Introduction to Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the smallest
molecules within cells to entire ecosystems. Here are some key points about biology:
1. Cell Theory: Cells are the fundamental units of life. All living organisms are composed of cells, and each cell
carries out specific functions.
2. Genetics and Heredity: Biology explores how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.
DNA, genes, and inheritance play crucial roles in shaping an organism’s traits.
3. Evolution: The theory of evolution explains how species change over time. Natural selection, adaptation, and
genetic variation drive the diversity of life on Earth.
4. Ecology: Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines ecosystems,
food chains, and the delicate balance of life.
5. Physiology: This branch of biology focuses on how organisms function. From the workings of the human heart
to plant photosynthesis, physiology reveals the intricacies of life processes.
6. Taxonomy: Taxonomy classifies and categorizes living organisms into hierarchical groups. The system includes
domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species.
7. Microbiology: Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists) are essential for understanding disease,
fermentation, and environmental processes.