; nra;tJ NghyTk;> jpUkhypdJ gue;j khh;gpidj;
jtOk; nfsj;Jt kzpapid rhizgpbj;J NkYk; xspAilajhf;FtJ NghyTk;>
mNahj;jp efiu nghypTwr; nra;jdh;.
“fs;mtpo; Nfhijahd; nry;tk; fhzpa

48
 Gs;syhk; jpUefh; GFe;j Nghd;wNt”
efhpy; gy;NtW tz;zq;fspy; nfhbfs; gwf;f tplg;gl;bUe;jd. ,itnay;yhk;
fhZk;NghJ> Njd; nghUe;jpa kyh; khiy mzpe;j ,uhkgpuhdJ mur nry;tj;ij
fhZk; nghUl;L> gy;NtW tz;zKila gwitfs; mNahj;jp efUf;F GFe;jJ Nghy;
,Ue;jd.
NjUk;> kjahidfSk;:-
“Mly;khd; Njh;f;Foha; mtdp fhzpa
tPnlDk; cyfpd;tPo; tpkhdk; Nghd;wd”
eldk; MLfpd;w Fjpiufspd; Njh;fs; nrhh;f;fj;jpypUe;J ,wq;fp te;j
Njtujq;fis Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. mNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; kpfg;nghpa kjahidfs;> nghpa
cjafphpfs; NjLtjw;F mhpa #hpaNdhL jpfo;td Nghd;W tpsq;fpd.
khl khspiffspd; myq;fhuk;:-
khl khspiffs; epuk;gpa tPjpfspy; ePh; njspj;J> kyh; J}tp> Kj;J
gtsq;fshy; myq;fhpj;J ,Ue;jdh;. ,f;fhl;rp ngUk; kiog; nghoptijg; Nghd;W
,Ue;jJ.
“jhk; ,io nehpjypy; jfh;e;j nghd;kio>
khkio epfh;j;jd- khl tPjpNa”.
Njth;fs; jpifj;jy;:-
“Ma;e;jdh; ngUfTk;> mkuh; ,k;ghpy;
Nghe;jth;> Nghe;jpyk; vd;Dk; Ge;jpahy;”
,uhkdpd; jpUKb tpohitf; fhz te;j Njth;fs; nghd;Dyfj;jpw;Fk;>
mNahj;jpf;Fk; NtWghL mwpa Kbahky; jpifg;gpy; %o;fpdh;. ,t;thW mNahj;jp efu
kf;fs; khefiu kfpo;rr ; papy; Mo;j;jpdh;.
mNahj;jpapd; myq;fhuj;ij $dp fhZjy;:-
mNahj;jp efu kf;fs; Mh;tj;jhy; me;efiu nghd;Dyfk; Nghy; myq;fhpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;. me;epiyapy;> vy;yh cyfq;fSf;Fk; Jd;gijr; nra;fpd;w ,uhtzd;
nra;j jPikfs; ahtw;iwAk; xNu tbtkhf nfhz;l $dp vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ke;jiu
mNahj;jp efUf;Fs; te;jhs;.
“,d;dy;nra; ,uhtzd; ,ioj;j jPikNghy;
Jd;dUq; nfhLkd $dp Njhd;wpdhs;”
Nfhgj;Jld; ifNfapiaf; fhzr; nry;Yjy;:-
“Njhd;wpa $dpAk;> Jbf;Fk; neQ;rpdhs;”
,uhkgpuhd; jpUKb #Ltij mwpe;j $dp kpFe;j nghwhikahy; JbJbj;jhs;.
mij vg;gbahtJ jLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;jhs;. ngUj;j Nfhgk; cilatsha;>
neUg;gpid ff;Fk; fz;fisAk; cilatshd $dp %d;W cyfq;fSf;Fk;
Jd;gijr; nra;a Kd; te;jhs;.

$dpapd; Nfhgk;:-
“njhz;iltha;f; Nffad; Njhif Nfhapy;Nky;
kz;bdhs; ntFspapd; kbj;j thapdhs;”.
,uhkgpuhd; rpWtdhapUe;j nghOJ> ifapy; tpy;Yk; kz;ZUz;ilAk; nfhz;L
tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. tpisahl;lhf tpy;ypd; %yk; mbj;j kz;ZUz;il
$dp kPJ gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,jdhy; $dp Nfhgk; nfhz;lhs;. md;W kdjpy; Vw;gl;l
Nfhgj;ij kdjpy; epidj;J nfhz;L gop thq;f fhj;jpUe;jhs;. ,uhkdpd; Kb#l;L
tpohit jLj;J jd; Nfhgj;jhy; gop thq;f Jbj;jhs;. nfht;itf;fdp Nghd;w rpte;j
thapidAila ifNfapdJ khspifia Nehf;fp tpiuthfr; nrd;whs;.
“ehw;fly; gLkzp espdk; g+j;jNjhh;

49
 ghw;fly; gLjpiug; gts ty;ypNa”
flypy; Njhd;Wfpd;w ,uj;jpdq;fNshL $b jhkiufs; G+j;jJ Nghd;W
tpsq;Fk; moF cilatSk;> gtsf;nfhb Nghd;w fz;fNshLk;> nghypNthLk;
gLf;ifapy; gLj;jpUe;j ifNfapidj; Njb ke;jiu nrd;whs;.
ifNfapapd; ghjq;fis jPz;Ljy;:-
“va;jpmf; Nffad; kle;ij VLmtpo;
neha;jyh; jhkiu Nehw;w Nehd;gpdhy;”
ke;jiu ifNfapapd; ,Ug;gplj;ij mile;jhs;. nghd;dhyhd Mguzq;fis
mzpe;j ifNfapapd; jhkiu kyh; Nghd;w nkd;ikahd ghjq;fis ke;jiu jd; ,U
iffspYk; nkd;ikahf tUbdhs;.
$dp Ngr njhlq;Fjy;:-
“jPz;lYk; czh;e;jmj; nja;tf; fw;gpdhs;
ePz;lfz; mde;jUk; ePq;f fpw;wpyd;”.
ke;jiu ifNfapapd; ghjj;ij njhl;lTld; cwf;fj;jpypUe;j ifNfap J}f;f
kaf;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; tpLgltpy;iy. cwf;f kaf;fj;jpy; ifNfap
,Uf;Fk;NghNj $dpahdts; “gopr;nrhy; jUk;gbahd ngUk;gop xUehSk; vd;Nky;
tuf;$lhJ” vd ifNfapiag; ghh;j;Jf; $wpdhs;.
“gpzq;Fthd; Nghplh; gpzpf;f ez;zTk;
czq;Ftha; my;iy; eP cwq;Ftha;”
,uhF vd;Dk; ghk;G jd;id tpOq;FkhW te;jhYk;> jd; epiyapypUe;J
khwhky; ,Uf;Fk; ntz;jpq;fis Nghy ,Uf;fpd;whNa kpFjpahd Jd;gk; te;jhYk;
tUj;jg;glhky; ,Uf;fpd;whNa! epk;kjpahf cwq;Ffpd;whNa! vd;W ke;jiu $wpdhs;.
ifNfapapd; md;Gs;sk;:-
ke;jiu $Wtij nghWikahf Nfl;l Nty; Nghd;w fz;fisAila ifNfap>
giftiu nty;Yk; tpy;Nye;jpa ifapidAila vd; ike;jh;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
vdf;nfd;d ftiy. mth;fs; eyKld; tho;fpd;wdh;. nra;Ak; njhopypy; Neh;ik
jtwhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fis ngw;w vdf;F vd;d Jd;gk; te;jJ vd;W Nfl;lhs;.

“tpuhtUk; Gtpf;nfyhk; NtjNkad”

ey;y ike;jh;fisg; ngWtjhy; kdj;Jah; ePq;Fk;. kf;fis ngw;wth;fs; ed;ikNa
ngWth;. ,uhkid kfdhfg; ngw;w vdf;F vd;d Jd;gk; tUk;> vd;W ifNfap
Nfl;lhs;.
ke;jiuapd; #o;r;rp ciufs;:-
“tho;e;jds; Nfhriy> kjpapdhy; vd;whs;”
ifNfap $wpa nrhw;fis Nfl;l $dpahdts; cdf;F tUk; ed;ik
mope;Jtpl;lJ. cd; nry;tKk; xope;jJ. Nfhriy ,dp vy;yhtifr; nry;tKk;
ngw;W tho;ths;” vd;W fLQ;nrhw;fisf; $wpdhs;.
$dp $wpaijf; Nfl;l ifNfap> rf;futh;j;jpiaf; fztdhfTk;> gujid
kfdhfTk; ngw;w vdf;F jhd; ,dp ey;tho;T Nfhriyf;F ,dp ey;tho;T tu
Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,g;NghNj ey;y tho;f;ifiaj; jhd; ngw;Ws;shs; vd;W ifNfap
$wpdhs;.
“#Ltd;; ehis tho;T ,J vdr; nrhy;ypdhs;
Nfhriy kfd; ehis murdhfg; Nghfpwhd;. mts; jhd; ,dp ey;tho;T
ngWths;> mts; cah;tho;T thoj;jhd; Nghfpwhs; vd;W $dp gjpy; $wpdhs;.
ifNfap kfpo;rr; pailjy;:-
“khw;wk; m/J ciunra> kq;if cs;sKk;

50
 Mw;wy; rhy; Nfhriy mwpTk; xj;jthy;”.
,uhkd; Kb#Ltijf; Nfl;l ifNfap kdk; kfpo;ejhs;. ,uhkdpd;
je;ijahfpa jrujd;> ifNfapd; cs;sj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; ifNfapd; kdk;
NtWgltpy;iy.
,uhkd;Nky; md;G nfhz;l ifNfap> #hpad;> re;jpud; mf;fpdp Nghd;W xsp
tPRk; ,uj;jpdkhiyia $dpf;Ff; ghprhff; nfhLj;jhs;.
ke;jiuapd; Nfhgk;:-
ifNfap nfhLj;j kzpkhiyia ke;jiu Nfhgj;Jld; tPrp vwpe;jhs;.
Nfhgj;NjhL ifNfapiag; ghh;j;jhs;. jpl;bdhs;> jd;Dila moif mopj;Jf;
nfhz;lhs;.
nghwhikiaj; J}z;ly;:-
$dp> ifNfapiag; ghh;j;J. eP mwptpy;yhjts;> cd; tapw;wpy; gpwe;j gujNdhL
kpfTk; Jd;gg;gLtha;. Nfhriyf;F ehd; mbikahfkhl;Nld; vd;W $dp $wpdhs;.
“gpwe;jpyd; gujd; eP ngWjyhs;” Nfhriy kfd; ,uhkd; murr; nry;tj;ijg;
ngWthd;. cd; kfd; gujNdh nry;tk; ,oe;J Jd;gg;gLthd; vd;W $dp $wpdhs;.
,uhkd; jpUKb #l;LjYf;F gujd; jilahapUg;ghd; vd gae;J gujid jrujd;
‘Nffa” ehl;bw;F mDg;gpajhf $dp ke;jiuaplk; $wpdhs;.
ke;jiu Gyk;gy;:-
gujNd cd; je;ijAk; nfhbatd;! cd; jhAk; nfhbats;. gujNd cd;
ed;ikf;F khwhf cd; je;ijAk; jhAk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,dp eP vd;d nra;ag;
Nghfpwha; vd;W Gyk;gpdhs;.
ke;jiu $wpa thh;j;ijiaf; Nfl;l ifNfap Nfhgg;gl;lhs;. mtspd; nfz;il
kPd; Nghd;w fz;fs; Nfhtj;jpy; rpte;jJ. eP vdf;F ed;ik nra;atpy;iy gujDk;
ed;ik nra;atp;y;iy eP gopiaj; Njbf;nfhz;lha;
ifNfapd; Nfhgk; :-
mwptpy;yhjtNs! mwptw;wj;jdkha; NgrhNj! ehtlf;fk; ,y;yhky; Ngrpdhy;
cd; ehit mWj;njwpNtd; vd;W $wpdhs;. ifNfap jpl;bAk;. ke;jiu mt;tplj;ij
tpl;L Nghftpy;iy. ifNfapd; fhypy; tpOe;J tQ;rpf;nfhb Nghd;wtNs! eP
jpl;bdhYk; cdf;F ed;ik nra;ahky; Nghfkhl;Nld;! vd;why;.
Kdpth;fNs nghUSf;F Mirg;gl;L kdk; khWth;. ,uhkd; Nfhriy Vd;
kdkhw khl;lhh;fs;” vd;W $dp $wpdhs;.
“GhpAk; jd;kfd; muR vdpy;” gpwh; ngUik fz;L nghwhikg;gLk; Nfhriy
ifNfaplk; jrujd; md;G nfhz;bUg;gijf; fz;L Nfhriy nghwhikg;gLfpwhs;
vd;W $dp $Wfpwhs;.
jk;kplk; tUgth;f;F Nfhriyaplk; nrd;W nghUs; ngw;W nfhLg;ghNah?
ntl;fj;NjhL Nghfhky; ,Ug;ghNah? kdk; nehe;J Nehapdhy; tUe;JthNah? vd;W
$dp $wpdhs;.
ifNfapf;F jPa MNyhridf; $wpajhy;> ,uhkd; kPJ md;G nfhz;l
ifNfapapd; kdk; KOtJkhf khwpaJ.

kdk; khwpa ifNfap:-

“GidAk; ePs;Kb ngWk;gb GfYjp” ifNfap $dpiag; ghh;j;J vd; kPJ
tpUg;gk; nfhz;L vd; kfDf;F ed;ik nra;a epidf;fpwha;. gujd; Kb#Lk; ,lj;ij
ePNa $Wthahf! vd;W $wpdhs;.
,dp cdf;F jho;T fpilahJ vd; nrhy;iyf; Nfl;L ele;jhs; VO
cyfj;ijAk; gujDf;F chpikahf;FNtd;. vd;W $wpdhs;.
nfhLikkpf;f ke;jiu> Gd;rphpg;GilatNs! rk;guRuid mopj;J ntw;wp ngWk;
jruj kd;ddpd; ,uz;L tuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs; vd;W ifNfapiag; ghh;j;Jf;
$wpdhs;.

51
 ,uz;L tuq;fSs; xd;W Ml;rp chpikia cd; kfd; gujDf;F Mf;fpf;nfhs;.
kw;nwhd;W ,uhkd; mNahj;jpapypUe;J ePq;fp gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; tdthrk; nry;y
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;jhy; cd; kfDf;F tsKila ,t;Tyfk; midj;Jk;
fpilf;Fk;.
“jiuf;F ehafd; jha; ,dp ePnadf; $dpiag; Gfo;e;J tpiyAah;e;j
khiyiaAk; nry;tj;ijAk; nfhL;j;jhs;. cyFf;F murdhfpa gujDf;F ePNa
jhahtha;! vd;W $wpdhs;.
“,d;W va;jhvdpy; murd; Kd; vd;caph; Jwe;J nghd;wp ePq;Fjy;
Ghpntd;ahd;” vd; kfDf;F Kb#l;Ljy; ,uhkid fhl;bw;F mDg;Gjy;. ,ij
,uz;ilAk; epr;rak; epiwNtw;WNtd;. ,J elf;fhtpl;lhy; vd;Dapiu tpl;LtpLNtd;
,J cWjp eP epk;kjpahfr; nry;” vd;W $wpdhs;.

KbTiu :-
,uhkdpd; jpUKb #l;L tpohtpid elj;j tplhjgb jLj;j $dp ifNfapd;ghy;
nrd;W mtspd; kdij fiyj;J mtspd; %ykhfNt jpUKb #l;Ltpohtpid
elj;jtplhjgb jLj;J tpl;lhs;. ,jid ke;jiu #o;rr ; pg;glyk; vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd;
%ykhf mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;
tpdhtq;fp
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.fk;guhkhazj;jpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) fk;gh; M) thy;kPfp ,) ghujp <) rkzKdpth;
2.fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; fhz;lq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 6 M) 5 ,) 4 <) 8
3.ke;jiur; #o;rr
; pg;glyk; ve;j fhz;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ?
m) Re;ju fhz;lk; M) mNahj;jpafhz;lk; ,) Aj;jfhz;lk; <) Muz;a fhz;lk;
4.mNahj;jp efupd; kd;dd; ahh;?
m) jrujd; M) JupNahjdd; ,) tpJud; <) rr;re;jd;
5.jruj kd;dd; ahUf;F Kbr; #l;l vz;zpdhd;?
m) ,uhkd; M) ,yl;Rkdd; ,) Rf;fputd; <) rj;Ufd;
6.,uhkd; kPJ Nfhgk; nfhz;L mtid gopthq;f epidj;jts;---------------
m) ifNfap M) ke;jiu ,) Rkpj;uh <) CH;trp
7.ifNfaplk; ,uhkdpd; gl;lhgpN\fk; gw;wp $wpaJ ahh;?
m) Nfhriy M) ke;jiu ,) Rkpj;uh <) CH;trp
8.ahUila Ngr;rpidf; Nfl;l ifNfap kdk; khwpdhs;?
m) Nfhriy M) ke;jiu ,) Rkpj;uh <) CH;trp
9.jrujd; kd;ddplk; ifNfap vj;jid tuq;fs; Nfl;lhs;?
m) 2 M) 4 ,)3 <) 1
10.,uhkd; Kbr; #l;bdhs; mjpfhuk; KOtJk; ahuplk; nrd;W tpLk; vd;W ke;jiuf;
$wpdhs;?
m) Nfhriy M) rPij ,) Rkpj;uh <) CH;trp

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. fk;guhkhazk; E}y; Fwpg;G jUf.
2. mNahj;jp efuk; gw;wp fk;gu; top tpsf;Ff.
3. $dpapd; Nfhgj;ij Fwpg;gpLf.
4. ifNfapd; kWnkhop tpsf;Ff.

52
 5. ke;jiuapd; #o;rr
; pia tpsf;Ff.
II.gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. fk;guhkhazk; top ke;jiuapd; #o;rr ; pg; glyj;ij tpsf;fp tiuf.
2. ke;jiuapd; #o;rr
; pg; glyj;jpYs;s nra;jpapid fl;Liu tiuf?

<)rPwhg;Guhzk; - Gyp trdpj;j glyk;

Kd;Diu:
rPwhg;Guhzk; ,Ryhk; rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;j fhg;gpak; MFk;. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy;
rPwh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tuyhW vd;gJ nghUshFk;. Kfk;kJ egpapd; tuyhw;iwf;
$Wk; fhg;gpak; rPwhg;Guhzk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,jid ,aw;wpatu; ckWg;Gytu;.
rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; Gyp trdpj;j glyk; ekf;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
Mrpupau; Fwpg;G:
 Mrpupau; : ckWg;Gytu;
 fhyk; : fp.gp.17 E}w;whz;L
 Cu;; : jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s fPof;fiu vd;Wk; ehfyhGuk;
vd;Wk; ,U NtW fUj;Jf;fs; cz;L.
 gzp : vl;ilaGu muritg; Gytuhf tpsq;fpatu;
 Mrhd; : fbif Kj;Jg;Gytu;
 rpwg;G : ckWg;Gytu; fPof;fiu nra;F rjf;fj;Jy;yh vd;w
Qhdpaplk; Kfk;kJ egpfshupd; tuyhw;iw KOtJk; Nfl;L
rPwhg;Guhzj;ij vOjpdhu;.
 ,jw;Fg; nghUSjtp mspj;j ts;sy;fs; rPjf;fhjpAk; mGy;fhrpKk;
Mtu;.
 ckWg;Gytu; jd;id Mjupj;j rPjf;fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f
rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpdu;.
E}w;Fwpg;G:
 rPwhg;Guhzk; vd;Dk; E}Yf;F “tho;f;if tuyhW‟‟ vd;gJ nghUs;.
,e;E}y; Kfk;kJ egpapd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwJ.
 rPwhg;Guhzk; %d;W fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;l fhg;gpakhFk;.
 fhz;lq;fs;
 1.tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; 24
 2.EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk; 21
 `p[puj;Jf; fhz;lk; 47
 glyk; 92
 tpUj;jk; 5027
 ckWg;Gytu; KJnkhopkhiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
 KJnkhop khiy 80 ghf;fshy; MdJ.
 ckWg;Gytupd; kfd;- ftpf;fsQ;rpag;Gytu;
tpyhj;jJf; fhz;lj;jpd; rpwg;G :
„tpyhj;‟ vd;w muGr; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gpwg;G vd;gJ nghUshFk;. egpfspd; gpwg;G>
tsu;g;G> ,sikf;fhyk>; jpUkzk>; vd;Dk; gFjpfisg; $Wtjhy; ,g;ngau; ngw;wJ.
Gyp trdpj;j glyj;jpd; fijr;RUf;fk; :
\hk; vd;Dk; efUf;F nry;Yk; topapy;> Gyp xd;W mt;topNa nry;Nthiu
mbj;J jpd;W te;jJ. Ks; epiwe;j tdj;jpNy mJ jq;fp ,Ue;jJ. Gyp ,Uf;Fk;
mt;typiaj; jtpu Nghf NtW top ,y;iy. Mjyhy;> KfkJ mg;gspia xopf;f

53
ifapy; Ntiy Ve;jp nrd;whu;. mtiuf; fz;l Gyp jd; thio Fiyj;J cly;
eLq;fpa mtiu gzpe;J tzf;fk;; njuptpj;J gzpe;jJ. KfkJ mg;Gypiaj; jltp>
,dp vtiuAk; nfhs;sf;$lhJ> NtW fhl;bw;F nrd;W tpL> vd;whu;. GypAk; mtiu
gzpe;J tpl;L NtW fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;wJ.

KfkJ egpia tzq;fp xUtd; $wpa nra;jp

glu;e;j njz;biug; ngUIf;nfLj; njwpejpg; gug;igf;

fle;J fhd;gy fle;jU newpnrYq; fhiy

nfhle;j lf;fhpj; jpunsDq; FOtpD nshUt

dile;J rPuF kjpdb njhOjiw Ftdhy;

KfkJ egp mth;fSk; tzpfh;fSk; nghpa mlh;e;j fhl;bw;Fs; nrd;wdh; . mf;fhl;by;

gue;j njspe;j ePhpid cila ejpapdpy; nts;skhdJ ngUf;nfLj;J
xbf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. mj;Jld; gy;NtW fhLfisAk; fle;Jr; nrd;wdh; .
mt;tzpfh;fs; midtUk; nghpa fhl;Lf;Fs; ele;J tUtJ ahidf; $l;lq;fs;
mzptFj;J tUtJ Nghy ,Ue;jJ.

Gyp ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij mwptpj;jy; :

epfOe; jhiuapw; fhtjj; Js;Siw neLeP

ufoP Nghd;wNth NuhilAz; ljdpDf; fzpj;jha;g;

GfoP jw;fhp jltpAz; lt;topg; nghUe;jp

AfS khq; nfhU ghjff; nfhLthp AOit

ehk; ele;J nry;Yk; ,g;ghijapy; xUfhj(gj;J iky;) J}uj;jpy;> kpFe;j

ePupidf; nfhz;l ePz;l mfop Nghd;w xU Xil cz;L .mjw;F mUfpy; nry;tjw;F
mupa fhL xd;W cs;sJ. mf;fhl;by; Xb jpupAk; ngUk; efq;fisf; nfhz;L
nfhLikiar; nra;Ak; >tise;j tupfisf; nfhz;l Gyp xd;W cs;sJ.
Gypapd; Njhw;wk;

ePz;l thdpyk; Gilj;jplf; fple;Jl dpkph;e;J

$z;l fhd;kbj; jpUtpop fdy;fs; nfhg;gpspg;gg;

G+z;l nts;nsap wpyq;fpl tha;Gyhy; fko

tPz;L Kl;nrwp tdj;jpil rpdj;njhL kpUf;Fk.

mg;Gyp jd; ePz;l thypdhy; jiuapd; kPJ mbj;jpLk;. mJ jd; clypid

epkpu;j;jp> jd; fhy;fs; ehd;ifAk; Nru;j;J kbj;J jiu kPJ gLj;jpUf;Fk;. mjd;
fz;fs; ,uz;Lk; jPg;nghwpfisf; ff;Fk;. ;ntz;zpwk; nfhz;l gw;fs; xsp tPRk;:
thapy; Gyhy; ehw;wk; tPRk;; Njhw;wKs;s Gyp, Kl;fs; neUq;fpa mf;fhl;by;
Nfhgj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwJ.

Gypapd; ntwpr;nray; :

54
 epuk;Gk; ts;Sfph; klq;fyp dpdq;fsp dpzKz;

bUk;g idf;ifKk; kjfhpj; Nfhl;vid aPo;j;jpl;

Luk;gp se;Jjp uq;fis khe;jpepd; Wwq;fh

jUk;ng Uq;fphp gpjph;e;jpl TUTkpD kyWk;

me;j Gyp> kpfTk; $u;ik tha;e;j efq;fisf‟; nfhz;l rpq;ff; $l;lj;ij

jtpu;j;J gpw kpUfq;fisf; nfhd;W> mtw;wpd; jir gFjpfisj; jpd;Dk;, gid kuk;
Nghd;w ngupa Jk;gpf;ifapidAk;> ;kjq;fisAk; nfhz;l ahidfspd; nfhk;Gfisg;
gpbj;J ,Oj;J mtw;wpd; khu;gpidf; fPwp ,uj;jj;ijf; Fbf;Fk.;; gpwF cwq;fhJ
epd;W mupa ngupa kiyfSk; rpjwpLk;gb ,biaf; fhl;bYk; kpFjpahf cWk;Gk;.

Gypapd; Xiria Nfl;L gpw kpUfq;fs; mile;j Jau; :

Mjph;e;jp Le;njhdp nrtpAw tltpap yile;j

Kjph;e;j NkjpAq; fitabf; NfoY KOJk;

Nghjpe;j nka;kap nuz;fpdq; fSkiug; Nghj;Jk;

Gjpe;j fhwL khwpl tPo;e;Jly; gijf;Fk;.

mg;Gyp cUkpLk; XirahdJ mf;fhl;by; ,Ue;j tajhd Kjpa vUikfs;>

gpsT gl;l ghjq;fisf; nfhz;l gd;wpfs;> cly; KOtJk; Kbapdhy; %lg;gl;l
cly;fisf; nfhz;l fubfs;> fiykhd;fs; Kjypatw;wpd; fhJfspy; gl;lJk;
mtw;wpd; fhy;fs; jLkhwp cly; eLf;fKw;W epd;wpUe;jd.
ntspapy; gpufhrpf;fhj mofpa rpwFfisAk;> Gs;spfis cila
tz;bdq;fs; kyu;fisj; jpwe;J mjd; cs;spUf;Fk; Njid mUe;Jfpd;w mofhf
tpsq;Ffpd;w khiy mzpe;j ntw;wpAila egpfs; ngUkhNd! mg;GypahdJ
thapy;gl;L Ntw;gil jhq;fpa Nte;ju;fs; khz;lJ khj;jpuky;yhky; > xl;lfk;> Fjpiu
KjypaitfSk; mg;Gypapd; thapy;gl;L ,we;Jg;Nghapd.

Gyp vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W KfkJ egp Nfl;ly; :

vd;w thrfQ; nrtpGf ntopypU GaKq;

Fd;W NghYw tPq;fpd KWty; nfhz;bluha;

Epd;w Ntq;ifnat; topnad epfo;j;jpd utDk;

Ntd;wp thus Nrazpj; njtpsk; gpdNd

,t;thW mk;kdpjd; $wpa nrhw;fs; vy;yhk; KfkJ egp mtu;fspd;

nrtpapy;gl;ld. mtw;iw Nfl;lJk; mtupd; ,U Njhs;fSk; kiyfisg; Nghy
gUj;jd. mtu; Gd;rpupg;Gld;> ",ilA+wha; ,Uf;Fk; mg;Gyp ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; vt;tplk;"
vd;W mtdplk; Nfl;lhu;. mjw;F mk;kdpjd; ntw;wpia cila thspid Ve;jpa
Nte;jNu! m/J mUfpy; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nrhd;dhd;.
mg;NghJ jpwisf; fw;fs; NghYk; Njhs;fisg; ngw;w egpfs; KfkJ xU
ifapy; $u;ikahd Ntu; gilia jhq;fpf; nfhz;L> mupjhd jq;fsJ rupuj;jpd;
fz;zpUe;J cz;lhFk; fpUigahdJ G+kpapy; nghUe;jk;gb gutpa gf;fq;fspy; epytr;

55
nra;aTk;: mofpa Fq;Fk G\;gj;jpdhy; Mfpa khiyahdJ Njhs;fspy; fple;J
Guz;L mire;jplTk; ele;J mg;GypahdJ jq;Fk; ghijapd; fz; egp KfkJ
nrd;whu;.

KfkJ egp tUtij Gyp ghu;j;jy; :

khjp ujJiw Nfrhp epfh;Kfk; kJjk;

G+j ug;Ga kirjug; Gsfpj;j NjhLq;

fhJ nrq;fjph; Nty;tyf; fuj;jpil ftpd

tPjp tha;tuf; fz;lJ ngUthp Ntq;if

mtu;fs; mt;thW NghfNt> kiyfspy; tho;fpd;w rpq;fj;jpw;F xg;ghfpa KfkJ

egp jd; kiy Nghd;w Njhs;fs; mirAk; gb kfpo;rr
; pAld;> nfhiy nra;ahj> rpte;j
xyp nghUe;jpa NtWgilia moFld; tyf;ifapy; nfhz;lthW ghijapy; jd;
Kd;dhy; tUtijg; gy tupfisj; jd; clypy; nfhz;l mg;Gyp ghu;j;jJ.

KfkJ egpia fz;lJk; Gyp nray;gl;l jd;ik :

mt;thW egp KfkJ tUtijg; ghu;j;j rkaj;jpy; jd; $u;ikahd

efj;jpidAk; jpz;zpa typikAk; nfhz;l mg;Gyp> jd;id Nehf;fp tUk; KfkJ
egpapid ghu;j;J jd; thiy tisj;jJ. ngupa jiyiaj; jho;j;jpaJ; mupa cly;
eLf;fKw;wJ. igag;iga(nkJ nkJthf) ele;J egpf;F vjpuha; te;J" Fspu;r;rp
jq;fpa Fspu;e;j kyu; Nghd;w cq;fs; ghj juprdj;jpw;F ryhk;" vd;W nrhy;yp
tzq;fpaJ.

eyd;ng Wq;Fiw rpfspdpy; te;j ehafNd

epyk;g ue;J jPd; mgUfpl ntOe;jeP zpyNt

Gyd;f zpd; Gwf; fz;ldd; fspj;jdd; nghUtpy;

Gyd;ng Wk;gb ahapd nddg;gfh;e; jJNt

md;wpAk; ed;ikia mspf;fpd;w tPl;bd; fz; te;J cjpj;j ehad;khu;fNs.
,];yhk; vd;d khu;f;fkhdJ. ,t;Tyfk; KOtJk; gutp ngUfpLk; gbahf vOk;gpa
ePz;l epythdtu;fNs ehd; jq;fis vdJ fUj;Jk; fz;fSk; ,dpikAWk; tz;zk;
ghu;j;Njd;. mjdhy; re;Njh\j;ij mile;Njd;. xg;gpy;yhj Gz;zpaj;ijAk;
ngWk;gbahfp tpl;Nld; vd;W jdJ thiaj; jpwe;J mg;GypahdJ nrhy;ypw;W.

KfkJ egp jd; ifahy; Gypiaj; jlTjy; :

Te;J njz;ldpl; nlOe;Jtha; Gijj;Jw tzq;fpg;

Ge;jp $h;jug; Nghw;wpa ts;Sfph;g; HGypia

Ke;j uhry Kfk;kJ edpkd kfpo;e;J

re;j nkd;kzpf; fuj;jpdhw; rpuKfe; jltpa

jq;fs; Kd;dhs; te;J> tzq;fp vOe;J> tha; nghj;jp> Gj;jp
mjpfupf;Fk;gb Jjpj;j> kpff; $u;ikahd efj;jpidf; nfhz;l mg;Gypapid> ke;jpu k

56
iyapDf;F xg;ghd KfkJ egpfs; kpf kdkfpo;rr
; p mile;J >mofpa ed;ikia
cila> nky;ypa jk; iffspdhy; mjd; jiyapidAk; Kfj;jpidAk; jltpdhu;.

KfkJ egpia tzq;fp Gyp Gwg;gLjy; :

,d;W njhl;bt nzwpapdp Yaph;nrfj; jpLt

jd;W NtnwhW fhl;bdpw; GFfntd; wiwe;j

kd;w Wd;wpa Kfk;kjpd; kyub tzq;fp

ed;W wd;nwdg; Nghw;wpNa ele;jJ Ntq;if

eP ,d;W Kjy; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s ghijapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L gpw

capu;fisf; nfhy;tJ cdf;F ey;yjd;W. Mjyhy;> ,e;j ,lj;ij tpl;L NtW
fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W tpLthahf! vd;W nrhd;dhu; KfkJ egpfs;. mg;Gyp> kyu;fspd;
kzk; nghUe;jpa jhkiug; G+g;Nghd;w egpfspd; ghjq;fis tzq;fp> "ey;yJ> ey;yJ
"vd;W nrhy;yp Gfo;e;J tpl;L me;j ,lj;jpid tpl;L mfd;wJ.

KfkJ egpapd; nraiyf; fz;Nlhu; tpae;J Nghw;Wjy; :

gLnfh iyg;Gyp nka;Awg; gzpe;jpth; ghjj;

jbt zq;fpa fhuz tjpra kjdh

Yila td;wpUj; J}jNu Az;iknad; Wd;dpj;

jpdK ilj;jneQ; rhapd uwptpdpw; nwspe;Njhh;.

mg;NghJ kpFe;j nfhiy njhopiy cila mg;GypahdJ jd; ruPuk;

nghUe;Jk;gb egp KfkJ ghjj;jpd; fPo; tzq;fpa mw;Gjj;jpdhy; mwptpdpy; njspT
ngw;wtu;fs; rpy Ngu;fs; ,tu; ,iwtdhy; mDg;g ngw;w J}jNu vd;W vz;zp
typikahd kdk; cilatu;fs; Mdhu;fs;.

KbTiu :

,t;thW rPwhg;Guhzk; Gyp trdpj;j glyj;jpd; thapyhf ,iwj;J}juhd

egp KfkJtpd; mw;Gjq;fisAk;> mthpd; ngUikfs; kw;Wk; Gypapd; nray;fisAk;
gw;wp ,g;glyj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.rPwgg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
m)ckWg;Gyth; M) rPjf;fhjp ,)fbif Kj;Jg; Gyth; <) mGy;fhrpk;
2.ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; ahh;?
m)ckWg;Gyth; M) rPjf;fhjp ,)fbif Kj;Jg; Gyth; <) mGy;fhrpk;
3.rPwhg;Guhzk; ----------------fhz;lq;fis cilaJ?
m)%d;W M) [e;J ,) VO <) ehd;F
4.Nfoy; vd;gjd; nghUs; --------------
m)vUik M)Gyp ,) gd;wp <) rpq;fk;
5.ckWg;Gyth; ahUila khzth; --------------------
m),sq;Nfhtbfs; M) rPjf;fhjp ,)fbif Kj;Jg; Gyth; <) mGy;fhrpk;
6.rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ahUila Ntz;LNfhSf;F ckWg; Gyth; ,aw;wpdhh;?

57
m)rPjf;fhjp M)ckWg;Gyth ,)fbif Kj;Jg; Gyth; <) mGy;fhrpk;
7.ckWg;Gythpd; fhyk;----------------
m) 17Mk; E}w;whz;L M)18Mk; E}w;whz;L ,)19Mk; E}w;whz;L <) 20Mk; E}w;whz;L
8.rPwj; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
m)Gwhzk; M) tuyhW ,)Gjpdk; <)ftpij
9.cOit vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
m)Gyp M) rpq;fk; ,)fub <) gd;wp
10. klq;fs; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
m)Gyp M) rpq;fk; ,)fub <)fhL
[e;J kjpg;ngz; tpdff;fs;
1. ckWg;Gyth; Fwpg;G tiuf?
2. rPwhg;Gwhzk; E}w;Fwpg;G tiuf?
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs
1.Gyp trdpj;j glyj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; fUj;Jfis tphpthf vOJf? ;

myF -3 ehty;
tQ;rp khefuk; - eh. ghh;j;j rhujp
Kd;Diu:
,f;fhy ,yf;fpa tiffspy; rpwg;ghdNjhh; ,lj;ij tfpg;gJ GjpdkhFk;.
Gjpd ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapy; Fwpg;ghf tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fs; kf;fs; kdjpy; rpwe;j
,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. eh.ghh;j;jrhujp vOjpa ,g;Gjpdj;jpd; thapyhf tQ;rp
khefuj;ij Ml;rpg; GhpAk; kd;dd; Raeyj;Jld; ,Ug;gij vz;zp mtid khw;w
epidj;j mikr;rd; gw;wpAk;> kdk; khwpa kd;dd; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf vt;thW
Nghuhbdhd; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,f;fijf; fsk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; Nru ehl;bd; rpwg;igAk;> Nruh;fs; flk;gh;fis ntd;w nra;jpiaAk;
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
Mrphpah; - eh. ghh;j; ;jrhujp
gpwg;G - 1932 jprk;gh; 18
CH; - tpUJefh; khtl;lk; ehpf;Fb
gzp - kJiu NrJgjpg; gs;spapy; Mrphpauha; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
fy;fp ,jopy; cjtpg;Nguhrphpahuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
1965 ,y; jPgk; vd;w khj ,jio Muk;gpj;jhh;.
tpUJfs; -
 rKjha tPjp vd;Dk; neLq;fijf;fhf rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;whh;.
 Jsrp khlk; vd;Dk; neLq;fijf;fhf uh[h rh; mz;zhkiy ghpR
ngw;whh;.
 jkpo;ehL ghpR> fk;guhkhazj; jj;Jtf;fly; cs;spl;l tpUJfs;
ngw;Ws;shh;.
gilg;Gfs; - FwpQ;rp kyh;> nghd; tpyq;F> fghlGuk;> rhaq;fhy Nkfq;fs;> rKjha
tPjp> ghz;bkh Njtp> tQ;rpkhefuk;> ntw;wp Kof;fk;> gpwe;j kz;> neQ;rf;fdy;>
new;wpf;fz;> kiy rpfuk;
fijkhe;jh;fs; :
Nruehl;bd; jiyefuk; - tQ;rpkh efuk;
mOk;gps;Nts; mikr;rd;
Fkud; ek;gp - gilj;jiytd;

58
mKjts;sp - ,uj;jpd tpahghhpapd; kfs;
Me;ijf; fz;zd; - flk;gh;fspd; jiytd;
typad;> G+opad; - xw;wh;fs;
nghd;thzp(G+h;thfpdp)> khNfhij - ejpfs;

fijr;RUf;fk; kw;Wk; ghj;jpug; gilg;gpd; rpwg;Gfs;:

G+h;zthfpdp vd;wiof;fg;gLk; nghd;thdp MW flNyhL fyf;Fkplk; nghypthf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Mw;wpidAk; khNfhij flypidAk; Mz; - ngz; ,UtUf;Fk;
xg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;thUk; cz;L. ,tw;wpd; moif Efuhjth; tQ;rp khefhpy; xUtUk;
,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ. ,j;jifa nghypT epiwe;j nghd;thdp Mw;iwf; fle;J
nrd;why; Nru ehl;bd; jiyefuhd nfhLq;NfhSh; mike;Js;sJ. nfhLq;NfhSiu
mLj;Js;s Krpwpapy; gugug;ghd Ngr;R kf;fspilNa ryryj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
Nkw;F flypd; nfhba nfhs;isf;fhudhfpa flk;gh; FWepy kd;dd; Me;ijf;
fz;zd; Krpwpiaf; nfhs;isaplg; NghFk; nra;jpNa gutpapUe;jd. nfhLq;NfhSh;
Nfhl;ilg; ghJfhg;G gilj;jiytd; Fkud; ek;gpf;F Ntshtpf;Nfh khspifapypUe;j
kpf Kf;fpakhd nra;jp xd;W tUfpwJ. ,r;nra;jpia Ntshtpf;Nfh khspifapd;
xw;wh;fshd typaDk;> G+opaDk; nfhz;L tUfpwhh;fs; me;j Neuj;jpy;
nfhLq;NfhShpy; Fkud; ek;gp ,y;iy vd;gjhy; ,UtUk; jpifj;jdh;.
Fkudpd; nray;
khspifapd; mikr;rh; mOk;gps;Nts; je;jpur; nraypy; rpwe;J
; tpsq;Fgth;.
,th; Fkud; ek;gpia clNd mioj;J tur;nrhd;d fhhpaj;jpy; typaDf;Fk;>
G+opaDf;Fk; Vkhw;wj;ij je;jJ nfhLq;NfhShpy; cs;s G+Q;Nrhiyapy; Fkud; ek;gp
,uj;jpd tpahghhpapd; kfshd mKjty;ypAld; fhjy; taf;fl;ltdhf nfhQ;rp
cwthbf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ,UtUk; ciuahbf; nfhz;bUe;jij typaDk;> G+opaDk;
kiwe;J Nfl;ldh;. Fkud; ek;gpia mOk;gps;Nts; mioj;J tur;nrhd;d nra;jpiaf;
$Wfpd;wdh;. Fkud; clNd Ntshtpf;Nfh khspiff;F tpiue;J nry;fpwhd;.
Me;ijf; fz;zd;
flk;gh; FWepy kd;dd; Me;ijf; fz;zd; nfhs;isapl tUk; nra;jp
nfhLq;NfhShpy;
jPg;gutyhfapUe;jJ. Mq;fhq;Nf Nrug;gil tPuh;fs; ftdkhf efiu ghJfhj;J
epd;wdh;. Fkud; Ntshtpf;Nfh khspifia milfpwhd;. mk;khspif NruDila
je;jpu khspifahFk;. mq;F mOk;gps;Nts; ,y;iy vd;wwpe;jTld; md;wpuT mq;NfNa
jq;Ffpwhd;. mKjty;ypaplk; “ kPz;Lk; re;jpf;fyhk;” vd;W $wpa thh;j;ijia
epidj;J tUj;jkilfpwhd;.
mikr;rh; $wpa nra;jp
nfhLq;NfhSUf;F typaidAk; G+opaidAk; mDg;gp tpl;L mOk;gps;Nts;
khWNtlj;jpy; nfhLq;NfhSh; nrd;W mq;Fs;s epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhd;. >ij
mwpahjtdhf Fkud; ek;gp jaf;fj;Jld; epw;fpwhd;. nfhLq;NfhSiur; Nrh;e;j >sk;
ngz; xUj;jpia Me;ijf; fz;zdpd; Fk;gy; flj;jp nrd;W tpl;lij mikr;rh;
mOk;gps; Nts; Fkudplk; $Wk; nghOJ mtd; nra;jpia nghpjhf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;l ngz; ,uj;jpd tpahghhpapd; kfs; mKjty;yp
vd;wTld; Fkud; neQ;rk; cile;jhd;.
Fkudpd; rPw;wk;
mKjty;ypia flj;jpr; nrd;w flk;gu;fspd; Nky; rPw;wk; nfhs;fpwhd;.
fz;zidAk; mtdJ Fk;giyAk; $z;NlhL mspf;f rgjk; nra;fpwhd;. Fkud;
nfhLq;NfhShiu mile;J mKjty;yp mq;F ,y;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhd;. gifehl;L kuf;fyq;fs; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpw;F nrd;W mKjty;yp vg;gb
flj;jg;gl;lhy; vd Muha;e;J mwpe;J nghd;thzp Mw;wpd; fhy;tha; topNa Njl
Gwg;gl;L nry;fpwhd;.
es;sputpy; epfo;e;jJ
59
 Fkud; jd;Dld; ,U ufrpa tPuu;fis mioj;Jf; nfhz;L Me;ij fz;zd;
,Uf;Fk; kuf;fyq;fis Nehf;fp nry;fpwhd;. Fkudpd; kdjpy; ,U NtW NtW
Fog;gq;fs; epfo;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd Me;ij fz;zd; ,Uf;Fk; kuf;fyj;ij
fhz;fpwhd;. gil tPuu;fis tpl;L jdpahf nry;y Kay;fpwhd;. kuf;fyj;jpw;F vjpNu
cs;s fapw;Nwdpia nfhz;L kuf;fyj;jpd; Nky; jsj;ij milfpwhd;. mf;fsj;jpy;
Me;ijf; fz;zid fhZk; nghOJ mtDf;Fs; gy vz;zq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
flk;gu;fs; nfhLq;NfhShUf;F xw;wwpa te;j Neuj;jpy; mKjty;ypia flj;jp
,Uf;ff;$Lk; vz;zpf; nfhz;lhd;.
Fkud; ek;gpapd; jpl;lk;
fsj;jpypUe;J ntspNa te;j Fkud; jd; gil tPuu;fNshL MNyhrpf;fpd;whd;.
flk;gu;fis xopf;f ngUk; jpl;lk; jPl;bdhd; mjw;fhd Ntiy ,uT KOtJk;
ele;jJ. jpl;lkpl;lgb Fkud; ek;gp gilf;Nfhl;lj;J tPuu;fs; midtUk; glFfis
jpul;bf;nfhz;L flYf;Fs; gazpj;jdu;. gil Nfhl;l tPuu;fs; ahtUk; jP ge;jq;fis
gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L Gwg;gl;ldu;.
glFfs; xd;whf Gwg;gl;lhy; giftu; ,lj;jpy; mfg;gl;L tpl NeupLk;.
Mifahy; jdpj;jdpahf nry;y Mizapl;lhd;. nghd; thdpy; Kf Jthuj;ijf;
fle;J ngUq;flYf;Fs; EioAk; nghOJ jP ge;jj;ij mizj;Jtpl;L jPit
mile;jJk; glFfspd; Jiznfhz;L jdpj;jdpNa kuf;fyq;fis Kw;WifapLq;fs;.
NkYk; Nru ehl;L nfhbia flk;gu;fspd; kuf;fyq;fspy; fl;Lq;fs;. vy;yh
,lq;fspYk; fl;Ltjhy; rpf;fy; Vw;gl;L tpLk; vd fUjp Mq;fhq;Nf mtu;fSila
nfhbia tpl;L tpLq;fs; vd;W Fkud; ek;gp $Wfpwhd;.
,jdhy; vd;d gad; vd;W giltPud; xUtd; tpdhtpdhd;. mjw;F Fkud;
ek;gp “flk;gu;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; xUtUf;F xUtu; re;Njfg;gl;L mbj;Jf;
nfhs;thu;fs;. mur R+o;r;rpfspy; ,J kpj;jpu Ngjk; vd;w tifia Nru;e;jJ" vd;whd;.
nfhLq;NfhShupd; gilj;jiytd; Fkud; ek;gpapd; R+o;rr ; pia mwpe;j Me;ijf;
fz;zd; Kd; vr;rupf;ifahf nray;gl Kad;whd;.
flk;gu;fspd; R+o;r;rp
Fkud; ek;gp kuf;fyj;jpy; Vwp nry;Yk;NghJ mq;F fhtYf;F ,Ue;j
nfhs;is tPuu;fs; ,Utu; Ngrpf; nfhz;lJ. mtUila R+o;rr ; pia Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf
,Ue;jJ. kd;du; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;j ,uz;L efuq;fspYk;
nfhs;isapl ,ijtpl nghd;dhd rkak; ek; jiytUf;F tha;f;fhJ vd;W Ngrpf;
nfhz;ldu; mtu;fs;. flk;gu;fspd; fyq;fs; epd;wpUe;j epiyia mwpe;J nfhz;l
Fkud; ek;gp kWehs; gpupj;jhYk; R+o;rr ; pia nfhz;L mtu;fis Kwpabf;f jpl;lkpl;L
nrd;whd;. vdpDk; flk;gu;fspd; kuf;fyq;fspy; xd;W $l Kjy; ehs;.epd;wJ Nghy;
me;j jPitnahl;b epw;ftpy;iy.
Fkud; ek;gpf;F mtDld; nrd;w tPuu;fSf;Fk; ,J jpifg;gha; ,Ue;jJ.
flk;gu; Kul;L ,dj;jtu; R+o;rr ; pfs; ahTk; epiwe;jtu;fs; kiwtJ Nghy; kiwe;J
Njhd;w khl;lhu;fs; vd;W ek;Gk; Ntisapy; jpBnud;W Njhd;wp tijg;ghu;fs;
vd;nwy;yhk; vz;zpdu;. cldpUe;j tPud; xUtd; Rl;bf; fhl;ba jpirapy; ghu;j;j
Fkud; jpLf;fpl;lhd; flk;guu;fs; ,d;d ,lj;jpy; ,t;tsT fg;gy;fNshL Kw;Wif
,l;L ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjhf Ke;ija jpdq;fspy; Neupy; fz;lwpe;J cWjp nra;j
jpl;lnky;yhk; ngha;ahFk;gb mtu;fs; NtnwhU jpirapy; Kd;Ndwp efuj;ij xl;ba
flw;gFjpf;F nrd;W ,Ug;gJ njupate;jJ. jd; jpl;lk; tPzhdij czu;e;jhd; ek;gp.
vdpDk; kdk; jsuhJ jpl;lkpl;lgb fhupakhw;w Kide;jhd; ek;gp vdpDk; nfhs;is
kuf;fyq;fis neUq;fp nrd;w NghJ jhd; Me;ijf; fz;zd; vt;tsT
Kd;ndr;rupf;ifNahL ,Ue;jhd; vd;gJ njupe;jJ.
nfhs;is kwf;fyq;fspy; cs;stu;fs; ahtUk; tpopg;NghL ,Ue;jdu; fsq;fs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; tl;l tbtpy; rf;fu tpA+fkhf xU Nfhl;il Nghy; epWj;jp ,Ue;jhd;.
eLtpy; ,ilntspg;gl;l kuf;fyq;fisNa tl;l tbtkhf epWj;jp xU flw;Nfhl;il
fl;bdhu; Nghy; nra;J xt;nthU jsj;jpYk; fhtYf;F tPuu;fSk; epd;whu;fs;.

60
eLf;flypy; ,Ue;j tiu vg;gbahdhYk; fiuia neUq;fpa gpd;G ghJfhg;G mtrpak;
vd;W vz;zpaJ Nghy; Vw;ghLfis nra;jpUe;jhd; Me;ijf; fz;zd;. Fkud;
ek;gpapd; jpl;lj;jpw;F khwhf flk;gu;fs; nfhLq;NfhShu; gil tPuu;fis rpiw
gpbj;jdu; .rpiwg;gpbj;j Fkud; ek;gp kw;Wk; giltPuu;fs; midtiuAk; Me;ijf;
fz;zdplk; ,Oj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. gpJq;fpa fz;fSk;> ghu;g;gjw;F nfh^ukhd
Njhw;wj;ijAk; cila Me;ijf; fz;zd; nfhLq;NfhShiu R+iwahLtijg; gw;wp
ngUikahf Ngrp eifj;jhd;.
,J gil tPuu;fSf;Fk; Fkud; ek;gpf;Fk;> kpFe;j Nfhgj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ . Fkud; ek;gp vd;d nra;tJ vd;W mwpahky; nksdkhfNt epd;whd; .
Xu; ,uT
nfhLq;NfhSiu R+iwahl Me;ijf; fz;zDila gilfs; jpuz;ld .Xu;
,utpy; vd;d nra;tnjd;W njupahky; Fok;gpg; Nghdhd; Fkud; ek;gp. NkYk;
mKjty;ypapd; Vf;fk; xUGwk; nfhLq;NfhShiug; gw;wpa ftiy kWGwk;
,jw;fpilapy; jd;id mikr;ru; mYk;gps; Nts; tpliyg; gps;is vd;W nrhy;yp
Vsdk; nra;thu; vd;Wk; fyq;fpg; Nghdhd; Fkud; jk;gp. kuf;fyq;fspy; tPuu;fisAk;
glNfhl;bfisAk; xUtiu xUtu; re;jpf;f ,ayhjgb Me;ijf; fz;zd; rpiwgpbj;J
itj;jhd;. czT ju kWj;jhd;.grpAk; ftiyAk; epiwe;jtu;fshf nfhLq;NfhShu;
tPuu;fs; fhl;rpaspj;jdu;. nfhLq;NfhShiur; R+iwahl Me;ijf;fz;zd; mq;fpUf;Fk;
giltPuu;fspd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. ,tDf;F cjtp Gupa xUtUk; Kd; tutpy;iy.
Fkud; ek;gp jd; je;jpu MNyhridia gad;gLj;jp Me;ijf; fz;zDf;F cjtp
nra;a Kd; tUfpd;whd;. jd; nrhe;j ehl;il fhl;bf; nfhLf;Fk; Fkud; ek;gpapd;
nraiyf; fz;L nghWf;f Kbahj gil tPuu;fs; mtid ,fo;e;J Ngrpdu;. ePz;l
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F gpd; Me;ijf;fz;zd; Fkud; ek;gpia ek;Gfpwhd;.
mikr;rupd; rpe;jid
nfhLq;NfhSu; gilj;jiytd; kw;Wk; giltPuu;fs; flk;gu;fsplk;
rpf;fpaijmwpe;j mSk;gps;Nts; tQ;rp khefuj;jpd; %jwpQu;fisf; nfhz;L ke;jpu
MNyhrid elj;Jfpwhu;. %jwpQu;fs; midtUk; Fkud; ek;gpapd; kPJ ek;gpf;if
,y;yhkNy Ngrpdu;. jiyikg; nghWg;ig mtdplk; xg;gilj;jJ jtW vdf; $wpdhu;.
mikr;ru; mOk;gps;Nts; Fkud; ek;gpapd; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jhu;.
nfhLq;NfhShiu kPl;Fk; gpur;ridNahL jd; fhjyp mKjty;ypia kPl;Fk; nrhe;j
gpur;ridAk; Nru;e;jpUg;gjhy; epr;rak; Fkud; ek;gp Nghuhb ntw;wp ngWthd; vd
ek;gpdhu;.
Fkud; ek;gp jpUk;Gjy;
Fkud; ek;gp jd; jpl;lg;gb nfhLq;NfhSiuf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;f Kd;te;jij
midj;J tPuu;fSk; vjpu;j;jdu;. ,jidf; fz;l Me;ijf; fz;zd; Fkud; ek;gp
capUf;F gae;J jhd; ,t;thW nra;fpwhd; vd;W ek;gpdhd;. Fkud; ek;gpNahL mjd;
gpwF Ie;J flk;gu;fis nfhLq;NfhShUf;F mDg;gp tpLfpwhd;.
xw;wd; xUtd;
nfhLq;NfhSupd; fiuNahug;Gjupy; flk;gu;fs; ,wq;f gag;gl;ljhy; Fkud;
ek;gp ,wq;Ffpwhd; ufrpakhf fhty; itj;j Ik;gJ Nru tPuu;fis mioj;J
tpA+fkhf R+o;e;J flk;gu;fis tPo;j;jpdhd;.mk;G kio nghope;jjhy; %d;W flk;gu;fs;
,we;jdu;.vQ;rpa ,uz;L flk;gu;fs; nra;tjwpahky; rpf;fpdu;. flk;gu;fSf;F flYk;
kuf;fyq;fSk; jhd; MAjk;.fiu vd;gJ mtu;fSf;F gytPdk; vd;gij mwpe;J
Fkud; ek;gp flk;gu;fis rpiwgpbj;jhd;. ,r;nra;jpia typaDk; G+opaDk; mikr;ru;
mOk; gps;NtSf;F njupag;gLj;jpdu;.
Me;ij fz;zdplk; rpf;fp ,Ue;j kw;w giltPuu;fs; kPl;Fk; rpe;jidapy;
ek;gp Mo;e;jpUe;jhu;. jhd; nra;j R+o;rr
; pia Me;ijf; fz;zd; mwpe;jhy; KjyhtJ
ghjpf;fg;gLtJ flypy; ,Uf;Fk; nfhLq;NfhSu; gil tPuu;fNs vd;W mwpe;J
nfhz;lhd; . jPtpu rpe;jidf;F gpd; rpiwg;gl;l flk;guu;fspd; %yk; Xiy nra;jpia
vOjp mDg;g Kw;gl;lhd;. flk;gd; kWj;jjhy; rpj;jputij nra;J nra;jpia ifg;gl

61
vOjp thq;fpdhd;. mr;nra;jpapy; Nru tPuu;fNshL %d;W glFfspy; ek; flk;gu;fis
nghd;thdp Kf Jthuj;jpd; topNa efUf;Fs; mDg;gTk;. Fkud; ek;gp ekf;F
Jizahf ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;W vOjp Cik Nghy; ebg;gtdplk; Fkud; ek;gp nfhLj;j
mDg;gpdhd; . Cikg;Nghy; ebg;gtNd kpFe;j vr;rupf;ifAld; ele;J nfhs;s
Mizapl;lhd;. czu;r;rp trg;gl;L giltPuu;fisf; fz;L Ngrptpl;lhy; ehk; Nghl;l
jpl;lk; xd;Wk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk; vd;W $wp mDg;Gfpwhd; .
flk;gd; Vkhwpdhd;
Xiyr; nra;jpia mwpe;j Me;ijf;fz;zd; flk;gu;fis mDg;gp itj;jhd;.
nra;jpia vLj;Jr; nrd;W mDg;gpa Cikad; kl;Lk; tutpy;iy. ,jid je;jpukhf
Fkud; ek;gp czu;e;J nfhz;lhd;. KOikahf Me;ijf; fz;zd; jd;id
ek;gtpy;iy vd;gij cs;dhu czu;e;J nfhz;lhd; Fkud; ek;gp. glfpy; tUk; Nru
tPuu;fisAk; flk;guq;fisAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; fhg;ghw;wTk; tPo;j;jTk; Fkud; ek;gp
vz;zp ,Ue;jhd;. ,Wjpapy; mtd; flk;gu;fis tuNtw;gjpy; cWjpaha; ,Ue;J
ehlfk; Mbdhd;. flk;gu;fSf;F rhjfkhf Ngrp flk;gu;fisAk; Nru tPuu;fisAk;
jdpj;jdpahf gpupj;J epw;f nra;jhd;. Nru tPuu;fis rpiw gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wp
Xir vOg;gpdhd;. fiuNahu Gju;fspy; kiwthf epd;wpUe;j giltPuu;fs; R+o;e;J
flk;gu;fis rpiw gpbj;jdu;.
kPz;Lk; Ntshtpf;Nfh khspif
Fkud; ek;gpia NtshtpNfh khspiff;F mioj;J tu mOk;gps;Nts;
fl;lisapl;ljhf typaDk; G+opaDk; $wpdu;. Fkud; ek;gpf;if rpdk; xU gf;fk;
jd;id vjw;fhf mikr;ru; mioj;jhu; vd gak; xU gf;fk; mr;RWj;jpaJ.
khspiff;F nrd;W tpl;lhy; Me;ijf; fz;zid gpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; jhkjkhfp
tpLk; vd fUjpdhd;. tpbay; nghOJf;Fs; mikr;riu re;jpj;J tpl;L
Nkw;fhupaq;fspy; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;Jg; Gwg;gl;lhd;.mikr;ru;
mOk;gps;Nts; khspifapy; ,y;iy vd;gij mwpe;J vupr;ry; mile;jhu;.
Xiyr; nra;jp
mOk;gps;Nts; Fkuid Nehf;fp NkYk; xU Xiyr; nra;jpia nrhy;yj;
njhlq;fpdhu;. me;j Xiyapd; nra;jpapid mwpa Fkud; kdk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhd;.
jiyf;F Nky; vt;tsT Ntiyia tpl;L tpl;L te;jpUg;gij mikr;ru; czuhky;
Gd;KWty; nra;J nfhz;bUg;gij ntWj;jhd;.
fly; gpwNfhl;b Nruyhjd; ntw;wpthifNahL ehL jpUk;g cs;shu; vd;gNj
nra;jp. kd;dd; tUk; Kd; flk;gu;fis tPo;j;jp eP ntw;wpthif R+baij kd;ddplk;
vLj;Jiuf;fNt ehd; tpUk;GfpNwd; vd;W mikr;ru; $Wfpwhu;. mikr;ru; Nky; rpdk;
,Ue;jhYk; mtUila me;juq;f kdg;ghd;ikia czu;e;J mtu; Kd; flk;gu;fis
Kw;wpYkhf tPo;j;jp mKjty;yp kPl;L tUNtd; vd R+Siuf;fpwhd;. nghd;
thdpahw;wpd; Kf Jthuj;jpy; te;J NrUk; flk;gu;fspd; kuf;fyq;fis
ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fupa R+o;rr; papy; Mo;e;jpUe;jhd;. Fkud; ek;gp epidj;jgb flk;gu;fspd;
kuf;fyq;fs; giltPuu;fspd; cjtpNahL Kw;Wifapl;L rpiw gpbj;jhd;. flk;gu;fspd;
kuf;fyq;fis cs;Ns nrd;W Muha nrd;w FkuDld; typaDk;> G+opaDk;
nry;ytpy;iy. mij czu;e;j FkuDf;F kPz;Lk; re;Njfk; Vw;gl;lJ ,Ug;gpDk;
mtDila nraiy Nehf;fpNa gazk; nfhz;lhd;.
jd; giltPuu;fNshL flk;gu;fspd; kuf;fyq;fis ntd;whd; Fkud;.
Fkuid vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl Kbahky; flk;gu;fs; Xb xspe;jdu;. xw;wdhf
mDg;gg;gl;l CikaidAk; fhg;ghw;Wfpwhd;. Mdhy; fsj;jpy; mKjty;yp ,y;iy
vd;gjpy; Fkud; rpdk; nfhs;fpwhd;. kPz;Lk; Ntshtpf;Nfh khspif milfpwhd; .
mikr;ru; mOk;gps; NtSk; Fkud; ek;gpAk; ePz;l Neuk; ciuahLfpd;wdu;.
mKjty;ypia flk;gu;fs; flj;jtpy;iy vd;W mikr;ru; $Wfpwhu; . Fkud; ek;gpia
Nehf;fp cd;Ds; ,Uf;Fk; jpwikia ntspf;fhl;lNt ,t;thW nra;Njd; vd;W
nkhopfpwhu;. Nru kd;dd; Nghupy; ntd;W ntw;wp tifNahL ehL jpUk;g cs;shu;
me;j ntw;wpNahL Fkud; nra;j ntw;wpAk; ghuhl;lNt ,g;gb epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;

62
$Wfpwhu;. Kjypy; Fkud; rpdk; nfhz;lhYk; mikr;ru; jd; Nky; itj;jpUf;Fk;
md;Gk; mf;fiwAk; ek;gpf;ifAk; cs;Shu czu;e;J rpdk; jtpu;j;jhd;.
gilj;jiytDf;F ghpR
Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; ehL jpUk;gpa ed;dhspy; Fkud; flk;gu;fis tPo;j;jp
ntw;wp fz;lij ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; ,uj;jpd tpahghupapd; kfs; mKjty;ypia
guprhf Fkud; ek;gpf;F mikr;ru; nfhLf;f ehNl kfpo;Tw;wJ.
KbTiu
kdpjuhfg; gpwf;Fk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jpwik cz;L vd;gij gilj;jiytd;
Fkud; vd;W ghj;jpu gbg;gpd; %yk; Mrpupau; tpsf;fp cs;sjhf mwpe;J nfhs;s
KbfpwJ nghWg;ig xg;gilf;Fk; ve;j kdpjDk; mij nrk;ikahf nra;J Kbg;ghd;
vd;w fUj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ ,e;j tQ;rpkh efuk; MFk; .

fijf;fU
Ntshtpf;Nfh khspifapy; ,Ue;J mikr;rd; mSk;gps;Nts; nfhLq;NfhSu;
gilj;jiytd; Fkud; ek;gpf;F miog;G tpLf;fpd;whd;. ehNl flk;gu;fspd; gaj;jpy;
Mo;e;jpUf;Fk; Ntisapy; mt;T+upd; ,uj;jpd tpahghupapd; kfs; mKjty;ypAk; Fkud;
ek;gpAk; me;jGuj;J G+Q;Nrhiyapy; fhjy; tr Ngr;Rf;fshy; kaq;fp xUtNuhL xUtu;
cwthb gpd; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L nry;fpd;wdu;. Nru ehl;L xw;wu;fs; typaDk;>
G+opaDk; Fkud; ek;gpapd; fhjiy mwpe;Jk; mwpahjtu;fisg; Nghy mtd; Kd;
epd;wdu;. mikr;rupd; miog;Gjid $w Fkud; ek;gp tpiue;J nrd;whd;.

Fkud; ek;gpapd; fhjiy mwpe;j mikr;rNuh mtdpd; kd fw;gidia xNu

nehbapy; rpijj;J NghLfpwhu;. fhjypy; rpf;fp ,d;gk; fz;l Fkud; ek;gpaplk;
nfhLq;NfhSiuf; flk;gu;fsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;ig xg;gilf;fpwhu;. NkYk;
flk;gu;fs; nfhLq;NfhSiu Nru;e;j ,uj;jpd tpahghupapd; kfs; mKjty;ypia flj;jp
nrd;W tpl;ljhfTk; $Wfpwhu;. jhd; tpUk;gpa fhjypia flj;jpr; nrd;wij mwpe;j
Fkud; ek;gpapd; kdk; nehWq;fpg; NghdJ . Fkud; ek;gp nfhLq;NfhSiuAk; jd;
fhjyp mKjty;ypiaAk; kPl;Fk; nghWg;gpy; jPtpukhf fsk; ,wq;fpdhd;. mikr;ru;
mOg;gps;Nts; ,isQu;fs; Nky; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtu; mg;gb ,Ue;Jk; Fkud;
ek;gplk; ,e;j nghWg;ig ek;gpf;ifAld; xg;gilf;fpwhu;. ,isQd; Md Fkud;
epr;rak; flk;gu;fis tPo;j;jp nfhLq;NfhSiug; ghJfhg;ghd; vd epidj;J kdjpy;
kfpo;rr
; p milfpwhu;. Fkud; ek;gp jd; gil tPuu;fSld; flYf;Fs; Eioe;J
flk;gu;fspd; kuf;fyq;fSf;Fs; nry;fpwhd; .
Fkud; ek;gp jd; giltPuu;fsplk; ez;gu;fNs ePq;fs; ahtUk; ,q;NfNa
jq;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehd; jpUk;gp tUfpw tiu fz;bg;ghf ,q;fpUe;J mira
$lhJ. glif kl;Lk; ehd; nfhz;L nry;Ntd; milahskhf ehd; cq;fis ,Uf;f
nrhy;fpNwd; ,lj;jpNy ePq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ kpf kpf mtrpak; vdf;$wp
flk;gu;fspd; ,lj;jpw;Fs; Eiofpwhd;.
Fkud; ek;gpapd; jpl;lk; Njhy;tpailfpwJ. flk;gu;fspd; jiytdhd
Me;ijf; fz;zd; nfhLq;NfhShu; gil tPuu;fis rpiwgpbf;fpwhd;. jg;gpf;f top
,y;yhky; Fkud; ek;gp jd; kdjpw;Fs;Ns Gyk;gpdhd;. Me;ijf; fz;zd; " ehis
,utpy; cq;fs; nfhLq;NfhSu; efiur; R+iwahLNthk; mg;gb cq;fs; mUikahd
efuk; R+iwahlg;gLtij ePq;fSk; ,Nj fg;gypd; Nky; jsj;jpypUe;J fhzyhk;
vd;W rpdj;Jld; $Wfpwhd;.

fijapd; jpUg;GKid
Me;ijf; fz;zdplk; rpf;fpa gil tPuu;fisAk;> nfhLq;NfhSiuAk;> mKj
topiaAk; fhg;ghw;Wk; nghUl;L Fkud; ek;gp jd; mwptpid gad;gLj;jp rpW ehlfk;
xd;wpid Vw;gLj;jp ebf;fpwhd;. nfhLq;NfhSiu ifg;gw;w xU gil tPudpd; cjtp

63
Njit vd Me;ijf;fz;zd; $w kWg;G njuptpf;fhky; Fkud; ek;gp mjw;fhf
cld;gLtJ Nghy; ebf;fpwhd;.
nrhe;j ehl;ilf; fhl;b nfhLf;f Kd;te;j Fkud; ek;gpapd; cs;Nehf;fj;ij
Gupe;J nfhs;shky; gil tPuu;fs; mtid kpfTk; Vsdkhf NgRfpd;wdu; . Fkud;
ek;gp jd; R+o;rr
; pahy; nfhLq;NfhSiu mile;J cld; mioj;J te;j flk;gu;fis
rpiwgpbj;J tpLfpwhd;. mf;flk;gu;fspd; cjtpahy; Me;ijf; fz;zDf;F Xiyr;
nra;jp mDg;Gfpwhd;. Me;ijf; fz;zd; Vkhwp kPjp ,Uf;Fk; flk;gu;fisAk;
nfhLq;NfhSUf;F mDg;gp itf;fpwhd; xl;Lnkhj;j flk;gu; fisAk; Fkud; ek;gp
rpiw gpbj;J tpLfpwhd;.
mKjty;ypia Njbr; nry;Yk; Fkud; ek;gp:
flk;gu;fis rpiwg;gpbj;j Fkud; mKjty;ypia Njbr; nry;fpwhd;.
flk;gu;fspd; kuf;fyq;fis KOikahf NjbAk; mKjty;ypia fz;Lgpbf;f
Kbahikahy; mts; mq;F ,y;iy vd;gij Fkud; ek;gp mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
Me;ijf; fz;zid rpiwgpbj;J mtdplk; mKjty;ypia gw;wp Nfl;Lk; xU gyDk;
,y;yhky; NghdJ .
mikr;ru; mOg;gps;Nts; kPz;Lk; Fkud; ek;gpia Ntshtpf;Nfh khspiff;F tu
miog;G njuptpf;fpwhu; .mKjty;ypia flk;gu;fs; rpiwgpbf;ftpy;iy vd;gij Fkud;
ek;gp njupe;J nfhz;lgpd; kdk; tUe;jp Gyk;Gfpwhd;. mikr;ru; jd;dplk; $wpa
ngha;fis epidj;J kpFe;j Nfhgk; nfhs;fpwhd;. Ntshtpf;Nfh khspifapy;
mikr;rUk; Fkud; ek;gpAk; ciuahbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ntiyapy; Xiyr; nra;jpia
mwpe;j mikr;ru; Fkud; ek;gpf;Fj; njupag;gLj;Jfpwhu;. Fkud; ek;gpapd; Nfhgj;ij
mwpe;j mikr;ru; mKjty;yp flk;gu;fshy; flj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;w nra;jpia
mtdplk; njupag;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
mtuplk; cs;s jpwikia ntspf;fhl;lNt ,t;thW ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba
R+o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;. mikr;ru; Nru kd;ddpd; ntw;wpiaAk; Fkud;
egpapd; ntw;wpapd; xd;whff; nfhz;lhl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mikr;ru; tpUk;gpajpy; jtW
xd;Wk; ,y;iy vd;W $Wk; nghOJ Fkud; ek;gpapd; Nfhgk; jzpe;J mikr;ru; Nky;
kupahij nfhs;fpwhd; . mtu; jd; Nky; itj;Js;s mf;fiwAk; czu;e;J
nfhs;fpwhd;.

mOk;gps; Nty; ghj;jpug;gilg;G

kd;du; tljpir Nehf;fpr; nrd;wpUe;j rkaj;jpy; Vw;ghLfis
ftdpf;f Ntz;batuhf ,Ue;jhu; mikr;ru; . jd; me;juq;f xw;wu;fis mDg;gp
Fkuid mioj;J tur; nra;fpwhu;. Fkud; ek;gpNah ,isQd; ,isQu;fspd; kPJ
mtUf;F mt;tsthf ek;gpf;if fpilahJ. KJikAk; mur je;jpu newpfisANk
ngupjhf kjpf;fpwtu; mtu; .
,Ue;jhYk; Fkud; Mfp ,isQidf; nfhz;Ljhd; jk; fhupaq;fis rhjpj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ mtUf;F. vijf;nfhz;L ve;j fhupaj;ij vg;NghJ
rhjpf;fyhNkh mij nfhz;L me;j fhupaj;ij mg;NghJ rhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
mOk;gps;Ntypd; KbT .rpwpaf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;Lk; ngupa fhupaq;fis
rhjpf;fyhk;.ngupa fUtpfisf; nfhz;Ljhd; ngupa fhupaq;fis rhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ ,y;y. vg;gb rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;gJ jhd; Kf;fpak; vd;W
ftdpf;fpwtu; mtu; . mur je;jpu rpe;jidfspy; Nru ehL KOtJk; NjbdhYk;
mOk;gpy; NtYf;F ,izahdtu;fs; fpilahJ.
mikr;ru; $wpa nra;jp
mikr;rupd; Mizg;gb mtiu re;jpf;f tUfpwhd; ek;gp.
,Ue;jhYk; mtid kWehs; jhd; re;jpf;fpwhu; mikr;ru;. mtd; mKjty;ypia
fhjypf;fpwhd; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhz;L mtdJ fhjiy ikakhf itj;Nj
fhupaj;ij rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;s jpl;lkpLfpwhu;. mKjty;ypia flk;gu;fs; rpiwgpbj;J
nrd;W tpl;lhu;fs; vd;W $Wfpwhu;. jd; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;j ,ayhj Fkud;

64
cs;sj;jpy; rpdk; nfhz;L Me;ij fz;zid mspf;f rPw;wj;Jld; KbT nra;fpwhd;
mKjty;yp rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; vd;gij mbf;fb epidT+l;LtJ Nghy; NgRfpwhu;
mOk;gpy; Nty; jd; J}ju;fisAk; mt;thNw Ngr nra;fpwhu; ,J Fkudpd;
nrayhw;wiy J}z;LfpwJ.

jdpf;fhupaKk; nghJf;fhupaKk;
,t;thW jpl;lkpl;L Fkud; ek;gpia ek;gp ehl;L ghJfhg;gpy; mtdJ
nrhe;j fhjypia Kjypy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L.
,Ug;gijAk; mtd; ftdj;Jf;F nfhz;L te;J mjd; gpd; mtdplk; me;j nghWg;ig
xg;gilj;J mDg;gpdhu; mikr;ru; nghJf; fhupakhf cs;s xd;iw Mw;w
Ntz;batdplk; mij mtDila nrhe;j fhupakhf khw;wp xg;gilf;Fk;NghJ
mtDf;F ,ul;ilg; nghWg;G te;J tpLfpwJ vd;gJ mtu; mDkhdk;

mfq;fhuj;ij ntw;wp nfhs;Sjy;

flk;gu;fis ntd;W Nru tPuu;fis kPl;l epiyapy; mikr;ruplk; ,Ue;J
miog;G te;jJ ek;gpf;if. fhy mtfhrk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jpy; mikr;rupd; fl;lis
kPwp Kbahky; mtiu ehbr; nrd;whd; ek;gp tof;fk;Nghy; mtid clNd
re;jpf;ftpy;iy mikr;ru;. xt;nthU KiwAk; mikr;ru; jd;idj; Njb tUfpwtDf;F
jho;T kdg;ghd;ik cz;lhFk;gb ,g;gb VjhtJ nra;J nfhz;bUg;gij ek;gp
ntWj;jhd;. Njb tUfpw vjpuhspia re;jpf;Fk; Kd;Ng mtDila mfq;fhuj;ij
ntw;wpnfhz;LtpLtJ jhd; Nju;e;j mur je;jpuf; fhuu;fSila Kiw vd;gjhf
mikr;rupd; Nghf;F ,Ue;jJ.
jd; fhjyp rpiwg;gltpy;iy vd;W mwpe;J Fkud; rpdk; nfhs;fpwhd;
,Ue;jhYk; vd; nrhe;j tPuj;jpy; cq;fSf;F ek;gpf;if ,y;iy NghLk; vd;Wk;
NgRfpwhd; mikr;ruplk; . mjw;F mtu; cz;ikjhd; Fkuh! tPuk; vd;WNk fhjypd;
kWgf;fkhfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. rPij rpiwgltpy;iy Mdhy; uhkd; tPudhf Neu;e;J
,Uf;fhJ my;yth? vd;W $Wfpwhu;. ,jd; %yk; mikr;ru; rpwe;j muru; je;jpup
vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.

Fkud; ek;gpapd; ghj;jpug;gilg;G

Fkud; ek;gp nfhLq;NfhSu; Nfhl;il ghJfhg;G gilj;jiytd;. flk;gu;fis
nty;y Ntz;ba flik nfhz;ltd;.,uj;jpd tzpfu; kfs; mKjty;ypapd; fhjyd;
.fhjy; xUGwKk; flk;gu;fis ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; flik xUGwKk; ve;j xd;iwAk;
Gwf;fzpf;fhky; flikia Kbg;gNjhL fhjiyAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; gf;Ftk;
ngw;wtdhf Fkud; ek;gp gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;.
Fkud; ek;gp mKjty;yp fhjy; :
G+e;Njhl;lk; xd;wpy; mKjty;yp NahL ciuahbf; nfhz;bUe;jhd; ek;gp.
fhjypAld; ,Ue;jhYk; ehl;bd; R+o;epiy vd;d vd;gij ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhd;.
' mikr;rUila fl;lisia vd; gjtpf;fhd flikfisNah ehd; Gwf;fzpf;f
Kbahjtdhf ,Uf;fpNwd;. ve;j Mgj;jhd R+o;epiyapYk; vd; iffs; tpiue;J
ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba moFr; nry;tk; ePjhd; vd;gij ehd; czu;fpNwd;. MapDk;
eLeLNt vd;Dila gjtp flikfs; vd;dhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba khf;Nfhij
fiu KOikAk; vdf;F epidT gLj;Jfpd;wd' .vd;W mKjty;yp ,lk; mtd;
ciuf;Fk; thu;j;ijfs; flik jtwhj mtdJ jiyik jd;ikiaAk;> fhjiy
Nghw;Wk; mtd; Mz;ik jd;ikAk; xUNru Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd .
muRg; gzpfs;
G+e;Njhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J mtd; gilf;Nfhl;lj;jpw;Fs; EioAk; NghNj
mikr;ru; MOk;gpy; Nts; jd;id jiyefUf;F mioj;J tu nrhd;d nra;jpia
Nfl;fpwhd;.

65
 mKjty;ypaplk; ,ij njuptpf;f mtd; vz;zpdhYk; flw;nfhs;isf;fhuu;fs;
neUq;fp tpl;lhu;fs; vd;gjhy; mt;ntz;zj;ij tpl;L tpLfpwhd; .cldbahf
ghJfhg;G gzpia Nkw;nfhs;tjh? my;yJ mikr;riu nrd;W re;jpg;gjh vd;W
Gyk;Gfpwhd;. mikr;rupd; miog;ig Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ vd;W KbT nra;J
tPuu;fis mioj;J ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfis mtu;fsplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L tQ;rpkh
efu; Gwg;gLfpwhu;.
nfhs;is kuf;fyq;fs; fiuNa neUq;f vt;tsT fhyKk; vd;ndd;d
Kaw;rpfSk; Njit vd;gdtw;iwAk; mDkhdk; nra;J jhd; fiuapNy nra;jpUf;Fk;
ghJfhg;ig Vw;ghLfisAk; xg;G Nehf;fp rpe;jpj;J gpd;G jiyefu; nrd;W tu
mtfhrk; ,Ug;gijj; njupe;J nfhz;L nry;fpwhd;.
mikr;ru; $wpa nra;jpapd; ek;gpapd; epjhdKk;
mikr;ru; mtdplk; nfhs;isau;fs; neUq;fpAs;s nra;jpiaAk;. ghJfhg;G
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; njuptpj;Jtpl;L> flw;nfhs;isau;fs; mKjty;yp
rpiw gpbj;J Ngha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; nra;jpAk; $Wfpwhu;.
me;epiyapYk; mjd; fhjiy ntspfhl;Lf; nfhs;shky; jd; fhjypia rpiwabj;Jr;
nrd;w Me;ij fz;zidAk; mtd; Fyj;jpdiuAk; NtuWg;gjhf tQ;rpdk; $wpf;
nfhs;fpwhd;. ,J ve;jr; R+o;epiyapYk; jd;id ,oe;J tplhj epjhd jd;ik
nfhz;ltd; mtd; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.tQ;rpkh efuj;jpd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m.eh.ghu;j;jrhujp M. ,sq;Nfhtd; ,.Re;ju%u;j;jp <.mofpupehju;
2.eh. ghu;j;jrhujp gpwe;j Mz;L
m.1932. M. 1934. ,.1938. <.1935
3.tQ;rp khefuk; ahUila jiyefuk;?
m.Nruu;fs; M.Nrhou;fs; ,.ghz;bau;fs; <.flk;gu;fs;
4.Nru ehl;bd; jiyefuk;
m. nfhLq;NfhSu; M.tpy;tD}u; ,.mwq;fhtY}u; <. fz;zD}u;
5.Fkud; ek;gpf;if mspf;fg;gl;l gjtp
m.gilj;jsgjp M.gilj;jiytu; ,.mikr;ru; gjtp <.xw;wu;
6.Nru ehl;bd; mikr;ru; ahu;?
m. tpy;ytd; Nfhij M. mOk;gpy; Nts; ,. Fkud; ek;gp <. ,se;jpiuad;
7..mikr;ru; mOk;gpy; Ntspd; me;juq;f xw;wu;fs; ahu;?
m.typad; M.G+opad; ,. Nfhkd; <. m M ,uz;Lk; rup
8.Fkud; ek;gpapd; fhjyp ahu;?
m. mKjty;yp M.FKjty;yp ,.nrz;gfty;yp <.fdfty;yp
9.mKjty;yp ahUila kfs;-----------
m. uj;jpdtzpfu; M. eif tpahghup , . Jzp tpahghup <. go tpahghup
10.flk;gu;fspd; FWepy kd;dd; ahu;?
m. Fkud; ek;gp M. Me;ijf; fz;zd; ,. tpy;ytd; Nfhij <.,sq;Nfhtbfs;
11.Ntshtpf;Nfh khspif vq;F cs;sJ ?
m. tQ;rp M. fhQ;rp ,.kJiu <.jpUr;rp
12.nghd;thdp vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk;?
m. ejp M. MW ,.fly; <.Fsk;
13.Fkud; ek;gpia mioj;Jg; NgrpaJ ahu;?
m. tpy;ytd; Nfhij M. mOk;gpy; Nts; ,. ek;gp <. ,se;jpiuad;
14.eh. ghu;j;jrhujp ve;j ehtYf;fhf. rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ thq;fpdhu;?
m. ghy;tPjp M.rKjha tPjp ,.eL tPjp <. njw;F tPjp
15. Nru ehl;bd; mur Kj;jpiu vJ?

66
m. tpy; M. mk;G ,. Gyp < . kapy;
16.eh. ghu;j;jrhujp gpwe;j Cu;?
m. eupf;Fb M. J}j;Jf;Fb ,.epyf;Fb <. fhiuf;Fb
17.nfhLq;NfhSiu R+iwahl epidj;jtd; ahu; ?
m. Me;ijf;fz;zd; M. Fkud; ek;gp ,.tpy;ytd; Nfhij <. ,sQ;Nruy;
18.Me;ijf;fz;zd; ahiuf; flj;jp tpl;ljhf Fkud; ek;gpaplk; mikr;ru; $wpdhu;?
m. mKjty;yp M. FKjty;yp ,.fdfty;yp <. fkyty;yp
19.Fkud; ek;gpa ,lk; J}J nrd;w xw;wtu;fs; ahu;?
m. typaDk;>G+opaDk; M .NfhkDk;>rhkDk; ,.fz;zDk; KUfDk;
<. typaDk;>rhkDk;
20.flk;gu;fis ntd;wtd; ahu;?
m. Fkud; ek;gp M. mDkd; ek;gp ,.tpy;ytd; Nfhij <. mikr;ru;
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.Fkud; ek;gpapd; gz;ig vOJf.
2.mikr;ru; mOk;gps; Ntypd; R+o;rr; papid vOJf.
3.flk;gu;fSf;F vjpuhf Fkud; nra;j nraiy vOJf.
4.eh.ghu;j;jrhujp Fwpg;G tiuf.
5.flk;gu;fspd; R+o;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf .
6.mikr;ru; Fkud; ek;gpaplk; $wpa nra;jpfis vOJf.
7.Fkud; ek;gp mKjty;yp fhjy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. tQ;rpkh efuk; fij Fwpj;J tptupf;f.
2. Fkud; ek;gpapd; ghj;jpuj;ij Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. mOk;gpy; Nts; ghj;jpug;gilg;ig Fwpj;J Muha;f.
4. Fkud; ek;gp vt;thW flk;gu;fis ntd;whd; vd;gJ Fwpj;J tptupf;f.
5. flk;gh;fis jd; Gj;jpahy; vt;thW Fkud; ek;gp ntd;whd; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf;
fl;Liu tiuf.

67
 myF-4
,yf;fpa tuyhW
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
Kd;Diu:
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; jz;bayq;fhuk; MFk;. ,J
ngUq;fhg;gpak; rpWfhg;gpak; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk>; tPL vd
ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpf; $WtJ ngUq;fhg;gpak; vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy;
xd;Nwh gyNth Fiwe;J tUtJ rpWfhg;gpak; vdg;gLk;.
mwpKfk;
xU nkhopapd; tsh;e;j epiyia vLj;Jiug;gJ mk;nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa
fhg;gpaq;fNs MFk;. fhg;gpak; rq;fk; kUtpa fhy fl;lj;jpd; gpw;gFjpahd fp.gp 2-
Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpaJ vdyhk;. ekf;F fpilf;f $ba Kjd;ik fhg;gpak;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;. ,J fathF kd;dd; fhykhd fp.gp. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;.
kzpNkfiyAk; ,Nj fhyfl;lj;jpy; vOe;j fhg;gpakhFk;. jkpo; fhg;gpa tuyhw;wpy;
nghw;fhykhf fUjg;gLtJ Nrhoh;fSila Ml;rpf;fhyk;. ,r;Nrhoh; Ml;rpf;fhyk;
jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fiyj;JiwapYk;> ,yf;fpaj; JiwapYk;> gz;ghl;bYk; xU
nghw;fhykhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt Nrhoh; Ml;rp fhyj;ijf; fhg;gpa fhyk; vd;W
$WtJ kpfTk; nghUj;j KilajhFk;.
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;.
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzkhf jz;bayq;fhuk;> ehL> efh; tUzid> R+hpa cjak;>
re;jpu cjak;> Gdy; tpisahl;L> J}J> ke;jpu MNyhrid> NghhpLjy;> ntw;wpg;
ngWjy;> jpUkzk;> gps;isNgW> Kf;jp ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jiufpd;wJ.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;w njhliu Kjd; Kjypy; $wpath; kapiyehjh;
(ed;D}y; 387) MthH.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
kzpNkfiy - rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;f Njtu;
tisagjp - ngau; njhpatpy;iy
Fz;lyNfrp - ehjFj;jdhu;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy ,uz;Lk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; MFk;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp vd;w %d;Wk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fs;.
kzpNkfiy> Fz;lyNfrp vd;w ,uz;Lk; ngsj;j fhg;gpaq;fs;. IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;
KOikAk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fs; MFk;. Fz;lyNfrpf;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gl;l
fhg;gpak; ePyNfrp. ,J Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaj;Js; xd;whf itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba E}y;.
fhg;gpa tiffs;
fhg;gpa tbtpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyfl;lj;jpw;F gpwF gy;NtW E}y;fs;
Njhd;wpAs;sd. mtw;wpy; Kjypy; fpilg;gJ rpyg;gjpfhuKk;> kzpNkfiyAk;>
68
,jpy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ciuapilapl;lg; ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fhg;gpaq;fs; ,uz;Lk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;E}y;fNshL rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> tisahgjp %d;iwAk; ,izj;J
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;W toq;Fth;.
cjazFkhu fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> aNrhju fhtpak;> #shkzp>
ePyNfrp Nghd;wtw;iw IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpaq;fshf tFg;gh;

1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;;
Kd;Diu:
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;. ,e;E}Yf;F jpUg;GKidahf
,Ug;gJ rpyk;G Mjyhy; ,e;E}y; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;w ngaupidg; ngw;wJ.
fijf;fUthy; ngau; ngw;W tpsq;Fk; Kjy; E}y; MFk;.
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Mrphpah; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;. ,e;E}ypy; fathF vd;Dk; ,yq;if
Nte;jd; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> rpyk;gpd; fhyk; fathF kd;dd; ,yq;ifapy;
Ml;rpGhpe;j fhykhd fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
E}yikg;G:
3 fhz;lq;fisAk; 30 fhijfisAk; ,e;E}y; ngw;Ws;sJ. mtw;wpy; 5001
mbfs; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Gfhh; fhz;lk; - 10 fhijfs;
kJiuf; fhz;lk; - 13 fhijfs;
tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; - 7 fhijfs;
epiykz;by Mrpupag;ghthy; ,e;E}y; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. mUk;gj ciuahrpupau;,
mbahu;f;F ey;yhu; Nghd;Nwhupd; ciufs; ,e;E}ypw;Fr; rpwg;G Nrh;fpd;wd.
E}w;Fwpg;G:
 rpyk;G + mjpfhuk; = rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
 fz;zfpapd; rpyk;ghy; tpise;j fijia Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;ljhy;
rpyg;gjpfhukhapw;W.
 ,J ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;
 Kjw; fhg;gpak;> ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs;
fhg;gpak;> xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;> ehlff; fhg;gpak; vdr; rpyg;jpfhuj;jpw;F
NtW ngah;fs; cz;L.
 Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 Mrphpau; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; JwT G+z;L mkh;e;j ,lk; Flthapw; Nfhl;lk; vd;w Ch;
 Flthapw; Nfhl;lk; Nru ehl;L Ch;
 fhij vd;gjw;F fij nghjpe;Js;s ghl;L
 Gfhh; fhz;lk; >kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghly; Kjy; ehLfhz; fhij tiu 10
fhijfs; cs;sd.
 kJiuf; fhz;lk;> fhLfhz; fhij Kjy; fl;Liuf; fhij tiu 13
fhijfs; cs;sd.
 tQ;rpf; fhz;lk;> Fd;wtf; Fuit Kjy; tue;jUf;fhij tiu 7 fhij
 rpyg;gjpfhuk; Mrpupag; ghthYk; nfhr;rf; fypg;ghtpYk; MdJ.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Nru kugpdh;
 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; je;ij ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;- jha; ew;Nrhid
 ,tuJ jikad; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;

69
  ,isatuhd ,sq;NfhNt ehlho;thu; vd;W fzpad; $wpa fUj;ijg;
ngha;g;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L ,sq;Nfh ,sk; tajpypNyNa JwT G+z;L
Fzthapw; Nfhl;lj;jpy; jq;fpdhh;
 murpay; NtWghL fUjhjtu;. rka NtWghlw;w Jwtp
 ,tu; fhyk; fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L

E}ypd; rpwg;G:
1.,e;E}y; Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr;nra;As;>
Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;> %Nte;jh;fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak;
vd;nwy;yhk; gythW Nghw;wpf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tbtk; ,lk; ngw;w Kjy; fhg;gpakhFk;.
3.rq;f fhyk; Kjy; nja;tj;ijNah> kd;didNah Nghw;wpg;ghLk; tof;fk;
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;E}y; rhjhuz Fbkf;fshd Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpia fijj;
jiyth;fshf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4.ngz;zpd; ngUikia Kjd;Kjyhff; fhg;gpa tbtpy; cyfpw;F czh;j;jpa
ngUik ,f;fhg;gpaj;ijNa rhUk;.
5.Nrho> ghz;ba> Nru Nte;jh;fspd; rpwg;ig ,f;fhg;gpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
%Nte;jh;fspd;ehLfSk;> %Nte;jh;fSk; Vw;wj; jho;tpd;wp ,jpy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
rpyk;gpd; Gfo;
 neQ;ir ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;nwhu;
kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL - ghujpahh;
 rpyg;gjpfhur; nra;As;fisf; fUjpAk; - jkpo;r;
rhjpia mkuj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ vd;W cWjp
nfhz;bUe;Njd; - ghujpahh;
 ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy;
ts;Stidg; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhtidg; Nghy;
G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jpy;iy- ghujpahh;
 jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; vd;W %d;W ehLfisAk; xUq;Nf fhZk; jd;ik
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; cz;L. Mdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;iy.
 Kjd; Kjyhfj; jkpo; kf;fs; vy;NyhiuAk; xUq;Nf fhZk; newpapy; epd;W
E}y; nra;jth; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - K.tujuhrdhu;
 ehl;Lg;Gw ghlYf;F rpwg;Gj; je;J ghbath; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
 irt itzt .newpfisAk; ghba rkzE}y; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 Kjy; Njrpa fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa fhg;gpak; nghpaGuhzk;
 ghtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l E}y; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
Kf;fpa fij khe;jh;fs;
1. jiytd; Nfhtyd;
2. jiytp fz;zfp (rq;f fhyj;J filNaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtdhd Ngfdpd;
kidtp ngaUk; fz;zfp)
3. Mly; kq;if khjtp
4. Nfhtyd; je;ij khrhj;Jthd;
5. fz;zfp je;ij kheha;fd;
6. khjtpapd; jha; rpj;juhgjp
7. NfhtYDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpe;jts; kzpNkfiy
8. fz;zfpapd; Njhop Njte;jp (,ts; Xu; me;jzg; ngz; ,ts; fztd; ghrz;l
rhj;jd;)
9. khjtpapd; Njhop tae;jkhiy
10. ngz; rkzj;Jwtp fTe;jpabfs;
11. Mz; ngsj;j Jwtp mwtz mbfs;
nra;jpfs;
 rpyk;gpy; Fwpf;Nfhs; %d;W
 Nfhytd; - khjtp gphptf;Ff; fhuzk; Co;
 Nfhtyd; kJiu nrd;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzk; Co;
70
  Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;ljw;Ff; fhuzk; Co;
 kJiu vhpe;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; Co; vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fUJfpwhh;.
 ,sq;NfhtbfSf;Ff; fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;iwf; $wpath; rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;
 fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;iwr; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W
nrhd;dtu; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
 fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;iw vOj jFjp cilatu; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vd;W
nrhd;dth; rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdh;.
 ,sq;Nfhtbfs; jk; E}iyr; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdu; Kd; muq;Nfw;wpdhu;.
E}y; tuyhW:
Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; kiy moif fhzg; Nghpahw;wq;fiu te;jNghJ
rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; %yk; fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;wpid mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;. mg;nghOJ
,sq;NfhtbfSk; cldpUe;jhh;. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpf;F fw;Nfhapiy
vOg;Gtjhff; $wpdhh;.
“miurpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwq; $w;whtJ}k;
ciurhy; gj;jpdpf;F cah;e;Njhh; Vj;jYk;
Co;tpid cUj;J te;J}l;Lk; vd;gJ}k;
#o;tpid rpyk;G fhuzkhfr;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Dk; ngauhy;
ehl;LJk; ahNkhh; ghl;Lilr; nra;As;”
vd;w nrhw;fSf;F ,zq;f ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij gilj;jhh;.
gy rpwg;Gf;fis xU Nrug;ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; ghujpahh;
,jid>„neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhunkd;Nwhh; kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL‟ vd;W
Gfo;fpd;whh;. nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; ,e;E}y; mf;fhy murpay;>
rkak;> njhopy;> kf;fspd; epiy Mfpatw;iw njspthf fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
2.kzpNkfiy
 fhyk; 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L
 ,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
 ngsj;j fhg;gpak;
 jkpopd; ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa fhg;gpak;
 rka G+rYf;F tpj;jpl;l E}y;
 JwTf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;j E}y;
 NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kzpNkfiy vd;w ngz;zpd; tuyhw;iw
$Wk; rq;f ,yf;fpa E}yhFk;. ,y;ywk;> Jwtwk; vd;w ,uz;Lf;Fk;
jpUf;Fws; Kjd;ik nfhLj;Js;sJ. kzpNkfiy JwT tho;f;iff;F
Kjd;ik nfhLj;jJs;sJ.
NfhtyDf;Fk;> khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;jts; kzpNkfiy. mtisg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytpahf itj;J gilf;fg;gl;l fhg;gpak; kzpNkfiy.. ,tw;wpy; 4286 ghly;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa ,uz;lhtJ fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; Kjw; rkaf;fhg;gpak;
kzpNkfiy MFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; “kzpNkfiy Nky; ciunghUs;
Kw;wp rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kw;Wk;” vdf; $wg;gLtjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf
kzpNkfiyia nfhs;syhk;. ,e;E}Yf;F „kzpNkfiy JwT‟ vd;w NtW ngaUk;
cz;L. ,J ngsj;j rkaf; fhg;gpakhFk;.
E}y; mikg;G:
o 30 fhijfs; cs;sd
o Kjy; fhij tpohtiwf; fhij
o ,Wjpf; fhij gtj;jpwk; mWf fhij my;yJ ghit Nehw;w fhij
o OKtJk; Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ
o 27- tJ rkaf;fzf;fh; jk; jpwk; Nfl;l fhij ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;ghthy;
MdJ
o kw;wit epiykz;by Mrphpag;ghthy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

71
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 kzpNkfiyapd; Mrphpah; $ytzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;
 rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;. mtu; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spiar; rhh;r;j rPj;jiy
vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;J kJiuapy; tho;e;jhh.; $ytzpfd; ($yk; - jhdpak;)
nra;jth;. ,th; kJiuf; $ytzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu; vd;W toq;fg;
ngw;whu;. ,sq;NfhtbfSk; ,tUk; rk fhyj;jth;. ,th; filr; rq;fg;
Gyth;fSs; xUth;
 jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; jd;D}w;Gytd; vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdhiug;
ghuhbAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L
fij khe;jh;fs;
kzpNkfiyapd; Njhop Rjkjp. fz;zfpapd; Njhop Njte;jp
Mjpiuapd; fztd; rhJtd;.
kzpNkfiyf;F Kjd; Kjyhf mOjRugpapy; gpr;irapl;lts; Mjpiu.
Mjpiuapd; tuyhw;iw kzpNfiyf;F nrhd;dts; fharz;bif.
tpUr;rpf Kdptuhy; grpNeha; rhgk; ngw;wts; fharz;bif.
fha rz;biff;F grpNehiag; Nghf;fpats; kzpNkfiy.
kzpNkfiyia kzpgy;ytj;jPTf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;w nja;tk; kzpNkfyhj;
nja;tk;.
kzpNkfyhj; nja;tk; kzpNkfiyf;Ff; nfhLj;j tuk; %d;W.
MGj;jpuDf;F mOjRugpiaf; nfhLj;jJ rpe;jhNjtp.
mKjRugpiaf; NfhKfpapy; ,l;ltd; MGj;jpud;.
mKj Rugpf;F NtW ngau; ml;ragj;jpuk;.
,lq;fs;
1. kzpNkfiy gpwe;j Ch; G+k;Gfhh;.
2. kzpNkfiy kiwe;j Ch; fhQ;rpGuk;.
3. kzpNkfiy rkathjpfsplk; cz;ik Nfl;l Ch; tQ;rp khefuk;.
4. G+k;Gfhhpy; cs;s Nrhiyfs; ,yte;jpiftdk;> ca;ahtdk;> cttdk;>
fNtutdk; > rk;ghjptdk;.
5. kzpNkfiy G+f;nfha;ar; nrd;w tdk; cttdk;.
6. kzpgy;ytj;jpy; ,Ue;j gPbif Gj;jgPbif.
7. mOj Rugp ,Ue;j ,lk; NfhKfp.
8. mKj Rugpf;F NtW ngah; ml;ra ghj;jpuk;.
nra;jpfs;
 rk;Gj; jPtpd; nja;tk; rk;G.
 rk;gj; jPtpw;F ehtye;jPT vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
 ehtye;jPT vd;gJ ,e;jpah.
 rk;ghgjp Gfhh; efukhdJ fhtpup g+k;gl;bdk; vd;W ngaH ngw;wJ.
 Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jputpoh vLj;jtd; J}q;nfapy; vwpe;j njhbNjhl;
nrk;gpad; Mthd;.
 ,e;jputpoh 28 ehl;fs; eilngWk;.
 kio Ntz;b vLf;fg;gLk; tpoh ,e;jputpoh
 G+k;Gfhhpy; ,e;jpuhtpoh kpfr; rpwg;ghf ele;jhf rpyg;gjpfhuk;
kzpNkfiy vd;W ,U E}y;fspy; $Wfpd;wd.
%tifg; gj;jpdpg; ngz;fs;
1. cld; vhp %o;Fth;
2. jdp vhp %o;Fth;
3. ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;ghh;
cly; mlf;f Kiw Ie;J
1. RLjy;> 2. thsh ,Ljy;> 3. Njhz;bg;Gijj;jy;> 4. gs;sj;jpy; miljy;>
4. jhopapy; ftpo;jy;
jPait gj;J
1. Nfhiy> 2. fsT> 3. fhkk;> 4. ngha;> 5. Fwis> 6. fLnkhop> 7. gadpy;
nrhy;> 8. nt/fy;> 9. ntFsp> 10. nghy;yhf;fhl;rp

72
E}ypd; rpwg;G
1. fijj; jiytpapd; ngauhy; ngah;ngw;w Kjw;fhg;gpak;.
2. guj;ijj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUe;j rpj;uhgjpapd; kfs; khjtpf;Fg; gpwe;j kzpNkfiy
fijj; jiytpahf cah;T ngWfpwhs;. guj;ijf; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtshapDk;>
„khngUk; gj;jpdp kfs; kzpNkfiy
mUe;jtg; gLj;jy; my;yJ ahtJk;
jpUe;jhr; nra;ifj; jPj; njhopw; glhms;‟
gj;jpdpapd; kfshfNt cah;j;jg;gLfpwhs;.
1. guj;ij xopg;G> rpiw xopg;G> rhjp xopg;G Nghd;w rKjhar; rPh;j;jpUj;j fUj;Jf;fs;
,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
2. Gj;jkj fUj;Jf;fs; jkpopy; nkhopg;ngah;j;J jug;gl;Ls;sd
3. gpwe;jth; ,wg;gJk; ,we;jth; gpwg;gJk; ,t;Tyfj;J ,aw;if vd;gij
njspthf;Ffpd;wJ.
„cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu‟ vd;w cahpa nfhs;if
typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy ,uz;Lk; ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. xd;Wf;nfhd;W fUthy;, cUthy; fhtpaj; njhlu;r;rpahy;
gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sikahy; ,it ,g;ngau; ngw;wJ.
1. ,sq;NfhtbfSk;> rhj;jdhUk; rkfhyj;jtuhth;.
2. jkpod;idia myq;fhpf;Fk; vopy;kpF mzpfshf mzpfspd; ngah; nfhz;ldthf
,t;tpU fhg;gpaq;fSk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
3. ,U ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
4. rhjhuzf; Fbkf;fisf; fhg;gpaj; jiytpfshf mikj;Js;sdh;. ngz;fs; Vw;wk;
$wg; ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. ,U fhg;gpaq;fSk; Kw;gpwg;G ek;gpf;if cilitahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
6. ,U fhg;gpaq;fSk; mftNyhirAld; $ba Mrphpag;ghtpy; mike;jit.
7. ,U E}y;fspYk; 30 fhijfs; ngw;W jpfo;fpd;wd.
8. ,U fhg;gpaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w nrhy;yhl;rp xg;GikAk;> njhlh; xg;GikfSk;
,t;tpU fhg;gpaq;fSk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; vdf; $wj; jFk; rpwg;Gilad

3.rPtf rpe;jhkzp

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; jpUj;jf;f Njth;. ,th; rkzrka Jwtp Mthh;. fhyk; fp.gp.
9-Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. ,jd; fij tlnkhopapy; cs;s re;jpu #lhkzp> rj;jpa
rpe;jhkzp> = Guhzk; Mfpa E}y;fis jOtpaJ> jpUj;jf;f Njtiu jkpo;f;
ftpQUs; murh; vd;W Gfo;th;. “Ke;ePu; tyk;Gup” vd;w njhlu; jpUj;jf;fj;Njtiuf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,th; “ehptpUj;jk;” vd;Dk; E}y; xd;iwAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. jpUj;jf;fNjth;
Nrhoh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtu; Mtu;. ,tu; ghba kw;nwhU E}y; eup tpUj;jk; MFk;.
 fhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPtfd.;
 rpe;jhkzp vd;gJ Nfl;lijf; nfhLf;Fk; NjtNyhfj;jpy; cs;s
xU kzp uj;jpdk; MFk;.
 rPtfdpd; je;ijahd rr;re;jidf; nfhd;wtd; fl;baq;fhud;.
 rPtfd; gpwe;j ,lk; RLfhL.
 rPtfid vLj;J tsh;j;jtd; “fe;Jf;fld;” vd;Dk; tzpfd;.

73
  rPtfDf;F fy;tp fw;gpj;j Mrphpau; “mr;rze;jp”.
E}y; Fwpg;G
 Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W rPtfrpe;jhkzp
 ,e;E}ypd; fijj; jiytd; rPtfd;.
 mtd; ngaiu ,izj;Jr; rPtfrpe;jhkzp vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ
vd;gu;.
 ,e;E}Yf;F “kzE}y;” vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
rPtfrpe;jhkzp Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; Kjypy; itj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
rPtfd; gpwe;jTld; mtd; jha; tpiria mtidr; rpe;jhkzpNa vdg;
ghuhl;baikahy;, rpe;jhkzp Kjypy; rPtfDf;Fg; ngauhfpg; gpd; mtd; tuyhW $Wk;
E}iyf; Fwpj;jJ.
E}y; mikg;G
 ,e;E}Yf;F „kzE}y;‟ vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. 13
,yk;gfq;fisAk; 3145 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
 Kjy; ,yk;gfk; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk;. ,Wjp ,yk;gfk; Kf;jp
,yk;gfk;.
 tpUj;jg;ghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; fhg;gpak.;
 rkzf; fhg;gpak;.
 fhkE}y;> Kf;jpE}y; vd;w NtW ngau;fSk; cz;L.
 tlnkhopapy; cs;s gj;jpa rpe;jhkzp rj;jpa #shkzp vd;w ,U
E}y;fisAk; jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ. rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; fhz;lg;gphpT
,y;iy.
E}ypd; rpwg;G
 tpUj;jg;ghthy; mike;j Kjw;fhg;gpak;.
 Jwtp xUth; ,y;yw tho;f;ifapd; ,dpikia ghbaJ tpag;ghFk;.
 gioa ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz ciufspd; ciuahrphpah;fshy; Nkw;Nfhshf
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l E}y;fSs; xd;W.
 rpe;jhkzp vd;w ngaUs;s NtW rpy E}y;fSk; jkpopy; ,Uj;jyhy;
mtw;wpdpd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjd; nghUl;L rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd ,e;E}y;
toq;fyhapw;W.
 midj;J rkaj;jtUk; tpUk;gp fw;w rkzf; fhg;gpak;.
 irtdhd FNyhj;Jq;f kd;dd; tpUk;gpfw;w fhg;gpak;.
 E}y; KOikf;Fk; irtuhd er;rpdhu;ff ; pdpau; ciu vOjpAs;shu;.
 ,tu; ,UKiw ciu vOjpdhu; vd;gu.;
 irtuhd c.Nth.rh mtu;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;jtu;.
 mtu; gjpg;gpj;j Kjy; E}Yk; rPtfrpe;jhkzp.
 fpwpj;Jtuhd Ip.A.Nghg; ,jid ,ypal; xbrpAld; xg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
fijaikg;G
Vkhq;fj ehl;il rr;re;jd; vd;w kd;dd; Mz;L te;jhd;. mth; kidtp
tpria. murhl;rp kPJ Mir nfhz;l mikr;rdhd fl;baq;fhud; #o;rr ; pahy;
rr;re;jd; nfhiy nra;ag;gLfpd;whd;. muz;kidapypUe;J jg;gpa tpria RLfhl;by;
rPtfid ngw;nwLf;fpd;whs;. mf;Foe;ijia tzpfd; xUtd; tsh;j;J
Mshf;Ffpd;whd;. thypg gUtk; mile;j rPtfd; vl;L ngz;fis kze;J
fl;baq;fhuid Nghhpy; ntd;W> ,oe;j ehl;il jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy;
JwT G+z;L Kf;jp milfpwhd;.

4.tisahgjp

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G

74
 Mrphpau; ngau; njhpatpy;iy.
 rkzf; fhg;gpak;.
 tpUj;jg;ghthy; MdJ.
 KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
 fpilj;jit 72 ghf;fs;.
 %yE}y; itrpf Guhzk; 35-tJ rUf;fk;.
 etNfhb ehuhzd; gw;wpa E}y;.
 klNyWjy; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;.
 xl;lf;$j;jh; ftpaoF Ntz;b tisahgjpia epidj;jhh; vd;W
jf;fahfg;guzpapd; ciuahrphpau; $Wfpwhh;.
 rpwg;G ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpau;fshy; kpfTk; Nghw;wg;gl;l E}y;.
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahnud;W njhpatpy;iy. ,jd; fij „itrpa Guhzj;jhy;‟
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> ,sk;g+uzh;> ghpNkyofh; Mfpa
ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciuapYk; rpyg;gjpfhu E}ypYk;> ,e;E}ypd; ghly;fs; Nkw;Nfhshf
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ekf;F fpilf;ff; $ba nkhj;j ghly;fs; 72. “xl;lf;$j;jh;>
ftpaoF Ntz;b tisahgjpia epidj;jhh;‟ vd;W $WtjpypUe;J ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;ig
mwpayhk;. ,J xU rkz fhg;gpak;. jpUf;Fws; fUj;Jfs; nfhiyNahL $ba
mwq;fis Nkw;nfhs;shik> gpwd;kid eathik Nghd;w mwq;fis $Wk; ePjp
E}yhf jpfo;fpwJ.
“fs;sd;kpd; fsT Mapd ahitAk;
nfhs;sd;kpd; nfhiy $btUk; mwk;
vs;sd;kpd; ,yh; vd;W vz;zp ahiuAk;
es;sd;kpd;: gpwh; ngz;NzhL ez;zd;kpd;”
fijaikg;G
etNfhb ehuazd; xU tzpfd;. ,td; NtW rhjpg; ngz;iz kzf;fpd;whd;. ,jdhy;
,td; Fyj;Njhu; ,tid xJf;fpdu;. Fyj;jhupd; tpNuhjj;ij Vw;w mtd; may;ehL
nry;fpd;whd;. mtd; kidtpf;F Xu; Mz; Foe;ij gpwf;fpd;wJ. me;j Foe;ij
tsu;e;J jd; je;ijiaj; Njbf; fz;Lg;gpbf;fpd;whd;. gpd; jha; je;ijau; ,UtiuAk;
,izf;fpd;whd;. ,JNt tisahgjp fijahFk;.

5.Fz;lyNfrp
ngah;f;fhuzk; :
Fz;lyNfrp vd;gjw;F RUz;l $e;jiy cilats; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,J xU
ngsj;j rka fhg;gpak;. Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhh;. Fz;lyNfrp tpUj;jk; vd;gJ ,jd;
NtWngah;. ,e;E}ypd; fij ngsj;j fijahfpa Njhp fijapy; 46-Mk; fhijahf
mike;Js;sJ. Fz;lyNfrpapd; tuyhw;iw ePyNfrpapd; ciuapy; fhzyhk;.
,J jUf;f E}yhf jpfo;tNjhL gpw rka fUj;Jf;fisAk;> jhf;FfpwJ.
tho;f;ifapd; epiyahikia>
“ghisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; ghydhk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;
fhisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; fhKWk; ,sik nrj;Jk;
kPSk; ,t;tpay;Gk; ,d;Nd Nky;tUk; %g;Gkhfp
ehSk; ehs; rhfpNwkhy;: ekf;F ehk; mohjnjd;dh?
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 Mrphpau; ehjFj;jdhh;.
 fhyk; 7- k; E}w;whz;L.
 ngsj;jfhg;gpak;.

75
 RUz;l $e;jiyAilats; vd;W nghUs;.
 Fz;lyNfrp tpUj;jk;> mfyftp vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
 E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
 fpilj;jit 224 ghly;fs;.
 Fz;lyNfrpapd; tuyhw;iw ePyNfrp $WfpwJ.
 Fz;lyNfrpapd; ,aw;ngah; gj;jiu.
 ,uhrpUf ehl;L ke;jphpapd; kfs;.
 Fz;lyNfrpapd; fztd; fhsd; ,td; xU fs;td;.
 Fz;lyNfrp rhhpGj;juplk; Njhw;Wg; Gj;jkjk; jOtpdhh;.
 fiyQuhy; ke;jpuFkhup vd;W jpiug;glkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fijaikg;G
gj;jpiu vd;w tzpfdpd; kfs; (Fz;lyNfrp) rj;Jtd; vd;w fs;tid
tpUk;Gfpwhs;. rpiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; mtid je;ijapd; cjtpNahL kPl;L kze;J
nfhs;fpwhs;. xU ehs; Nfhgj;jpy; rj;Jtid „jpUld;‟ vd;W $w> mjdhy; tQ;rk;
nfhz;ltd; Fz;lyNfrpia kiy cr;rpf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W mtis nfhy;y
epidf;fpd;whd;. fztdpd; #o;rr ; pia czh;e;j Fz;lyNfrp mtid %d;W Kiw
tyk; tUtjhf $wp %d;whk; Kiw kiyapy; ,Ue;J js;sp nfhd;W tpLfpwhs;. gpwF
Gj;j rkaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J Jwtpahfpwhs;. ,Wjpapy; Kf;jp ngWfpwhs;.
KbTiu:
ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSf;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; midj;Jk; nghUe;jp tuhtpbYk;
Nkw;fz;l Ie;J E}y;fSk; Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fshf jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tif
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;
mwpKfk;
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; tof;F gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. ed;D}y;
Mrphpah; kapiyehjh; ,t;tof;fpid gad;Lj;jpAs;shh;. mwk;, nghUs;> ,d;gk;, tPL
Mfpa ehd;F cWjpg;nghUs;fshy; mikag;gLtJ ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;gij mwpNthk;.
,tw;wpy; xd;W my;yJ xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l cWjpg;nghUs;fs; Fiwapd; rpWfhg;gpak;
vdg;gLk;.
 IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; midj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fNs.
 mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; tPL vd;w ehd;fpy; xd;nwh gyNth Fiwe;J tUtJ
rpWfhg;gpak; vd;W ,jd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jz;bayq;fhuk; $WfpwJ.
 IQ;rpW fhg;gpak; vd;w tof;fpid Vw;gLj;jpatu; r.it jhNkjuk; gps;is
Mthh;.
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; :
 #shkzp – Njhyh nkhopj; Njth;.
 aNrhjhu fhtpak; - ntz;zhtYilahu;.
 cjaz Fkhu fhtpak; - Mrphpau; ngah; njhpatp;y;iy.
 ePyNfrp- Mrphpau; ngah; njhpatp;y;iy.
 ehfFkhu fhtpak;- Mrphpau; ngah; njhpatp;y;iy.
 rkz rkaj;Jg; ngz; Jwtpapd; nghJg;ngah; fe;jpahu;.
 ,e;j 5 E}y;fSk; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.

#shkzp – Njhyh nkhopj; Njth;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 Mrphpah; Njhyh nkhopj;Njth;.

76
  ,aw;ngah; th;j;jkhd Njth;.
 rUf;fk; 12. tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; 2131.
 fhg;gpaj; jiytd; cyfpd; Kbf;Nfhh; #shkzp Mapdhd; vd;gjhy; #shkzp
vd;w ngah; ngw;wJ (gyKiw tUjy;).
 Kjy; E}y; tlnkhopapy; cs;s MUfj khGuhzk;.
 ,jd; fij = Guhzj;jpYk; cs;sJ.
 Ruik ehl;L kd;dd; gahgjp.
gahgjp kf;fs; %tu;
1. jptpl;l ek;gp ( fz;zd; mtjhuk;)
2. tpra ek;gp ( gyuhkd; mtjhuk;)
3. kfs; Nrhjpkhiy
kfhGuhzj;jpy; tUk; fijia jOtpNa ,f;fhg;gpak; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. =
th;j;jkhd NjtNu Njhyh nkhopj; Njth; vdf; $Wth;. ,tuJ ngahpd; nghUs;
“nty;Yk; nrhy; ty;yhh;”.
,e;E}y; rPtf rpe;jhkzp Nghd;w rpwg;gpid cilaJ. #lhkzp vd;gjd; jphpNg
#shkzp MFk;. ,J jkpod;idf;F jiyazpahf mike;Js;sJ. nrhy;yhl;rp>
nghUl;rpwg;G Mfpatw;why; ,e;E}y; jiyNky; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gh;. tpUj;jg;ghthy;
Md ,f;fhg;gpak; 12 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 2131 ghly;fisAk; cilaJ. ,f;fhg;gpaj;
jiytd; “Jsq;fhJ cah;e;J cyfpd; Kbf;Nfhh; #shkzp Mdhh;” vdg; ghuhl;lg;
ngw;wjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.

RiuikehL – gahgjp(murd;)
(kfd;fs;)

tpirad;> jptpl;ld;

mRtf;fz;ld; vd;w Njth;(giftd;)

jptpl;ldpd; kPJ khar;rpq;fj;ij VTjy;

khar;rpq;fk; jptpl;lid fz;L gae;J xLjy;

cz;ikahd rpq;fk; FifapypUe;J ntspg;gLjy;

jptpl;ld; rpq;fj;ij nfhs;Sjy

jptpl;ld; mRtf; fz;lDld; Nghhpl;L ntw;wp ngWjy;

Rak;gpuig kzj;jy;

Nrhjpkhiy vd;w kfs; gpwj;jy;

Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
,f;fij ghftjGuhzk; Nghy; tpsq;FfpwJ. gyuhkd;> fpU\;zd; Nghy
tpiraDk;> jptpl;lDk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis

77
rputzngyNfhyhf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. cyf tho;tpd; epiyahikia ,g;ghly;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
“ahid Jug;g muTiu Mo;Fop
eh etpw; gw;WG ehYk; xUtd; Xu;
Njdpd; mop Jsp ef;Fk; jpwj;jJ
khDlh; ,d;gk; kjpj;jidf; nfhs;eP”

2. aNrhju fhtpak;

aNrhju fhtpak;
Mrphpau; ntz;zhtY}u; cilahhu;. rUf;fk; 5> ghly;fs; 320. tlnkhopapy;
vOjg;gl;l cj;jpu Guhzj;jpypUe;J ,jd; fij vLf;fg;gl;lJ. Gl;gj;ju; vOjpa
aNrhju rhpj;jpd; jOty; vd;Wk; $Wth;. capu;nfhiy jPJ vd;W czh;j;Jk; E}y;.
ey;Qhdk;> ew;fhl;rp> ey;xOf;fk; ,k;%d;Wk; Kk;kzpfs; VOtif eufq;fs;
$wg;gLfpd;wd. mit
1. ,Uspy; ,Us; 2. ,Us; 3. Gif 4. NrW 5. kzy; 6. Guy; 7. kUs;
Gl;gjj;jh; tlnkhopapy; vOjpa aNrhju rhpjj;jpd; jOtNy ,f;fhg;gpak;
MFk;. ,jd; Mrphpah; ntz;zhtYilahh; vd;gJ jtpu NtW ve;j Fwpg;Gk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. 5 rUf;fq;fisAk;> 320 ghly;fisAk; cila ,e;E}y;
tpUj;jg;ghthy; MdJ.
fij mikg;G
aNrhjud;> mkpo;jkjp murhl;rp nra;J tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; ahid ghfd; ghba
,irapy; murp kdk; kaq;Ffpwhs;. jdJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F jilahf ,Uf;Fk;
aNrhjuDf;Fk>; mtdJ jha; re;jpukjpf;Fk; cztpy; eQ;rpidf; fye;J nfhiy
Ghpfpwhs;.
mjd; gpd;G aNrhjud; kfd; aNrhjukjp murhdhfp Ntl;ilf;F nry;Yk;NghJ
rkz Kdptiu fhz;fpwhd;. mtuJ nrhw;fspd; %yk; jdf;F gpwe;jpUf;Fk;
,ul;ilah;fs; (mgakjp> mgaUrp) jd; je;ijAk;> ghl;bAk; vd mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
,e;j ,ul;ilah;fs; khhpjj;jd; vd;w kd;ddhy; ,iwg;gyp ,Ltjw;fhf nfhz;L
tug;gl;lth;fs;. ,th;fs; epiyahik> caph;gyp Fw;wk; vd;gij vLj;Jf; $w Kbtpy;
murd; Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.
“mQ;rpdk; vdpDk; nka;Na milate;J milAk; Mdhy;
mQ;Rjy; mjdpd; vd;id gad;ekf;F;mJTk; md;wp
mQ;Rjy; Jd;ge;jhNd, my;yJk; mjdpd; #o;e;j
eQ;nrd tpidfs; ek;ik ehnlhWk; eypAk; vd;whd;‟‟
vDk; ,g;ghly; ,ul;ilah;fis ,iwg;gyp ,Lk;NghJ ghLtjhf
mike;Js;sJ.
E}ypd; fUj;Jf;fs;:
1. caph;f; nfhiyia fz;bj;jy;
2. ,irf; fhkj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd czh;j;Jjy;
3. fUkj;jpd; gaid tw;GWj;jTk;> ePjpia Gfl;lTk; vOe;jJ ,e;E}y;

3. cjazFkhu fhtpak;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
 Mrphpah; ngau; njhpatpy;iy.
E}y; mikg;G:

78
 %y E}y; ngUq;fij (Mrphpah; - nfhq;FNtsph;).
 fhz;lq;fs; 6> tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; 369.
 cQ;irf;fhz;lk;> ,yhtzfhz;lk;> kfjkfhz;lk;> tj;jt fhz;lk;>
euthz fhz;lk;> JwTf;fhz;lk;.
 ngUq;fijapd; Kjw;gFjpAk; ,WjpgFjpAk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
ngah;fhuzk;:
 #hpa cjaj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; cjazd; vdg;gl;lhd;.
fijmikg;G:
 cjazd; Fyk; - FUFyk;.
 ngw;Nwhu; rjhdpfd;- kpUfhgjp.
 ehL - tj;jtehL.
 jiyefuk; - Nfhrk;gp
 tpr;ir tPud; vd;why; „gyfiy ty;ytd;‟ vd;W nghUs;.
 cjazidr; rpiwg;gLj;jpatd; cr;rpapdp kd;dd; gpur;Nrhjdd;.
 cjazd; ahopd; ngau; Nfhlgjp.
 ,td; mikr;rd; ngau; A+fp.
 cjazDf;F ehd;F kidtpau;.
cjazd; fijiaf; $Wk; ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. nfhq;F
Ntsphpd; ngUq;fijf; $Wk; cjazid gw;wpNa ,e;E}y; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypy;
cQ;ir fhz;lk;> ,yhthz fhz;lk;> kfj fhz;lk;> tj;jt fhz;lk;> euthz
fhz;lk;> JwTf; fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fisAk;> 367 nra;Al;fisAk; cilaJ.
,J rkzrka fhg;gpak; MFk;.
fij mikg;G
tj;jt ehl;bd; murd; cjazd;

mte;jpehl;L murd; gpur;Nrhjdd;

gpur;Nrhjdd;> cjazd; kPJ kha ahidia Vtp rpiwgpbj;jy;

cjazd; gpur;Nrhjdd; kfs; thrtjj;ijf;F aho; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

A+fpapd; cjtpahy; thrtj;ijia kze;J cjazd; rpiwapypUe;J

euthzd; vd;w kfd; gpwj;jy;

,Wjpapy; cjazd; Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

,f;fhg;gpaj; jiytd; #hpa cjaj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; cjazd; vd;w ngah; Vw;gl;lJ.

4. ePyNfrp

E}y; mikg;G:
ePyNfrp vd;why; fUj;j $e;jiy cilats; vd;W nghUs;. Mrphpau; ngah;
njhpatp;y;iy. rUf;fk; 10> ghly;fs; 894. ePyNfrp jpul;L vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
rkz Kdpth;fs; Kdpr; re;jpuid ePyp vd;w ngz; mr;RWj;jp kaf;f Kay;fpwhs;.
kaq;fhj Kdptu; mwpTiu $w mts; jpUe;jp rkz rkaj;ij Vw;Wg; gpw rka
thjpfis ntw;wp nfhs;fpwhs;. rkzk; my;yhj gpw ,e;jpa rkaq;fspd;
Nfhl;ghLfisj; jUf;f Kiwapy; kWj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y;. Fz;lyNfrp vd;w E}Yf;F

79
vjpuhf vOjg;gl;l E}y; ePyNfrp. ciuahrphpau; rka jpthfu thkd Kdpth;.
,t;Tiuf;Fr; rka jpthfu tpUj;jp vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
Nfrp vd;Dk; ngahpy; KbAk; E}y;fs; rka thjj;ij mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lit. 10 rUf;fq;fisAk;> 895 nra;As;fisAk; nfhz;l ,e;E}y;
Fz;lyNfrpf;F kWg;ghf vOjg;gl;l rkz E}y;. ,jd; fhyj;ijf; fp.gp. 10 – Mk;
E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fSs; ,J jh;f;f E}yhFk;. ePyk;> ePyNfrpj; jpul;L vd;w NtW
ngah;fSk; ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L. ePyNfrp vd;why; fUj;j ePz;l $e;jiy cilats;
vd;W nghUs;.
“khQ;Nrhiyg; nghq;fp kUjq;fpsp gps;is fs;tha;f;
jPQ;rhW xopfd; jpizapd; dzpjq;fp Xq;Fk;
jhz;rhy tho;ehl spwpDd; jifah; cz;Nlh?”

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; ePyNfrpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ehl;L rpwg;gpidf; fhzyhk;.

fij mikg;G
ghQ;rhy ehl;by; cs;s RLfhl;by; fhspf;F ,lg;gLk; caph;f;nfhiyia
Kdpr;re;jpuh; vDk; rkz Kdpth; jd; jt typikahy; jLj;jhh;. mjdhy; rpdk;
nfhz;l RLfhl;Lf; fhsp> gioaD}h; ePyp vDk; Nga; murpia Kdpthpd; jtj;ij
rPh;f;Fiyf;f VtpaJ. ,UtUf;Fk; ele;j thjj;jpy; Njhw;w ePyNfrp Kdpthpd;
khztpahfp rkz rka fUj;Jfis gug;gpdhh;. rka jpthfuk; thkd Kdpth; vd;gth;
,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
5. ehfFkhu fhtpak;
E}y; mikg;G:
Mrphpau; ngah; njhpatp;y;iy. fe;jpahu; xUtu; vOjpdhu; vd;gu;.
1.ehfgQ;rkp Nehd;gpd; rpwg;gpidf; $Wk; E}y;.
2.,e;E}Yf;F ehfgQ;rkp fij vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
,uhrpfphpapy; cs;s tpGy kiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; tu;j;jkhd kfhtPuiu
tzq;Ftjw;Fr; rpNuzpf khkd;dDk; mtd; Njtpahfpa rhypdpAk; nrd;wdu;.,
mf;Nfhapypy; ,Ue;j jt Kdptuhfpa nfsjku; mtu;fSf;F ehfFkhudJ fijia
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. kzj;ijAk; Nghfj;ijAk; kpFjpahff; $Wk; rkz E}y;.
ehfFkhu fhtpak;
ehfg;gQ;rkpf; fijia mbnahl;b vOj;jg;gl;l E}yhFk;. KOf;f
KOf;f Nghf ,d;gj;ijNa $Wk; E}y; ,J. fhtpaj; jiytdhd ehfFkhud;
gy;yhz;L murhl;rp Ghpe;jhd;. gpd;G tho;f;ifapy; gpbg;G ,y;yhky; Ngha;
tpuf;jpaile;J JwT nfhs;s vz;zpj;jtk; nra;J Kf;jp milAk; fijapid 120
tpUj;jg;ghthy; ghbAs;shh; Gyth;. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk;
fp.gp. 16 – Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.

kfj kd;dd; rpNudpfd;. mtd; kidtp rhypdp

tpGykiyapy; tho;e;j tutPuehjKdptu; ehfgQ;rkpiag; gw;wpf; $Wjy;

rae;jud; ,uz;lhtJ kfd; gpujhge;jd;

80
 gpujhge;jd; ,tNd ehfFkhud;

ehfFkhud; Nkw;nfhz;l ghQ;rkp Nehd;G Koepyit Nehf;fp Nehd;G ,Uj;jy;

Nehd;G khjq;fs; fhu;j;jpif, gq;Fdp, Mb

Nehd;G ehl;fs; Ie;J ehs; tiu

xt;nthU khjKk; tUfpd;w gQ;rkp jpjpapy; tpujk; ,Uj;jy;

Ie;jhz;L tpujNk gQ;rkp Nehd;G

,e;Nehd;G Nkw;nfhz;l ehfFkhudpd; tPur;nray;fs;, Kbr;#l;Ltpoh, JwT

Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,f;fhg;gpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ
KbTiu:
IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpaq;fSf;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; midj;Jk; nghUe;jp tuhtpbYk;
Nkw;fz;l Ie;J E}y;fSk; IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpaq;fshf jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tif
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

fk;guhkhahzk;
Kd;Diu
jkpo; fhg;gpa cyfpy; jdf;nfd xU jdpaplk; ngw;W jpfOk; E}y;.
tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfp Kdpth; ,aw;wpa ,uhkhazj;ij jOtp jkpopy; fk;guhy;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ ,uhkhazk;. ,e;E}Yf;F fk;gh; itj;j ngah; „,uhkfhij‟. jkpo;
kuGf;F Vw;w tifapy; rpy ,lq;fspy; khw;wp mikj;J fk;gh; ,uhkhazj;ij
,aw;wpAs;shh;. ciuahly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ehlf tbtpy; mikj;Js;sikahy;
„fk;gehlfk;‟ vd;Wk; ,e;E}y; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; fk;gh;. ,th; Nrho ehl;bd; jpUtOe;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;.
fhspapd; mUshy; ftpghLk; Mw;wy; ngw;wth;. ,th; FNyhj;Jq;f kd;dplk; mitfsg;
Gytuhf ,Ue;jhh;. fk;gUk;> xl;lf;$j;jUk; rkfhyg; Gyth;fs; Mthh;. Nrhodplk;
Vw;gl;l kdf;frg;gpdhy; Nrhoehl;il tpl;L ePq;fpr; nrd;w fk;giu> rilag;g ts;sy;
Mjhpj;J ,uhkfhijia ghLtjw;F Njitahd cjtpfisr; nra;jhh;. mjdhy; jhd;
Mapuk; ghlYf;F xUKiw rilag;g ts;siyg; Nghw;wp ghbAs;shh; fk;gh;.
fk;ghpd; gpw E}y;fs;
ru];tjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;> Vh;vOgJ>
rpiynaOgJ Mfpit fk;gh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fshFk;. fk;gu; kfd; - mk;gpfhgjp.
mk;gpfhgjp vOjpaJ mk;gpfhg;gjpf;Nfhit. ,uhk ehlff; fPu;j;jid vOjpath; -
mUzhryf; ftpuhah;
fk;ghpd; rpwg;G
jkpopd; kpfg; nghpa E}y; fk;guhkhazk;. fhg;gpajj;jpd; cr;rf;fl;l tsu;rr
; p
fk;guhkhazk;.
“fk;gd; tPl;L fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;”>
“fy;tpapy; nghpad; fk;gd;”
vd;w gonkhopfspd; %yk; fk;ghpd; Gfopid mwpayhk;. 20 – Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
,izaw;w ghujp vd;w ngUikf;Fhpath;>

81
 “fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL – Gfo;f;
fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL‟‟ vd;Wk;

“fk;gidg; Nghy; ts;Stidg; Nghy;

,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jpy;iy”

vd;Wk; Nghw;Wfpd;whh;. NkYk; ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is mth;fs;>

“ntapw;Nfw;w epoYz;L: tPRe;njd;wy; fhw;Wz;L
ifapy; fk;gd; ftpAz;L: fyrk; epiwa kJTz;L”
vd;W Nghw;wpg; ghLfpd;whh;.

%y ,yf;fpakhd tlnkhop ,uhkhazj;jpypUe;J rpy khWghLfNshL fk;gu;

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. fk;gu; ,aw;wpa ,uhkhazk; vd;gjhy; ,J fk;guhkhazk;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
E}y; gFg;G
,e;E}y; ghyfz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh
fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; vd;w 6 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 113 glyq;fisAk>;
10500 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. VohtJ fhz;lkhd cj;jufhz;lk; xl;lf;$j;juhy;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. Kjw;glyk; - Mw;Wg;glyk; ,Wjpg;glyk;- tpilnfhLj;j glyk;.
,uhkhazj;jpd; cWjpg;nghUs;:
1. gpJh;thf;fpa ghpghydk; (Gj;jpughf;fpak;)
2. Vfgj;jpdp tpujk; (xUtDf;F xUj;jp)
3. rNfhjug; ghrk;
vd;w %d;W cl;nghUs;fisAk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;F
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ ,e;E}y;.
fjhg;ghj;jpuk;:
jpUkhypd; mtjhuk; ,uhkd;
,uhkdpd; Fyk; #hpaFyk;
je;ij jrujd;
jha; Nfhriy - (nfsry;ah)
tsh;g;Gj;jha; ifNfap
ehL - Nfhryk;
efuk; - mNahj;jp
Mrphpau; - trpl;lu;
ifNfapd; Njhop - $dp
$dpapd; ,aw;ngau; - ke;jiu
ifNfapapd; kdj;ij khw;wpats; - $dp.
,uhkdpd; jk;gpau; %tu;
gujd;
,yf;Ftd;
rj;Uf;fdd;
,uhkdhy; jk;gpauhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ltu;fs; %tu;
1. Ffd;
2. Rf;utP d;
3. tPlzd;
E}y; rpwg;G
jd;dpfhpy;yhj jiytdhd ,uhkid fijj; jiytdhff; nfhz;lJ ,e;E}y;.
kdpj tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisf; flTNs kdpjdhfg; gpwe;J tho;e;J

82
mDgtpj;J> jd; mDgtq;fspd; %yk; mila Ntz;ba tho;tpay; newpfis
,f;fhy kdpjh;fSf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shh;.
,f;fhg;gpak; kdpj czh;Tfspd; rpj;jpuk;. epfuw;w tho;f;if mDgtj;jpd;
fUt+yk;. ,ij czh;e;j nry;tNfrtuhah; jkpOf;F fjp ,uz;L Ngh; vd;why; xd;W,
f – fk;gh;. ,uz;L, jp – jpUts;Sth; vd;W Gfo;fpd;whh;.
,uhkd; Kjd; Kjyhff; nfhd;wJ. (jhlif vd;w ngz;iz tpRthkpj;jpuh;
ahfj;ijf; fhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,uhkd; jhlifiaf; nfhd;whd;. ,uhkid
kpjpiyf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wtu; tpRthkpj;jpuh;)
,uhkd; rPij jpUkzk; ele;j ,lk; kpjpiy.
rPijapd; je;ij Idfd;.
rPijf;F Ihdfp> ikjpyp vd;w NtW ngau;fSk; cz;L.
fq;iff; fiuiaf; flf;f ,uhkDf;F cjtpatd; Ffd;. Ffdpd; jiyefuk;
rpUq;fpNguk;.
Rf;utP d; mikr;rd; mDkhd;.
,uhkDf;fhfr; rPijaplk; J}J nrd;wtd; mDkhd;.
,uhkhazg; Nghu; 18 khjk; ele;jJ.
,uhkd; Kb#l;bf; nfhz;l NghJ mhpaiz jhq;fpatd; mDkhd;.
cilths; Ve;jpatd; mq;fjd;.
ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil gpbj;jtd; gujd;.
ftup tPrpatu;fs; ,yf;Ftd; rj;Uf;fdd;.
KbvLj;Jf; nfhLj;jtu; rilag;g ts;sypd; Kd;Ndhu;.
Kb#l;batd; trpl;ld.;
fk;gu; jk; uhkhazj;ij muq;Nfw;wpa ,lk; jpUtuq;fk;
muq;Nfw;wk;
fk;gu; ,uhkhazj;jpid vOjpa gpd;G mjid jpUtuq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wk;
nra;a tpUk;gpdhu;. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; cs;s jpy;iy jPl;rju;fs; %thapuk; egu;fSk;
xd;W Nru;f;f ,ayhky;> fk;gh; ,Ue;jNghJ xU Foe;ij ,we;jJ. me;jf;
Foe;ijf;fhf midj;J jPl;rh;fSk; $b epd;whu;fs;. mg;NghJ fk;gu; jd;Dila
,uhkhazpj;jpypUe;J „ehfghrg; glyk‟; vd;w gFjpia ghbf; Foe;ijia
capu;g;gpj;jhh;. jPl;rpju;fs; midtUk; kfpo;e;jdu;. jhd; ,aw;wpa ,uhkhazj;jpid
jpUtuq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a mDkjpAk; ngw;whu;.
fhz;lq;fSk; mjd; fijfSk;
ghy fhz;lk;
,uhtzid mopf;f jpUkhy; mtjhuk; vLf;fpwhu;. jrujd; - Nfhriy
jk;gjpapdUf;F kfdhf ,uhkd; (jpUkhy;) gpwf;fpwhh;. jrujd; - ifNfapf;F gujd;
kfdhfTk;> jrujd; - Rkpj;jpiuf;F ,yf;Ftd;> rj;Ufd; MfpNahu; gpwf;fpd;wdu;.
ehy;tUk; jrujd; muz;kidapy; tsh;fpd;wdu;. ,uhkidAk; ,yf;FtidAk;
tpRtkpj;jpuh; jd;Dila ahfj;jpw;Ff; fhtyhf mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;whu;.
tpRthkpj;jpuupd; ahfj;jpid mopf;f te;j jhlif vd;Dk; muf;fpapid ,uhkd;
nfhy;fpwhh;. jhlifiag; Nghy ahfj;jpid mopf;f te;j muf;fh;fisAk; ,uhkDk;
,yf;FtDk; mopf;fpd;wdu;.
kpjpiyf;F ,uhkidAk; ,yf;FtidAk; tpRtkpj;jpuh; mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;.
topapy; fy;yhf ,Ue;j mfypif> ,uhkdpd; fhy; J}rp gl;L capu; ngWfpwhs;.
mtis nfsjk KdptUld; Nrh;j;J tpl;L kpjpiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu;. mq;F rPijf;F
Rak;tuk; elf;fpwJ. mjpy; ,uhkd; fye;J nfhz;L rptjDir cilj;J rPijia
kzf;fpwhh;.
mNahj;jpa fhz;lk;

83
 ,uhkd; rPijiaj; jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhz;L mNahj;jpf;F; r; nry;fpwhh;. cld;
,yf;FtDk; tpRthkpj;jpuUk; nry;fpd;wdu;. mNahj;jpapd; kd;dd; ,uhkDf;F
gl;lhgpNrfk; nra;a Vw;ghLfisr; nra;fpwhh;. mjid mwpe;j kf;fSk; ke;jphpfSk;
kfpo;fpd;wdh;. ke;jiu vd;Dk; $dp gujdpd; jhahd ifNfaplk; nrd;W mtSila
kdjpid khw;Wfpwhs;. ifNfap jrujd; Kd;G je;j ,uz;L tuq;fis ,g;Nghija
#o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW ,uhkd; fhlhsTk; gujd; ehlhsTk; Nfl;Lg; ngWfpwhs;.
,uhkDk; rPijAk; fhl;bw;F nry;Yifapy; ,yf;FtDk; cld; nry;fpwhd;.
%tUk; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W Kdptu;fisAk; FfidAk; re;jpf;fpd;whu;fs;. Ffid
jd;Dila kw;nwhU rNfhjud; vd;W ,uhkd; ngUikahf $Wfpwhu;. jrujd; ,we;J
Nghdjhy; ,Wjpf; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;J tpl;L gujd; ,uhkidf; fhl;by; te;J
re;jpf;fpwhu;. mNahj;jp muir Vw;f ,uhkdplk; tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;. Mdhy; ,uhkd;
mjid Vw;f kWf;fpd;whu;. gujd; ,uhkd; kPz;Lk; te;J nghWg;G Vw;Fk; tiu
,uhkdpd; ghJiffis itj;J murhl;rp nra;fpwhd;.
Muz;a fhz;lk;
,uhkd; fhl;by; tpuhjd;> rugq;fd;> mfj;jpau;> rlhA MfpNahu;fisr;
re;;jpf;fpwhu;. mtu;fspd; %ykhf muf;fh;fisg; gw;wpAk; MAjq;fisg; gw;wpAk;
mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhh;.
,uhtzDila jq;if #u;g;gzif> ,uhkidf; fz;L fhjy; nfhs;fpwhs;. Mdhy;
,uhkd; Vfg;gj;jpdp tpujd; vd;W gpw ngz;fis Vw;fhky; ,Uf;fpwhd;. ,yf;Ftd;
#u;g;gzifapd; %f;fpid mupe;J mDg;Gfpwhd;. Mjdhy; ,uhtzdplk; nrd;W
,uhkdpd; kidtp rPijiag; gw;wpAk; mtSila mofpidAk; $wp rPijapd; kPJ
Nkhfk; nfhs;s itf;fpwhs;.
,uhtzd; khakhid mDg;gp ,uhkidAk; ,yf;FtidAk; rPijaplkpUe;J
gphpj;J rPijiaf; fth;e;J nry;fpwhu;. topapy; rlhA rPijia kPl;fg; Nghuhb
tPo;fpwhh;. rPijia ,y;yj;jpy; fhzhJ Njb tUk; rNfhjhu;fSf;F ,uhtzidg;
gw;wpf; $wptpl;L capu;tpLfpwhu; rlhA.
fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;
rPijiaj; Njb nry;fpd;w ,uhkDk; ,yf;FtDk; fpl;fpe;ijf;F tUfpwhu;fs;.
mq;F mDkidr; re;jpf;fpwhu; ,uhku;. mDkd;> Rf;fuPtd; vd;gtiu ,uhkUf;F
mwpKfk; nra;fpwhh;. Rf;fuPtdpd; kidtpia Rf;fuPtDila mz;zd; thypNa
fth;e;J nrd;W tpLfpwhu;. mjdhy; ,uhkd; thypiaf; nfhd;W Rf;fuPtdpd;
kidtpia kPl;fpwhu;. ,uhkDk; jd;idg; Nghy kidtpia ,oe;J jtpf;fpwhd;
vd;gij mwpe;J tPL tUfpwhh;fs;.
mq;fjd; vd;gtu; jiyikapy; midtUk; nry;fpd;wdu;. topapy; rk;ghjp vDk;
rlhAtpd; mz;zidr; re;jpf;fpd;wdu;. rk;ghjp ,yq;ifapy; rPij rpiwg;gl;L
,Ug;gijj; njuptpf;fpd;whu;. ,yq;iff;F nry;y Vw;wtu; mDkd; vd;W jPh;khdpj;J
mDkdplk; njhptpf;fpd;wdu;. mDkDf;F mtUila ngUikfis czh;j;jp mth;
,yq;if nry;y tp];t&gk; vLf;fpwhh;.
Re;ju fhz;lk;
mDkd; ,yq;iff;Fr; nry;y thd;ntspapy; gwe;J nry;fpwhh;. topapy;
vjph;gLk; jilfis ,uhkehkk; nfhz;L ntw;wpg; ngw;W ,yq;ifia milfpwhu;.
mq;Nf mNrhftdj;jpy; cs;s rPijiaf; fz;L jhd; ,uhkdpd; J}Jtd; vd;W $wp
,uhkdpd; milahskhd Nkhjpuj;jpidj; je;J njhptpf;fpwhu;. rPijAk; me;j
Nkhjpuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;L #shkzp vDk; mzpiaj; jUfpwhs;.
,uhtzidr; re;jpj;J mDkd; ,uhkdpd; ngUikfisf; $wp> rPijia
,uhkdplk; Nru;j;J tpLk; gb $Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; ,uhtzd; mDkd; thypy;
jPapLfpwhd;. mDkd; ,yq;ifiaNa vupj;Jtpl;L ,uhkdplk; nrd;W rPijiaf;
fz;lijf; $Wfpwhh;.
Aj;j fhz;lk;
,uhkd; ,yq;iff;Fg; ghyk; mikj;J thdug; gilAld; nrd;W
,uhtzDld; Nghh; nra;fpwhd;. mg;NghJ ,uhtzdpd; rNfhjud; tPlzd; ,uhkDld;
,ize;J nfhs;fpwhd;. ,uhkd; ,uhtZila jk;gpahd Fk;gfUzd; kfd;
,e;jpurpj;J vd midtiuAk; Nghupl;L nfhy;fpwhh;. ,Wjpahf ,uhtzidf; nfhd;W

84
tPlzDf;F ,yq;ifiaj; je;J rPijia kPl;L mNahj;jpf;Fr; nry;fpwhh;.
mNahj;jpapy; ,uhkUf;Fg; gl;lhgpNrfk; eilngWfpwJ. fk;gh; E}Yf;F gpd;
Njhd;wpait jf;f ,uhkhazk;> Fapy;> mfty;> Nfhfpy> mkph;j> ghy ,uhkhazk;
Nghd;wd.
E}y; mikg;gpy; khw;wq;fs;
tlnkhop ,uhkhazj;ijj; jkpo; nkhopapy; mg;gbNa nkhopg;ngah;f;fhky;
jkpo;ehl;bd; kuGf;Nfw;w tifapy; rpy ,lq;fspy; khw;wpaikj;J fhg;gpaj;ijg;
Gide;Js;shh;.
1. fsT> fw;G vd;Wk; gz;ilaj; jkpo; kuGf;Nfw;w tifapy; kpjpiy efUf;F
te;j ,uhkd;> rPijia fz;L fhjy; nfhs;fpwhd;. mz;zYk; Nehf;fpdhd;
mtSk; Nehf;fpdhs; „,UtUk; khwpg;Gf;F ,jak; va;jpdh;‟.
2. rPijia fth;e;J nry;Yk;NghJ thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;jpy; rPijapd; $e;jiyg;
gw;wp ,Oj;Jr; nry;tjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Mdhy; fk;gh; epyj;NjhL
ngah;j;Jf; nfhz;L nrd;wjhf vOjpAs;shh;.
3. rPij fhl;bw;Fr; nry;Yk; nghOJ mzpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba kuThpia
(fhtp Mil) vg;gb mzpa Ntz;Lnkd;W njhpahky; jpifj;jjhf thy;kPfp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Mdhy; fk;gh; kuThpiag; ngw;Wnfhz;l rPij vt;tpj
jaf;fKkpd;wp clNd mzpe;Jf; nfhz;L te;jjhf vOjpAs;shh;.
KbTiu
jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; jd;dpfuw;w E}yhfTk;> fiyr; nry;tkhfTk; ,e;E}y;
tpsq;FfpwJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ. cyfk; KOtJk; jkpopd; Gfo; guTtjw;Ff;
fk;guhkhazk; xU fhuzkhFk;.

nghpaGuhzk;
Kd;Diu
irt rkaj;jpd; ngUikfisAk;> irt flTspd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;> irt
mbahh;fspd; khz;GfisAk; tphpthf NgRfpd;w gilg;Gfspy;> ngUq;fhg;gpak;
epiyapy; itj;Jg; Ngrg;gLk; nghpaGuhzk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
rptdbahh;fs; mWgj;J %thpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidf; $WtJ nghpaGuhzkhFk;.
jkpoUf;Nf chpa jkpo; nkhopf;Nf chpa fhg;gpakhFk;. ,e;E}y; jpUj;njhz;lh;
njhif> jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp Mfpa E}y;fis gpd;gw;wp Njhd;wpa topE}yhFk;.
fhyk; 12 - Mk; E}w;whz;L. „njhz;lh; rPh; guTthh;‟ vdg;gLk; Nrf;fpohuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
 E}y; - nghpa Guhzj;ij (jpUj;njhz;lu; Guhzk;) mUspath;
Nrf;fpohh;.
 Ch; - jw;Nghija fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Fd;wj;J}hpy;
gpwe;jth;.
 ,aw;ngah; - mUz;nkhopj;Njth;.
 ,th; meghar; Nrhodplk; (,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;) jiyik
mikr;ruha; jpfo;e;jtu;.
 gl;lk; - cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytuhad; (toq;fpath; - Nrho kd;dd;)
vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;wth;.
 ,th; nja;t Nrf;fpohh; vd;Wk; miof;fg; ngw;wth;.
 fhyk; - fp.gp.12 k; E}w;whz;L.
 nrhw;Nfhtpy; vOg;gpa ,tUf;F fw;NfhtpYk; vOg;gpdu;.
63 ehad;khh;fisAk; 9 njhifmbahh;fisAk; $Wk; E}y;.
E}y; Mrphpah; (Nrf;fpohh;)

85
 njhz;il ehl;bYs;s GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lj;J Fd;wj;J}hpy; Ntshs kugpy;
Nrf;fpohhpd; Fbapy; gpwe;jth;. mt;tNghJ murd; rpwe;j rkzf;fhg;gpakhd rPtf
rpe;jhkzpapy; kdk; gwpf; nfhLj;J ,Ug;gJ fz;L kd;ddpd; kaf;fj;ij ePf;fp
irtj;jpd; rpwg;ig czur; nra;tjw;fhf jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif $Wk; rptdbahh;fs;
tuyhw;iw Nrf;fpohh; FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;F vLj;Jiuj;jjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nrf;fpohh; jd;Dila mikr;rh; nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jp Ch;fs;NjhWk; Nehpy;
nrd;W> Mq;fhq;F gutpfple;j cz;ikfisAk;> fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfisAk;> gf;jpg;
ghly;fisAk; jpul;b Kbj;jgpd; „nghd;dk;gyk;‟ nrd;W rptngUkhid Ntz;l
mk;gyj;jhLk; jk;gpuhd; „cynfyhk;‟ vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;f jd; fhg;gpaj;ijj;
njhlh;e;J ghb Kbj;Jj; „jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;‟ vd;W ngahpl;lhh;. ,jid
jpy;iyapy; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mtjhpj;j jpUthjpiuj; jpUehspy; njhlq;fp Xuhz;Lf;
fhyk; Xjp muq;Nfw;wp Kbj;jhh;.
njhif mbahh; xd;gJ
1. jpy;iy tho; me;jzh;
2. ngha; mbik ,y;yhj Gdpjth;
3. gj;juha;g; gzpthh;
4. gukidNa ghLthh;
5. rpj;jj;ijr; rptd;ghy; itj;jth;
6. jpUth&h; gpwe;jth;
7. Kg;NghJk; jpUNkdp jPz;Lthh;
8. OKePW G+rpa Kdpth;
9. mg;ghYk; mb Nrh;e;jhh;.
nghpa Guhzk; ngUq;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzq;fs; gyTk; nfhz;ljhf ,aw;wg;
ngw;w irt fhg;gpakhFk;. Re;ju%h;j;jp Rthkpfis fhg;gpa jiytuhff; nfhz;Lk;
mtu; Nghw;wpa irt mbahu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,e;E}ypy; tptupf;fpwhh;.
mj;Jld; jpUj;njhz;lu; njhif> ek;gpahz;lu; ek;gp vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lu; jpUte;jhjp
Mfpatw;iw %yE}y;fshff; nfhz;Lk; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodplk;
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j Nrf;fpohh; gy Ch;fSf;Fk; nrd;W jpul;b jfty;fisf; nfhz;Lk;
nghpaGuhzk; vOjg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Mizg;gb jpy;iyf;F nrd;W mq;fpUe;j ,iwtd;
eluhIh; cynfyhk; vd;W mbnaLj;J nfhLf;f Nrf;fpohh; “cynfyhk; czu;e;J
Xjw;F mupatd;” vdg; nghpaGuhzj;jpidj; njhlq;fpajhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,ilf;fhy
,yf;fpaj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if gw;wp tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpy; mwptjw;F ,e;E}y;
cjTfpwJ.
cynfyhk; vd;W ,iwtd; mbnaLj;J nfhLf;fg; ghlg;gl;l E}y;
nghpaGuzk;. E}ypd; Kjy;> ,il> fil vd;w %tplj;Jk; cynfyhk; vd;w nrhy;
tUfpwJ. mUzfphpf;F KUfd; Kj;ijj;jU vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;. fhrpk;
GytUf;F egpfs; ehafk; gfUk; vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;.
jOtYk; nkhop ngah;g;Gkhf ,y;yhky; jkpo; ehl;bf;F chpajhfNt ,ilf;
fhyj;jpy; vOe;j fhg;gpak; nghpaGuhzk;. ,ilfhyj;J ,yf;fpaj;Js; ehl;L kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp $Wk; E}y; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzkhd nghpaGuhzk; fapyhaj;jpy;
njhlq;fg; ngw;Wr; irt mbahh;fspd; tho;f;ifia tprhhpj;J ,Wjpahff;
fapyhaj;jpy; KbfpwJ.
E}y; gFg;G
,e;E}y; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fisAk;> 13 rUf;fq;fisAk;> 4287 ghly;fisAk;
cilaJ. 63 jdpabahh;fs; gw;wpAk;> xd;gJ njhifabahh;fs; gw;wpAk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;ehad;khh;fs; fp.gp. 3 – Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu tho;e;jth;fs;. ,jd; rpwg;G Nehf;fp ,jid gd;dpU jpUKiwfSs; xd;whfg;
gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahfr; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;.
Kjw; fhz;lj;jpy;
1. jpUkiyr; rUf;fk;
2. jpy;iy tho; me;jzhu; rUf;fk;

86
 3. ,iy kype;j rUf;fk;
4. Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l rUf;fk;
5. jpUepd;w rUf;fk;
vd;w Ie;J rUf;fq;fSk;
,uz;lhk; fhz;lj;jpy;
1. tk;ghw; tuptz;Lr; rUf;fk;
2. thu; nfhz;l td Kiyahs; rUf;fk;
3. ngha;abikapy;yhj Gytu; rUf;fk;
4. fiwf;fz;ld; rUf;fk;
5. fly; #o;e;j rUf;fk;
6. gj;juha;g; gzpthu; rUf;fk;
7. kd;dpa rPu;r;rUf;fk;
8. nts;is ahidr; rUf;fk;
vd;Dk; 8 rUf;fq;fSk; mike;Js;sd.
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;
ngUq;fhg;gpak; vd;W $Wkstpw;F fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,e;E}ypd; fijj; jiytdhf Re;juh; tpsq;Ffpd;whh;.
fhg;gpa mikg;gpy; FiwT Vw;glhtz;zk; Nrf;fpohh;> Re;juiuj; jiytuhf
mikj;J> mth; ifyhaj;jpypUe;J Gwg;gl;L kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;J ,U kidtpaUld;
tho;e;J kPz;Lk; ifyhak; nrd;W Nrh;e;jJ tiu fijf; Nfhg;G mikag; ghbAs;shh;.
kiy tsk;> ePh; tsk;> ehl;L tsk;> efh; tsk; ,aw;if tUzidfs; vd
midj;Jr; rpwg;GfSk; ,e;E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
E}y; rpwg;G
nghpaGuhzj;ijf; Nfl;L kfpo;e;j FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; myq;fhpj;j ahidapd;
kPJ Nrf;fpohiuAk;> mth; ,aw;wpa E}iyAk; Vw;wp itj;J jhDk; mUfpypUe;J
fthptPrp efh;tyk; te;J Nrf;fpohUf;F „njhz;lh;rhP ; guTthh;‟ vd;Dk; gl;lkspj;Jg;
ghuhl;bdhh;.
gf;jpia capuhfTk;> gpwtw;iw clyhfTk; nfhz;l fhtpakhfpa
,g;nghpaGuhzk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw> gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
njhopy;> nghOJNghf;F Nghd;w gy nra;jpfisAk; mwptpf;fpd;w xU tuyhw;Wf;
fUt+ykhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
,iwtdplk; gf;jp nrYj;j rhjp - rka NtWghNlh> Mz; - ngz; ghFghNlh>
murd; - Mz;b vd;w cah;T jho;Nth fpilahJ. midtUk; gf;jp nrYj;jpg; gad;
ngwKbAk; vd;w NgUz;ikiaj; njspthff; $Wfpd;wJ.
nghpa Guhzk; Njhd;wpajhy; jkpofj;jpy; Gwr;rkar; nry;thf;F Fiwe;J>
irtrka ek;gpf;if rPh; gLj;jg;gl;L nrk;ikAw;wJ. Njthug; ghly;fs; $Wk; irt
rkaf; fUj;Jfisnay;yhk; fy;yhjth;fSk; mwpAk;gb kpf vspikahf
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. ,dpikAk; vspikAk; nfhz;l ,g;gf;jpg; gDty; jpUj;njhz;lh;
Guhzk; vDk; jpUg;ngaUld; Njhd;wp> ngUikkpf;f mbath;fspd; rpwg;Giuf;Fk;
ngUikahy; nghpaGuhzk; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
KbTiu
,aw;if tUzid> gf;jpRit kpFe;j E}yhf ,e;E}y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is> Nrf;fpohiu „gf;jp Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;l ghba
ftp ty;yth;‟ vd;W ghuhl;LtjpypUe;J Nrf;fpohhpd; ,iwg;gf;jpia czu KbAk;.
jkpopyf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;j khngUk; irt rka fhg;gpakhfg; nghpa Guhzj;ijf;
$wyhk;
rkzh;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;L
Kd;Diu
jkpopy; Njhd;wpAs;s ,yf;fpaq;fs; midj;Jk; rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa
tsh;e;J te;Js;sd. gy;NtW rkaj;jtUk; jj;jk; rkaf;fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpofj;jpy;
epiyehl;l Kad;wdh;. mk;Kaw;rpapy; ntw;wpfhz Ntz;Lkhdhy; jkpior; rpwg;Gw

87
fw;f Ntz;Lk;> vd;gij czh;e;J jkpo;nkhopia njspthf fw;wNjhL gy E}y;fisg;
gilj;Jj; jkpo; nkhopf;F njhz;L nra;Js;sdh;. ,t;tifapy; Ntw;W rkaj;jtuhd
rkzh;fs; nra;Js;s jkpo;j; njhz;bid fhzyhk;.
fhyk;:
rkz rkaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh; Mthh;. Ntjq;fis
Kd;dpWj;jp Mhpah;fs; nra;j rlq;Ffspy; ntWg;Gw;w kf;fspd; vjph;g;Gzh;r;rpapd;
tpisthf Njhd;wpaNj rkzk;. rkzrkak; nkshpag;Nguurh; fhyj;jpNy nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;W tpsq;fpaijf; fd;dlehl;Lr; “rputzngyNfhyhf; fy;ntl;L” %yk; mwpa
KbfpwJ. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,aw;wpa rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; rkzrkak; jkpofj;jpy;
nry;thf;F ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
rkzh;fspd; rpwg;G :
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; rkzk; cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. mg;gh; ngUkhidj; jd;
fUj;Jf;fshYk;> nfhs;iffshYk;> ,yf;fpaq;fshYk; fth;e;jpOj;jJ rkzNk
vdyhk;. rkzh;fs; ,d;gj;ij mspf;fty;y ,ir> ehlff;fiyfis Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.
jkpo;nkhopAk;> tlnkhopAk; rkzh;fspilNa nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jd. ,jd;
tpisthfj; jkpOk;> tlnkhopAk; fye;J kzpgpuths eil cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkzk; jkpOf;Fj; je;j ,yf;fpa tiffs; gythFk;. vz;zw;w ,yf;fz
E}y;fs;> jkpopy; fhg;gpaq;fs;> ePjp ,yf;fpa tiffs;;> rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs;>
Guhzq;fs;> gioa ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F ciufs; Nghd;wit rkzh;fs;
jkpOf;F Mw;wpa ,yf;fpa njhz;lhFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpak;:
jkpopy; fpilj;j goikahd ,yf;fz E}yhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijj; rkak; rhuh
E}y; vd;W $wpdhYk;> njhy;fhg;gpah; rkzr; rkaj;jtNu vd;W gioa rhd;Nwhh; rpyh;
fUjpdh;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; rkz rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ug;gij fhzKbfpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rkzk;
„cNyhr;rdhh;‟ vd;w ngahpy; xU Gyth; rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;Js;shh;.
„cNyhr;R‟ vd;why; rkzj; JwtpahFk;NghJ kaph; fisAk; fLikahd Nehd;gpidf;
Fwpf;Fk;. cNyhr;rdhh; 35 ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. „fzpad;‟ vd;w nrhy;Yk;
rkzh;fis Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. ,th; „ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;‟; vd;w Gfo;
ngw;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghliyg; ghbAs;shh;.
ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fis vOjpag; Gyth;fs; ngUk;ghNyhh; rkzrkaj;ijr;
rhh;e;jtuhth;. jpUts;Stiur; rkzh; vd;W rpy Ma;thsh; rhd;Wld; epWTfpd;wdh;.
nfhy;yhik> Gyhy; cz;zhik Nghd;w rkzf; fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;JtjhYk;
jpUts;Sth; rkzrkaj;jth; vd;gh;. Gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; ehybahh; rkz
Kdpth;fshy; ghlg;gl;l E}yhFk;. rpWgQ;r%yk;> gonkhop> Vyhjp Nghd;w gpw ePjp
E}y;fis ,aw;wpNahUk; rkzh;fNs Mth;.

ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp Mfpa
%d;Wk; rkzk; rhh;e;jit. rkz rkaj;Jwtp fTe;jpabfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; rpwg;ghd
ghj;jpukhf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. rpyk;gpy; rkaf; flTshd mUfd; Gfog;gLfpwhh;.
rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy;> „mUfid milNthh; kl;LNk! Kj;jp ngWth;‟ vd
ntspg;gilahfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. tisahgjp KOtJk; ekf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy. 72
ghly;fs; kl;LNk fpilj;Js;sd.
rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;
cjazFkhu fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> aNrhju fhtpak;. #shkzp>
ePyNfrp vd;Dk; Ie;Jk; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;W toq;fg;gLk;. ,it Ie;Jk;
rkzrkaj;ij typAWj;Jk; fhg;gpaq;fs; MFk;. ,tw;NwhL ngUq;fij vd;w
fhg;gpaKk; rkzf;fhg;gpak; MFk;.
Guhzq;fs;
rkzh;fs; Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpj; jkpOf;F tsk; Nrh;j;jdh;. thkd Kdpthpd;
NkUke;jpuGuhzk;> ky;ypehjh;Guhzk;> rhe;jpGuhzk;> khGuhzk; vd;gd rkzg;
Guhzq;fs; MFk;. ciueilapy; Guhzq;fis ,aw;wp 12 – Mk; E}w;whz;bNy jkpo;
ciueilia tsh;j;jth;fs; rkzh;fs;. cj;juGuhzk;> rj;jpa rpe;jhkzp vd;gd
ciueilg; Guhzq;fshFk;.

88
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;:
jpUE}w;we;jhjp> jpUf;fyk;gfk;> MjpNjth; gps;isj;jkpo;> ghitg;ghl;L>
rptQhd Nghjid> fypahzd; fij> mkph;jkjp> ehujrhpij> jPgq;Fbg;gj;J> ird
uhkhazk;> mg;gz;ilehjh; cyh> jpUg;Gfo;g; Guhzk; Kjypad rkzhpd;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fshFk;.
gpw;fhy ,yf;fzq;fs;
ahg;gUq;fyk;> ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif> mtpeak;> Nekpehjk;> tr;rze;jpkiy>
ed;D}y;> ek;gpafg;nghUs; Kjypa ,yf;fz E}y;fisj; je;jth;fs; rkzh;fs; vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ.
ciuE}y;fs;
njhy;fhg;gpak;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;w gioa ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F ciu
vOjpath;fSs; rkzh;fNs ngUk;ghd;ikahdth; Mth;. ,sk;G+uzh>; mbahh;f;F
ey;yhh;> kapiyehjh;> Fzrhfuh;> thkdKdpth;> fhspq;fh; vd rkz ciuahrphpah;
gyuhth;.
epfz;Lfs;
gpw;fhy mfuhjpf;F epfuhdit epfz;Lfs;. nrhw;fspd; nghUs;fis
tpsf;Fk; E}y;fSf;F epfz;Lfs; vd;W ngah.; rkzNu epfz;Lfisj; jkpOf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. mit jpthfuk;> gpq;fye;ij> chpr;nrhy;epfz;L> #lhkzp epfz;L
KjypadthFk;.
gpwE}y;fs;
ney; ,yf;f tha;g;ghL> rpWFWtha;ghL vd tha;ghLfisAk; rkzh; je;jdh;.
NkYk; Nrhjplk;> thdE}y;> kUj;Jtk;> fzpj E}y;fSk; vOjpAs;sdh;. ,t;thW
gy;NtW JiwfspYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa rkzh;fs; epfz;L Kjy; fhg;gpak; <whfg;
gytifg;gl;l E}y;fSk; gilj;Jj; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdh; vd;gij ,tw;wpd;
%yk; mwpe;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
KbTiu
rkzh;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy; ,aw;wpa E}y;fisAk;> jkpo; nkhopf;F Mw;wpa
njhz;bidg; gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4.ehtypd; Njhw;wKk;> tsh;r;rpAk;

Kd;Diu
ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpapy; jkpo;g; ngw;w Gjpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehtYk; xd;W.
ehty; vd;gJ rkfhyr; rhpj;jpuk;. ehk; thOk; fhyj;jpd; r%fr; #oypd; cz;ikahd
gpujpgypg;G vd;ghh; “[hh;[;%h;”. ehty; vd;w nrhy; “ehnty;yh” vd;w ,j;jhypa
nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ehty; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F “GJik” vd;W nghUs;. jkpopy;
ehtiyg; Gjpdk; vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
rpwe;j ehty;
fij> #o;rr ; p> ghj;jpuq;fs;> ciuahly;> fhyk;> ,lk; Kjypad nghUj;jkhf
mike;jhy; rpwe;j ehty; cUthFk;. ehty; nghOJNghf;fpw;fhf kl;Lky;yhky;>
mwf;fUj;ij czh;j;JtjhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.
tho;f;ifAk; ehtYk;
ehty; vd;gJ tho;f;ifapdpd;W gpwg;gJ MFk;. Mrphpah; jk; tho;tpy; ele;j
Ritahd epfo;rr ; pfis ehtyhf ntspapLfpwhh;. ehkf;fy; ftpQhpd; tho;f;ifiaf;
$Wk; “vd; fij” Ritahd fUj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
Gjpdj;jpd; jhafk;:
,j;jhyp
Gjpdj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb
nlfhnkud;
ehtypd; je;ij:
kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is

89
Kjy; %d;W ehty;
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ehty; kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is vOjpa “gpujhg
Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;” vd;gjhFk;. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J uh[k; Iah; vOjpa “fkyhk;ghs;
rhpj;jpuKk;”> khjitah vOjpa “gj;khtjp rhpj;jpuKk;” ntspahapd.
Gjpdj;jpd; %d;W fhyf;fl;lk;
 Kjy; fhyf;fl;lk; (1879-1910)
 ,uz;lhk; fhyf;fl;lk; (1910-1940)
 %d;whk; fhyf;fl;lk; (1940 Kjy; ,Jtiu)
Kjy; fhyf;fl;lk; (1879-1910)
Kjy; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;>
 Ntjehafk; gps;is
 uh[k; IaH
 m.khjitah
Nghd;NwhH Gjpdk; ,aw;wpAs;sdH.
,uz;lhk; fhyf;fl;lk; (1910-1940)
,uz;lhk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;>
 Nf.Jiurhkp Iaq;fhH
 N[.MH.uq;fuh[;
 lhf;lH M\H
Nghd;NwhH Gjpdq;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdH.
%d;whk; fhyf;fl;lk; (1940 Kjy; ,Jtiu)
%d;whk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;>
fy;fp
K.tujuhrd;
mfpyd;
n[afhe;jd;
kiwkiy mbfs;
R[hjh
rptrq;fhp
,e;Jkjp
eh.ghHj;jrhujp
tpkyhukzp
MfpNahH gy;NtW Gjpdq;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdH.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ehty;
20-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j ehty;fisg; gytifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
1.Jg;gwpAk; ehty;
gbg;Nghh;f;Fj; gaj;ijAk;> tpWtpWg;igAk;> mLj;J vd;d elf;FNkh? vd;w
Mh;tj;ijAk; Cl;Ltd ,it. Muzp Fg;Grhkp Kjypahh;> tLt+h; Jiurhkp Iaq;fhh;
Nghd;Nwhh; njhlf;fj;jpy; Jg;gwpAk; ehty;fis vOjpdh;. gp.b.rhkp> Nkjhtp>
uhN[\;Fkhh;> R[hjh> jkpo;thzd; Nghd;Nwhh; ,j;Jiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;.
R[hjhtpd; “nfhiyAjph; fhyk;”> uhN[\;Fkhhpd; “cd;NdhL xU ehs;”> G\;gh
jq;fJiuapd; “xU Cjhg;g+ fz; rpkpl;LfpwJ”Muzp Fg;Grhkpapd; “kQrs; miwapd;
kHkk;”> tLT+H Jiurhkp Iaq;fhhpd; “re;jpNuhjak;” Nghd;wit Jg;gwpAk;
ehty;fshFk;.
2.r%f ehty;fs;
r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gLgit ,it.
lhf;lh; K.t. vOjpa mfy; tpsf;F> faik> fhpj;Jz;L MfpaitAk;> mfpydpd;
“rpj;jpug;ghit”> eh. ghh;j;jrhujpapd; “FwpQ;rp kyh;‟> MfpaitAk; rpwe;j ehty;fs;
90
MFk;. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; fhe;jpa newpiaAk; fUthff; nfhz;L> fy;fpapd;
“jpahf g+kp”>“miy Xir”;> gpugQ;rdpd; “thdk; trg;gLk;”>“New;W te;j epyh” Nghd;w
ehty;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
3.tuyhw;W ehty;fs;
fy;fp “tuyhw;W ehtypd; je;ij” vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. ,thpd; “nghd;dpapd;
nry;td;> rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> ghh;j;jpgd; fdT Kjypa ehty;fs; rpwe;jit.
rhz;by;adpd; “kiythry;”> “kd;dd;kfs;”> “fly;Gwh”> “atduhzp”
Nghd;witAk; rpwe;j tuyhw;W ehty;fshFk;. mfpydpd; “Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;”>
n[frpw;gpapd; “kfuaho; kq;if”> K. Nkj;jhtpd; “Nrho epyh”> gpugQ;rdpd; “khDlk;
nty;Yk;” fiyQhpd; “nghd;dh; rq;fh;” Nghd;witAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitNa.
4.nkhop ngah;gG; ehty;fs;
gpwnkhopapy; cs;s rpwe;j ehty;fs; jkpopy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jh$hpd; tq;fnkhop ehty;fisj; jh.eh.FkhurhkpAk; nkhop ngah;j;Js;sdh;.
 khh;fr; pk; fhh;f;fp - jha;
 lhy;];lha; - NghUk; mikjpAk;
 thy;lh; ];fhl; - [td;N`h
 MyptH Ltp];il - mdhij Mde;jd;
Kjypad ,e;jpa ehl;by; gpwnkhop ehty;fSk; jkpopy; nkhopngah;ff ; g;gl;L cs;sd
vd;gjw;F ey;y cjhuzk; MFk;.
5.jOty; ehty;fs;
gpw nkhop ehty;fisj; jOtp> jkpo;ehl;L #o;epiyia mikj;J vOjg;gLk;
ehty;fs; jOty; ehty;fs; MFk;. (v.fh) lhy;]; lhapd; “md;dh fhpdh” vd;w
E}iyj; jOtp> ehuz Jiuf; fz;zd; “rPkhl;b fhh;j;jpfhapdp” vd;w ehtiy
vOjpdhh;.
6.jypj; ehty;fs;
jPz;lhikf;Fl;gl;l kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia tpsf;Fk; ehty;fs; ,it.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; nfhLikia “jz;zPh;”>“ehzy;” Nghd;w
ehty;fspy; njhptpj;Js;shh; Nldpay;.
7.tl;lhu ehty;fs;
me;je;j tl;lhu kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia Ngr;R tof;NfhL rpj;jhpf;Fk; ehty;
,J. #hpa fhe;jdpd; “khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;”> uh[k; fpU\;zdpd; “miytha;f;
fiuapy;”>“FwpQ;rpj; Njd;”> rpwe;j tl;lhu ehty;fshFk;.
ngz; ehtyhrphpah;fSk;> ehty;fSk;
ngz; ehtyhrphpah;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; uh[k; fpU\;zd;. ,tuJ
“tisf;fuk;”> mKjkhfp tUf> rpwe;j ehty;fshFk;. rptrq;fhpapd; “xU kdpjdpd;
fij”>“Rwh kPd;fs;”> Nghd;wit rpwe;jit. ,e;Jkjp #lhkzp> mDgkh> ukzp
re;jpud; Nghd;w ngz; vOj;jhsh;fs; rpwe;j ehtyhrphpah;fs; Mth;.
,yf;fpa mikg;GfSk;> ehty;fSk;
ehty; ,yf;fpak; tsu rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp> jkpof muR mz;zhkiy nrl;bah;
mwf;fl;lis Nghd;w ,yf;fpa mikg;Gfs; Jiz nra;fpd;wd. mfpydpd;
Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> fy;fpapd; miy Xir> n[afhe;jdpd; rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy
kdpjh;fs; ituKj;Jtpd; “fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;” Nghd;wit rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp ghpR
ngw;wit.
KbTiu
ehty;fs; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf epiwa vOjg;gl;lhYk;> ey;y ehty;fs; epiwa
ntsptUfpd;wd. ,e;E}w;whz;by; ehty;fs; ed;Kiwapy; tsh;fpd;wd. vdNt
jw;fhyj;ij ehty; ,yf;fpa fhyk; vd;W nkhope;jhYk; kpifapy;iy.

91
 ngsj;jh;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;L
Kd;Diu
mNrhfkd;dh; Mz;l fhykhd fp.K. 275 Kjy; 232 tiuapyhd
fhyj;jpNyNa ngsj;j kjkhdJ njd;dfj;jpy; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. mNrhfkd;dd;
Nruh;> Nrhoh;> ghz;bah; Mfpa %Nte;jiuAk; jd; ez;guhf Fwpg;gLfpd;whd;.
ngsj;jh;fs; G+jkq;fyk;> Nghjpkq;if> G+k;Gfhh;> ciwA+h;> kJiu> ehif Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; gs;spfs; mikj;Jj; jq;fp jk; kjj;ijg; gug;gp te;jdh;. ,dp ngsj;jh;fs;
jkpOf;F Mw;wpaj; njhz;bidg; gw;wpf; fhzyhk;.
mNrhfh; fhy ngsj;jk;
mNrhfh; fhyj;jpNyNa ngsj;ju;fs; gyh; jkpofj;jpw;F te;J> jkpoh;fisAk;
jk; kjj;jpw;F khw;wpdh;. jkpofnkq;Fk; ngsj;j tpfhuq;fisAk;> gs;spfisAk;>
Mrpukq;fisAk; vOg;gpdh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngsj;jh;fSf;F rkag; nghiw kpFe;j
,uhruhrd; Nghd;w gy Nguurh;fSk; ngsj;j tpfhuq;fisf; fl;bj; je;jjhf tuyhW
$Wfpd;wJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngsj;jk;
rq;f ,yf;fpa vl;Lj;njhif mf E}y;fSs; xd;whd ew;wpizapd; 72- Mk;
ghliy ghba ,sk;Nghjpahh; vd;Dk; Gyth; ngsj;jNu Mthh;. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspy;
xd;whd kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk; Gj;j> rkz kjg;gs;spfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
ngsj;j rkaj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh;
mwtz mbfs;> Nfhtyd; kfs; kzpNkfiy> rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;> rq;fkpj;jpuh;>
jUkghyd;> Gj;jkpj;jpuh;> jpz;zhfh;> ehjFj;jdhh;> Gj;jNjth; Nghd;w jiyr;rpwe;j
ngsj;j rkaj;jkpo; rhd;Nwhh; gyUk; jj;jk; rkaj;ij jkpof kf;fspilNa GFj;jp
te;jdh;.
fhQ;rpapy; gapd;w jpa;ahfUk;> jUkghyUk; Gfo;ngw;w ehse;jhg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ngUikkpF Nguhrphpa ngUkf;fshfj; jpfo;e;J te;jdh; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gs;spf;$lk; vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny jkpo;rn ; rhy; md;W. mJ Gj;jfk;
ekf;F mspj;j nrhy;yhFk;. ,d;iwa jkpo; vOj;jpw;F XusT cUtk; nfhLj;j
ngUik ngsj;jh;fisNar; rhUk; vdyhk;.
jkpofj;jpy; ngsj;jkj nry;thf;F
ngsj;j kjj;jpd; nry;thf;fhy; gz;ila ngUik tha;e;j ,e;J rkaj;jpYk;
gy gof;ftof;fq;fSk;> kuGfSk; GFe;jd vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. rhd;whf>
Nts;tpapy; caph;g;gyp nfhLj;jYk;> murkuj;ij topghL nra;jYk;> ngsj;j kj
nry;thf;fhy; jkpofj;jpy; GFe;jJ vd;Nw $wyhk;.
fhg;gpaq;fspy; ngsj;jk;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; kzpNkfiy kw;Wk; Fz;lyNfrp Mfpa ,U
ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSk; ngsj;jh;fs; gilj;jitNa MFk;. ,e;j ,U fhg;gpaq;fSNk
gpw rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j ngz;bh; Jd;gk; fhuzkhf jk; kjj;jpypUe;J khwp epiyahd
,d;gk; ngw ngsj;j kjj;ij jOtpajhfj; njhpfpd;wd. Fz;lyNfrpapy; Gj;jkjk;
rhh;ghd gy tpthj fUj;Jf;fis fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,jd; Mrphpauhd ehjFj;jdhh;
rkz rkaf; nfhs;iffis kWg;gjw;fhfNt ,e;E}iy vOjpajhfj; njhpfpwJ.
kzpNkfiyapd; Mrphpauhd rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; ew;wpiz> Fwe;;njhif>
mfehD}W> GwehD}W Nghd;w rq;fj;njhif E}y;fspYk; rpy ghly;fis
vOjpAs;shh; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
tpk;gprhud; fij
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahnud njhpatpy;iy. ,e;E}y; KOtJk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
,e;E}y; Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ. ,J kfj ehl;L kd;ddhd tpk;gprhud; Gj;j gfthdpd;

92
ey;YiufisAk;> mwpTiufisAk;> Nfl;L ngsj;juhd tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwJ. fhyk;
fp.gp.10 Mk; E}w;whz;L MFk;.
rpj;jhe;jf; nfhs;if
ngsj;j rkaf; nfhs;iffis tpsf;fpf; $Wk; rka tpsf;f E}yhfj;
jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; rpy ghly;fNs fpilj;Js;sd. ,jd; Mrphpah; ahnud
mwpag;gltpy;iy. ,J ePyNfrp ciuapYk;> rptQhd rpj;jpahh; ciuapYk; xUghl;L
kl;LNk Nkw;Nfhshf te;Js;sJ.
jpUg;gjpfk;
,J xU Njhj;jpu E}yhFk;. Gj;j ngUkhid tho;j;JtjhfTk;> mtuJ mUis
Vw;Wk; KfkhfTk; 10 ghly;fshy; MdJ ,e;E}y;. ,jpy; XhpU ghly;fNs
fpilj;Js;s epiyapy; KOtJkhff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Qhdg;gpufhrh; ,J xU rpwe;j
E}nyd ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
MrpaN[hjp
,e;E}y; Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidr; rpwg;Gwf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,e;E}y; vl;tpd;
mh;dhy;L vOjpa „LIGHT OF ASIA‟ vd;Dk; Mq;fpy ftpijapd; jOtNy MFk;.
Gj;j kjj;jpd; cz;ikfis vspa eilapy; vLj;J $WtJ ,e;E}ypd;
jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.
tPuNrhopak; (,yf;fz E}y;)
Ie;jpyf;fzk; vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; ekf;F fpilj;Js;s Kjy; ,yf;fz E}y;
tPuNrhopak;. ,e;E}y; tlnkhop kuigj; jkpopy; GFj;j Kad;wJ. Mrphpah; Gj;jkpj;jpuh;.
,th; ngsj;j rkaj;ij rhh;e;jth;. fhyk; fp.gp. 11- Mk; E}w;whz;L. 181- ghly;fisf;
nfhz;l ,e;E}Yf;F ciu tFj;jth; ngUe;Njtdhh; Mthh;. ,e;E}ypd; thapyhf
jkpio tlnkhopahf khw;w Kad;w Gj;jkpj;jpudhhpd; Kaw;rpahdJ ,Wjpapy;
Njhy;tpia mile;jJ vdyhk;.

KbTiu
fp.K 5- Mk; E}w;whz;by; Gj;juhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ngsj;j kjkhdJ
mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; GFe;jJ. fsg;gpuh; fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j
ngsj;j kjk;> gpd;dh; Nghw;Wthh; ,y;yhikahy; kpfTk; jho;e;j epiy va;jpaJ. gf;jp
,af;fNk ngsj;j rkak; ghjpf;fg;gl Kjw;fhuzkhdJ. jUf;f E}y;fSk;>
fhg;gpaq;fs; rpyTk; Njhd;w fhuzk; vdpDk; rkz rkak; jkpofj;jpy; epiyg;ngw;w
mstpy; ngsj;jkhdJ jkpo;ehl;by; Nt&d;wtpy;iy. jkpofj;;jpy; ngsj;j
,yf;fpaq;fSk; mt;tsthfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;gJk; ekf;F ed;F Gydhfpd;wJ.

Ik;ngUk;fhg;gpaq;fs;

1.mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; ehd;F cWjpg;nghUs;fSk; ,izj;J

ghlg;gLtJ
m) IQ;rpWfhg;gpak; M) Ik;ngUk;fhg;gpak; ,) rq;f ,yf;fpak; <) rq;f kUtpa
,yf;fpak;
2.fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) jz;b ,) Nekpehjk; <) tPuNrhopak;
3.jkpopy; fpilf;f$ba Kjy; fhg;gpak;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpNkfiy ,) tisahgjp <) Fz;lyNfrp
4. Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; vd;W miof;fgLk; Ehy; vJ ?
m)kzpNkfiy M)rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,)fk;guhkazk; <) Fz;lyNfrp
5. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
m)rpj;jiyrhj;jdhh; M) xl;lf;$j;jh; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; <)ey;yhjdhh;
6.Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak; vd;wiof;fgLk; Ehy; vJ
m)kzpNkfiy M) tisahgjp ,)rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) cjaFkuzfhtpak;
7.,tw;Ws; vit ,ul;ilfhg;gpak; ?
m) Fz;lyNfrp>tisagjp M) ehfFkhufhtpak;>aNrhjufhtpak;

93
<) fk;guhkhazk;>kfhghujk; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;>kzpNkfiy
8. fz;zfpia ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l Kjy;
Ehy; vJ?
m)rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpNkfiy ,)fk;guhkhazk;
<)rPtfrpe;jhkzp
9. ngz;ikia ngUikgLj;jpf; $wpa Kjy; Ehy; vJ?
m) tpNtfrpe;jhkzp M) rPtfrpe;jhkzp ,)fk;guhkhazk; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
10. nghJkf;fs; fhg;gpak; vd miogf;fg;gLk; Ehy; ?
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) ehybahh; ,)jpUf;Fws; <)rpyg;gjpfhuk;
11. khjuhh; njhONjj;Jk; Fzk;nfhz;lts; vd ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ahiuf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; ?
m)tpkiyah; M) Fzkhiy ,) fz;zfp <)kzpNkfiy
12.rpyg;gjpfhuk; vj;jidf; fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ
m)7 M5 ,)3 <)2
13.murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwq;$w;W vd;w nra;jp ve;Ehypy; $wg;gl;ls;sJ?
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) ,d;dhehw;gJ ,)neLey;thil <).ehybahh;
14. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ve;e rkaj;ij rhh;e;jth; ?
m)rkzrkak; M)irtrkak; ,)me;jzh;rkak; <)Gj;jrkak;
15.fz;zfpf;F fw;Nfhapy; vOg;gpa kd;dd; ?
m) ghz;baneLQ;nropad; M) Nrud;nrq;Fl;L;td; ,) Nrhod; <) gy;yth;fs;
16. rpyg;gjpfhuk; vj;jid fhijfisf; nfhz;lJ ?
m)3 M) 5 ,) 30 <) 7
17. ehlff; fhg;gpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; Ehy;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M)Kj;njhs;shapuk; ,) Fw;whyf;FwtQrp <) kzpNkfiy
18. Gfhh; fhz;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fhijfs; vj;jid?
m) 13 M) 10 ,) 7 <) 11
19.neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;W ghbath; ahh;?
m) fz;zjhrd; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ghujpahh; <) thzpjhrd;
20. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa fhg;gpaq;fspy; ,uz;lhtjhf itj;J nrhy;yg;gLk; fhg;gpak;?
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpNkfiy ,) tisahgjp <) Fz;lyNfrp
21.kzpNkfiy vj;jidf; fhijfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ?
m) 2 M)3 ,)45 <) 30
22.jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; rkafhg;gpa Ehy; vJ ?
m) ehybahh; M) rpWgQ;r%yk; ,) kzpNkfiy <) jphpfLfk;
23. cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph;nfhLj;NjhNu vd;w fUj;J ve;j Ehypy;,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ
m)ehybahh; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) kJiuf;fhQ;rp <) kzpNkfiy
23. ghufk; mlq;fYk; grpg;gpzp mWf vd;w thpia $wpath; ahh;?
m) kzpNkfiy M) Mjpiu ,) fz;zfp <) fharz;bif
24. kzpNkfiyf;F mKjRugp ve;j ,lj;jpy; fpilj;jJ?
m) fq;if M)NfhKfp ,)fhtphp <)aKid
25.ve;j Ehypd; njhlr;rpahf kzpNkfiy
mike;Js;sJ?
m),d;dhehw;gJ M)ehybahh; ,),dpaitehw;gJ <)rpyg;gjpfhuk;
26. kzpNkfiy ve;j rkaj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ ?
m)me;jzh; M)itztk; ,)rkzk; <)ngsj;jk;
27. rKjharPh;jpUj;j fUj;Jf;fis $Wk; Ehy; ,tw;Ws; vit ?
m)rpyg;gjpfhuk;M)tpNtfrpe;jhkzp ,)ehd;kzpf;fbif <)kzpNkfiy
28. kzpNkfiy jdJ Kg;gpwg;gpd; nra;jpia mwpe;Jf; nfhz;l ,lk; ?
m)yl;rj;jPT M)ehsj;jPT ,)kzpgs;stj;jPT <)khyj;jPT
29. fharz;bif ve;j ,dj;ij rhh;e;jth; ?
m)tpQ;irah; M)me;jzh; ,)muth; <)Futh;
30. Rliyf; fhdpy; njhLFopg;gj;J vd;w $w;W ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ehy; vJ?
m)jpUf;Fws; M)jphpfLfk; ,)tisahgjp <)kzpNkfiy
31. fztd; ,we;jgpd; jhDk; caph;tpl Jzpe;J ngz; ahh;?
m) kzpNkfiy M)fz;zpfp ,)Mjpiu <)fharz;bif
32. Mjpiuapd; fw;Gj;jpwj;jpid kzpNkfiyaplk; $wpaJ ahh;?
m)fz;zfp M)khjtp ,)rPij <)fharz;bif
33. kzpNkfiyaplk; ,Ue;j mKjRugpapy; Kjypy; cztspj;j ngz;?

94
 m)fz;zfp M)khjtp ,)Mjpiu <)fharz;bif
34. kzpNkfiyapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m)xl;l$j;jh; M) rPj;jiyrhj;jdhh; ,)ey;yhjdhh; <)rkzKdpth;
35. rPtf rpe;jhkzpia ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
m)xl;l$j;jh; M)jpUj;jf;fNjth; ,)tPukhKdp <)ey;yhjdhh;
36. rPtf rpe;jhkzpapd; fhyk;?
m) fp.gp 4 M) fp.gp 9 ,) fp.gp 6 <) fp.gp 5
37. kzE}y; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y;
m) rPtfrpe;jhkzp M) tisahgjp ,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) kzpNkfiy
38. tpUj;jg;ghthy; mike;j fhg;gpak; vJ
m) rPtfrpe;jhkzp M) tisahgjp ,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) kzpNkfiy
39. rr;je;jid nfhiy nra;jtd;
m) tpj;jpahjud; M) rhJtd; ,) fl;baqf; hud; <) rPjj;jd;
40. tisahgjp fij vjd; %yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ
m) itrpaGuhzk; M) #lhkzp ,) rpe;jhkzp <) njhpatpy;iy
41. tisahgjpapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m)xl;l$j;jh; M) njhpatpy;iy ,)ey;yhjdhh; <)rkzKdpth;
42. tisahgjpapy; fpilf;f$ba ghly;fs;
m) 70 M) 74 ,) 72 <) 76
43. tisahgjp fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiytd;
m) etNfhb ehuhazd; M) rPtfd; ,) Nfhtyd; <) fz;zd;
44. Fz;lyNfrp vr;rkaf; fhg;gpak;
m) irtk; M)itztk; ,)rkzk; <)ngsj;jk;
45. Fz;lyNfrp vd;gjd; nghUs;
m) RUz;l $e;jy; M) ePz;l $e;jy; ,) mofpa $e;jy; <) fhpa $e;jy;
46. Fz;lyNfrpapd; ,aw;ngah;
m) Mjpiu M) gj;jpiu ,) epj;jpiu <) jhuzp
47. Fz;lyNfrpapd; fztd; ngah;
m) rhJtd; M) rj;Jtd; ,) rPtfd; <) Nfhtd;

IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;

48. #shkzpapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?

m) Njhyhnkhopj;Njth; M) jpUj;jf;fj;Njth; ,) ef;fuP h; <) njhpatpy;iy
49. #shkzp ve;E}ypd; jOty;
m) itrpaGuhzk; M) #lhkzp ,) kfhGuhzk; <) rpe;jhkzp
50. #shkzpapd; fhz;lq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 14 M) 12 ,) 16 <) 18
51. fiuik ehl;bd; murd;
m) gahgjp M) fahgjp ,) jahgjp <) rghgjp
52. jptpl;ld; kPJ kharpq;fk; VtpaJ ahh;?
m) tpirad; M) mRtfz;ld; ,) gahgjp <) jahgjp
53. jptpl;ldpd; kfspd; ngah;
m) Nrhjpkhiy M) fkykhiy ,) takhiy <) jahspdp
54. aNrhju fhtpaj;jpd; Mrphpah;
m)Gl;gjj;jjh; M)ntzz; htYilahh; ,)cUj;jpurd;kh; <) cUj;jpuf;fz;zdhh;
55. aNrhjud; ve;ehl;bd; murd;
m)mkpo;jkjp M) kfpo;kjp ,) may;kjp <) fay;kjp
56. aNrhjudpd; kfd; ngah;
m) mgakjp M) mgaUrp ,)aNrhjukjp <)kNfe;jpugjp
57. cjaz Fkhu fhtpaj;jpy; cs;s fhz;lq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 6 M) 8 ,) 10 <) 4
58. cjaz Fkhu fhtpak; ve;j rkaj;ij rhh;e;jJ
m) irtk; M) rkzk; ,) ngsj;jk; <) fpwpj;jtk;
59. tj;jt ehl;bd; murd;
m) cjazd; M) jptpl;ld; ,) gpur;Nrhjdd; <) tpirad;

95
60. gpur;Nrhjdd; cjazd; kPJ vij Vtp tpl;lhd;
m) rpq;fk; M) ahid ,) Gyp <) Fjpiu
61. cjazdpd; ez;gd; ngah; vd;d?
m) A+fp M) thR ,) rhtp <) khJ
62. caphf;nfhiy jPJ vdf; $Wk; E}y;
m) #shkzp M) ePyNfrp ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) cjazFkhu fhtpak;
63. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fspy; jh;f;f E}y;
m) #shkzp M) ePyNfrp ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) cjazFkhu fhtpak;
64. ePyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y;
m) ePyNfrp M) aNrhju fhtpak; ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) #shkzp
65. Fz;lyNfrpf;F vjpuhf vOe;j fhg;gpak;
m) #shkzp M) ePyNfrp ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) cjazFkhu fhtpak;
66. ePyNfrpapy; tUk; Kdpthpd; ngah;
m) mfj;jpah; M) guzh; ,) Kdpre;jpuh; <) ngah; njhpatpy;iy
67. ePyNfrp vd;gjd; nghUs;
m) RUz;l $e;jy; M) fUj;j ePz;l $e;jy; ,) neba$e;jy;
<) mfd;w $e;jy;
68. ehfgQ;rkpf; fijia xl;b vOe;j fhg;gpak;
m) #shkzp M) ePyNfrp ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) cjazFkhu fhtpak;
69. ehfFkhu fhtpaj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngah;
m) ehfgQ;rkp fij M) ngsj;j fhg;gpak; ,) rkzfhg;gpak;
<) ePyNfrp fhtpak;
70. ehfgQ;rkp tpujk; vj;jid ehl;fs; ,Ug;gh;
m) 5 M) 6 ,) 7 <) 8

fk;guhkhazk;
71. fk;guhkazj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
m)rPj;jiyrhj;jdhh; M),sq;Nfhtbfs; ,)fk;gh; <)xl;l$j;jh;
72. fk;gh; gpwe;j Ch;
m) jpUtOe;J}h; M) Nj&h; ,) NtY}h; <) NrhiyA+h;
73. ,uhkhazj;jpw;F fk;gh; ,l;l ngah;
m) ,uhk mtjhuk; M) ,uhkfhij ,) fk;g ehlfk; <) fk;guhkhazk;
74. ehlf tbtpy; mike;jjhy; ,uhkhazj;jpw;F toq;Fk; ngah;
m) ,uhk mtjhuk; M) ,uhkfhij ,) fk;g ehlfk; <) fk;guhkhazk;
75. fk;ghpd; rkf;fhy Gyth; ahh;?
m) xl;lf;$j;jh; M) xsitahh; ,) mg;gh; <) Re;juh;
76. fk;giu Mjhpj;jth;
m) ek;kho;thh; M) rlNfhgh; ,) rilag;g ts;sy; <) FNyhj;Jq;fd;
77. Gfo; fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL vd;W fk;giu Gfo;e;J ghbath;
m) ftpkzp M) ghujp ,) Nkj;jh <) rpw;gp
78. Vh; vOgJ> jpUf;if tof;fk; E}y;fis vOjpath;
m)rPj;jiyrhj;jdhh; M),sq;Nfhtbfs; ,)fk;gh; <)xl;l$j;jh;
79. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cs;s fhz;lq;fspd; vzz; pf;if
m) 8 M) 6 ,) 4 <) 10
80. xl;lf;$j;juhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhz;lk;
m)mNahj;jp fhz;lk; M)ghy fhz;lk; ,) cj;jpu fhz;lk; <) Muza; fhz;lk;
81. jkpOf;F fjp ,Uth; ahh;?
m) fk;gh;> jpUts;Sth; M) fk;gh;> thyp ,) jpUts;Sth;>
Re;juh; <)fk;gh;> khzpf;fthrfh;
82. ,uhkhazj;jpd; cWjpg;nghUs; vj;jid?
m) 5 M) 4 ,) 3 <) 6

nghpaGuhzk;

83. nghpaGuhzk; ahUila tuyhw;iw rpwg;gpf;Fk; Ehyf mike;Js;sJ?

m) rptdbahsh;fs; M)Njth;fs; ,)mRuh;fs; <)thdth;fs;

96
84. nghpaGuhzj;jpd; Mrphpah; ?
m) jpUjf;fNjth; M)Nrf;fpohh; ,)ey;yhjdhh; <)fk;gh;
85. Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzjjpw;F itj;j NtW ngah; ?
m)jpUg;ghit M)jpUthrfk; ,)jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; <)ngUq;fij
86. nghpaGuhzk; ve;j rkaj;ij rhh;e;j Ehy; ?
m) itztk; M)rkzk; ,)irtrkak; <) ngsj;jk;
87. nghpaGuhzk; vj;jid rUf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ
m) 121 M)30 ,) 13 <)18
88. nghpaGuhzj;jpy; vj;jid ghly;fs; mike;Js;sJ ?
m)4286 M) 1836 ,) 4682 <) 4826
89. Nrf;fpohh; gpwe;j ,lk; ?
m)ehfg;gbdk; M) jpUth&h; ,)Fd;wj;Jhh; <)fhtphpg;gl;bdk;
90. Nrf;fpohh; ve;j kuigr; Nrh;e;jth; ?
m) me;jzh; M) Ntshsh; ,)Fwth; <) muth;
91. Nrf;fpohh;f;F Nrhokd;dd; mspj;j gl;lk; ?
m) mg;g+jpabfs; M) cj;jkNrhog;gy;ytuhad; ,) jpUehTf;furh; <) eg;g+jdhh;
92. njhz;lH rPH guTthH vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH ahH?
m)ckWg;GytHM)Nrf;fpohH ,)xl;lf;$j;jH <)fgpyH
93. Nrf;fpohhpd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?
m)jpUj;jf;fNjtH M)mUz;n;khopj;NjtH,)NjtH <)khlyd;
94.ahUila mitapy; Kjyikr;ruhf Nrf;fpohH
gzpahw;wpdhH?
m)ghz;bad; M)rjhdpfd; ,)FNyhj;Jq;fd; <)tpUr;rpfd;
95. cynfyhk; vd Nrf;fpohUf;F mb vLj;J nfhLj;jth; ahh;?
m) rptd; M) KUfd; ,) jpUkhy; <) gpuk;kd;

rkzh;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;L

1.rkz rkaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ahh;?

m)th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh; M)nja;tg;Gyth; ,)ey;yhjdhh; <)ahUkpy;iy
2.rkz rkak; nry;thf;Fg;ngw;w fhyk;
m)Nrhoh;fhyk; M)gy;yth;fhyk; ,)ghz;bah;fhyk; <)nkshpah;fhyk;
3.rkzh;fspd; fhyj;ij --- fy;Nyl;bd; %yk; mhpa KbfpwJ
m)jQ;rhT+h; M)mhpf;fhNkL ,)`ug;gh <)rputzngyNfhyf;
4.rkzr; rkak; jkpofj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;fpajhf $wpath;
m)khzpf;fdhh; M),sq;Nfhtbfs; ,)fk;gh; <)fgpyh;
5.rkzh;fs; ---------- fiyia Gwf;fzpj;jdh;
m)Mly; M),ir ,)Xtpak; <)$j;J
6.jkpOk; tlnkhopAk; fye;j eilaikg;G -------
m)nra;As;eil M),yf;fpaeil ,),yf;fzeil <)kzpgpuths eil
7.cNyhr;R vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
m)Gyth; M)Jwtp ,)murh; <)tzpfh;
8.cNyhr;rdh; ------------ ghly;fis ghbAs;shh;
m)25 M)30 ,)28 <)27
9.fzpad; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
m)rkzh; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
10.rkzh;fis ---------- vd;Wk; miog;gh;
m)cNyhr;R M)Jwtp ,)murh; <)tzpfh;
11.ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; ---vd;w thpfs; ve;E}Yf;FhpaJ
m)ew;wpiz M)FWe;njhif ,)GwehD}W <)fypj;njhif
12.gjpnzd; fPo;fzf;F E}y;fSs; rkz E}y; vJ?
m)rpWgQ;r%yk; M)jpUf;Fws; ,)jphpfLfk; <),d;dhehw;gJ
13.Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpj;jpy; rkz rka fhg;gpak; vj;jid?
m)3 M)2 ,)5 <)6
14.Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; vr;rka E}y;?
m)rkzk; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
15.tisahgjp ------ rka E}yhFk;

97
m)rkzk; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
16.fTe;jpabfs; --------- rka Jwtp
m)rkzk; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
17.rkz rkaf; flTs; ,tw;Ws; ahh;?
m)KUfd; M)jpUkhs; ,)mUfd; <)rptd;
18.IQ;rpW fhg;gpak; ---- tifg;gLk;
m)3 M)2 ,)5 <)6
19.ngUq;fij --- rkaf;fhg;gpakhFk;
m)rkzk; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
20.---- E}w;whz;by; rkzh;fs; jkpo; ciueilia tsh;j;jdh;
m)11 M)12 ,)15 <)13
21.cyh-----
21.rka E}yhFk;
m)rkzk; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
22.epfz;L E}y; ---- rkaj;jhuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
m)rkzk; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
23.epfz;L ------ tifg;gLk;
m)4 M)2 ,)5 <)6
24.thdE}y; kUj;Jtk; fzpjE}y; Nghd;wit vOJtjpy; ts;sth; ahh;?
m)rkzh;M)itztk;,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;

ngsj;jh;fspd; jkpo;j;njhz;L

25.ngsj;j kjkhdJ ----- Mk; fhyk; tiu njd;dfj;jpy; gutpaJ

m)fp.K275Kjy;232tiu M)fp.K275Kjy;233tiu
,)fp.K275Kjy;220tiu <)fp.K275Kjy;231tiu
26.ngsj;jh;fs; vj;jid ,lq;fspy; jq;fp jk; gs;spfs; mikj;J kjj;ijg; gug;gp
te;jdh; m)4 M)5 ,)6 <)4
27.mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; ve;j rkak; jkpofj;jpy; Eioe;jJ
m)rkzh;fs; M)ngsj;jh;fs; ,)itzth;fs; <)ahUkpy;iy
28.gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSy; xd;whd kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk; ---- rkak; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
m)rkzh; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
29.,d;iwa jkpo; vOj;jpw;F XusT cUtfk; nfhLj;jg;ngUik ------- rkak; rhUk;
m)rkzh; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
31.Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpy; kzpNkfiy kw;Wk; Fz;lyNfrp ----------- fhg;gpaq;fs;
m)rkzh; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
32.Gj;jkjk; rhh;ghd gy tpthj fUj;Jf;fis ---- E}ypy; fhz KbfpwJ.
m)rpyg;gjpfhuk; M)kzpNkfiy ,)Fz;lyNfrp <)vJTkpy;iy
33.Fz;lyNfrpapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m)ehjFj;jdhh; M),sq;Nfhtbfs; ,)rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; <)fgpyh;
34.rkz rkaf;nfhs;iffis kWf;fNt ehjFj;jdhh;---------- E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;
m)rpyg;gjpfhuk; M)kzpNkfiy ,)Fz;lyNfrp <)vJTkpy;iy
35.kzpNkfiyapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m)ehjFj;jdhh; M),sq;Nfhtbfs; ,)rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; <)fgpyh;
36.tpk;gprhfud; fijapd; Mrphpah; ngah; ahJ?
m),sq;Nfhtbfs; M)rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; ,)fgpyh; <)ahUkpy;iy
37.ngsj;j rkaf; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Fk; E}y;
m)rpyg;gjpfhuk; M)kzpNkfiy ,)Fz;lyNfrp <)rpj;jhe;j nfhs;if
38.rpj;jhe;j ghlypd; Mrphpah; ngah; vd;d?
m),sq;Nfhtbfs; M)rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; ,)fgpyh; <)ahUkpy;iy
39.jpUg;gjpfk; rpwe;j E}y; vd ghuhl;bath;
m)Qhdg;gpufhrh; M),sq;Nfhtbfs; ,)rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; )fgpyh;
40.Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwr; rpwg;ghf $Wk; E}y;
m)MrpaN[hjp M)jkpo;mKJ ,)njd;wy; <)njhpatpy;iy
41.light of asia jOtp vOjg;gl;l E}y; vJ?
m)MrpaN[hjp M)jkpo;mKJ ,)njd;wy; <)njhpatpy;iy
42. ,tw;Ws; vJ Ie;jpyf;fzE}y;

98
 m)tpuNrhopak; M)ed;D}y; ,)njhy;fhg;gpak; <)jz;bayq;fhuk;
43.tPuNrhopak; E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m)Gj;jkpj;jpuh; M)jz;b ,)kUjdhh; <)fdf;fhadhh;
44.Gj;jkpj;jpuh; ve;j rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;
m)rkzh; M)itztk; ,)ngsj;jk; <),];yhk;
45.Gj;jkpj;juh; ve;j fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;
m)12 M)14 ,)16 <)11
ehty;

1.Gjpdj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb?
m.[hH[; %H M.nlfhnkud; ,.thy;l; tpl;kd; <.nrfht;
2.Gjpdj;jpd; jhafk;?
m.,q;fpyhe;J M.mnkhpf;fh ,.,j;jhyp <.,e;jpah
3.ehtypd; fhyfl;lk; vj;jid tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
m.MW M.%d;W ,.Ie;J <.vl;L
4.jkpopd; Kjy; ehty; vJ?
m.gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; M.fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk;
,.gj;khtjp rhpj;jpuk; <.ePyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk;
5.nfhiyAjph; fhyk; vd;w ehtypd; Mrphpah;
m.R[hjh M.fy;fp ,.uhN[];Fkhh; <.K.t
6.tuyhw;W ehtypd; je;ij
m.R[hjh M.fy;fp ,.uhN[];Fkhh; <.K.t
7.Kjy; jypj; ehty;?
m.fUf;F M.Njrgf;jd; fe;jd; ,.FwpQ;rpj;Njd; <.kyUk; rUFk;
8.rhz;by;ad; ,aw;ngaH?
m.mfpyhz;lk; M.kiwkiyabfs; ,.gh\;ak; <.eNlrd; rh];jphp
9.jkpopy; QhdgPlk; tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; E}y;?
m.rpj;jpug; ghit M.nghd;kyH ,.ghit tpsf;F <.tho;T vq;Nf
10.rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk; ahUila ehty;
m.mfpyd; M.ituKj;J ,.fy;fp <.ru];tjp

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2. IQ;rpWfhg;gpak; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. fk;guhkhazk; E}y; rpwg;G $Wf.
4. fk;gh; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
5. nghpaGuhzk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
6. Gjpdj;jpd; ,yf;fzKk;> Kjy; %d;W Gjpdq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; vOJf.
7. Gjpdj;jpd; tiffis tpthpf;f?
8. rkzh;fspd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit?
9. rkzh;fspd; ,aw;wpa epfz;L Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
10. irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; gw;wp $Wf.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
2. IQ;rpWfhg;gpak; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
3. fk;guhkhazk; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
4. Gjpdj;jpd; tiffis tpsf;fp flL; iu tiuf.
5. rkzh;fspd; jkpo; njhz;L Fwpj;J ePtph; mwptd ahit?
6. irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.

99
100