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The - Role - of - Television - Media - On - Disseminating - Covid - 19 - Vaccination Information in Nigeria A Study of Arise Television Completed
The - Role - of - Television - Media - On - Disseminating - Covid - 19 - Vaccination Information in Nigeria A Study of Arise Television Completed
INTRODUCTION
According to Probasco (2020), the symptoms of the new coronavirus include fever,
cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea. Severity of the infections can cause
The intensity of the virus prompted the World Health Organization to declare it a
global pandemic that had taken many lives, causing widespread alarm and
Quinones (2020) maintains that the impacts on public and mental health, social
structures, and local and global economies have been enormously disruptive in
While numerous steps were implemented to limit and minimize the spread of the
virus, efforts were made would formulate a vaccine for the lethal pandemic, which
in limiting the extent to which people become infected by the virus. Furthermore,
played a significant role. The mass media, generally, are mandated with the
fundamental role of educating, creating awareness, and informing the public during
pandemics, and television is not an exception (Gever & Ezeah, 2020). Similarly,
Hanitzsch, (2019) noted that d During a pandemic, the television takes on the role
of an educator, teaching the public about health concerns so that they can be
Coverage in the view of Gever and Ezeah (2020) is the most effective approach for
which television disseminates, and keep the public informed during a pandemic.
pandemic containment, as well as advertising the need for, availability of, and
2019). More so, the television media as postulated by Apuke and Tunca (2019),
plays its role through high coverage of news, and visual framing, as well as
information about the pandemic and related vaccine needs. Given the importance
The initial occurrences of COVID-19 were traced back to Wuhan, China, and the
virus spread mostly through human-to-human transmission. Tang (2021) said that
intimate contact with infected people's respiratory droplets, which are often formed
by sneezing and coughing. As a result of the virus's virulence, many control and
preventative measures were developed and executed (Chinn & Soroka, 2020). The
COVID-19 vaccine, on the other hand, was developed to eradicate the pandemic
extent to which people become infected with the virus. However, the vaccine's
objective would not have been successfully served if mass media like as television
had not been used for mass information transmission (Engler, 2021). According to
Ukpong (2021), in order to keep the public informed, the media, like healthcare
personnel, have been working hard to assure the virus's eradication and the use of
been on the front lines, reporting on the cases, the death toll, and the precautions
that the general public should take to prevent getting the virus, including the
addition to alerting people about the pandemic, television media works to shape
public opinion regarding the virus, its method of transmission, and the preventative
steps that can help to mitigate it, as well as the COVID-19 vaccine, as much
misinformation has circulated on social media platforms. In the light of the above,
information in Nigeria.
(3). What influence does Arise TV's coverage exert on public views, sentiments,
(4). What are the principal themes, storylines, and viewpoints conveyed by Arise
This study will be most useful to the Arise Television Channel as well as other
mass media authorities; the study will re-enlighten them on the irreplaceable role
and the need to ensure efficiency in supplying the public with reliable, accurate,
that other students who may decide to conduct studies in this area will have the
opportunity to use this study as available literature that can be subjected to critical
review. Invariably, the result of the study contributes immensely to the body of
academic knowledge with regard to the role of television media in disseminating
Generally, this study is channeled towards evaluating the role of the television
however will specifically identify if the television media effectively created public
media educated the public on the right need for Covid-19 vaccination, ascertain if
the television media played a significant role in the effective distribution of Covid-
changes among mass who has been misinformed about the Covid-19 vaccine. 1.7.
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some
In addition, there was the element of researcher bias. Here, the researcher
possessed some biases that may have been reflected in the way the data was
collected, the type of people interviewed or sampled, and how the data gathered
was interpreted thereafter. The potential for all this to influence the findings and
area, hence they may not be suitable for use in comparison to other local
Mass Media: This is a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from
immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a
LITERATURE REVIEW
Media Coverage of Health Crisis Studies conducted outside Nigeria that focused
on health issues are growing. For example, Bowen (2013) found that media
messages and healthy behavior. Contrary to this outcome, another study found that
increased the fear among the public and health care workers. It also made some to
flee from isolation centers, and suspicious patients in dire need of medical attention
were abandoned (Iddrisu, 2018). Basch et al. (2014) investigated how three widely
read newspapers covered Ebola in the United States. The study found that the
media primarily focused on death tolls, with less emphasis on educating the readers
on the critical aspect of the Ebola epidemic. With regard to studies conducted in
Nigeria, Uwom and Oloyede (2014) studied newspaper coverage of health issues
in Nigeria with a focus on the Guardian and Punch newspapers. The study found
that even though health issues were well reported in the media, most of the news
were reported using straight news format and there was less prominence allocated
to the issue of health. Straight news here means stories that report only the most
Recent evidence has shown that media coverage could be an effective way to curb
the spread of COVID-19 (Zhou et al., 2020). Mutua and Oloo Ong’ong’a (2020)
studied international news media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus
was on BBC, CNN, Al-Jazeera, and people’s daily. The results showed that the
media played a vital role in providing information on the initial stages of the
curtailing the spread. This is contrary to Basch et al. (2020) study, which analyzed
Google videos from January to February 2020 and found death rates as the most
preventive measures received little attention, suggesting that most of the videos
missed the chance to encourage and promote coping strategies and health-
sustaining behavior. With regard to Nigeria, Gever and Ezeah (2020) investigated
Newspapers. The study found that the sampled Nigerian media outlets had less
emphasis on the issues of COVID-19 before the first case was announced in
Nigeria. However, after cases were reported, the media had an upsurge in its
interest and reportage. It should be noted that there are two main types of media in
Nigeria, and this includes private and government-owned media. The private
media are entirely established by private individuals, while the government media
are owned and managed by the government (Dogari et al., 2018). An example of
the private press in Nigeria includes Arise TV, TVC news, AIT, Vanguard
newspaper, Tribune newspapers, Daily Trust, Daily Sun, and many more,
including online newspapers. At the same time, the government media includes
Further evidence has shown that in Nigeria, Radio reach more people; however,
television is also largely used by a lot of Nigerians with both low and high literacy
CoVZXC21) and genetically distinct from SARS-CoV (with about 79% similarity)
and MERS-CoV [Lu R,et al.2020]. Using the genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2,
RaTG13, and SARS-CoV [Zhou P,et al.2020], a further study found that the virus
is more related to BatCoV RaTG13, a bat coronavirus that was previously detected
originating from bats such as BatCoV RaTG13, SARS- CoV and SARSr-CoVs
[Zhou P,et al.2020]. Altogether, these findings suggest that bats might be the
facilitated the transmission of the virus to humans. Bats are unlikely to be the
animal that is directly responsi- ble for transmission of the virus to humans for
(1) there were various non-aquatic animals (including mammals) available for
purchase in Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market but no bats were sold or found;
(2) SARS-CoV-2 and its close relatives, bat- SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-
CoVZXC21, have a relatively long branch (sequence identity of less than 90%),
(3) in other coronaviruses where bat is the natural reservoir such as SARS-CoV
and MERS-CoV, other animals have acted as the intermediate host (civets and pos-
RISK FACTORS
The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection is seen most often in adult male patients
with the median age of the patients was between 34 and 59 years. SARS-CoV-2 is
also more likely to infect people with chronic comorbidities such as cardio-
severe cases occurs in adults 60 years of age, and in those with certain underlying
conditions, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes.
Severe mani- festations maybe also associated with coinfections of bacteria and
Fewer COVID-19 cases have been reported in children less than 15 years
January 29, there were no cases in chil- dren under 15 years of age. Nevertheless,
28 paediatric patients have been reported by January 2020. The clinical features of
infected paediatric patients vary, but most have had mild symptoms with no fever
or pneumonia, and have a good prognosis. Another study found that although a
child had radiological ground-glass lung opacities, the patient was asymptomatic.
milder manifestations than adults; therefore, it is possible that their parents will not
group.
2.1.4 TRANSMISSION
unclear. Many initial COVID-19 cases were linked to this market suggesting that
has provided evidence that the virus was introduced from another, yet unknown
location, into the market where it spread more rapidly, although human-to-human
transmission may have occurred earlier [Yu W,et al.2020]. Clusters of infected
family members and medical workers have confirmed the presence of person-to-
person transmission [Yu W,et al.2020]. After January 1, less than 10% of patients
had market expo- sure and more than 70% patients had no exposure to the market
close contacts mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person
has been found to persist on surfaces up to 96h [Kramer A, et al.2016] and other
later it was found that the researchers had not directly interviewed the patient, who
transmission [shang w. 2020], but any such study could be limited by errors in self-
Findings about disease characteristics are rapidly changing and subject to selection
bias. A study indicated the mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence
interval [95%CI]: 4.1–7.0). The incubation period has been found to be as long as
19 or 24 days , although case definitions typically rely on a 14 day window (G.S
2020).
The basic reproductive number (R0) has been estimated with varying results and
interpretations. R0 measures the average num- ber of infections that could result
previous outbreaks found R0 to be 2.7 for SARS and 2.4 for 2009 pandemic H1N1
influenza. One study estimated that that basic reproductive number (R0) was 2.2
important to consider the role of super spreaders, who may be hugely responsible
for outbreaks within large clusters but who would not largely influence the value of
pregnancy suggested COVID-19 did not lead to substantially worse symptoms than
2020 ]. Moreover, another study on 425 patients found that the proportion of cases
in health care workers gradually increased by time [Wu P, et al.2020]. These cases
likely reflect exposure to a higher concentration of virus from sustained contact in
close quarters.
Outside China, as of February 12, 2020, there were 441 confirmed COVID-19
cases reported in 24 countries of which the first imported case was reported in
Thailand on January 13, 2020. Among those countries, 11 countries have reported
local transmission with the highest number of cases reported in Singapore with 47
confirmed cases.
Like most other members of the coronavirus family, Beta- coronavirus exhibit high
species specificity, but subtle genetic changes can significantly alter their tissue
these viruses is the emergence of deadly zoonotic diseases in human history caused
reservoir and humans were the terminal host, with the palm civet and dromedary
Intermediate hosts clearly play a critical role in cross species transmission as they
can facilitate increased contact between a virus and a new host and enable further
adaptation necessary for an effective replication in the new host. Because of the
and pathogenicity.
receptor interaction. The envelope spike (S) protein receptor binding domain of
amino acid variation at some key residues . Further extensive structural analysis
enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the cells, the same receptor facilitating SARS-CoV to
infect the airway epithelium and alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes, pulmonary
receptor binding and S2 domain is responsible for cell membrane fusion. The S1
domain of SARS-CoV and SARS- CoV-2 share around 50 conserved amino acids,
identification of several key residues (Gln493 and Asn501) that govern the binding
of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain with ACE2 further support that SARS-
CoV-2 has acquired capacity for person- to-person transmission. Although, the
SARS- CoV, at the whole genome level SARS-CoV-2 is more closely related to
where the most common symptoms include fever, dry cough, dyspnoea, chest pain,
al.2020]. Based on the report of the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan, the
common symptoms include fever, dry cough, myalgia and fatigue with less
diarrhoea. Approximately 75% patients had bilateral pneu- monia. Different from
patients show prominent upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms such as
rhinorrhoea, sneezing, or sore throat, suggesting that the virus might have greater
preference for infecting the lower respiratory tract [Huang C, et al.2020]. Pregnant
Severe complications such as hypoxaemia, acute ARDS, arry- thmia, shock, acute
cardiac injury, and acute kidney injury have been reported among COVID-19
approximately 17% patients developed ARDS and, among them, 11% died of
multiple organ failure. The median duration from first symptoms to ARDS was 8
days .
DIAGNOSIS
and appropriately clinically manage patients all require useful screening and
may be more common in a local community. The WHO has released a guideline on
case surveillance of COVID-19 on January 31, 2020. For a person who meets
certain criteria, WHO recommends to first screen for more common causes of
respiratory illness given the season and location. If a negative result is found, the
Case definitions can vary by country and will evolve over time as the
case from January 15, 2020 required an epidemiological linkage to Wuhan within 2
weeks and clinical features such as fever, pneumonia, and low white blood cell
count. On January 18, 2020 the epidemiological criterion was expanded to include
con- tact with anyone who had been in Wuhan in the past 2 weeks [50]. Later, the
The WHO has put forward case definitions [23]. Suspected cases of COVID-19 are
persons (a) with severe acute respiratory infections (history of fever and cough
requiring admission to hospital) and with no other aetiology that fully explains the
at least one of the following during the 14 days prior to symptom onset: contact
attended a health care facility where patients with confirmed or probable SARS-
CoV-2 acute respiratory disease patients were being treated. Probable cases are
those for whom testing for SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive or who test positive using
For patients who meet diagnostic criteria for SARS-CoV-2 test- ing, the CDC
LABORATORY fiNDINGS
creatinine, and C-reactive protein. Most patients have shown normal serum
procalcitonin levels. COVID-19 patients have high level of IL1β, IFN-γ, IP10, and
2.1.5 TREATMENTS
for COVID-19. Isolation and supportive care including oxygen therapy, fluid
addressed to the early recognition of the suspect and contain the disease spread by
Currently, no vaccination is available, but even if one was avail- able, uptake
in the United States was around 50% at the start of the pandemic in May 2009 but
been mostly supportive referring to the disease severity which has been introduced
are another indication. Clinical evidence also does not support corticosteroid
treatment. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin might help for severely ill patients .
Drugs are being evaluated in line with past investigations into therapeutic
treatments for SARS and MERS. Overall, there is not robust evidence that these
oseltamivir combined with empirical antibiotic treatment have also been used to
for Ebola virus, has been used to treat imported COVID-19 cases in US [Holshue
showed a clinical benefit to three of four COVID-19 patients [Holshue ML, 2020].
There is an ongoing clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of lopinavir-
efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and has also initi- ated its clinical trial. In addition,
other potential drugs from existing antiviral agent have also been proposed.
it has a higher reproductive number than SARS, and more people have been
reported to have been infected or died from it than SARS. Similar to SARS-CoV
As shown in the model for SARS, applying triage, following correct infection
control measures, isolating the cases and contact tracing are key to limit the further
spreading of the virus in clinics and hospitals. Suspected cases present- ing at
healthcare facilities with symptoms of respiratory infections (e.g. runny nose, fever
and cough) must wear a face mask to con- tain the virus and strictly adhere triage
procedure. They should not be permitted to wait with other patients seeking
medical care at the facilities. They should be placed in a separated, fully ventilated
room and approximately 2 m away from other patients with con- venient access to
hospitalization, they must be placed in a single patient room with negative air
pressure – a minimum of six air changes per hour. Exhausted air has to be filtered
through high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and medical personnel entering the
room should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gown,
disposable N95, and eye protection. Once the cases are recovered and discharged,
the room should be decontaminated or disinfected and personnel entering the room
setting, isolating infected people are the primary measure to interrupt the
included isolating the infected people and quarantining of suspected peo- ple and
their close contacts. Also, as there are still conflicting assumptions regarding the
animal origins of the virus (i.e. some studies linked the virus to bat while others
associated the virus with snake), contacts with these animal fluids or tissues or
breath is essential therefore that they could seek medical care for early detection of
ventilator), personal hand hygiene, and wear- ing personal protective equipment
In global setting, locking down Wuhan city was one of the immediate measure
taken by Chinese authorities and hence had slowed the global spread of COVID-
19. Air travel should be limited for the cases unless severe medical attentions are
required. Setting up temperature check or scanning is mandatory at airport and
border to identify the suspected cases. Continued research into the virus is critical
to trace the source of the outbreak and provide evidence for future outbreak
This study is based on three theories: Agenda setting, Framing, and Propaganda
model.
The Agenda Setting theory, proposed by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw in
1972 (McCombs & Shaw, 2016), has two core assumptions. First, the media filters
and shapes what we see rather than just reflecting stories to the audience. Second,
the more attention the media gives to an issue, the more likely the public will
consider that issue to be important (Gever & Ezeah, 2020). The media accomplish
its agenda setting functions through frequency of coverage and prominence (Apuke
& Omar, 2020). Frequency deals with the number of coverage while prominence
to stories.
2.2.2 PROPAGANDA MODEL THEORY
The “Propaganda Model” (PM), which was advanced by Herman and Chomsky
(1988), suggests that most mainstream media are themselves typically large
assumed that the corporate ownership results in the interests of the ruling class
being represented in the mass media. The news media will consistently produce
news content that serves the interests of established power. As such, regardless of
the role of the media, ownership and political structure affects its operation
(Apuke, 2016). For instance, research has shown that ownership of the media has
Apuke and Tunca (2019) found that the private media allocated more prominence
and had more frequency of coverage than the government media. The same study
also found that the private media had more stories on its headline compared with
According to this theory, media ownership influences source selection, media tone,
and framing techniques. First, previous studies suggest that the government media
frequently rely on government officials and press release (Apuke & Tunca, 2020;
Gever et al., 2018). Second, past research found that ownership structure and
political context influence the likelihood of positive, neutral, and negative tone in
the media (Dunaway, 2013). According to Asogwa et al. (2020), when the media is
advertisers, opposition parties, politicians, and others sponsors. Whereas, when the
media is owned by the government it will resonate the interest of the government.
Asogwa et al. (2020) also found that government media (NTA) in Nigeria use
more of positive tone compare with private media (Channels TV). Third, past
research has shown that government media had more government intervention
frames than the private media (Apuke & Tunca, 2019). Tobechukwu (2011) found
Nigeria reveals that much attention is given to government and official statements
from politicians. This implies that the content of the media serves the interest of
the government and the party in power. In this view, Apuke and Tunca (2019)
treatment of issues in Nigeria. The same study concludes that the private media use
The framing theory is one of the influential media effect theory which suggests
framing does not focus on the amount of coverage but the angle taken (Gever &
Ezeah, 2020). This theory was first introduced in 1974 by Goffman (Goffman,
1974). Framing is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them
through the selection of sources, tone, news, and visual frames (Apuke & Tunca,
2019).
Interestingly, so many scholars have carried out empirical studies on the Media
System Dependency theory. Scholars such as Tsfati and Capella (2003), Tsfati and
Peri (2006) studied the relationship between media dependency and media trust.
Research have showed that gaining insight into users information seeking
Noar, (2006) notes that the mass media have long been used as a tool for
promoting public health such that they are significantly used to exposé high
such as television, radio and newspapers. According to Akarika, (2019) the mass
media plays a fundamental role in educating people about diseases and ailments,
outbreaks, prevention, control and treatment. Jackob (2010) in his study found out
that there is significant positive relationship between media dependency and media
trust. According to him, this is influenced by the negative relationship between the
media. Thus, their attitudes and dependency towards information obtained from
certain media vary. According to Tsfati and Cohen (2013) cited in Egielewa (2020)
media trust always involve two sides, namely the trustor which is the side that
places trust in something or somebody and the trustee, which is the side being
trusted. Both the trustor and the trustee intermit in certain situations in which the
from audience truest which is tied to the media content. James, Akarika and
“We live in an enthralling world and even more enthralling society. From the
moment we wake up until the moment we go back to our beds, we avail ourselves
of numerous media programmes. At the end of the day, you avail yourself of the
latest news from your television and crave for your favourite music over the radio
and even log on to be connected to the rest of the world through the World Wide
Web. Our society is becoming more and more capable of being constantly
informed, entertained, and connected to the other individuals at the click of a
To buttress this point, Kierian, Akarika and Ukpe (2017) note that the advent of the
mass media, for example, television, magazines, newspapers, the internet and other
access has drastically influenced information seeking behaviour. The web has
compelled a shift in the way people seek information. Clearly, evidence points to
al. 2010).
2.4 SUMMARY
This chapter highlight the impact of media messages on public behavior. Bowen
(2013) found positive effects in Cameroon, where media messages increased the
use of treated nets to prevent malaria. Conversely, panic reporting during the Ebola
outbreak in Ghana increased fear and led to adverse outcomes (Iddrisu, 2018).
Basch et al. (2014) noted a focus on death tolls rather than education in U.S.
newspapers during the Ebola crisis. In Nigeria, Uwom and Oloyede (2014) found
that health issues were reported but lacked prominence and educational depth in
international media's role in shaping public perceptions, while Gever and Ezeah
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research design for this study is survey. Ohaja (2003:11) defines a survey as
the study of the characteristics of a sample through questioning, which enables a
researcher to make generalisation concerning his population of study.
The sampling size of this study consist of 390 respondents drawn from the
population. The taro yameni formular was adopted to arrive at this size. The
formula is:
N
n = 1+ ( e ) 2
n = sample size
N = Population of the study
I = Constant
e = Error margin(0.05)2
1,754
n = 1+ 1,754 ( 0.05 ) 2
1,754
n = 1+ 1,754(0.0025)
1,754
n = 1+ 4.385
1,754
n = 4.385
n = 400
:n= 400
The sampling technique adopted for this study the Taro yameni’s sampling
technique
3.5SOURCE OF DATA
The data used for this research was from two sources. Primary and Secondary
sources. The primary source of data used for this study is the questionnaire. The
secondary source of data used for this study include: Books, Newspapers,
Magazine and the internet.
The questionnaire was used to collect data for this research. The questionnaire was
used because it was the easiest and most realible way through which data could be
generated for this study.
The research instrument was tested to determine its reliability by conducting a pilot
study before the actual study. The researcher distributed some copies of the
questionnaire to the respondents twice and found out that their responses were
consistent.
The researcher made use of simple statistical tables for data presentation and
analyzed the data using simple percentages. The formula for simple percentage is:
FX 100
%= N X 1
F = frequency
N= number of respondents
CHAPTER FOUR
Table 1 shows that 120 (40%) of the respondents were male, 180 (60%) were
female.
Table 2 indicates that 80 (26%) of the respondents were within the ages of 20- 24
years, 40 (14 %) were within the ages of 25-29 years and , 15 (5 %) were within
the ages of 30-34 years, 70 (24 %) were within the age of 35-39 years, while
95(31%) were at the age range of 40 and above.
Table 3: Marital status:
Variable Frequency Percentage(%)
Single 185 61.5
Married 115 38.5
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
Table 3 indicates that 185 (61.5%) of the respondents are single while 115( 38.5%)
of the respondents are married.
Table 5: Location
Variables Frequency Percentage(%)
Rural 115 38.5
Urban 185 61.5
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
Table 5 indicates that 115 of the respondents representing 38.5% resides in the
rural area, while 185 of the respondent representing 61.5% resides in urban area.
Table 6: How often do you watch Arise TV?
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Never 25 8.5
Rarely 75 25.5
Sometimes 1-2 days a 70 23.5
week
Often 80 26.5
Very often 50 16
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
Table 6 reveals that 25(8.5%) Of the respondents never watch Arise tv, 75(25.5%)
of the respondents rarely watch arise tv, 70(23.5%) of the respondent watches
Arise TV sometimes 1-2 days a week, 80(26.5%) of the respondent watch arise TV
often while 50 (16%) of the respondent watch Arise TV very often.
Table 7 reveals that 120(40%) of the representative watch news broadcast mostly
on Arise Tv, 77(25.5%) of the respondents watch Talk shows mostly in Arise tv,
55(18.5%) of the respondents watch Documentaries mostly in Arise tv, while 48
(16%) of the respondents watch Interview mostly in Arise tv.
8. Have you seen any information about COVID-19 vaccination on Arise TV?
Table 8 reviews that 185(61.5%) of the respondents agreed that they have seen
information about covid-19 vaccination on Arise TV, while 115(38.5%) of the
respondents disagreed that they have not seen information about covid-19
vaccination on Arise TV,
Table 9 reveals that 80 (26%) of the respondents finds Arise TV not informative at
find Arise TV very informative while 95(31%) of the respondent finds Arise TV
extremely informative.
10: What types of information about COVID-19 vaccination have you seen on
Arise TV?
Variables Frequency Percentage(%)
Vaccine efficacy 102 34
Vaccine side effect 77 25.5
Vaccine availability 45 15
Personal stories and 33 11
testimonials
Government guidelines 43 14.5
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
Table 10 shows that 102(34%) of the respobndents has seen information about
covid-19 vaccination regarding vaccine efficacy, 77(25.5%) of the respobndents
has seen information about covid-19 vaccination regarding vaccine side effect,
45(15%) of the respobndents has seen information about covid-19 vaccination
regarding vaccine availability, 33(11%) of the respobndents has seen information
about covid-19 vaccination regarding personal stories and testimonials, while
43(14.5%) of the respobndents has seen information about covid-19 vaccination
regarding government guidelines.
Table 12 shows that 120(40%) of the respondent agreed that information on Arise
tv regarding covid-19 vaccination is accurate, 77(25.5%) of the respondent
strongly agreed that information on Arise tv regarding covid-19 vaccination is
accurate, 55(18.5%) of the respondent disagreed that information on Arise tv
regarding covid-19 vaccination is accurate, while 48(16%) of the respondent
strongly disagreed that information on Arise tv regarding covid-19 vaccination is
accurate,
Table 13: To what extent do you trust Arise TV compared to other sources of
information about COVID-19 vaccination?
Variables Frequency Percentage(%)
High extent 175 58.5
Low extent 125 41.5
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
Table 13 reveals that 175(58.5%) of the respondent trust Arise TV to high extent
compared to other source of information about covid-19 vaccination, while
125(41.5%) of the respondent trust Arise TV to low extent compared to other
source of information about covid-19 vaccination.
Table 14: Did Arise TV influence your decision to get vaccinated against
COVID-19?
Variables Frequency Percentage(%)
Yes 185 61.5
No 115 38.5
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
Table 15: If yes, in what way did Arise TV influence your decision?
Variables Frequency Percentage(%)
Provided information that reduced my concerns 120 40
Encouraged me through positive stories and 77 25.5
testimonials
Convinced me through expert interviews 55 18.5
Increase my trust in the vaccine safety and efficacy 48 16
TOTAL 300 100
Source: field survey 2024
5.1 SUMMARY
messaging, the impact on public perceptions and behaviors, and the key
themes presented by Arise TV. The findings reveal that Arise TV has been
a critical source of information on vaccine efficacy, side effects,
5.2 CONCLUSION
The research concludes that television media, specifically Arise TV, has
public health crisis, and underscores the need for ongoing collaboration
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
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virus disease epidemic in three widely circulated United States
newspapers: Implications for preparedness and prevention. Health
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Basch, C. H., Clarke, G., Erwin, Z.M., Mohlman, J., Cosgrove, A., &
Quinones, N. (2020). News coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic :
Missed opportunities to promote health sustaining behaviors.
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141.
QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX I
School of ICT,
Ogwashi-uku.
Delta State
Dear Respondents,
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
I assure you that whatever information provided in the questionnaire will strictly
be used only for academic purposes.
Yours faithfully,
Researcher.
QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX II
Section A
Instructions: please tick (✓) on the box that matches your answer.
above
Section B
Very Often [ ]
8. Have you seen any information about COVID-19 vaccination on Arise TV?
Yes [ ], No [ ].
vaccination?
Not informative at all [ ], Slightly Informative [ ] Moderately informative
10. What types of information about COVID-19 vaccination have you seen on
Arise TV?
Government guidelines [ ]
Positively [ ], Negatively [ ].
vaccination is accurate?
14. Did Arise TV influence your decision to get vaccinated against COVID-19?
Yes [ ], No [ ].