Mechatronics Lab Manual 2019 Regulation

FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUNELVELI – 627003.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(Regulation 2019)
19ME7602, MECHATRONICS - MANUAL
NAME : .....................................................................................
: ......................................................................................
: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
: VII
: 19ME7602 / MECHATRONICS
College vision and mission:
Vision:
Our Vision is "To create innovative and vibrant young leaders and entrepreneurs in Engineering
and Technology for building India as a super knowledge power and blossom into a University of excellence
recognized globally".
Mission:
To provide education in Engineering with excellence and ethics and to reach the unreached.
QUALITY POLICY
We aim at continuous pursuit for excellence through
 Quality education tapped from National and International Resources 14
 Modular approach to channelize knowledge and programmed evaluation of knowledge
accumulated
 Continuous reviewable and renewal of quality systems leading to quality output
 Producing Engineers with strong ethical and moral background
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
The Department of Mechanical Engineering was started in the year 2005 and offers a full time 4 year B.E Degree
Program. The Department has conducted much national level Technical Symposium and Workshops. The
Department is strongly builtwith excellent lab facilities and enriched by senior faculty members. The students are
given theoretical and practical input.
The Vision of the Department is
To produce competent Mechanical Engineers of excellent technical and managerial skills with profound
morality for global, national and confront societal development.
The Mission of the Department is
1. To provide quality education in Mechanical Engineering with inter disciplinary approach, encouraging
innovation, research and entrepreneurship through world class infrastructure and proficient teachers.
2. To make the department self-reliant through multiple programs with excellent curriculum, best practices
and industry exposure.
3. To inculcate technical, professional, leadership skills, moral ethics and lifelong learning.
Programme Educational Objectives (PEO’s)
S.No. PEOs Definition of

PEOs
PEO 1 Have a successful professional career in Mechanical Engineering
I PROFESSIONALISM and allied industries, either by employment or through
entrepreneurship.
PEO 2 Establish competency in Design, Thermal, Materials and
II PROFICIENCY Manufacturing system with ethics and social responsibility.
PEO 3 Have a continual receptiveness for leadership and social

CONTINUOUS challenges.
III
LEARNING
Programme Outcomes (PO’s)
S.No. Programme Outcomes
Pa Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and anengineering specialization for building engineering models.
Pb Problem Analysis: Identify and solve engineering problems reaching conclusions using
mathematics andengineering sciences.
Pc Design/Development of Solutions: Design and develop solutions for engineering problems
that meet specifiedneeds.
Pd Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Conduct investigations of complex problems
including designof experiments and analysis to provide valid solutions.
Pe Modern Tool Usage: Create and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering tools forexecuting engineering activities.
Pf The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning of the societal, safety issues and the consequent
responsibilitiesrelevant to engineering practice.
Pg Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of engineering solutions in the
environment and exhibitthe knowledge for sustainable development.
Ph Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics, responsibilities and
norms of engineeringpractice.
Pi Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teamsin multi-disciplinary settings.
Pj Communication: Communicate effectively to the engineering community and the outside world
and also to writeeffective reports.
Pk Project Management and Finance: Understand engineering and management principles and
apply them tohandle projects in multi disciplinary environments.
Pl Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for life-long learning and apply in the context of
technological change.
PSO’s Statements
On successful completion of the Mechanical Engineering Degree programme, the Graduates

shall exhibit the following
PSO 1. Apply the knowledge gained in Mechanical Engineering for design and
Development and manufacture of engineering systems
PSO 2. Analyze, interpret and provide solutions to global needs of engineering industries
and the real life mechanical engineering problems with regard to ethics,
environment and society.
INTRODUCTION
Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, control
engineering, systems design engineering, and computer engineering to create useful products. One of the
purposes of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automata from an engineering perspective
and serves the purposes ofcontrolling advanced hybrid electro-mechanical systems. The word itself is a
combination of 'Mechanics' and 'Electronics'. The importance of multi-disciplinary engineering projects has
increased along with the accelerated rate oftechnological advancement industry-wide. Because all areas of
technology are advancing, effective design of a single product often requires close integration of a wide
range of disciplines. Microprocessors and sensors have become pervasive within many engineering
products, and mechanical engineers will often interface with electrical engineers orselect and implement
electronic components themselves.
OVERVIEW
The purpose of this manual is to help participants to build the Knowledge in Mechatronics. This Course
involves use of Hydraulic & Pneumatic Kits as well as simulation Softwares, DC motors, Microcontrollers,
and Microprocessors in order to control a Mechatronics System. This manual provides step-by-step
instructions as described below.
Assembly of a Hydraulic & Pneumatic
Kits. Simulation of Hydraulic &
Pneumatic Kits Assembly of Language of
Microprocessor 8085
Integration and control of Stepper motor and Traffic Light using
Microcontroller 8051.Various Study on Transducers, PLC and Image
Processing Technique.
PREFACE
Mechatronics Laboratory is proud to be in its 8th year of existence since its establishment in July 2008. It
had a series of events by Starting with the Basic Pneumatic kits, Elecro-pneumatic Kits and PLC Kits. The
simulation of Basic Hydraulic and Pneumatic Design and Simulation was done by the Automation Studio
Software. Now the Basic Hydraulic Kit was introduced by the year Aug 2015
DOs and DON’T DOs in Laboratory:
1. Do not enter the laboratory without lab coat and shoes.
2. Do not engage in practical jokes or boisterous conduct in the laboratory.
3. Never run in the laboratory.
4. The use of personal audio or video equipment is prohibited in the laboratory.
5. The performance of unauthorized experiments is strictly forbidden.
6. Do not sit on laboratory benches
7. Follow the instructions given by the teacher.
Instruction to Teachers:
 Prepare an outline (on the board) of the lab activities

 Do not hesitate to explain things more than once or answer questions that you may consider simple
 Demonstrate new techniques to the class or small groups
 Check the students are in proper lab uniform.
 Visit with each student individually during the lab
 Ask specific questions of the students in order to monitor their progress during the lab
 Provide ample feedback to students during the lab
Instruction to students:
Student should maintain discipline & silence inside the lab.
Follow the instructions given by the teacher
Students should bring their textbook, observation and record to the lab class and no other materials
are allowed.
HEADINGS and DETAILS should be neatly written
i. Aim of the experiment
ii. Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required
iii. Procedure / Theory / Algorithm / Program
iv. Neat Diagram
v. Result / discussions.
Students should maintain the cleanliness of the lab.
Be PATIENT, STEADY, SYSTEMATIC AND REGULAR.
Lab Code of Conduct:

Students should enter the lab with proper Dress code (i.e. with I.D card, shoes & lab coat)
Breakdown of apparatus /Equipment should be immediately intimated to the staff In-charge and
proper entryshould be made in the breakdown Register
Students should log off the systems and arrange the chairs before leaving the lab.
Major Lab Equipments with Specifications:
S.No Description of Equipment
HARDWARE
1 Basic pneumatic Trainer Kit
2 Electro-Pneumatic Trainer Kit
3 PLC Trainer Kit
4 Microcontroller with Stepper Motor

Interface & Traffic Light Control
5. Basic Hydraulic Kit
6 Types of Transducers ( 1. TransducerLVDT

2.Hall Effect 3. Temperature 4.
Light sensor)
7 Micro processor 8085
8 Image Processing
SOFTWARE
6 Automation Studio
L T P C
19ME7602 MECHATRONICS LABORATORY 3 0 1 4
Designation of the course: Regular
Pre-requisite: Electronics and Microprocessor
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of programming the microprocessor and also the design, modeling & analysis of basic electrical,
hydraulic &pneumatic Systems which enable the students to understand the concept of mechatronics.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Assembly language programming of 8085 – Addition – Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Sorting – Code Conversion.
2. Stepper motor interface.
3. Traffic light interface.
4. Speed control of DC motor.
5. Study of various types of transducers.
6. Study of hydraulic, pneumatic and electro-pneumatic circuits.
7. Modelling and analysis of basic hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical circuits using Software.
8. Study of PLC and its applications.
9. Study of image processing technique.
TOTAL : 15 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1 Create and execute the assembly language programming in microprocessor 8085.
CO 2 Demonstrate the interface between microprocessor and external devices.
CO 3 Design, model, analysis of mechatronics system with various pneumatic, hydraulic electrical and PLC system.
CO 4 Experiment the application of image processing.
CO 5 Summarize the functions of transducers
CO/PO Mapping
H/M/L indicates strength of correlation) H-High, M-Medium, L-Low
COs/POs
POs
PSOs
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
COs a b c d e f g h i j k l 1 2
CO 1 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

CO2 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
CO 3 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00
CO 4 3.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
CO 5 3.00 1.00 3.00
Course Assessment methods:
Direct Indirect
1. Record Note 1. Course end survey
2. Model Practical
3. End Semester Exam
LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS
Sl.No. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.
Basic Pneumatic Trainer Kit with manual and electrical

1 1 No.
controls/PLC Control each
2 Basic Hydraulic Trainer Kit 1 No
3 Hydraulics and Pneumatics Systems Simulation Software 10 No
8051 - Microcontroller kit with stepper motor and drive circuitsets

4 2 No
5 Image processing system with hardware & software 1 No.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
INDEX
EX.NO DATE EXERCISES PAGE MARKS STAFF
NO AWARDED SIGNATURE
STUDY & SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC & PNEUMATIC
1. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

2. OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV
3. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV

4. IMPLUSE PILOT OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING
CYLINDER
5. CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF THE CYLINDER USING
METERING IN VALVE CIRCUIT
6. CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF THE CYLINDER USING
METERING OUT VALVE CIRCUIT
7. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH AND

LOGIC CIRCUIT
8. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OR
LOGIC CIRCUIT
9. SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING
CYLINDER USING LIMIT SWITCH
10. MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING
CYLINDER USING LIMIT SWITCH
11. SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS
IN SEQUENCE (A+B+A-B-)
USING CASCADING METHOD (A+B+B-A-)
13. OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
SINGLE SOLENOID VALVE
14. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING

SINGLE SOLENOID VALVE
15. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING

DOUBLE SOLENOID VALVE
16. SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING

CYLINDER USING ELECTRICAL SWITCH
17. MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING

CYLINDER USING ELECTRICAL SWITCH

IN SEQUENCE (A+B+A-B-) USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC
KIT
IN SEQUENCE (A+B+B-A-) USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC
KIT
20. DESIGN OF DOUBLE ACTINGCYLINDER WITH LEVER
OPERATED (HYDRAULIC)
21. CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USINGPUSH

BUTTON(AND GATE)
22. CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTINGCYLINDER USING PUSH

BUTTON (OR GATE)
23. DESIGN AND TESTING OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR

ACTUATING DOUBLE ACTINGCYLINDER
MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER
ADDITION OF TWO 8-BITNUMBERS

1
SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BITNUMBERS

2
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 –BIT NUMBERS
DIVISION OF TWO 8 – BITNUMBERS

4
5 ASCENDING ORDER
DESCENDING ORDER
6
BINARY TO BCDCONVERSION
7
8 BCD TO BINARY
9
STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051
10
TRAFFIC CONTROL INTERFACE
STUDY
STUDY OF DISPLACEMENTTRANSDUCER
(Linear Variable differential Transformer)
1
HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER

2
3 PHOTO CONDUCTIVE CELL
4 LED AND PHOTO DIODE

CHARACTERISTICS
5 STUDY OF PLC AND ITS

APPLICATIONS
STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING

TECHNIQUE
I. DIFFERENT COLOUR
IDENTIFICATION
II. DIFFERENT SHAPE

6 IDENTIFICATION
III. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCLE

IDENTIFICATION
IV. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCLE

MEASUREMENT
V. DIFFERENT TYPE OF SQUARE

MEASUREMENT
VI. DIFFERENT TYPE OF AREA

IDENTIFICATION OF THE OBJECTS
VII. DIFFERENT TYPE OF INNER AND

OUTER DIAMETER MEASUREMENT
VIII. DIFFERENT TYPE OF

DIMENSION FROM THE OBJECTS
Schematic Layout of Hydraulic System
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:
Reservoir (or air tank):

A reservoir is an oil supply tank. It is provided to hold the hydraulic
liquid(usually oil).
Pump:
The pump is used to force the liquid into the system.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the pump.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control liquid direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the liquid energy into mechanical force or torque to do useful
work. The actuator is the actual working element of the system. The actuators can be either
cylinders (toprovide linear motion) or hydro motors (to provide rotary motion).
Fluid-transfer piping:
The hydraulic Piping is provided to carry the compressed liquid from one place to another.
Schematic Layout of Pneumatic System
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:
Reservoir (or air tank):

An air tank is provided to store the compressed air required for the operations.
Compressor:
The compressor is used to compress the atmospheric air so as to increase the pressure of the air.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the compressor.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control air direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the air energy into mechanical force or torque to do useful
work
.
Fluid-transfer piping:
Piping is provided to carry the compressed air from one place to another.
BASIC SYMBOLS USED IN HYDRAULIS AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:
Symbols Description
LINES
-continuous line - flow line

-dashed line - pilot, drain
-envelope - long and short dashes around two or
more component symbols
CIRCULAR
-large circle - pump, motor
-small circle - Measuring devices
-semi-circle - rotary actuator
SQUARE
-one square - pressure control function
-two or three adjacent squares - directional control
DIAMOND
-diamond - Fluid conditioner (filter, separator,
lubricator, heat exchanger)
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
-Spring
-Flow Restriction
TRIANGLE
-solid - Direction of Hydraulic Fluid Flow
-open - Direction of Pneumatic flow

PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS
Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Pump
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Variable Displacement Hydraulic Pump
-unidirectional
Symbols Description
MOTORS
Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Motor
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Variable Displacement Hydraulic Motor
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Pneumatic Motor
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Rotary Actuator
- hydraulic
- pneumatic
CYLINDERS
Single Acting Cylinder
-returned by external force
-returned by spring or extended by spring force

Double Acting Cylinders
-single piston rod (fluid required to extend

andretract)
-double ended piston rod
Cylinders With Cushions
- single fixed cushion

- double fixed cushion
- single adjustable cushion

- double adjustable cushion
Symbols Description
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
Directional Control Valve (2 Ports / 2 Positions)
-Normally closed directional control valve with 2
ports and 2 finite positions.
-Normally open directional control valve with
2ports and 2 finite positions.
-Normally closed directional control valve with 3
ports and 2 finite positions.
-Normally open directional control valve with
3ports and 2 finite positions.
-directional control valve with 4 ports and 2
finite
positions
finitepositions
*-(center position can have various flow paths)
Directional Control Valve (5 Ports / 2 Positions) Normally A Pneumatic
Valve
finite
positions
Directional Control Valve (5 Ports / 3 Positions) Normally A Pneumatic
Valve
finitepositions
CONTROL METHODS
Manual Control
-general symbol (without showing the control
type)
-pushbutton
-lever
-foot pedal
Mechanical Control
-plunger or tracer
-spring
Symbols Description
-roller
-roller(one direction only)

Electrical Control
-Solenoid (the one winding)
Pilot Operation
-pneumatic
-hydraulic
Pilot Operated Two-Stage Valve
-Pneumatic: Sol first stage
-Pneumatic: Air pilot second stage
-Hydraulic: Sol first stage
-Hydraulic: Hyd pilot second stage
CHECK VALVES, SHUTTLE VALVES, RAPID EXHAUST VALVES
-check valve -free flow one direction, blocked

flowin other direction
-pilot operated check valve, pilot to close
-pilot operated check valve, pilot to open
Shuttle Valve
-to isolate one part of a system from an
alternatepart of circuit
Rapid Exhaust Valve/Pneumatic
-installed close to an actuator for rapid

movementof the actuator
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
Pressure Relief Valve(Safety Valve) Normally Closed
- Line pressure is limited to the setting of the

valve,secondary part is directed to tank
Symbols Description
Proportional Pressure Relief
- line pressure is limited to and proportional
to anelectronic signal
Sequence Valve
- When the line pressure reaches the setting of the
valve, valve opens permitting flow to the secondary
port. The pilotmust be externally drained to tank.
Pressure Reducing Valve
- pressure downstream of valve is limited to
thesetting of the valve
FLOW CONTROL VALVES
Throttle valve
-adjustable output flow
Flow Control Valve
-with fixed output (variations in inlet

pressure donot affect rate of flow)
-with fixed output and relief port to reservoir
with relief for excess flow (variations in inlet
pressure do
not affect rate of flow)
-with variable output
-fixed orifice
-metered flow toward right free flow to left
-pressure compensated flow control fixed output

flow regardless of load
-pressure and temperature compensated
-with variable output and relief port to reservoir

Flow Dividing Valve
-flow is divided equally to two outputs
SHUT-OFF VALVE
-Simplified symbol
Symbols Description
FILTERS, WATER TRAPS, LUBRICATORS AND MISCELLANEOUS
APPARATUS
Filter or Strainer
-filter
Water Trap
-with manual drain
-with automatic drained
Filter With Water Trap
-with manual drain
-automatic drain
Air Dryer
- refrigerant, or chemical removal of water from
compressed air line
Lubricator
-oil vapor is indected into air line
Conditioning unit
-compound symbol of filter, regulator, lubricator unit

(FRL)
-Simplified Symbol of FRL Unit

RESULT:
Thus the important feature Mechatronics system was studied.
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV
EXPT NO: DATE:
AIM:
To operate a single acting cylinder using the Directional Control Valve (DCV)
in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 FLUIDSIM Software
 Single Acting Cylinder
 3/2 Hand Levered Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit in FLUIDSIM software and check the connections.
 Connect the FRL unit to the main air supply.
 The various components are connected as per circuit.
 Block the valve openings if necessary.
 Check the leakage of air supply and correct it.
 Open the valve and operate the cylinder.
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder was operated using DCV in Pneumatic Trainer
Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV
EXPT NO: DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using the Directional Control Valve (DCV) in
Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Double Acting Cylinder
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using DCV in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
IMPLUSE PILOT OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
EXPT NO: DATE:
AIM:
To operate a single acting cylinder using an impulse pilot valve in Pneumatic Trainer
Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Pilot Operated Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder was operated using an impulse pilot valve in Pneumatic
Trainer Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF THE CYLINDER USING METERINGIN
VALVE CIRCUIT
EXPT NO: DATE:
AIM:
To control the speed of double acting cylinder using Metering In valve circuit in
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Flow Control Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the speed of double acting cylinder was controlled using Metering In valve circuit in
NORMAL POSITION
CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF THE CYLINDER USINGMETERING
OUT VALVE CIRCUIT
EXPT NO: DATE:
AIM:
To control the speed of double acting cylinder using Metering Out valve circuit in
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Flow Control Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the speed of double acting cylinder was controlled using Metering Out valve circuit in
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH AND LOGICCIRCUIT
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using AND logic circuit in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 4/2 Pilot Operated DCV
 3/2 Hand Levered DCV
 Two Pressure Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder using AND logic circuit was operated in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OR LOGICCIRCUIT
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using OR logic circuit in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Hand Levered DCV
 Shuttle Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder using OR logic circuit was operated in Pneumatic Trainer
Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERUSING
LIMIT SWITCH
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a single cycle using
limit switch in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Roller Operated Spring Return DCV
 Limit Switch
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using limit
switch
NORMAL POSITION
MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERUSING
LIMIT SWITCH
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a multi cycle using limit
switch in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Limit Switch
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using limit switch in
NORMAL POSITION
SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS INSEQUENCE
(A+B+A-B-)
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate single cycle automation of multiple cylinders in sequence (A+B+A-B-) in
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Push Button Spring Return DCV
 Limit Switch
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of multiple cylinders was operated sequence (A+B+A-B-)
NORMAL POSITION
SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS USING
CASCADING METHOD (A+B+B-A-)
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate a single cycle automation of multiple cylinders in cascading method
(A+B+B-A-) in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Push Button Spring Return DCV
 Limit Switch
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of multiple cylinders was operated by cascading method
(A+B+B-A-) in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING SINGLESOLENOID
VALVE
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate a single acting cylinder using the single solenoid valve in Electro
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Input / Output Relay Box
 3/2 Solenoid Operated Spring Return Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder was operated using single solenoid valve in Electro
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING SINGLESOLENOID
VALVE
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using the single solenoid valve in Electro
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 4/2 Solenoid Operated Spring Return Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using single solenoid valve in Electro
NORMAL POSITION
OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DOUBLESOLENOID
VALVE
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using the double solenoid valve in Electro
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 4/2 Solenoid Operated Valve
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using double solenoid valve in Electro Pneumatic
Trainer Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERUSING
ELECTRICAL SWITCH
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a single cycle using
electrical switch in Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 4/2 Solenoid Operated DCV
 Electrical Switch
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using electrical switch
in Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
NORMAL POSITION
MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERUSING
ELECTRICAL SWITCH
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a multi cycle using
electrical switch in Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using electrical switch
NORMAL POSITION
(A+B+A-B-) USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC KIT
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate single cycle automation of multiple cylinders in sequences (A+B+A-B-) in
Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of multiple cylinders was operated sequence (A+B+A-B-)
NORMAL POSITION
(A+B+B-A-) USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC KIT
EXPT NO: DATE:

AIM:
To operate single cycle automation of multiple cylinders in sequences (A+B+B-A-) in
Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 FRL Unit
PROCEDURE:
ACTUATED POSITION
100
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of multiple cylinders was operated sequence (A+B+B-A-)
101
NORMAL POSITION
102
DESIGN OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH LEVER OPERATED
(HYDRAULIC)
Ex No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic Systems which
enable thestudents to understand the concept of mechatronics.
AIM:
To design a hydraulic circuit for actuating double acting cylinder.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Hydraulic kit with lever operated circuit /switch.
PROCEDURE:
1. The hydraulic kit with manual operated is supplied with fluid by the help of pump.
2. The relief valve of the hydraulic kit is adjusted to deliver the fluid pressure.
3. From the pump, a tube is connected to the lever operated switch.
4. From that the supply is given to the double acting cylinder.
5. Actuate the double acting cylinder using lever.
6. The pressure of fluid inside the piston is controlled by using directional control valves.
103
104
RESULT:
Thus the Connections are made successfully to operate the double acting cylinder using
leveroperated switch.
105
CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING PUSH BUTTON(ANDGATE)
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of modeling & analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic Systems
whichenable the students to understand the concept of mechatronics.
AIM:
To actuate single acting cylinder in a pneumatic circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Single acting cylinder
 3/2 Push button spring return DCV
 3/2 Single pilot value
 5/2 Single, double pilot DCV
 Air service unit
 Connecting tubes
PROCEDURE:
1. The connection made is shown in figure
2. The pilot pressures are fed into 3/2 direction control valve.
3. When the button is pushed the air is sent into single acting cylinder.
4. The cylinder moves in forward position.
5. When the push button is released, it retracts because of the spring.
6. Feed the air through different valves and make the cylinder to actuate.
106
107
RESULT:
Thus the cylinders are actuated by the air pressure in the pneumatic circuit
108
CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING PUSH BUTTON (ORGATE)
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method modeling & analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic Systems which enable the
students tounderstand the concept of mechatronics.
AIM:
To actuate single and double acting cylinders in a pneumatic circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Single acting cylinder.
 3/2 Push button spring return DCV
 3/2 Single pilot value
 Air service unit
 Connecting tubes
PROCEDURE
1. The connection is made as shown in figure.
2. The pilot pressures are fed into 3/2 direction control valve.
3. When the button is pushed the air is sent into single acting cylinder.
4. The cylinder moves in forward position when the push button is released.
5. When the push button is released, is released it retracts because of the spring.
6. Feed the air through different valves and make the cylinder to actuate.
109
110
RESULT:
Thus the cylinders are actuated by the air pressure in the pressure in the pressure pneumatic
circuit.
111
DESIGN AND TESTING OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR ACTUATING
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of modeling & analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic Systems
whichenable the students to understand the concept of mechatronics.
AIM:
To design pneumatic circuit for actuating single and double acting cylinder and to test the
circuit
by using a pneumatic kit with manual control.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Pneumatic kit with manual control with accessories supplied with a pneumatic pressure
source.
PROCEDURE:
1. The pneumatic kit with manual control is supplied with pressure air from the compressor.
2. The regulator available in the FRL unit of the pneumatic kit adjusted to deliver air at 5 bars.
3. Connections are given in kit adjusted to deliver as at 5 bars. The circuit diagram
designed foractuating single acting and double acting cylinder.
4. The DCV are attached to control the extension and refraction of the cylinder.
5. The flow of air is calculated by using flow control the velocity of the piston in the actuator.
6. The force exerted by the piston is varied by varying the inlet pressure using flow control value.
112
113
RESULT:
Thus the pneumatic circuit for actuating single and double acting cylinder were
designed andtested by varying the direction, velocity and force.
114
115
ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT NUMBERS
(8 – BIT ADDITION)
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of programming the microprocessor which enable the students to
understand theconcept of mechatronics.
AIM
To write an assembly language for adding two 8 bit numbers by using micro
Processor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 8085 micro processor kit
 (0-5V)DC battery
FLOW CHART:
START
GET FIRST OPERAND TO B
GET SECOND OPERAND TO B
A = A+B
STORE RESULT
STOP
116
ALGORITHM:
 Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.

 Load the data into A B.
 Add the two data of A and B registers.
 Store the result into Memory from A registers.
INPUT:
 8500 13H
 8501 14H
OUTPUT:
 8502 27H.
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

8100 3A 00 85 LDA 8500 Load 8100 address into Accumulator
8103 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into B register
8107 80 ADD B Add B register with Accumulator
8108 32 02 85 STA 8502 Store the content of Accumulator into
810B CF RST 1 Break point( ACC VALUE DISPLAY)
RESULT:
The assembly language program for 8 bit addition of two numbers was executed
successfully byusing 8085 micro processing kit.
117
SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
(8 -BIT SUBTRACTION)
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
AIM:
To write a assembly language program for subtracting 2 bit (8) numbers by using-
8085 micro processor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FLOW CHART:
START
GET FIRST OPERAND TO A
SUBTRACT SECOND OPERAND FROM MEMORY
STORE RESULT MEMORY
STOP
118
ALGORITHM:

 Load the data into A B.
 Subtract the two data of A and B registers.
INPUT:
 8500 45H
 8501 13H
OUTPUT:
 8502 32H.
PROGRAM:

8100 21 00 85 LXI H,8500 Load 8100 address into Accumulator
8103 7E MOV A,M Move Accumulator value into A register
8104 23 INX H Increment H register value
8105 96 SUB M Subtract acc value
8106 23 INX H Increment H register value
8107 77 MOV M,A Second value move acc
8108 CF RST 1 Break point( ACC VALUE DISPLAY)
RESULT:
The assembly language program subtraction of two 8 bit numbers was executed
successfullyby using 8085 micro processing kit.
119
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
(8 BIT MULTIPLICATION)
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
AIM:
To write an assembly language for multiplying two 8 bit numbers by using 8085
Micro processor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
120
FLOWCHART:
START
Transfer the multiplier and multiplier to 2 separate register
NO YES
Is the
multiplier is
Transfer zero in result

register
Initialize the content of a temporary register to zero
Add the multiplicand with the temporary register and store it

in temporary register
Decrement the multiplier
NO
Is the
multiplier is
YES
Transfer the temporary register value to result register
STOP
ALGORITHM:

 Load the data into A and B register
 Multiplication the two data of A and B registers.
INPUT:
 8500 06H
 8501 02H
121
OUTPUT:
 8502 0CH.
PROGRAM:
8107 4F MOV C,A Move Accumulator value into C register
8108 FE 00 CPI 00 If X2=0 then result is 0 and exit
810A CA 16 81 JZ If carry is zero then jump into 8116

LOOP
810D AF XRA A Clear ACC and flags add the B as many as the C
810E 80 LOOP1: ADD B Add B register with Accumulator
810F OD DCR C Decrement C register
8110 CA 16 81 JZ Store the result and exit

LOOP
8113 C3 0E 81 JMP LOOP1 Multiply start address = 810E
8116 32 02 85 LOOP: STA 8502 Store the content of Accumulator into 8502
8119 CF RST 1 Break point( ACC VALUE DISPLAY)
RESULT:
The assembly language program for multiplication of two 8 bit numbers was executed
using8085 micro processing kit.
122
DIVISION OF TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
(8 BIT DIVISION)
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program for dividing two 8 bit numbers using
microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
123
FLOW CHART:
START
Transfer the dividend and divisor to 2 separate register r1 and r2
Initialize the temporary register to ‘zero’
YES
If dividend is <
divisor
NO Store the dividend in

reminder register
Subtract (dividend – divisor)
Store the temporary register

Store the result in dividend register 2 to quotient register
Increment temporary register 1 STOP
If dividend is <
divisor
NO YES
ALGORITHM:

 Load the data into A and B register
 Divided the two data of A and B registers.
INPUT:
 8500 0AH
 8501 02H
OUTPUT:
8502 05H (Quotient).
8503 00H (Reminder).
124
PROGRAM:

8100 3A 01 85 LDA 8501 Load 8101 value into Accumulator
8103 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into Register B
8107 0E 00 MVI C,00 Count for quotient
8109 B8 LOOP: CMP B Check for A < B

810A DA 12 81 JC LOOP1 If A < B then go to store
810D 90 SUB B Subtract the Register B with Accumulator
810E 0C INR C Increment the C register
810F C3 09 81 JMP LOOP Jump into 8109

8112 32 03 85 LOOP1: STA 8503 Store Reminder value into 8103
8115 79 MOV A,C Move Register C value into Accumulator
8116 32 02 85 STA 8502 Store the Quotient value into 8102
8119 CF RST 1 Break point
RESULT:
The assembly language program for division of two 8 bit numbers was executed using
8085micro processing kit.
125
ASCENDING ORDER
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
AIM:
To write a program to sort given ‘n’ numbers in ascending order
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

126
FLOW CHART:
START
Load the counter with the number of elements in the array
Move the first data into the temporary register
NO If the temp.reg
data < next
Swap the next data and the data

Set the swap flag YES
Is the count is
START zero?
NO
YES
Decrement the swap flag
YES
Is the swap flag
START
is zero?
NO
STOP
ALGORITHM:

 Load the data into M and C register
INPUT:
 8500 05H (COUNT VALUE)
 8501 08H, 04H, 03H, 07H, 01H
OUTPUT:
8500 05H (COUNT VALUE)
8501 01H, 03H, 04H, 07H, 08H
127
PROGRAM:

8100 06 00 START: MVI B,00 Initialize 00 into B register
8102 21 00 85 LXI H,8500 Load 8100 value into H register

8105 4E MOV C,M Load the count value into the C register
8106 0D DCR C If C=1 no process
8107 CA 20 81 JZ LOOP2 Jump into 8120(program end)
810A 23 INX H Increment the H register by one
810B 7E LOOP: MOV A,M Get the byte pointed by m pointer
810C 23 INX H Move the m pointer to next byte
810D BE CMP M Compare with ACC
810E DA 18 81 JC LOOP1 If Acc < m then no swapping

8111 56 MOV D,M Else swap the bytes
8112 77 MOV M,A Load Accumulator value into M
8113 2B DCX H Decrement H value by one
8114 72 MOV M,D Load D register value into pointer
8115 23 INX H Now move m pointer to the next byte
8116 06 01 MVI B,01 Set the swap flag
8118 0D LOOP1: DCR C Decrement the count
8119 C2 0B 81 JNZ LOOP If C is not equal 0 then jump 810B
811C 5 DCR B After C=0 check the swap flag.
811D CA 00 81 JZ START Jump zero again call start

8120 76 LOOP2: HLT End
RESULT:
The assembly language program for sorting numbers in ascending order was
executed bymicroprocessor kit.
128
DESCENDING ORDER
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
AIM:
To write a program to sort given ‘n’ numbers in descending order
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

129
FLOW CHART:
START
Load the counter with the number of elements in the array
Move the first data into the temporary register
NO If the temp.reg
data > next
Swap the next data and the data

YES
Set the swap flag
Is the count is
START
zero?
NO
YES
Decrement the swap flag
YES
Is the swap flag
START
is zero?
NO
STOP
ALGORITHM:

 Load the data into M and C register
INPUT:
850 05H (COUNT VALUE)
0
8501 01H, 03H, 04H, 07H,
OUTPUT: 08H
8500
130
05H (COUNT VALUE)
850 08H, 07H, 04H, 03H,

1 01H
131
PROGRAM:
8100 06 00 START: MVI B,00 Initialize 00 into B register

8102 21 00 85 LXI H,8500 Load 8100 value into H register
8105 4E MOV C,M Load the count value into the C register
8106 0D DCR C If C=1 no process
8107 CA 20 81 JZ LOOP2 Jump into 8120(program end)

810A 23 INX H Increment the H register by one
810B 7E LOOP: MOV A,M Get the byte pointed by m pointer
810C 23 INX H Move the m pointer to next byte
810D BE CMP M Compare with ACC
810E D2 18 81 JNC LOOP1 If Acc > m then no swapping

8111 56 MOV D,M Else swap the bytes
8112 77 MOV M,A Load Accumulator value into M
8113 2B DCX H Decrement H value by one
8114 72 MOV M,D Load D register value into pointer

8115 23 INX H Now move m pointer to the next byte
8116 06 01 MVI B,01 Set the swap flag
8118 0D LOOP1: DCR C Decrement the count
8119 C2 0B 81 JNZ LOOP If C is not equal 0 then jump 810B
811C 05 DCR B After C=0 check the swap flag.
811D CA 00 81 JZ START Jump zero again call start
8120 76 LOOP2: HLT End
RESULT:
The assembly language program for sorting ‘4’ numbers in descending order was executed
successfully using microprocessor kit.
132
BCD TO BINARY (HEX) CONVERSATION
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program to convert an 8 bit binary data to BCD using
8085 microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
133
FLOW CHART:
START
Get the number from 8500 address
Mask upper nibble & store the number as A
Get the number again from Accumulator
Mask lower nibble, exchange nibble positions of result

and store it as B
Multiply B with 10 until B = 0 & decrement B by one
NO
Is multiplication
complete?
YES
Add B value with Accumulator
Store the result into address 8510
STOP
ALGORITHM:

 BCD to Binary values the two data of A and B registers.
INPUT:
 8500 15H ( 0 to 09 value)
OUTPUT:
8510 0FH
134
PROGRAM:

8104 E6 0F ANI 0F Mask upper nibbles & store it into Accumulator
8106 4F MOV C,A Move Accumulator value into C register
8107 78 MOV A,B Load Register B value into Accumulator
8108 E6 F0 LOOP: ANI F0 Mask lower nibbles & store it into Accumulator
810A 0F RRC Convert MSB into unpacked B register
810B 0F RRC
810C 0F RRC
810D 0F RRC
810E 47 MOV B,A Move Accumulator value into B register
The content of ACC X-OR with the content of
810F AF XRA A register
8110 16 0A MVI D,0A Store multiplier 10 value into D register
8112 82 ADD D Add the 10 value with Accumulator
8113 05 DCR B Decrement the B register by one
8114 C2 12 81 JNZ LOOP If multiplication is not complete jump into 8108
8117 81 ADD C Else Add with C register
8118 32 10 85 STA 8510 Store Accumulator value into 8510
811B CF RST 1 Break point
RESULT:
Thus the binary to BCD conversion was executed successfully.
135
STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACE WITH 8051
( I.) RUN A STEPPER MOTOR AT DIFFERENT SPEED
EX No:
Date:
AIM:
To interface the stepper motor with 8051 trainer kit and to run a stepper motor at different
speed inclockwise direction
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of programming the microcontroller to interface Stepper motor which
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
8051 Microcontroller kit and Power Supply.
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS

9100 74 80 MOV A,#80
9102 90 40 03 MOV DPTR,#4003
9105 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
9106 90 92 00 START :MOV DPTR,#9200
9109 A9 82 MOV R1,DPL
910B AA 83 MOV R2,DPH
910D 78 04 MOV R0, #04
910F E0 REP : MOVX A,@DPTR
9110 90 40 00 MOV DPTR,#4000
9114 12 91 20 LCALL DELY
9117 09 INC R1
9118 89 82 MOV DPL,R1
911A 8A 83 MOV DPH,R2
911C D8 F1 DJNZ R0, REP
911E 80 E6 SJMP START
9120 7F 03 DELY : MOV R7,#03
9122 7E 0A LOP3 : MOV R6,#0A
9124 7B FF LOP2 : MOV R3,#FF
136
9126 DB FE LOP1 : DJNZ R3, LOP1
9128 DE FA DJNZ R6,LOP2
912A DF F6 DJNZ R7,LOP3
912C 22 RET
ORG 9200H
9200 03060C09 DB 03H, 06H, 0CH, 09H
END
RESULT:
Execute the program. Now we can see that the Stepper motor runs in forward direction with a delay
137
( II.) REQUIRED ANGLE IN STEPPER MOTOR PROGRAM IN 8051
EX No:
Date:
AIM:
To interface the stepper motor with 8051 trainer kit and to run a stepper motor for required angle within 360°
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
PROGRAM:

9100 74 80 MOV A,#80
9102 90 40 03 MOV DPTR,#4003
9106 78 19 START : MOV R0,#19
9108 90 92 00 CLKWI : MOV DPTR,#9200
910B A9 82 MOV R1,DPL
910D AA 83 MOV R2,DPH
910F 31 17 ACALL ROTAT
9111 D8 F5 DJNZ R0, CLKWI
9113 31 32 ACALL HLT
9115 80 EF SJMP START
9117 7B 04 ROTAT : MOV R3,#04
9119 E0 REPT : MOVX A,@DPTR
911A 90 40 00 MOV DPTR,#4000
911D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
911E 7C 03 MOV R4,#03
9120 7D 0A LOP3 : MOV R5,#0A
9122 7E FF LOP2 : MOV R6,#FF
9124 DE FE LOP 1 : DJNZ R6, LOP1
9126 DD FA DJNZ R5, LOP2
9128 DC F6 DJNZ R4, LOP1
912A 09 INC R1
138
912B 89 82 MOV DPL,R1
912D 8A 83 MOV DPH,R2
912F DB E8 DJNZ R3, REPT
139
9131 22 RET
9132 80 FE HLT : SJMP HLT
ORG 9200H
9200 03060C09 DB 03H, 06H, 0CH, 09H
END
RESULT:
Execute the program. Now we can see that the Stepper motor runs in forward direction with required
angle.
140
( III.) CLOCK WISE ANTI CLOCK WISE ROTATE PROGRAM IN 8051
EX No:
Date:
AIM:
To interface the stepper motor with 8051 trainer kit and To run a stepper motor in both the
direction
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
PROGRAM:

9100 74 80 MOV A,#80
9102 90 40 03 MOV DPTR,#4003
9106 78 19 START : MOV R0,#19
9108 90 92 00 CLKWI : MOV DPTR,#9200
910B A9 82 MOV R1,DPL
910D AA 83 MOV R2,DPH
910F 31 26 ACALL ROTAT
9111 D8 F5 DJNZ R0,CLKWI
9113 31 41 ACALL DELAY
9115 78 19 MOV R0,#19
9117 90 92 50 ANCKWI: MOV DPTR,#9250
911A A9 82 MOV R1,DPL
911C AA 83 MOV R2,DPH
911E 31 26 ACALL ROTAT
9120 D8 F5 DJNZ R0,ANCKWI
9122 31 91 ACALL DELAY
9124 80 E0 SJMP START
9126 7B 04 ROT AT: MOV R3,#04
9128 E0 REPT : MOVX A,@DPTR
9129 90 40 00 MOV DPTR,#4000
912C F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
912D 7C 03 MOV R4,#03
141
z912F 7D 0A LOP3 : MOV R5,#0A
9131 7E FF LOP2 : MOV R6,#FF
9133 DE FE LOP 1 : DJNZ R6, LOP1
9135 DD FA DJNZ R5, LOP2
9137 DC F6 DJNZ R4, LOP1
9139 09 INC R1
913A 89 82 MOV DPL,R1
913C 8A 83 MOV DPH,R2
913E DB E8 DJNZ R3, REPT
9140 22 RET
9141 7C 03 DELAY : MOV R4,#03
9143 7D FF LP3 : MOV R5,#FF
9145 7E FF LP2 : MOV R6,#FF
9147 DE FE LP1 : DJNZ R6, LP1
9149 DD FA DJNZ R5, LP2
914B DC F6 DJNZ R4, LP1
914D 22 RET
ORG 9200H
9200 03060C09 DB 03H, 06H, 0CH, 09H
ORG 9250H
9200 090C0603 DB 09H, 0CH, 06H, 03H
END
RESULT:
Execute the program. Now you can see that the Stepper motor runs in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction.
142
TRAFFIC CONTROL INTERFACE
EX No:
Date:
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of programming the microcontroller to Interface a Traffic Light which
AIM:
To write an Assembly language Program for traffic light controller.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
PROGRAM:
9100 90 92 00 START: MOV DPTR,#9200

9103 7A 08 MOV R2,#08
9105 E0 MOVX @DPTR,A
9106 C0 83 PUSH DPH
9108 C0 82 PUSH DPL
910A 90 40 03 MOV DPTR,#4003
910D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
910E D0 82 POP DPL
9110 D0 83 POP DPH
9112 A3 INC DPTR
9113 E0 LOOP1: MOVX A,DPTR
9114 C0 83 PUSH DPH
9116 C0 82 PUSH DPL
9118 90 40 00 MOV DPTR,#4000
911B F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
911C D0 82 POP DPL
911E D0 83 POP DPH
9120 A3 INC DPTR
9121 E0 MOVX A,DPTR
9122 C0 83 PUSH DPH
9124 C0 82 PUSH DPL
9126 90 40 01 MOV DPTR,#4001
143
912A 12 91 36 LCALL DELAY
912D D0 82 POP DPL
912F D0 83 POP DPH
9131 A3 INC DPTR
9132 DA DF DJNZ R2,LOOP1
9134 80 CA SJMP START
9136 7F 10 DELAY: MOV R7,#10H
9138 7D FF LOOP4 : MOV R5,#0FFH
913A 7E FF LOOP3: MOV R6,#0FFH
913C 00 LOOP2: NOP
913D 00 NOP
913E DE FC DJNZ R6, LOOP2
9140 DD F8 DJNZ R5, LOOP3
9142 DF F4 DJNZ R7, LOOP4
9144 22 RET
ORG 9200H
9200 80 DB 80H
9201 21 09 31 09 DB 21H,09H,31H,09H
9205 0C 09 8C 09 DB 0CH,09H,8CH,09H
9209 64 08 64 0C DB 64H,08H,64H,0CH
920D 24 03 26 03 DB 24H,03H,26H,03H
END
RESULT:
Thus a Traffic Light was interfaced with 8051 and run for directions at various
Timing.
144
145
STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER
(Linear Variable differential Transformer)
EX No:
Date:
AIM
To obtain the performance characteristics of Linear Variable differential Transformer
(LVDT).Find the residual voltage and non-electrical quantity displacement in terms of
voltage.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of studying the various types of Transducers which enable the
.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

Principle of working of Linear Variable Differential Transformer and different transducers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
SL.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 LVDT Trainer kit - 1
2 LVDT setup - 1
3 Multimeter (CRO) Electroni 1
c
4 Power Chord - 1
PROCEDURE
1. Make the Connections for the given LVDT kit.
2. Calibrate the LVDT.
3. Place the core of the LVDT to 10 mm by adjusting the micrometer.
4. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10mm to 20mm and note down the forward
core displacement from zero mm to 10mm on the display and measure the secondary output voltage
(mV) acrossT1 and T2.
5. Similarly, decrease the micrometer displacement from 10mm to zero mm and note down the reverse
core displacement of zero to 10mm on the display and measure the secondary output voltage (mV)
across T1 andT2
6. Tabulate the reading of the core displacement, micrometer displacement and display voltage.
7. Plot the graph between core displacement (mm) along X axis and DISPLAY reading Voltage across Y
axis.
8. When the displacement of the core is zero measure the voltage. This voltage is the residual voltage.
146
TABULATION
Micrometer
Displacement(mm Display reading
)
MODEL GRAPH
Diplay reading V
Displacement (mm)
Temperature measurement using RTD
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit.
2. The display indicates the room temperature.
3. Note down the temperature and voltage at the test point T5.
4. Dip the RTD sensor into the water bath.
5. Switch on the water bath.
6. Dip the thermometer into the water bath.
7. Note down the actual temperature in the thermometer, display temperature and voltage at T5for every 10
degrees.
8. Draw graph actual temperature vs display temperature.
147
Tabulation:
Actual Temperature Display Temperature Voltage at T5
BLOCK DIAGRAM
INVER TING
INSTR UMEN TATION
DC
NON-INVERTIN G
OUPUT
RESULT
From this the performance characteristics of Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is obtained.
148
HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER
EX No:
Date:
AIM
To obtain the performance characteristics of Linear Hall Effect Transducer.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To know the method of studying the various types of Transducers which enable the
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Bring the magnet near to the hall effect transducer.
4. note down the voltage & current.
5. connect the various loads like buzzer , motor & LED & note down the chane in current .
6. note down the voltage & current.
7. Draw graph voltage vs current.
Tabulation:
voltage current
149
A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field.
Halleffect sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, and current
sensing applications.
Hall Effect Sensors are devices which are activated by an external magnetic field. We know that a magnetic
field has two important characteristics flux density, (B) and polarity (North and South Poles). The output signal
from a Hall effect sensor is the function of magnetic field density around the device. When the magnetic flux
density around the sensor exceeds a certain pre-set threshold, the sensor detects it and generates an output
voltage called theHall Voltage, VH. Consider the diagram below.
Hall Effect Sensors consist basically of a thin piece of rectangular p-type semiconductor material such as
galliumarsenide (GaAs), indium antimonide (InSb) or indium arsenide (InAs) passing a continuous current
through itself.When the device is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic flux lines exert a force on the
semiconductor material which deflects the charge carriers, electrons and holes, to either side of the
semiconductor slab. This movement of charge carriers is a result of the magnetic force they experience
passing through the semiconductor material.
Hall Effect Magnetic Sensor

The output voltage, called the Hall voltage, (VH) of the basic Hall Element is directly proportional to the strength
of the magnetic field passing through the semiconductor material (output 𝖺 H). This output voltage can be quite
small,only a few microvolts even when subjected to strong magnetic fields so most commercially available Hall
effect devices are manufactured with built-in DC amplifiers, logic switching circuits and voltage regulators to
improve the sensors sensitivity, hysteresis and output voltage. This also allows the Hall effect sensor to operate
over a widerrange of power supplies and magnetic field conditions.
150
The Hall Effect Sensor
Result:
Thus the study of Hall Effect Transducer studied successfully
151
PHOTO CONDUCTIVE CELL
EX No:
Date:
Aim:-
To study the characteristic of Photo Conductive Cell
A LDR (light-dependent resistor) or photoresistor is an electronic component whose resistance

decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor, or
photocell.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own
charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, eg. silicon. A photoresistor is made of a high-
resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by
the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the circuit arrangements as per in the diagram.

2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially place the inner box at the maximum distance from the bulb.
4. Note the reading of Distance (D) & Resistance (R).
5. Reduce the distance between the LDR & Bulb and measure the reading.
6. Repeat the process for different distance and note down the readings.
7. Finally plot the graph between the D & R.
152
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABLE:
S. No D R
153
OPTICAL TRANSDUCER KIT
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO DIODE CHARACTERISTICS OF LDR
R1 R1
Result:
Thus the study of Photo Conductive Cell studied successfully.
154
LED AND PHOTO DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
EX No:
Date:
Aim:-
To determine the DC characteristics of LED and Photodiode and plot the graph.
Apparatus required:-
(1) Voltmeter – 2 Nos

(2) Ammeter – 2 Nos
(3) LED and Photodiode characteristics kit – 1 No
Procedure:-
(i) LED characteristics:-

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. Connect the Voltmeter and Ammeter to the corresponding terminals.
3. Vary the supply Voltage and note down the corresponding Ammeter and
Voltmeterreadings.
4. Tabulate the readings and Plot the VI characteristics.
(ii) Photodiode characteristics:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Voltmeter and Ammeter are connected to the corresponding terminals.
3. Vary the supply Voltage and note down the Voltmeter and Ammeter readings.
4. Vary the illumination of light and note down the Voltmeter and Ammeter
readingin the photodiode kit.
5. Draw the graph.
155
TABULATION
VI Characteristics of LED :
Vin (V) I (mA) P = VI (mV)
VI characteristics of Photodiode:-
With illumination
Without illumination
Vin (V) I (mA) Vin (V) I (mA)
Result:-
Thus the VI characteristics of LED and Photodiode are drawn.
156
Image Processing System
Frame Grabber with

MV Camera
Front Light
Focal Lens
Work Area with

Back light
Control Unit
157
I. DIFFERENT COLOUR IDENTIFICATION
Aim
: To Study the different type of colour from the objects using Image Analyzing software.
Apparatus:
1. Image processing system (Make: prime tek)

2. Sotware
Program:
1. open_framegrabber ('DirectShow', 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 'default', 8, 'rgb', -1,

'false','default', 'USB Video Device', 0, -1, AcqHandle)
2. grab_image (Image, AcqHandle)
3. close_framegrabber(AcqHandle)
4. crop_domain_rel (Image, Image1, -1, 60, 40, 70)
5. decompose3(Image1,R,G,B)
6. trans_from_rgb(R,G,B,h1,s,i,'hsi')
7. threshold(i, Reg,0,130)
8. reduce_domain (h1, Reg, h)
9. threshold(h,Region, 0, 15)
10. area_center(Region, Area, Row1, Column1)
11. threshold(h,Region1, 90, 120)
12. area_center(Region1, Area, Row2, Column2)
13. threshold(h,Region2, 230,243)
19. dev_display(Image1)
20. set_tposition(3600,Row1,Column1)
21. write_string(3600,'RED')
22. set_tposition(3600,Row2, Column2)
23. write_string(3600,'GREEN')
24. set_tposition(3600,Row3,Column3)
25. write_string(3600,'PINK')
27. write_string(3600,'BLUE')
29. write_string(3600,'PALE GREEN')
Result:
Thus the Colour object was studied and executed.
158
II. DIFFERENT SHAPE IDENTIFICATION
Aim:
To Study the different type of Shapes from the objects using Image
Analyzingsoftware.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:

3. close_framegrabber (AcqHandle)
5. rgb1_to_gray(Image1, GrayImage)
6. threshold(GrayImage, Region, 50, 120)
7. auto_threshold (GrayImage, Regions, 10)
8. connection(Regions, ConnectedRegions)
9. select_shape (ConnectedRegions, SelectedRegions, ['circularity','area'],
'and',[0.8,9000], [1,15000])
10. area_center(SelectedRegions, Area, Row, Column)
11. select_shape (ConnectedRegions, SelectedRegions1, 'area', 'and', 35000, 55000)
12. area_center(SelectedRegions1, Area1, Row1, Column1)
13. dev_display(Image1)
14. set_tposition(3600,Row1,
Column1)
15.write_string(3600,'Square')
16. set_tposition(3600,Row, Column)
17. write_string(3600,'Circle')
Result:
Thus the Shapes was studied and executed.
159
III. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCLE IDENTIFICATION
Aim:
To Study the different type of Circle from the objects using Image Analyzing software.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:

7. auto_threshold (GrayImage, Regions, 5)
8. connection(Regions, ConnectedRegions)
9. select_shape (ConnectedRegions, SelectedRegions1, 'circularity', 'and', 0.9, 1)
10. union1(SelectedRegions1, RegionUnion)
11. dev_clear_window()
12. reduce_domain (Image1, RegionUnion, ImageReduced)
Result:
Thus the circle was studied and executed.
160
IV. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCLE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To Study the different type of Dimension Circle from the objects using Image
Analyzingsoftware.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:

5. threshold(Image1, Region,0, 128)
6. connection(Region, ConnectedRegions)
7. smallest_rectangle2(ConnectedRegions, Row, Column, Phi, Length1,
Length2)8. l1 := Length2*2*0.222321
9. l2 := Length1*2*0.22321
Result:
Thus the dimension was studied and executed.
161
V. DIFFERENT TYPE OF SQUARE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To Study the different type of Dimension Square from the objects using Image
Analyzing software.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:

7. auto_threshold (GrayImage, Regions,
10)8.connection(Regions,
ConnectedRegions)
9. select_shape (ConnectedRegions, SelectedRegions1, 'area', 'and', 40000, 55000)
10. dev_clear_window()
11. reduce_domain(Image1,SelectedRegions1, ImageReduced)
Result:
Thus the dimension was studied and executed.
162
VI. DIFFERENT TYPE OF AREA IDENTIFICATION OF THE OBJECTS
Aim:
To Study the different type of Area from the objects using Image Analyzing
software.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:

6. fill_up(Region, RegionFillUp)
7. area_center(RegionFillUp, Area, Row, Column)
8. area_value:=Area*0.2199*0.2199
Result:
Thus the area was studied and executed.
163
VII. DIFFERENT TYPE OF INNER AND OUTER DIAMETER MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To Study the different type of Inner and Outer dia from the objects using Image
Analyzingsoftware.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:

7. smallest_rectangle2(ConnectedRegions, Row, Column, Phi, Length1,
Length2)8. l2:=Length1*2*0.12267
9. fill_up(Region,RegionFillUp)
10.difference(RegionFillUp,Region,RegionDifference)
11.connection(RegionDifference, ConnectedRegions1)
12.inner_circle(ConnectedRegions1, Row1, Column1,
Radius)13.ID:=Radius*2*0.2239
14.OD:=Length2*2*0.2239
Result:
Thus the Inner and Outer dia was studied and executed.
164
VIII. DIFFERENT TYPE OF DIMENSION FROM THE OBJECTS
Aim:
To Study the different type of Dimension from the objects using

ImageAnalyzing software.
Apparatus:

2. Sotware
Program:
1. open_framegrabber ('DirectShow', 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 'default', 8,

'rgb', -1, 'false', 'default', 'USB Video Device', 0, -1,
AcqHandle)
4. crop_domain_rel (Image, Image1,-1, 60, 40, 70)
7. smallest_rectangle2(ConnectedRegions, Row, Column,
Phi,Length1, Length2)
8. fill_up(Region,RegionFillUp)
9. difference(RegionFillUp,Region,RegionDifference)
10.connection(RegionDifference, ConnectedRegions1)
11.inner_circle(ConnectedRegions1, Row1, Column1,
Radius)12.select_shape (ConnectedRegions,
SelectedRegions, 'rect2_len1', 'and', 100,
120)
13.dev_clear_window(
)
14.dev_display(Selecte
dRegions)
Result:
Thus the Dimension was studied and executed.

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Define system software.

It consists of variety of programs that supports the operation of the
computer. This software makes it possible for the user to focus on the
other problems tobe solved without needing to know how the machine
works internally.
Eg: operating system, assembler, loader.
2. Give some applications of operating system.
 to make the computer easier to use
 to manage the resources in computer process management
 data and memory management
to provide security to the user. Operating system acts as an interface
betweenthe user and the system
Eg:windows,linux,unix,dos
3. Define compiler and interpreter.
• Compiler is a set of program which converts the whole high level
languageprogram to machine language program.
• Interpreter is a set of programs which converts high level language
program tomachine language program line by line.
4. What is the function performed in editing phase?
In the actual editing phase, the target document is created or altered with
a setof operations such as insert, delete, replace, move and copy.
5. Define Locator device?
Locator devices are two-dimensional analog-to-digital converters that
positionacursor symbol on the screen by observing the user’s movement
of the device. Themost common such devices for editing applications are
the mouseand the data tablet.
6. What is the function performed in voice input device?
Voice-input devices, which translate spoken words to their textual
equivalents,may prove to be the text input devices of the future. Voice
recognizers arecurrently available for command input on some systems.
7. What are called tokens?
The lexical analyzer tracks the source program one character at a time
bymaking the source program into sequence of atomic units is called
tokens.
8. Name some of typical tokens. Identifiers, keywords, constants,
operators andpunctuation symbols such as commas and parentheses
are typical tokens.
9. What is meant by lexeme?
The character that forms a token is said to be a lexeme.
10. Mention the main disadvantage of interpreter
The main disadvantage of interpreter is that the execution time of
interpreted program is slower than that of a corresponding compiled
object program.
11. What is meant by code optimization?
The code optimization is designed to improve the intermediate code, which
helps the object program to run faster and takes less space.
12. What is error handler?
The error handler is used to check if there is an error in the program. If any
error, it should warn the programmer by instructions to proceed from
phase to phase.
13. Name some of text editors.
 line editors
 stream editors
 screen editors
 word processors
 structure editors
14. What for debug monitors are used?
Debug monitors are used in obtaining information for localization of
errors.
15. Mention the features of word processors.
 moving text from one place to another
 merging of text
 searching
 word replacement
16. What are the phases in performing editing process?
 Traveling phase
 Filtering phase
 Formatting phase
 Editing phase
17. Define traveling phase. The phase specifies the region of interest.
Travelingis achieved using operations such as next screenful, bottom,
find pattern.18.Filtering phase. The selection of what is to be viewed and
manipulated in given by filtering.
19. Editing phase In this phase, the target document is altered with the set
of operations such as insert, delete, replace, move and copy.
20. Define user interface?
User interface is one, which allows the user to communicate with the
system inorder to perform certain tasks. User interface is generally
designed in a computer to make it easier to use.
21. Define input device?
Input device is an electromechanical device, which accepts data from the
outside world and translates them into a form, which the computer can
interpret.
22.Define output devices
Output devices the user to view the elements being edited and the results
of theediting operations.
23. What are the methods in Interaction language of a text editor?
 Typing –oriented or text command oriented method
 Function key interfaces
 menu oriented method
24. Define interactive debugging systems.
An interactive debugging system provides programmers with facilities
that aidin the testing and debugging of programs.
 Debugging functions and capabilities
 Relationship with other parts of the system
 User interface criteria.
25. Define editor structure.
The command language processor accepts input from the users input
devicesand analyzes the tokens and syntactic structure of the commands
26. Give the components of editor structure4 components
 Editing component
 Traveling component
 Viewing component
 Display component
27. What are the basic types of computing environments used in
editor’sfunctions?
Editor’s function in three basic types of computing environments
i. Time sharing ii. Stand-alone iii. Distributed
28. Define Image?
An Image may be defined as a two dimensional function f (x,y) where x & y
are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of
coordinates (x,y) is called intensity or gray level of the image at that
point. When x,y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete
quantities we call the image as Digital Image.
29. Define Image Sampling?
Digitization of spatial coordinates (x,y) is called Image Sampling. To be
suitable for computer processing, an image function f(x,y) must be
digitizedboth spatially and in magnitude.
30. Define Quantization ?
Digitizing the amplitude values is called Quantization. Quality of digital
image is determined to a large degree by the number of samples and
discrete gray levels used in sampling and quantization.
31. Define Resolutions?
Resolution is defined as the smallest number of discernible detail in an
image. Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible detail in an image and
gray level resolution refers to the smallest discernible change is gray
level.
32. What Is Image Enhancement?
Image enhancement is to process an image so that the output is more
suitable for specific application

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FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19ME7602, MECHATRONICS - MANUAL

The Vision of the Department is

morality for global, national and confront societal development.

The Mission of the Department is

and industry exposure.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEO’s)

S.No. PEOs Definition of

PEO 3 Have a continual receptiveness for leadership and social

On successful completion of the Mechanical Engineering Degree programme, the Graduates

Assembly of a Hydraulic & Pneumatic

Kits. Simulation of Hydraulic &

Pneumatic Kits Assembly of Language of

Integration and control of Stepper motor and Traffic Light using

Microcontroller 8051.Various Study on Transducers, PLC and Image

 Prepare an outline (on the board) of the lab activities

Lab Code of Conduct:

S.No Description of Equipment

2 Electro-Pneumatic Trainer Kit

3 PLC Trainer Kit

4 Microcontroller with Stepper Motor

6 Types of Transducers ( 1. TransducerLVDT

Designation of the course: Regular

Pre-requisite: Electronics and Microprocessor

CO 1 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS

Sl.No. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.

Basic Pneumatic Trainer Kit with manual and electrical

2 Basic Hydraulic Trainer Kit 1 No

3 Hydraulics and Pneumatics Systems Simulation Software 10 No

8051 - Microcontroller kit with stepper motor and drive circuitsets

5 Image processing system with hardware & software 1 No.

STUDY & SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC & PNEUMATIC

1. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

3. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV

7. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH AND

14. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING

15. OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING

16. SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING

17. MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING

18. SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS

21. CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USINGPUSH

22. CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTINGCYLINDER USING PUSH

23. DESIGN AND TESTING OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT FOR

ADDITION OF TWO 8-BITNUMBERS

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8 BITNUMBERS

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 –BIT NUMBERS

DIVISION OF TWO 8 – BITNUMBERS

HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCER

3 PHOTO CONDUCTIVE CELL

4 LED AND PHOTO DIODE

5 STUDY OF PLC AND ITS

STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING

II. DIFFERENT SHAPE

III. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCLE

IV. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CIRCLE

V. DIFFERENT TYPE OF SQUARE

VI. DIFFERENT TYPE OF AREA

VII. DIFFERENT TYPE OF INNER AND

VIII. DIFFERENT TYPE OF

Reservoir (or air tank):

Reservoir (or air tank):

-continuous line - flow line