UGC NET Population Studies

June 2023
Answer Keys

Q.1 – 100
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15.54 %
13.34 %
India: 13.59%
19.16 %
10.29 %
11.86 %

Minimum share: Maximum share:

Goa 09.91% Meghalaya 19.16%
Tamil Nadu 10.29% Bihar 18.38%
Kerala 10.40% Jharkhand 16.34%
Sikkim 10.50% J&K 16.10%
COP28 (2023):
Dubai UAE
PUSH PULL
 Highest death rate in Chhattisgarh: 7.9
Lowest death rate in Delhi: 3.6
7.0
7.2
3.6
5.5
 Individuals with higher health risks are more likely to
purchase comprehensive health insurance.
Insurance company targets and enrolls healthier or
safer individuals
Overutilization of medical services or unnecessary
treatments of individual since they're covered by insurance

Some Risk Peculiar to Health Insurance are:

Adverse Selection, Moral Hazard, Cost Inflation,
Regulatory Changes, Uncertainty in Claims, Cream
Skimming, Reinsurance Risks, Operational Risks, Market
Competition, Long Term Liabilities, Catastrophic Events
 1983, 2002, 2017
2000
1943
2005
http://www.csun.edu/~sg61795/350/definitions.html#
:~:text=The%20term%20%22Third%20World%22%20is,in
come%20criteria%20to%20define%20the
Four main components of urban growth:
1. Migration
2. Natural Increase
3. Boundary Change
4. Declassification:
 1959
1982
1974
1983

http://www.nihfw.org/ReportsOfNCC.html
 Report
Sr. Founded
Committees Submitted Purposes
No. Year
Year
Bhore Committee
Setting up three tier system of
1 Also called “Health Survey & 1943 1946
Health Care
Development Committee”
Mudaliar Committee
Integration of Curative and
2 Also called “Health Survey & 1959 1962
Preventive services
Planning Committee”

Extensive Education for all National

Health Programmes
3 Chadha Committee 1963 ---
Specially monitoring the
maintenance phase of NMEP
Multipurpose Health Workers
4 Kartar Singh Committee 1972 1973
Scheme
Health Services and Medical
5 Srivastava Committee 1974 1975
Education
6 Krishnan Committee 1982-83 --- Urban Revamping Scheme
• Radix of the Life Table
• Size of the Birth Cohort
• Population of the Life Table
• Survivorship of the Life Table

• Initial Birth of the Life Table

HIV Prevalence Rate is 0.21%

https://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/In
dia%20HIV%20Estimates.pdf
Top three States with highest % belongs
to North Eastern Region
Census includes information about Migration
Patterns (immigration & emigration).
https://www.prb.org/resources/countries-with-the-oldest-
populations-in-the-world/
Top 50 Countries With the Largest Number of Older Adults
 Prospective and Retrospective Study
1. Prospective Study
✓ “Look Ahead” to examine causal associations, and based on Primary
Data
✓ Useful for studying the progression of diseases, assessing risk factors,
and evaluating the effects of interventions.
Example: Following a group of smokers to observe their risk of developing
lung cancer over the next 10 years.
2. Retrospective Study
✓ “Look Back” to collect past/historical data
✓ Based on Secondary Data
✓ Useful for studying rare disease or events that may have occurred before
the study was conceived
Example: Analyzing medical records to investigate the association between
a specific treatment and patient outcomes.
Stationary Population:
It is a type of Stable Population in which birth
rate equals the death rate
Part-11
CAB:
Clinical, Anthropometric, and Biochemical

Components of CAB
Malnutrition,
Anaemia,
Hypertension,
HIV
Blood glucose
https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44379/download/48052/SRS_MMR_
Bulletin_2018_2020.pdf
Part-12
According to WHO
UHC covers the full continuum of essential
health services, from health promotion to
prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and
palliative care across the life course.
 Interval between two successive live births
Date of birth of last baby and the survey date

Survey date and the next live birth

https://www.iipsindia.ac.in/sites/default/files/PPT_Prof_Chandrasekaran_Mem_Lecture_on_Models_4_BI-PPR.pdf
996
979
931
895
879
 Edge City: Edge cities are new and contain high levels of
office and retail space.
Suburban: Areas that are located just outside the central
part of a city
Exurbs: Areas beyond the suburbs of a city
Gentrification: Process of urban development in which a city neighborhood
develops rapidly over a short time, changing from low to high value.
Gentrification: Process of urban development in which a city neighborhood
develops rapidly over a short time, changing from low to high value.
https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/9147562941489753121.pdf
Life expectancy is the most commonly used
measure used to describe a population’s health.
 Iodine Deficiency:
Shortage of iodine in a person's body.

Goiter:
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Neuromuscular Weakness:
Decrease in the strength of the muscles due to problems in the
communication between the nervous system and the muscles. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/heal
Image Source

th-information/endocrine-
Endemic Cretinism: diseases/hyperthyroidism

A medical condition, associated with iodine deficiency, particularly

in regions where there is insufficient iodine in the diet.
https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/fertility/wfd2012/Metadata/CEB.pdf
 Guy Standing
British Economist

Feminization (Cambridge Dictionary meaning):

A process in which more and more
women become involved in an activity where
there are traditionally more men
Feminization of Labour Force or “Feminazation of Work”:
The term was first used by Guy Standing in 1989 in ILO Geneva.
 https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/443
79/download/48052/SRS_MMR_Bulletin_2018_2020.pdf

119
195
173
103
167
Socio-Economic, and Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)
 109
99
84
81
107
The GHI scores 2022 are based on the sufficient data of 121 countries.

https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html
 Cambridge Dictionary:
The continuous watching of a person or place

1 4

2 5

3 6
Representation of Migration Volume data on GIS Maps:
1. Bubble Map: Size of each bubble represents the volume of migration on the map in the region.
2. Heat Map: It uses color intensity to represent the concentration of data points. Darker areas indicate
higher migration volume.
3. Pie chart or Bar chart: Represent migration volume at specific location or region.
4. Flow Map/ Diagram: Represent the movement of objects or information from one location to
another on map.
Image Source: https://commons.princeton.edu/mg/world-migrations-since-1500/
Black Death: Spread in Europe between 1346 and 1353

➢ Also known as Bubonic Plague or Pestilence, or the Great

Mortality
➢ Estimated Deaths of 25 million people (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/)
A Research Paper Published with the title:
“The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia”
➢ Researchers claimed that the Black Death originated in Issyk-Kul Lake
in Kyrgyzstan around 1338-1339.
➢ 60% of the western Eurasian population had already affected over its
7-8 years course.
➢ Nearly 500 year long pandemic termed to be the second plague
pandemic and is one of the largest infectious disease in world history.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04800-3
 1949

➢ Vital Events have been widely estimated using Dual-record system during 1960s
- 1970s.
➢ Assumption of CD Model: Chances of an event to be missed by the two data
sources are independent of one another
➢ Use of CD Model becomes limited due to two reasons:
- Weakness of the statistical assumptions
- Biases involved in the estimators
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) was launched
by the NSSO in April 2017
Nodal Agency: MOSPI
The agriculture sector has the highest estimated
percentage distribution of female workers followed by
manufacturing.
Demographic dividend refers to the economic growth
potential in which Working Population (15 – 64 years) is
larger than the Dependent Population.
➢ Ecological reserves are established for the maintenance of
biological diversity.
➢ Also known as Nature Reserve or Wildlife Reserve
➢ Ecological Reserves consider the following:
✓ Area of land and/or water
✓ Special Natural Ecosystems
✓ Plants and Animal Species
✓ Conservation and Genetic Resources
✓ Biodiversity and Environment
✓ Scientific research and Educational purposes
 In the wake of the 2030 Agenda
call to “Leave No One Behind”,
Governments are encouraged to
integrate the health needs of
migrants into national plans,
policies, and strategies across
sectors.
Source: https://www.iom.int/migration-health-sustainable-development
 Theory of Migration
Growth of Cities
Gravity Model
Intervening Opportunities

Gravity Model of Migration

➢ It explain and predict patterns of human migration
➢ It's based on Newton's Law of Gravitation.
➢ Flows between two countries (places) are
1. Directly proportional to the size of their
population
2. Inversely proportional to the physical distance
between them.
Content errors: Grammar mistakes to factual error
Response Bias: Never getting proper response from
a certain group
Coverage error: Type of non sampling error
Interviewer’s Bias: Modification of response or
presume the response of responder
WHO Definition of Unmet Need: Women with unmet need are those
who are fecund and sexually active but are not using any method of
contraception, and report not wanting any more children or wanting
to delay the next child.
 Measure of the
Earth's capacity to regenerate
environmental impact
resources and absorb waste
 Continents Growth Rate (%)
Africa 2.5
Oceania 1.4
Asia 0.9
Europe has the lowest population
growth rate of 0.1%. Lt. America & 0.9
Caribbean
Southern Europe and Eastern North America 0.7
Europe have negative growth rates.
Europe 0.1
 Economic development:
Growth of a country's wealth and standard of
living, measured by: Income per capita, Literacy
rate, Life expectancy, Crime statistics,
Environmental quality etc.
Social Development:
Growth and improvement of interpersonal
relationships, communication skills , and
community engagement.
Human Development:
Holistic progress of individuals through improved
health, education, living standards, and well-being.
 https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/5NHA_19
-20_dt%2019%20April%202023_web_version_1.pdf

National Health Accounts is a tool to describe health

expenditures and the flow of funds in both Government and
Private sector in the country.
➢ The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates six
common air pollutants.
➢ These pollutants are also known as “criteria air pollutants

Air Pollutants
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
4. Ozone (O3)
5. Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5)
6. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
52.1
57.2
89.3
92.1
64.0

Literacy Rate Census 2011

Total 73.0%
Male 80.9%
Female 64.6%
Gender Gap 16.3%
Population Momentum is the tendency for a population to continue to
grow even after achieving replacement-level fertility.

TFR=2.1 & NRR=1

 Mahatma Gandhi was the main
opponent of birth control. He belief that
self-control is the best contraceptive.

Supporters of Artificial method of Family Planning:

Sir Joseph Bhore, Ravindra Nath Tagore, Pt. Jawahar Lal
Nehru, P.K. Wattal, R.D. Karve, P.N. Sapru.
 https://www.e-
education.psu.edu/geog586/node/673#:~:text=Methods%20that%20enabl
e%20an%20analyst%20to%20identify,Local%20Indicators%20of%20Spatial%2
0Association%20(or%20LISA).

Moran’s- I: A correlation coefficient that measures the overall

spatial autocorrelation of a data set.
Spatial Lag: A weighted sum of the values observed at neighboring
locations.
Spatial Error: When error terms are correlated across observations.

LISA: Local Indicators of Spatial

Association
➢ A method that identifies localized
map regions where data values are
strongly positively or negatively
associated with one another.
➢ LISA is calculated for each areal
unit in the data.
1945: Frank Notestein and Kingsley Davis
1990: JC Caldwell
1662: Jhon Grount
1971: Omran
1798: Sir. Robert Malthus
 Age standardization is important for accurate
comparisons of health metrics between
different populations.
Example:
• Compare health metrics between countries
• Measure health outcomes in the same location
over time
• Compare mortality rates of countries without being affected by differences in age
distributions
• Compare morbidity or mortality rates at cancer registries
• Compare event rates among populations and groups with different age structures
• Compare between local authorities
https://www.youtube.com/c/TheScholarsGroup